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As an emerging technology, three-dimensional (3D) printing has gained much attention as a rapid prototyping and small-scale manufacturing technology around the world. In the changing scenario of library inclusion, Makerspaces are becoming a part of most public and academic libraries, and 3D printing is one of the technologies included in Makerspaces. Owing to the ease of availability and cost effectiveness, most libraries use fused-deposition-modeling-based 3D printers compatible with plastic printing materials, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). During the printing, PLA and ABS emit ultrafine particles (UFPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may deteriorate the indoor air quality. In this article, first, we have discussed the background of 3D printing, the most common technologies used for 3D printing and printing materials, its applications in chemical education and sciences, as well as 3D printing health and safety concerns. Second, we measured and analyzed the number of UFPs (0.02-1.0 µm) in the 3D printing lab in a library and found that the number of particles/cubic centimeter significantly increased during the printing procedure (36-60 times) and does not return to baseline even 24 h after shutting down the printers. We also provide some recommendations that should be considered when hosting a 3D printing lab in libraries.

This article considers the effects on universities of Gutenberg's invention of printing. It considers four major effects: the gradual displacement of Latin as the language of scholarship with vernacular languages, the expansion and eventual opening of libraries, major changes to curriculum, and major changes to pedagogy including lectures. The paper does not find that the ubiquity of books changed the role of university teachers as was proposed in the late fifteenth century. The paper also considers a fifth change: the eventual replacement of oral disputations with written examinations as the main form of assessment for admission to a degree. While this was radical, it owed little to the direct effects of printing. The paper concludes with brief observations on the implications of the earlier information revolution for understanding the effects on universities of the current information revolution.

As has been described in the editorials of the past two issues, "The Library Quarterly" has changed in appearance and content to better reflect contemporary research on library-related issues. As the newly dubbed "History of the Book" editor, Karen Nipps is excited that the cover article segment of the journal is being expanded to acknowledge the growth of book history as it own discipline, replete with its own complexity, ambiguity, richness, and pertinence. The connection between the study of printers' and publishers' devices and library research may have seemed tenuous at times, but there is no arguing that the histories of books and libraries are closely conjoined. Moreover, it is the conviction of many that these studies and the future of libraries are inexorably entwined. The subject of this month's feature demonstrates this inseparability. It also pays homage to the significant contributions to book history made by previous authors with their work on printers' devices and hints at some of the variety readers of this segment will encounter in the future.

The 2009 database marketplace is bounded by two extremes: massive digitization projects to increase access, and retrenchment owing to budget worries. Picture medieval monks hunched over their desks in the scriptorium as they labor to copy manuscripts. A 21st-century version of this activity is being repeated daily in the world's libraries and publishing houses as major digitization projects seek to preserve millions of printed books and documents. The work of medieval scribes ensured that the classics were available when the invention of movable type and the printing press made books accessible to the masses, transforming the world. Today's laborers are hunched over digitization equipment, but their goal is the same: copying and preserving resources so they are available now and into the future. Before the printing press made books more affordable, only the well-to-do could afford libraries of manuscripts. Similarly, many companies today are concerned with how libraries will face growing budgetary problems. Twenty-two of the 39 companies that responded to this survey cited the budget as the most important issue in 2009. Demonstrating value via high usage or enhanced and intuitive platforms will become even more crucial as libraries decide which products to keep or cancel. In response to the economy, many companies have frozen prices and are releasing fewer new collections in 2009, focusing instead on improving existing collections.

Printings and editions of a given monographic title are noted as major causes of duplicate bibliographic records in bibliographic networks. Considerations which cataloger must note--history of printing technology, cataloging rules, Library of Congress policy, local practices, and standards of bibliographic utilities--are discussed. Thirty-three references are cited. (EJS)

Presents a guide to for-profit library publishing of reprints, original manuscripts, and smaller items. Discussed are creation of a publications panel to manage finances and preparation, determining prices of items, and drawing up author contracts. (SW)

This paper uses the donors' register of the Zurich Bürgerbibliothek ('citizens' library') to explore how the collection of the city's first public library developed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The donors' register records over 3,000 gifts from some 900 local and foreign benefactors between 1629, the year of the library's founding, and 1769. Unlike a standard library or auction catalogue, the donors' register allows us to observe engagement with the Bürgerbibliothek over time and reveals that, while a remarkable influx of patrons in the first decade of the library's existence secured its position in the cultural and intellectual fabric of Zurich society, international interest in the institution dropped significantly by the end of the seventeenth century. Nevertheless, the Bürgerbibliothek's consistent growth across the period attests to the popularity of the library and its accessible collection at a local level as well as its benefactors' belief in the reciprocal value of patronising this new type of civic institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on EarlyPrint, a new initiative complementing Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership (EEBO-TCP). It mentions EarlyPrint offers a user-friendly platform with options to read and edit texts in the EarlyPrint Library or search and analyze texts in the EarlyPrint Lab, providing valuable insights into historical word usage trends and book production over time.

The book culture of Georgia can be continually traced from the Middle Ages to our time. Its creations, especially from the 10th and 11th centuries AD, are very important as part of the common heritage of all Orthodox peoples because some transcripts of Greek and Roman works are saved only thanks to the efforts of Georgian monks. As part of activities of numerous monasteries, particularly in the Holy Land, at Sinai, and the Mountain Athos, as well as of academies established in Georgia and rooted in Byzantine learned thought, book collections of various types of libraries were growing through time. The largest collections were at monasteries. It could be said that cultures of writing, book and libraries in Georgia, in spite of many periods of foreign rules, were preserved thanks to the efforts of church high officials and kings who were their patrons. These cultures continued to grow only since the 19th century. This work describes the manuscript and printed tradition of Georgia from the first written book until the modern age, with special attention to creation of manuscripts and libraries that existed in a wide area stretching from the Middle East to Eastern Europe. Among them the most important were Iviron on the Mountain Athos, Saint Catherine monastery, as well as the one near Jerusalem and the western province of middle age Georgia - Tao-Clarjeti, whose calligraphic school, as well as the one in Jerusalem was of special importance. They, along with the 12th century academies of Gelati and Ikalto were important educational centres for clerics. The age of printed books begins with the seventeenth century, though the chronology of the Georgian manuscript book because of specific cultural and historical moments goes into the 19th century. Modern libraries and librarianship is described through the work of National Parliamentary Library of Georgia in which some of the oldest books written in the Georgian language are kept. Georgian Library Association has a special interest in the formation of library science, too, as well as other types such as like public, university and special libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In The Government and Copyright, John Gilchrist poses the following questions regarding government and the Copyright Act 1968: 'Should the government have a role as preserver of its own and privately owned copyright material? [...] How adequate is the present law to achieve this objective?' Similar questions could be applied to nineteenth-century Australia. As Government Printer, Thomas Richards oversaw the printing operations of the NSW Government Printing Office (GPO). When the Copyright Act 1879 (NSW) was enacted, Richards was appointed Registrar of Copyright and Office of Copyright Registry was situated at the GPO. Why was the government printer responsible for copyright, not the government or the libraries that oversaw legal deposit? Did Richards have the necessary resources? Was there a conflict of interest? This essay seeks to gauge the relationship between the GPO and the Copyright Act 1879 and the wider implications of copyright for nineteenth-century Australian print culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the most important changes in the field of "book" publishing and printing that occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries. Publishing and printing are presented through an overview of the activities of notable individuals and groups in different European countries, with a parallel overview of some new media: leaflets, pamphlets, brochures, and periodicals such as calendars, almanacs, newspapers, and magazines. In the paper, the political, religious, and cultural changes brought by the strengthening of the absolutism of the rulers, Protestantism, the Reformation, the scientific revolution, and Baroque as a style in art, are observed from the positions of both book historians and library historians. The decline of monastic collections of books, which throughout the Middle Ages were the most important custodians of written heritage, the development of royal collections, university and special libraries, private libraries of wealthy citizens, funds organization, the status of librarians, and library architecture, are presented in such a way as to testify clearly to the social foundation of library activities. The importance of texts on the arrangement of libraries that appeared in the first half of the 17th century is especially underlined. They show how important this issue was for the contemporaries who increasingly emphasized the need for greater availability of publications. These works contributed to the increase of knowledge about possible ways of organizing funds and the internationalization of this issue, which, over the next hundred years, led to the creation of the modern types of libraries. Behind all these efforts, the contours of a user as the central figure of the communication chain in the library activity slowly began to be discerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article expands history of patristic printing in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries. It mentions that as censorship came into greater force, printers devised new ways to ensure that their editions of the Church Fathers could be sold on a multi-confessional market. It also informs on neglected peripheries of the republic of letters, whether small presses in the Holy Roman Empire and France, or libraries and scholars in Italy, England, and Spain.

It is not unusual for a member of a nation that inherits its tradition and religion, though with local characteristics, from Byzantine cultural circle, to get the idea of a more detailed exploration of Armenian society and culture. Noting that there is no relevant literature in the Serbian language, this paper represents, among other things, an attempt to highlight the characteristic stages of the development of Armenian culture, in the first place the written one and especially that of the Middle Ages, in which the influence of the Eastern Roman Empire -- Byzantium is very visible. This primarily concerns the maintenance and organization of monasteries, scriptoriums and production of manuscripts. Due to the geographical position of Armenia in the Middle Ages, the appearance of manuscripts was influenced by both Western monarchies and Oriental cultures. In this context, the occupation of Armenia by the Ottoman Empire, which lasted for several hundred years, is another element of similarity between the Armenian and Serbian people. The work deals with the period from the 5th century AD to the modern age. Particular attention was paid to the monastery scriptoriums and libraries which were, for several centuries and especially in the Middle Ages, the most significant and very often the only guardians of the book and reading cult among the Armenians. Printing and publishing among the Armenians have been developing since the 16th century, and the first book was published in 1512. In the first half of the 19th century, a printing press was opened in the Armenian capital, Yerevan. Until then, books were printed in big trade centers abroad, like Amsterdam, New Julfa, Smirna. National Library of Armenia was established in 1832. The other types of libraries have been founded since the 19th century. Special, university and public libraries were founded during the first three decades of the 20th century. Modern Armenian librarianship is developing under the influence of new information technologies, without neglecting the written tradition, which has been nourished continuously, for a thousand and six hundred years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal -transfer printing, a technology borrowed from the manufacturing sector, offers libraries a flexible method for printing durable, accurate, legible, and attractive labels that reliably adhere to most book surfaces. When guided by an electronic program customized to meet a library's particular needs, a thermal-transfer printing system offers virtually limitless variations in font, format, and functionality. It can print labels directly from the online catalog, thereby guaranteeing that call numbers on labels match what patrons see in the catalog. This article explains thermal-transfer printing and how it compares with other printing technologies, briefly explores applications in both the manufacturing and library environments, and describes in detail how Utah State University Libraries and a few other libraries use it to improve the accuracy, appearance, and durability of their spine labels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos para Investigacion de la Literatura Hispanica is the property of Fundacion Universitaria Espanola and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes the development of books and libraries in China, from the formation of the first dynasties until the fall of the Empire, at the beginning of the 20th century. Their status and roll were placed in the context of social, political and cultural changes, especially those which had the profound impact on their further development. The invention of paper and xylography as an initial stage in the development of printing techniques were of immense importance throughout the world at that time. Both inventions have contributed to the increase in printing and publishing production, not only within the territory of China but also in other parts of the world. In this paper, they were considered within Chinese society which was their source. Also, the paper considers different types of libraries. Special attention is given to their work in the period of stability which resulted in faster development of cultural institutions. The Imperial Library, as well as the other state libraries, was especially active during the rule of the Song dynasty. Other types of libraries developed mostly during the rule of the Tang, Ming, and Qing dynasties. In spite of the fact that Chinese libraries were not open to the public (they were more depository then rental institutions) they had strong impact, especially on groups closely related to the emperor. Exceptions were monastic libraries, since their rules obliged the monks to write and read books in the silence of the temples. The first part of the paper describes printing production which contributed to the increase in the types and number of publications in all libraries of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of the research on the publishing process that took place in the Colombian series Selección Samper Ortega de Literatura Colombiana. Several national texts (of different literary genres) that already existed and had an editorial development since the nineteenth century were compiled. Thus, this article analyzes the main aspects that made this compendium of works and that, to a certain extent, characterized the local edition from 1930. Furthermore, the personal relations of the compiler with authors, the definition of editorial task with the Editorial Minerva of Bogotá, publishing contracts, literary property that changed the relation between the practice of printing, libraries and the heritage of elites were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This column discusses a service increasingly supported by or even located within libraries of all stripes—3D printing facilities available to the library user community. A brief overview of this service as it may appear in a medical academic library is followed by a discussion of web resources and software typically used in this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directed-self-assembly (DSA) technology is a promising candidate for cut printing in sub-10nm 1-D gridded designs, where cuts might need to be redistributed such that they could be patterned by DSA guiding templates. In this paper, we first propose a linear-time optimal dynamic-programming-based algorithm for a special case of the template guided cut redistribution problem, where there is at most one dummy wire segment on a track. We then extend our algorithm to general cases by applying a bipartite matching algorithm to decompose a general problem to a set of subproblems conforming to the special case (thus each of them can be solved optimally). Our resulting algorithm can achieve a provably good performance bound, with the cost of a template distribution only linearly to the problem size. Experimental results show that our algorithm can resolve all spacing rule violations, with smaller running times, compared with the previous works on a set of common benchmarks. In addition, we also extend our algorithm to consider general design rules, simple templates, and dummy cuts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Writing, books and libraries have been around since antiquity, but their millennia-long evolution has seen difficult periods of transition. In the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic area, archaeological discoveries have uncovered evidence of writing dating back to the Palaeolithic. These include the first cave paintings in Romania, discovered in the Cuciulat Cave (Sălaj County), the Coliboaia Cave (Bihor County) and the Gaura Chindiei Cave (Caraș-Severin County). The typography appeared after long researches and multiple attempts, with the aim of eliminating all the shortcomings encountered by writing throughout its history, each stage in the history of writing entering our country shortly after it made its presence felt at European level. Subsequently, the interest in grouping and preserving these writings arose, and it was in this context that libraries appeared. In Romania, the history of libraries and books was connected both to the socio-cultural situation of the time and to the specific characteristics of this territory, characterized at the same time by a certain openness to Western culture. The fact that contemporary libraries preserve and supply a wide variety of documents indicates that the written text, in whatever form it has appeared throughout history, can endure through these millennia-old cultural institutions. By welcoming the public with unusual, rare collections of documents, these institutions are transforming their traditional role as repositories of information and becoming providers and creators of culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Historia Moderna is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study measures the usage of print books and ebooks at the Barwon Health Library, Geelong, Victoria, from 2012 to 2014 as a means of predicting future use. A literature review was conducted to identify studies of ebook usage and factors affecting the balance between print and ebook usage in hospital and health libraries around the world. In 2014, the authors collated data about the Library's print and ebook collections: collection size, expenditure on print books and ebooks, and usage statistics. The literature review showed that in health/hospital libraries, the use of ebooks was increasing, with static or declining use of print collections. Factors affecting use included availability, accessibility (to content and technical mechanisms) and discoverability, with some flexibility around format preference. Cost and other limitations were ongoing challenges for health libraries. Data collected for this case study indicated a reversal in the balance between usage of print and ebooks, with about 30% print versus 70% electronic being the proportion reached in 2014. On average, the cost per download of an ebook was almost double the cost of a print book loan. Trends and factors affecting use as identified in the literature review were reinforced in this case study. A number of changes in the local context have affected the ability of the Library's clients to use the collections. Although it is not possible to say how these will affect collection use in the next few years, it is likely that with an increasing client base, coupled with improved availability and accessibility of ebooks, overall ebook usage will increase, accompanied by a drop in average cost per download. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tests ALIA's statement that ‘library print and ebook collections will establish a 50:50 equilibrium by 2020’ against the experience and likely trajectory of Curtin University Library. It identifies features of the higher education landscape that have led to the development of epreferred strategies, outlines current collection principles, and describes the current state of the Library's holdings. Looking ahead, the article charts the likely impact of the current collection development framework over the next six years, considering questions relating to budget, use of space, client experience and treatment of the legacy print collection. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Thomas Carlyle wrote: ‘the three great elements of modern civilization [are] Gunpowder, Printing and the Protestant religion’. This paper discusses printing in eighteenth-century Ulster and its environs where Patrick Brontë spent his formative years, 1777–1802, and presents printing as the vital medium for the dissemination of ideas, political and educational theories, radical thought and entertainment pieces. A picture is built of the books available in Ireland, printing in Ulster, folk literature, and the effects of the flourishing reprinting industry in Dublin. The importance of newspapers, the delight of the Brontës, is reviewed. The provision of schools, book clubs and libraries is described. Patrick Brontë had access to all this; in turn, his continuing engagement with the printed word would devolve to his famous children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]