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Statement of problem Evidence for the efficacy and safety of natural products for the treatment of denture stomatitis is lacking. Purpose The purpose of this systematic review was to answer the question “Are topical natural substances effective and safe compared with conventional antifungals in the treatment of denture stomatitis?” Material and methods A structured search in 11 databases, including non-peer-reviewed, was undertaken. Two authors independently selected the studies, extracted the data, assessed the study quality, and graded the evidence, with disagreement resolved with a third reviewer. Data were evaluated descriptively by following Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) reporting items. This study was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), number CRD42020216213. Results After the removal of duplicates, 1925 records remained, and after a 2-phase reading of abstracts and full texts, 17 studies were included. Propolis, green tea, ginger, Zataria multiflora, chitosan, garlic, Artemisia, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Uncaria tomentosa, Punica granatum, and Ricinus communis appeared to have similar efficacy and safety when compared with nystatin or miconazole. Most of the studies presented a high risk of bias. Conclusions Certainty in the body of evidence that natural products might be appropriately used in the treatment of denture stomatitis is low. Well-designed randomized controlled trials are still needed to evaluate the topic better because there is high heterogeneity among the studies.

Human listeriosis is predominantly associated with contaminated food consumption, including seafood, shrimp, and RTE foods. Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that is mainly found in freshwater, seawater, and fish mucus. Seafood contamination can occur during food processing. L.monocytogenes levels of below 100 cfu/g can be found in seafood samples. The present study was conducted to investigates the effect of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) and potassium sorbate (PS) on microbial and chemical changes in raw rainbow trout at 4°C to extent shelf life and improve food safety. First, the chemical compositions of ZEO were identified. Then, different percentage of ZEO (1.5, 0.8, and 0.5%) and PS (2%) were inoculated in raw fish fillets and analyzed for TVC, TBA, TVB‐N, pH, sensory attributes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and inoculated L. monocytogenes (1 × 105 cfu/g) survival at 4°C for 12 days. The best sensory evaluation score was observed for the samples treated with 0.8% and 1.5% ZEO. Overall, this study results indicated that the treatment of rainbow trout fillet with 1.5% ZEO is the best method for controlling the growth of L. monocytogenes at refrigerator temperature without any undesirable sensory effects.

The small outbreaks of listeriosis as one of the leading causes of food poisoning‐associated deaths occur more than previously reported. In current study, the growth ability of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from different sources of food and human origin was measured under salt stress (0.5%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) and acid environments (pH = 6.64 and 5.77) for 96 hr by using a Bioscreen C microbiology reader at 37°C. In further steps of this study, after analysis of constituents of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (ZMEO), the sensory evaluation of the treated fish meat with ZMEO was performed. Then, the fish isolate of L. monocytogenes was exposed to sensory acceptable and subminimum inhibitory concentrations (subMICs) of ZMEO in fish broth and minced fish meat during incubation at abuse (12°C), room (22°C), and optimum (37°C) temperatures for 48 hr. The MIC of NaCl against four strains of L. monocytogenes was 10% at 37°C. The maximum optical densities (ODs) and under curve areas (AUC) of growth patterns in higher pH value and lower contents of NaCl followed the order of 21C > 6F > 66C > 22C of L. monocytogenes strains, while the lag time was prolonged in the reverse order. The maximum OD, growth, and lag times of samples treated with higher contents of NaCl and lower pH value were affected in a different order. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the fish meat treated with less than 0.5% of ZMEO was sensory acceptable. The population of L. monocytogenes remained relatively constant at the inoculation level of 107 cfu/ml (or g) at 12°C in broth and minced fish mediums. The inhibitory antilisterial activity of essential oil as an extensive‐used plant for food and pharmacological applications is negligible due to possible adverse sensory and toxic effects at relevant high doses., Listeria monocytogenes as the causative agent of listeriosis was exposed to subinhibitory concentrations (subMICs) of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (ZEO) in fish broth and minced fish during incubation at abuse (12°C), room (22°C), and optimum (37°C) temperatures for 48 hr. The increase in temperature significantly decreased the antimicrobial efficiency of ZEO.

Introduction Atopic diseases are global concerns in the today's industrialized world. Allergic rhinitis is the most common allergic condition affecting 20% of individuals. This disorder is associated with remarkable morbidity and rising healthcare expenditure. Aim Considering the anti-inflammatory properties of a plant Zataria multiflora (ZM) with the common name of Shirazi thyme, a randomized clinical trial was designed to evaluate the alleviation of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Material and methods A total of 30 allergic rhinitis patients were randomly and equally assigned to experimental and control groups. Afterwards, the case group was treated with an extract of ZM and the control group with placebo for 2 months. Finally, the clinical signs and symptoms before and after the treatment according to the SNOT22 questionnaire were analysed. Results Comparing the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and an average score of SNOT22 questionnaire between the two groups before the intervention provided some difference, which was significantly greater after the treatment. Based on this questionnaire, our patients in the ZM syrup group had lower grades than before the treatment and experienced amelioration. Conclusions Regarding the significant effect of the ZM syrup in reducing symptoms of allergic rhinitis, its use is highly recommended. Since allergic rhinitis is a multifactorial condition, the use of herbal antioxidants along with conventional treatment would result in a more effective improvement of the disease.

Malaria is still a global health concern with more than 400,000 death annually. Personal protection using mosquitoes’ repellent is an effective prevention strategy, especially in endemic areas. The toxic effects of synthetics repellents and their adverse effects on fabricated goods have made the development of green repellent critical. In this study, ingredients of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) were identified using GC–MS analysis. Solid-lipid nanoparticles containing ZMEO (1%) were prepared (SLN-ZMEO) using the high-pressure homogenizer method. The repellent activity of ZMEO and SLN-ZMEO was investigated using Klun and Debboun method and compared together. Besides, their cytotoxicity on a human skin normal cell line (HFFF2) was evaluated. Five major components of ZMEO were carvacrol (27.05%), thymol (26.452%), γ-terpinene (15.144%), o-cymene (13.584%), and α-pinene (9.483%). The SLN-ZMEO showed a spherical shape with a particle size of 134 ± 7 nm. Moreover, their polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential and entrapment efficiency were determined as 0.24 ± 0.1, − 9.82 ± 0.95 mV and 64.6 ± 3.8%, respectively. Interestingly, the protection time of nanoformulation (93 ± 5 min) was three times longer than that of the non-formulated essential oil (29 ± 2 min). Interestingly, both samples did not show cytotoxicity on HFFF2. Therefore, the prepared nanoformulation can be used as a green and potent repellent.

Various protoscolicidal agents are indicated for the prevention of recurrence of cystic echinococcosis caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus; however, most of these chemicals have adverse side effects. This study evaluated the effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) nano-emulsion and emulsion at the concentrations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 µl/ml on E. granulosus protoscoleces. Albendazole (5 mg/ml), normal saline, and nano-emulsion without ZEO served as control groups. Optimal concentrations of ZEO nano-emulsion and emulsion on the microcysts were also investigated. ZEO emulsion at a concentration of 20 µl/ml for the duration of 15 min and nano-emulsion for the duration of 10 min resulted in the death of 100% of the protoscoleces. Additionally, densely packed aggregates were formed inside the microcysts treated with ZEO nano-emulsion and emulsion at a concentration of 20 µl/ml after 40 min, but the complete destruction of laminated layers did not occur. The results indicate that ZEO nano-emulsions have a higher protoscolicidal effect than its emulsion, but these two compounds had similar effects on microcysts.

In this study, the effect of edible coarse/nanoemulsions of alginate as coating containing Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil (ZEO) on the microbial quality of fish fillets was investigated at three concentrations (i.e. 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% [w/v]) in 16 days of storage at 4°C. Moreover, a comparison was made between the fabricated coarse emulsion and nanoemulsion coatings by particle size and polydispersity index analyses. Sample analysis was performed with regard to total viable count (TVC), total psychrophilic count (TPC), hydrogen sulphide‐producing bacteria count (HSC) and Enterobacteriaceae count (ENC) on days 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16. According to the findings, all the samples showed increased microbial counts during the storage periods. The highest reduction rates of TVC (about 2 log CFU/g), TPC (about 1 log CFU/g), HSC (about 1.5 log CFU/g) and ENC (about 3 log CFU/g) were observed in the nanoemulsion of alginate containing 1% w/v ZEO (NE 1%) samples, compared with alginate and control samples. The microbial growth was significantly inhibited in all treatments, compared with that in the control (p

In this present study, essential oils (EOs) were extracted from Chaerophyllum macropodum, Oliveria decumbents, and Zataria multiflora Boiss. The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the EOs were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (G+), Escherichia coli O157: H7 (G−), and three species of fungi (Rhodotorula glutinis, Kluyveromyces marxianus and Penicillium digitatum). The outcomes were evaluated in vitro and in a food model system for 28 days of storage. Carvacrol comprised 10.83, 22.51 and 73.66% of the EOs being extracted from Chaerophyllum, Oliveria and Zataria, respectively, while thymol comprised 9.57, 36.49 and 17.17%. By evaluating antibacterial properties in vitro, the bacteria were greatly inhibited by all of the three EOs with more sensitivity of S. aureus. Oliveria and Zataria EOs were more effective than Chaerophyllum EO in preventing the growth of the three fungi. Doogh samples were inoculated before receiving the EOs (1%) and stored at 4°C for 28 days. Chaerophyllum EO caused the highest value of pH in doogh. Viscosity was significantly higher (p

Background and Objectives: Plant-derived essential oils (EOs) shave many usages in health and medicine, such as anti- bacterial agents. The aim of this study was the improvement of antibacterial activities of two EOs using nanotechnology. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity was investigated on four important human pathogenic bacteria using the 96-well plate microdilution method, a quantitative approach. Eleven formulations were prepared using each of the EOs. Eventually, the best nanoformulation with the smallest particle size and polydispersive indices (PDI and SPAN) was selected using each EO for further investigations. Moreover, two microemulsions with similar ingredients and the same portion in comparison with two selected nanoemulsions were also prepared. Antibacterial activity of each EO was compared with its micro- and nano-emulsions. Results: The antibacterial efficacy of Zataria multiflora EO (ZMEO) was significantly better than Mentha piperita EO (MPEO). Besides, the antibacterial activity of nanoemulsion of ZMEO with a particle size of 129 ± 12 nm was significantly better than no- and micro-formulated forms of ZMEO. Interestingly, the efficiency of MPEO nanoemulsion (160 ± 25 nm) was also significantly better than MPEO and its micro-formulated form. Conclusion: Regardless of the intrinsic antibacterial property of two examined EOs, by formulating to nanoemulsion, their efficiencies were improved. Nanoemulsion of ZMEO introduced as an inexpensive, potent and green antibacterial agent.

Introduction: The post-harvest damage to fruits is estimated to be about 10-30% of the total products, which reaches up to 30-50% in some perishable fruits. About 25 species of fungi and bacteria including Botrytis spp. and in particular Botrytis cinerea are known to contaminate fruits, vegetables and ornamental greenhouse plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) against B. cinerea. Materials and Methods: The ZEO was extracted through steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The strawberries packages were exposed to ZEO with different concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 ppm) and satarch nanoparticles. The exposed fruits were kept for 24 days at two temperatures of 20°C and 4°C. Results: The ZEO decreased mycelium growth even when only 200 ppm of it was added to each container. The response was dose-dependent, so that the 800 ppm dose of ZEO showed complete inhibitory effect. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values for ZEO against B. cinerea were 200 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL, respectively. Additionally, ZEO preserved the sensory characteristics. Conclusion: The ZEO may be effectively used in packaging of strawberry to increase its shelf life by inhibition of B. cinerea.

Background The cancer burden is rising rapidly worldwide, and it annually causes about 8.8 million deaths worldwide. Due to chemical drugs’ side effects and the emergence of resistance, the development of new green drugs has received much attention. We aimed to investigate whether solid-lipid nanoparticles containing essential oil of Zataria multiflora (ZMSLN) enhanced the anticancer efficacy of the essential oil against breast cancer (MDA-MB-468) and melanoma (A-375) cells. Results ZMSLN was prepared by the high-pressure homogenizer method; particle size 176 ± 8 nm, polydispersity index 0.22 ± 0.1, entrapment efficiency 67 ± 5%. The essential oil showed a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on MDA-MB-468 and A-375 cells at all examined concentrations (75, 150, 300, 600, and 1200 μg/mL). Interestingly, after treating both cells with 75 μg/mL of ZMSLN, their viabilities were reduced to under 13%. Conclusion The finding showed that ZMSLN had a distinct antiproliferative efficacy; it could thus be considered a green anticancer candidate for further in vivo and in vivo studies.

Introduction: Since orthodontic removable appliances might be infected with fungi and bacteria, they need to be cleaned using natural disinfectants and chemicals. This study aimed to compare the clinical impact of thyme essence and Fluconazole solution on the amount of Candida albicans colonies and Streptococcus Mutans accumulated on the removable appliances in orthodontic patients. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 21 patients were selected who used the wear Hawley’s retainer for 24-hours. Patients were divided into three groups of seven. One group first washed the plaque with soap and water and then spray thyme essence all over it at a 5-centimeter distance (4 times on each side). In the other group, as before, the plaque was washed and from the same distance as before, the fluconazole solution (10 mg/ml) was sprayed on all surfaces 4 times. In the control group, the retainer was washed every night only with soap and water. After one month, the retainers were delivered form patients. The two samples were then separated from the Kami platelets and sent to a laboratory for microbial culture. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney, T-test (α = 0.05). Results: The use of thyme essence increases the mean area of Candida albicans inhibition, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (p value = 0.03). The effect of Fluconazole solution on this mean area) Candida albicans inhibition zone( was not significant compared to that observed in the control group (p value = 0.5). In the group in which thyme essence was used, the mean area of Streptococcus mutans inhibition, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (p value = 0.05). When Fluconazole solution was used, the mean area of Streptococcus mutans inhibition, was not significant compared to that observed in the control group (p value = 0.071). Conclusion: Compared to Fluconazole solution, thyme essence functions more effectively in increasing Candida and Streptococcus Mutans inhibition zones. Keywords: Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Orthodontic appliances.

Zataria multiflora Boiss. belonging to the family Lamiaceae is an important folkloric medicinal plant in Fars province, Southwestern Iran. In this study, essential oil constituents, phenolic conten...

Background: The increasing demand for natural preservatives results in their extended usefulness. The objective of the present study was to investigate the physicochemical and antioxidative characteristics of Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) fruit and comparison of its antioxidative and antibacterial activity with Zataria multiflora Essential Oil (ZEO) as native Iranian natural additives. Methods: Antioxidant activities of Z. multiflora Boiss and sumac were analyzed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2, 2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS). Reducing power tests were used for measuring antioxidant activity. Total phenolic content of extract and essential oil were studied as well. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) of a hydroalcoholic extract of sumac and ZEO against of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes were studied. Statistical analysis of data was performed using the SPSS software. Results: The phenolic content in sumac extract (305.65 mg/g) was significantly (p˂0.05) higher than ZEO (179.42 mg/100 g). The highest level of antibacterial activity was demonstrated by ZEO with the MICs of 0.625 for S. Typhimurium and 1.25 mg/ml for L. monocytogenes. Conclusion: Sumac extract showed more potent antioxidative activity than ZEO. However, based on the results of antibacterial activity, ZEO had more potent than sumac extract, significantly.

Activation of hepatic stellate cells by free radicals is an initial step in the development of liver fibrosis. Zataria multiflora Boiss (ZM) essential oil as a natural product has antioxidant activ...

Background: Aspergillus flavus is a toxic contaminant in foods, which can induce mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic effects. In last decades, synthetic fungicides have been used for inhibition of fungal growth in plants. The public attention was also attracted to contamination of food chain by these chemicals. Therefore, in the current study, we decided to use Zataria multiflora (ZM) essential oil to inhibit the Aspergillus flavus growth. Method: The essential oil from ZM was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of ZM essential oil were determined at different concentrations (0-1000 ppm). Results: In this study, Carvacrol (33.45%) and Thymol (34.44%) were the most frequent compounds of the ZM essential oil. The minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations were 100 and 400 ppm, respectively. Conclusions: The presence of phenolic compounds such as Thymol and Carvacrol, as the major components of ZM essential oil inhibits the Aspergillus flavus growth. Furthermore, this essential oil has a very strong anti-bacterial effect. Considering these results, it seems that ZM essential oil is potentially an appropriate natural alternative for controlling Aspergillus flavus fungus.

Fusarium is one of the most important and destructive phytopathogenic fungi on a wide range of host plants. In the present study, to achieve a suitable alternative for high-risk synthetic chemicals, the antifungal effects of ZnO and ZnO-EO (Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil loaded on ZnO) materials were investigated against six isolates of Fusarium. The chemical composition of Z. multiflora essential oil (EO) was explored by GC-MS, in which thymol and carvacrol were the main components. The physio-chemical properties of fabricated materials were studied by SEM, BET, FT-IR, TGA, EDX, XRD, and DLS analyses. The mycelial growth inhibitory (MGI) of ZnO and ZnO-EO materials were tested against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, F. oxysporum f.sp. lentis, F. graminearum, F. graminearum, F. verticillioides, and F. brasilicum in the laboratory conditions. The results showed that ZnO-EO nanocomposite had a fungistatic effect against all tested fungi except F. oxysporum f.sp. lentis and the fungicidal activity against F. graminearum at a concentration of 1000 ppm. The MGI of ZnO-EO nanocomposite was increased by 42.70% compared to the pure ZnO and by 66.33% compared to Z. multiflora EO. The MGI of pure ZnO compared to Z. multiflora EO was also increased by 23.63%. According to the current findings, the ZnO-EO nanocomposite can be considered as a bio-rational efficient alternative to conventional chemical fungicides.

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the impacts of Zataria multiflora aromatic water (ZMAW) and nano emulsion (NE) of Z. multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) on IL-4 (Th2-derived cytokine) and IFN-γ (Th1-derived cytokine) concentrations in mice with hydatidosis. Sixty four healthy BALB/c female mice were intraperitoneally injected by 1500 live protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus. Five month after injection, the infected mice were divided into seven treatment groups, including: Albendazole (100 mg/kg), ZMAW (100 ml/L), Albendazole 100 + ZMAW (Albendazole 100 mg/kg and ZMAW 100 ml/L), Albendazole 50 + ZMAW (Albendazole 50 mg/kg and ZMAW 100 ml/L), Albendazole 100 + NE of ZMEO (Albendazole 100 mg/kg and NE of ZMEO 10 ml/L), albendazole 50 + NE of ZMEO (albendazole 50 mg/kg and NE of ZMEO 10 ml/L) and the control group with no treatment. The mice received the ZMAW, NE of ZMEO and/or albendazole through drinking water for 90 days. At the end of treatment (90 days), blood specimens were harvested from all mice. A significant reduction in IL-4 concentration was revealed in the albendazole 50 group + NE of ZMEO, when compared to the control group (P

Context: The use of herbal medications can improve the quality of life and prevent the side effects of chemical drugs. The present narrative review study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of Zataria multiflora, Satureja, oak fruit husk, and Jaftex herbal mouthwash for the treatment of minor oral aphthous stomatitis. Evidence Acquisition: A literature review was conducted in electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, as well as Persian databases such as SID, Magiran, and IranMedex from 2000 to 2019, particularly in the last 10 years. The appropriate keywords were searched including “recurrent aphthous stomatitis”, “oak tree”, “Satureja”, “Zataria multiflora”, and “Jaftex mouthwash”. Results: Six clinical trials were analyzed in the present study. The results showed that Zataria multiflora, Satureja, oak fruit husk, and Jaftex mouthwash have beneficial effects on the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The main outcome measures assessed in this study were the duration of the complete healing process, ulcer size, and the level of pain. No side effects were reported in Zataria multiflora, oak fruit husk, and Jaftex mouthwash, but Satureja khuzestanica essential oil revealed a trivial burning at the initial time of application. Conclusions: Reviewing these studies indicated that Zataria multiflora, Satureja, oak fruit husk, and Jaftex mouthwash greatly improved the patients’ symptoms by shortening the duration of the complete healing process, reducing ulcer size, and relieving pain. Therefore, these herbal medicines can be used as alternative treatment agents for recurrent aphthous stomatitis. More investigations are required to elucidate the probable mechanism(s) and mode(s) of action of these plants and standardization.

The present research aimed to investigate the preservative effects of a sodium caseinate (SC) coating enriched with Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (ZMEO) at 0.5, 1, or 1.5% on the product life of meat during storage at 4°C. Over a 15-day period, the meat samples were refrigerated and analyzed every five days. The treated samples had markedly less psychrotrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and total viable counts relative to the control throughout storage. In terms of the sensory, chemical (PV, TBARS, and pH), and microbial characterization, undesirable results were attained in the control sample after 10 days of refrigerated storage, whereas samples coated with SC/ZMEO, especially at higher essential oil concentrations (1 and 1.5%), proved to be significantly more stable (P<0.05). However, high concentration of ZMEO (1.5%) gave an unpleasant effect on sensory attributes of meat samples. Notably, the SC/1% ZMEO coating led to good overall acceptability of the veal specimens even after 15 days of refrigeration. Hence, this coating is recommended as a replacement for synthetic preservatives and flavorings for meat products given that it preserved the quality of refrigerated veal samples for over two weeks.

Edible coatings of gum Arabic (GA) (6.0 and 8.0 %) with Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora) (0.3 and 0.5 %) were assessed as potential postharvest treatments to protect the quality of fresh in-hull pistachio when stored at 85 ± 5 % RH and 2 ± 1 °C for up to 36 days. The results showed that 6 % GA combined with thyme at the concentrations of 0.3 and 0.5 % decreased color change and PPO activity of fresh pistachio in comparison with untreated control fruits. Treated fruit (6 % GA alone with the addition of 0.3 % thyme) also had higher PAL activity and total phenolics. Higher free fatty acid and peroxide value were also found in fruits coated with GA (8 %) containing thyme (0.5 %). Both 0.3 % thyme and 6 % GA solutions were found to be the most effective on saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of kernel.

Antifungal activity of essential oils (EOs) of Zataria multiflora (thyme) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) against Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production was studied in potato dextrose agar (PDA) and potato dextrose broth (PDB), as well as in Iranian white cheese as a food model. The results showed that the inhibitory potential of EOs in the PDB medium is more than PDA medium. Clove EO on PDB medium prevented fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 production at 300 and 100 ppm, respectively. However, the thyme EO was not able to inhibit fungal growth completely and showed the strongest inhibition effect at 400 ppm. EOs also had more inhibitory activity in laboratory culture media than the food environments. EOs in all concentrations reduced aflatoxin B1 production and fungal growth in cheese, but only the clove EO at 150 ppm was able to prevent the fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 production completely. Thyme EO reduced aflatoxin B1 value to below detection threshold (2 ppb) at 10 μl. Our findings propose EOs as a natural inhibitor to control fungal contamination of foodstuffs such as Iranian white cheese.

In in vitro process of this study, protoscoleces of the hydatid cysts were exposed to two concentrations of nano emulsion (NE) of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) (1 and 2mg/mL) for 10 and 20min. Viability of protoscoleces was confirmed using 0.1% eosin staining. For in vivo studies, sixteen laboratory mice were infected intraperitoneally by 1500 live protoscoleces. Five months after infection, the infected mice were divided into treatment and control groups. The mice of treatment group received the NE of ZMEO (20mg/kg) orally via their drinking water while the mice of control group received no treatment. Two months after the start of treatment, all of the mice were necropsied and the hydatid cysts were collected. Subsequently, the numbers, sizes and weights of the collected cysts were compared between the mice of two groups. The results of in vitro scolicidal assays showed that the scolicidal power of NE of a ZMEO at concentration of 1mg/mL was 88.01%, and 100% after 10 and 20min respectively. NE of ZMEO showed 100% scolicidal power at a concentration of 2mg/mL after 10min (comparing to 4.46% for the control group). The results of in vivo studies revealed that the size of the largest cysts as well as the total number of the cysts were significantly lower in the mice treated with NE of ZMEO (P

The present study was conducted to investigate the inhibitory effect of alginate coating incorporated with Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil (ZEO) and lactoperoxidase system (LPOS), individual...

Summary Introduction: In Iranian traditional medicine, Zataria multiflora Boiss (Lamiaceae family) is reputed due to its antiseptic effects. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and biofilm killing effects of Z. multiflora essential oil and main components against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: The main components of essential oil were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial properties of Z. multiflora oil and main components were determined by assessing the MIC and MBC values, and their inhibition percent of biofilm killing effects were determined by the evaluation of optical density. The role of each main component in these activities was determined according to the chemical profiles of essential oil. Results: Thymol (38.7%), carvacrol (30.6%), and p-cymene (8.3%) were main components of twenty five components of essential oil. Carvacrol had the higher role in antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, followed by thymol. P-cymene enhanced the antibacterial activities of thymol and carvacrol against P. aeruginosa. Carvacrol showed the weak role in biofilm killing effect. In spite of the low antibacterial activity of p-cymene against P. aeruginosa, it can enhance the antibacterial activity of thymol or carvacrol. Conclusion: Z. multiflora essential oil can be used for the management of P. aeruginosa infections. Determining the precise role of each components needs investigating in their behavior in different media.

Zein films loaded with 5 or 10% of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (ZEO) were successfully obtained. Migration of antimicrobial carvacrol and thymol, major components of ZEO, was monitored at different temperatures and with different food simulants, and apparent diffusion was calculated. Antimicrobial properties of the films were assayed in vapour phase and liquid medium. The results showed that films containing 5% ZEO achieved reductions of 1.18 log and 1.14 log against L. monocytogenes and E. coli , respectively, and the log reduction value increased to 2.16 log and 2.65 log for films with 10% ZEO. However, the films lacked antimicrobial activity when tested in vapour phase. Finally, thin zein films loaded with 10% ZEO were successfully applied as a coating on PP bags. The effectiveness of the active bags was tested in a more complex medium than liquid bacterial growth media, that is cow's milk inoculated with the above microorganisms. This work offers a successful approach on the use of zein proteins for active food packaging.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil (EO) against six fish spoilage bacteria for evaluation of its potential utilization in the preservation of minimally processed fish products. Methods: Firstly, GC-MS analysis of the EO was performed to determine its chemical composition. Then, antibacterial effect of the EO in a range of 0.031 to 4 mg/ml was tested against different fish spoilage bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Shewanella putrefaciens, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis by broth microdilution method to determine minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentrations. Results: GC-MS results showed that phenolic components such as carvacrol (51.55%) and thymol (25.49%) were predominant constituents of the EO. Zataria multiflora Boiss EO exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria. Shewanella Putrefaciens was the most sensitive bacteria with MBC value of 0. 5 mg/ml. Conclusion: According to the results, this EO could be used as an important natural alternative to prevent bacterial growth in food specially seafood products to preserve them against bacterial spoilage.

Background: Zataria multiflora boiss is a member of Lamiaceae family with antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical composition and antibacterial effect of Zataria multiflora essential oil against two foodborne pathogens in meat. Methods: The inhibitory effect of Zataria multiflora essential oil (Minimum inhibitory concentration and Minimum bactericidal concentration) was evaluated against Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes, inoculated in ground beef meat after 3, 5, 7 and 9 days of storage. Results: Result revealed 26 various compounds, representing 96.27% of total oil. Thymol was the most abundant compound among all constituents (29.2%). A significant reduction was observed in Salmonella typhimurium when adding 1 and 2% Zataria multiflora (p

Direct introduction of essential oils (EOs) into biopolymer-based packaging materials faces various challenges such as insolubility and loss of activity. The aim of this study was increasing the bioactivity of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) through first making a nanoemulsion and then immobilizing within basil seed gum (BSG)-based film network. ZMEO (nano)emulsions were prepared using high intensity ultrasound approach at 150W and various sonication times (0, 2.5, 5 and 10min). An increase in the antibacterial activity of ZMEO nanoemulsion was observed by decreasing the nanoemulsion droplet size. Increasing nanoemulsion concentration in BSG film matrix improved the mechanical properties. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the presence of ZMEO nanoemulsions resulted in significant changes in the microstructure of BSG films. Antimicrobial films were effective against potential foodborne pathogens. This innovative incorporation of EOs into biopolymer-based films may have implications in extending the shelf life of food products through retarding the release of volatile constituents.

This study investigates the effects of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil on the quality of catfish burger during storage at 4 °C. For this purpose, fish burgers were produced with 0, 0.2 and 0.4 % ZMEO and the changes in their TBA, PV, FFA, TVB-N, microbiological loads and appeal to consumers during storage were evaluated. The obtained results indicated that the best sensory quality was attained at the highest ZMEO concentration (0.4 %) compared with control samples. The storage time significantly affected the TBA, PV, FFA, TVB-N values, as treated samples with ZMEO showed lower values of lipid oxidation products compared with the control samples. Regarding to microbial load, samples treated with 0.2 and 0.4 % of ZMEO revealed significant reduction at 9th day of storage as compared with the control samples.

Zein films assimilated with 1% monolaurin (ML) and 2 or 3% Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (ZEO) were developed and their antimicrobial effects against Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157: H7 in vitro and in minced beef meat were determined. Zein films were developed using casting method. Films containing 1% ML + 3% ZEO had the highest swelling index (52.3%). Only ZEO containing films had a remarkable phenolic (13.53 mg gallic acid/g film) and plain zein films had no phenolic contents. Similar improvement were obtained for antioxidant activity of films containing ZEO. Antimicrobial activity was significantly increased by adding ZEO and ML which influenced by the concentrations of agents as well as type of bacteria, which L. monocytogenes was more susceptible than E. coli . In minced meat, the growth of L. monocytogenes was significantly inhibited by ML and/or ZEO containing films during 3 days of storage at 4 °C, whereas the growth of E. coli was only inhibited by films containing ZEO. The results showed the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of zein film by addition of ZEO and ML. In the case of combination, ZEO and ML had no additive or synergistic antimicrobial effects.

The effects of postharvest treatment with chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs = T1) and Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) incorporated in (ZEO@CSNPs = T2), on the shelf-life extension and antioxidant activities of whole cucumbers during storage were evaluated. Coated and control cucumbers were stored at 10 ± 1 °C with 90-95% RH for 21 days. Measurements of physicochemical and microbial growth were accomplished every 3 days. After 15 days, the fruit decay in the T2 coating was 2% vs. 12 and 97.7% in the T1 coated and uncoated fruit, respectively. Significant differences were obtained for weight loss, firmness, respiration rate, DPPH-radical scavenging activity, reducing power and microbial counts (P Industrial relevance Cucumber as a good source of antioxidants is one of the most popular and widely grown vegetable crops in the world. However, it has a short shelf-life ( On the other hand, the nano-/micro-encapsulation of EOs allows protection of their sensitive bioactive compounds from unfavorable environmental conditions and enhances their bioactivity during food processing and storage. So, in this study a new edible coating, consisting of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs), was introduced to extend the shelf-life of cucumber as well as protect the bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties.

This study reports the efficacy of chitosan (CS) in combination with Zataria multiflora (ZEO) or Cinnamomum seylanicum (CEO) essential oil to inhibit Phytophthora drechsleri in vitro and on artificially infected cucumbers for a storage period of 10 days. The fungal growth significantly was reduced by increasing concentrations of ZEO, CEO and CS that CEO was the most effective. Moreover, combined treatments showed more significant mycelial inhibition results and reduction of the IC50, MIC and MFC values compared with pure EOs or CS (p

Background: Ready-to-cook breast chicken is susceptible to bacterial changes, which, in turn, adversely affect both food quality and consumers’ health. Objectives: This study was intended to investigate the antibacterial potency of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (ZEO) and ethanolic garlic extract (EGE) against four bacterial strains, namely S. aureus, B. licheniformis, E. coli O157:H7, and S. enteritidis in ready-to-cook breast chicken. Methods: Initially, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured to define baseline concentrations for in-vivo applications. Afterward, the chicken pieces were contaminated with the given microorganisms before marinating them with ZEO and EGE. Cell viabilities were computed throughout storage at 4°C. A five-scale test was carried out to assess organoleptic features. Results and Conclusions: The findings indicated that the two agents could successfully reduce the bacterial growth although ZEO was more effective than EGE. A better in-vivo antimicrobial performance was observed for ZEO in contrast to EGE, approximately demonstrating a comparable behavior under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions. The concentrations of EGE and ZEO with significant bacterial growth showed lower scores in the sensory survey.

BackgroundDespite growing demand for medicinal plants, there is little data about their use by patients with dyslipidemia. We aimed to determine the prevalence, pattern, and associated factors for the use of medicinal plants among patients with dyslipidemia.MethodsA 17-item semi-structured questionnaire was filled out by 195 patients with dyslipidemia in a cross-sectional study carried out in two academic endocrinology clinics in Shiraz, Iran. The questionnaire comprised of three main domains of demographic data (6 questions), clinical data (2 of them), and data related to the use of medicinal plants (totally 9 questions).ResultsA total of 77.4% of patients took medicinal plants. The most common medicinal herbs used by dyslipidemic patients wereZataria multiflora, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, andZingiber officinale. Duration of dyslipidemia was significantly longer in herbal users than non-herbal users (p=0.04). Patients believing that concomitant use of conventional drugs and herbal preparations had synergic positive effects in addition to those persuaded that herbal preparations possessed less side effects, were significantly more likely to use medicinal plants (p=0.008 and 0.005, respectively). Additionally, most of the medicinal herb users (87.4%) changed neither the pattern nor the dosage of their medications all during herbal preparations use.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated a high prevalence of medicinal plants’ use among patients with dyslipidemia, which was associated with the duration of dyslipidemia, patients’ viewpoints about herbal preparations’ synergic positive effects, and their fewer side effects.

The effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss Essential oil (EO) on the growth, spore production, and citrinin production of Penicellium citrinum PTCC 5304 in the culture media as well as Iranian ultra-filtered white cheese in brine was investigated. Radial growth and spore production on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) were effectively inhibited by EO in a dose-dependent manner. At 200 ppm, the radial growth and sporulation declined by 92% and 100%, respectively. The growth was completely prevented at 400 ppm of EO on PDA and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the oil was estimated at 400 ppm. Furthermore, the Zataria multiflora also significantly suppressed the mycelial growth and citrinin production in broth medium at all investigated concentrations (P 0.05). At 150 ppm of EO, the citrinin accumulation and mycelial growth reduced by 88.6% and 89.6%, respectively. The EO was tested at all concentrations and the findings show an inhibitory effect of P. citrinum against the radial fungal growth and citrinin production in cheese. However, no concentration of EO could completely inhibit the growth and production of citrinin in cheese. We therefore concluded that Zataria multiflora has the potential to substitute the antifungal chemicals as a natural inhibitor to control the growth of molds in foods such as cheese.

The insecticidal properties of essential oils prepared using water distillation method from aerial parts of Mentha piperita, Mentha pulegium, Zataria multiflora and Thymus daenensis were investigated on adult of Bruchus lentis and Callosobruchus maculatus. Essential oils were used in five concentrations and five replications. Mortality rate of insects were recorded after 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Results indicated that the longer exposure of insect to essential oil and the higher concentration of essential oil, increased mortality of the two species in all treatments. There was significant difference among mortality effect of the essential oils. The LC50 value of M. piperita after 24 hours for B. lentis and C. maculatus was 14.62 and 13.70 μl/l air respectively, while the values of LC50 were 92.32 and 95.80 for M. pulegium, 58.43 and 99.94 for Z. multiflora and 63.97 and 65.55 μl/l air for T. daenensis, respectively. The least LT50 recorded was in T. daenensis essential oil with 26.21 and 24.15 hours against B. lentis and C. maculatus, respectively.

Aims: According to the worldwide development of antibiotic resistance in recent years, the tendency of using herbal medicine has grown and plants derived antibacterial substances have found many applications in controlling microorganisms. Thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss.) is one of the medicinal herbs which its pharmaceutical and antibacterial effects have been a matter of research and debate in recent years. This research aimed to study antibacterial effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essence against 8 standard pathogenic bacterial species. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, the essential oil was extracted by steam distillation using Clevenger apparatus. Using broth microdilution testing, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of thyme essential oil were determined against 8 standard pathogenic bacterial species. Each exam was repeated three times. The results were analyzed by SPSS 16 software using one-way ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests. Findings: The average of MIC for Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil showed a significant difference among 8 different bacterial species (p

Summary The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of Zataria multiflora boiss essential oils (ZEOs), ultraviolet (UV) radiation and their combination against Listeria monocytogenes biofilm in a simulated industrial model (SIM). The effect of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sub-MIC concentration of ZEOs, different contact time of UV and their combination was evaluated in a SIM on 6- and 12-day-old L. monocytogenes biofilm. In a SIM, 0.3% ZEOs were adequate to completely eliminate 6- and 12-day-old biofilm grown on stainless steel coupons. The population of viable L. monocytogenes biofilm cells under a 15- to 45-min contact time of UV treatment declined significantly at 6- and 12-day-old biofilm. The combined effect of ZEO and UV showed antagonist effects. These findings indicated that in the single use, ZEO and UV revealed a suitable antilisteria biofilm activity, while combining them is not a promising method to remove listeria biofilms from stainless steel surfaces.

Zein based edible film was developed and incorporated with Zataria multiflora boiss essential oil. Mechanical and microbiological characteristics of this biofilms were measured. Increasing concentration of antimicrobial agent in film reduced stretchability, tensile strength and elongation, however increased the thickness and water vapor transmission parameters (P

Zataria multiflora is a traditional and popular spice in Iran. The aerial parts, including flowers, were collected from 12 Z. multiflora plant populations (Zarghan, Khonj, Sivand (1–4), Marvdasht (1–4), Firoozabad, and Chahakneyriz) growing in Fars province, located in southwestern Iran. The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus and were analysed for semi-quantitative and qualitative variations in essential oils. The essential oil yields were measured on the basis of the volume of dried essential oil/primary dried material weight × 100 for each sample. The essential oil yields ranged from 2.91% to 4% (w/w). Analysis of variance showed that geographic variation had a significant effect on the oil content in plants of different regions. A maximum difference of 1.09% (w/w) was observed between the Sivand 3 and Zarghan populations. Three ecotypes, Zarghan, Marvdasht 3, and Marvdasht 4, possessed the maximum essential oil yield. Fifty volatile compounds were identified by GC and GC–MS analysis. The main essential oil components were linalool (0.93–55.69%), thymol (2.66–37.51%), carvacrol (14.37–59.78%), γ-terpinene (2.28–11.35%), ρ-cymene (1.23–7.9%), carvacrol methyl ether (0.9–6.08%), α-pinene (1.3–5.13%), and myrcene (0.51–2.72%). Analysis of the principal components based on the mean relative amounts of essential oil components led to the identification of three chemotypes: carvacrol, thymol, and linalool of which the thymol chemotype is found more frequently in different parts of Iran. The chemical variability could be attributed to genetic and environmental factors. The characterization of essential oil variation is of commercial importance as well as being helpful in the improvement of Z. multiflora resources for pharmaceutical and food industries.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the lethal effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss (Lamiaceae) methanolic extract against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Protoscoleces were aseptically aspirated from sheep livers having hydatid cysts. Various concentrations of the essential oil (2.5–20 mg/mL) were used for 10–60 min. Viability of protoscoleces was confirmed using eosin exclusion test (0.1 % eosin staining). Obtained results showed that Z. multiflora extract at the concentration of 20 mg/mL after 10 min of exposure killed 100 % protoscoleces. The mean of mortality rate of protoscoleces after 20 min of exposure to the concentration of 10 mg/mL was also 100 %. Lower concentrations of Z. multiflora extract provoked a delayed protoscolicidal activity. The findings indicated potential of Z. multiflora methanolic extract as a natural source for the producing of new scolicidal agent for use in hydatid cyst surgery.

Development of biodegradable and biocompatible films based on the proteinpolymer with strong antibacterial activities is gradually obtained extensive concern in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of gelatin nano films merged with different concentrations of Zataria multiflora essential oil. Gelatin films were prepared from gelatin solutions (10% w/v) containing Zataria multiflora essential oil [ZMO] (2, 4, 6 and 8% w/w), glycerol (25% w/w) as plasticizer, and glutaraldehyde (2% w/w) as cross-linker. The mechanical, water solubility, water swelling, water vapor permeability, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the films were measured according to the American Society for Testing and Materials. Gelatin films exhibited good tensile strength and elongation at break, water solubility, swelling, and water vapor permeability. Incorporation of ZMO into the gelatin films caused a significant decrease in tensile strength and swelling, and a significant increase in elongation at break, water solubility, water vapor permeability and whiteness of the films. Gelatin films exhibited low antioxidant activity while gelatin films incorporated with ZMO exhibited excellent antioxidant properties. The films incorporated with ZMO also exhibited excellent antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Our results suggest that the gelatin/ZMO films could be used as a very attractive alternative to traditional materials for different biomedical applications.

In this study, we aimed to improve the physical, mechanical and water-vapor permeability (WVP) properties of kappa-carrageenan (KC) films by including montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay in the film-forming solution. To further improve these properties, the combined effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil (ZEO) and MMT was also investigated. The incorporation of MMT improved the physical and mechanical properties of KC film. Film made from KC alone had a tensile strength (TS) of 26.29MPa, while the KC film with 10% nanoclay had a TS of 34.67. Further analysis was provided by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy that confirmed the dispersion of MMT in the KC matrix. It was also shown that the combined effect of nanoclay and ZEO significantly improved the TS and EB of KC films. ZEO decreased the WVP of the nanocomposite films; for example, 3% ZEO reduced WVP by around 78%. The antimicrobial activity of nanocomposite films was also studied using the overlay and vapor-phase methods; the films effectively inhibited the growth of five pathogens tested. Thus, the incorporation of both nanoclay and ZEO into KC films is a promising way to manufacture films with better mechanical, antimicrobial and WVP properties.

Macrophomina phaseolina is a causal agent for charcoal rot and cause economic damage in plants. In recent years, the great tendency for the use of biological substances to control of pests, weeds and the pathogens has been created. In this study, antifungal effects of concentrations 30, 60 and 120 μl/100 ml of essential oil of Eucalyptus sp. and Zataria multiflora were evaluated on the growth of M. phaseolina in vitro condition. The experiment was conducted on phactorial basis of completely randomised design with four replications. According to the results, a significant difference between inhibitory percentage of essential oils and different concentrations of essential oils on fungal colony growth has been observed (p ≤ 0.01). Highest inhibitory percentage was related to the concentration of 120 μl/100 ml of Z. multiflora with 58.16% inhibition.

Zataria multiflora is an Iranian endemic plant with a variety of uses. Anticonvulsant effect of the plant has not been studied yet. We aimed to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of the essential oil and methanolic extract of the plant on chemical and electrically seizures. Methods: Essential oil (EO) and methanolic extract (ME) were prepared by hydrodistillation and maceration method respectively and administered for evaluating the anticonvulsant activity against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) convulsions in mice. Different doses of the EO and ME of Zataria multiflora were administered intraperitoneally (i.p), thirty minutes before induction of chemical (PTZ, 100 mg/kg) and electrical (50 mA, 50 Hz, 1 s duration) convulsions. Neurotoxicity was evaluated using rota-rod test. Mortality was determined after 24 hours for determining LD 50 . Results: EO significantly increased the onset time of clonic seizures at doses of 0.2, 0.25 and 0.35ml/kg and significantly prevented tonic convulsions induced by PTZ at the same doses. No increase in onset time of tonic convulsions was observed. Methanolic extract of Z. multiflora was not effective in PTZ model. Neither EO nor ME was effective against MES convulsions; however both of them significantly reduced the time spent on rota-rod at doses of 0.6 ml/kg and 3 g/kg respectively. LD 50 value of the EO was determined as 1.30 (1.0-1.5) ml/kg. No mortality was seen for the ME until dose of 5 g/kg. Conclusion: EO would be a good candidate for more investigations to determine its active constituent(s) and also its mechanism against PTZ-induced seizures.