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Background: Limited data on electronic cigarette prevalence, patterns and settings of use are available from several European countries. Methods: Within the TackSHS project, a face-to-face survey was conducted in 2017-2018 in 12 European countries (Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania and Spain). Overall, 11,876 participants, representative of the population aged ≥15 years in each country, provided information on electronic cigarette. Findings: 2·4% (95% C.I. 2·2-2·7) of the subjects (2·5% men and 2·4% women; 0·4% never, 4·4% current- and 6·5% ex-smokers) reported current use of electronic cigarette, ranging from 0.6% in Spain to 7·2% in England. Of the 272 electronic cigarette users, 52·6% were dual users (i.e., users of both electronic and conventional cigarettes) and 58·8% used liquids with nicotine. In all, 65·1% reported using electronic cigarette in at least one indoor setting where smoking is forbidden, in particular in workplaces (34·9%) as well as bars and restaurants (41·5%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that electronic cigarette use was lower among older individuals (p for trend

Abstract In this article I present the first two of a new series of open and high-quality international legal data sets: comprehensive, fully reproducible, human- and machine-readable open access collections covering one hundred years of case law of the primary judicial organs of the United Nations and the League of Nations: the Corpus of Decisions: International Court of Justice (CD-ICJ) and the Corpus of Decisions: Permanent Court of International Justice (CD-PCIJ). Each corpus is designed to capture in its entirety the published case law of its eponymous Court, including majority opinions (judgments, advisory opinions and orders), but also the minority opinions annexed to each decision (declarations, separate opinions and dissenting opinions). The corpora are enriched with useful metadata to enhance text-as-data research and enable stand-alone metadata analyses. While each corpus can stand on its own, the twin corpora are designed to be perfectly interoperable for the purposes of analyses that wish to treat the ICJ and PCIJ as a continuous entity. The most recent versions of the corpora will always be available open access at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3826444 (CD-ICJ) and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840479 (CD-PCIJ). Academic Publications (Fobbe) Website — www.seanfobbe.com Open Data — zenodo.org/communities/sean-fobbe-data Code Repository — zenodo.org/communities/sean-fobbe-code Regular Publications — zenodo.org/communities/sean-fobbe-publications &nbsp

This book surveys the background to the declaration of ‘Islamic State' (in Iraq and Syria). It deals with the organization's structure, leaders and fighters, as well as the savagery it practices in...

Adopted by the United Nations in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is, according to the Guinness Book of World Records, the most widely translated document. However, versions in 419 languages are not conceived as translations but equivalences, alternate embodiments of identical tenets. The Bible has been rendered into numerous languages, but the Hebrew and Greek originals possess authority that English, Bengali, and Xhosa derivatives do not. The Bible is translated, but the UDHR is, through the theology of international governance, transubstantiated into multiple tongues. No version has priority; each is equally valid, transparent, and interchangeable. The utopian premise is not only that all humans possess inalienable rights but also that all languages express the same principles. The document’s title, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, might seem a solecism, a misplaced modifier. Surely, it is human rights that are universal, not the declaration. However, the UN insists that all versions (at least in the original official languages) are equally binding. It rejects Whorfian notions that particular languages enable particular thoughts and embraces languages as neutral tools whose specific manifestation is irrelevant. Arguments against imprisoning writers in Burma could appeal equally to the authority of either the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme or Всеобщую декларацию прав человека or la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos or 世界人权宣言. Rather than the Babelian myth of an Ur-Sprache before hubris scattered us into mutual unintelligibility, the UDHR endorses a Chomskyan belief that all languages can express the same thoughts. Yet differences among versions of Article 1 (“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”) are not trivial; dignity is incommensurable with Würde, αξιοπρέπεια, dignidade, waardigheid, or достоинства. The UDHR is a translingual text shaped by the languages of framers and translators.

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Focusing on the period from the adoption of the 1967 Declaration on Territorial Asylum to the 1977 Conference of Plenipotentiaries on Territorial Asylum in Geneva, this article examines attempts to arrive at an international treaty on territorial asylum. Charting the trajectory of the drafting process, it shows how the ambition of international lawyers and UNHCR to go beyond article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1967 Declaration was eventually thwarted. Australia played a significant role at the 1977 conference and particular attention is paid to the development of its position. The article argues that the discussions over the proposed convention on territorial asylum were symptomatic of States’ unwillingness to countenance a right to asylum, and their concomitant willingness to extend the principle of non-refoulement.

O presente artigo tem por finalidade verificar a possibilidade de enquadramento do companheiro como herdeiro necessário após a declaração de inconstitucionalidade do artigo 1.790 do Código Civil, que vetou tratamento diferenciado do companheiro em relação ao cônjuge no tocante à sucessão de bens. O método de abordagem utilizado para tanto será o dedutivo porque entende-se que a partir do momento que houve o reconhecimento da inconstitucionalidade do artigo 1.790 do Código Civil, há por via de consequência, o reconhecimento do companheiro como herdeiro necessário. Através de análise jurisprudencial, doutrinária e dos votos prevalecentes no Recurso Extraordinário 878694, que reconheceu a inconstitucionalidade do artigo 1.790 do CC, foi possível identificar uma grande tendência ao reconhecimento do companheiro como herdeiro necessário, sob o fundamento de que o não reconhecimento acarretaria violação aos princípios da isonomia constitucional e da dignidade da pessoa humana. Diante disso entende-se pela extensão dos reflexos da decisão da Suprema Corte aos companheiros igualando-os aos cônjuges como herdeiros necessários.

En España, la Constitución prevé la posibilidad de limitar o suspender algunos derechos fundamentales reconocidos en la Constitución en determinadas situaciones de emergencia. Este Derecho de excepción prevé la declaración de tres situaciones distintas: Estado de alarma, estado de excepción y estado de sitio. Según la tesis tradicional, basada en el artículo 55 de la Constitución española, en el estado de excepción y en el estado de sitio es posible la suspensión de derechos fundamentales, mientras que en el estado de alarma sólo es posible la limitación de los mismos. La diferencia estaría en que la suspensión implica la afectación del contenido esencial de estos derechos. A partir de la experiencia de los tres estados de alarma declarados en España en 2020 para hacer frente a la pandemia por la Covid-19 y de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional, especialmente de la STC 148/2021, de 14 de julio, en este trabajo se realiza una interpretación crítica de esta tesis tradicional y se argumenta sobre la dificultad de distinguir limitación y suspensión de derechos. La principal tesis que se mantiene en este trabajo es que en ningún caso se produce realmente una suspensión de derechos fundamentales, pues éstos no desaparecen, ni siquiera temporalmente. Tan sólo se produce una reducción o redefinición de su contenido esencial. Pero, en todo caso, perviven las garantías de los derechos fundamentales establecidas en la Constitución y en la LO 4/1981, de 1 de junio, de los estados de alarma, excepción y sitio. La diferencia entre el estado de alarma y los estados de excepción y sitio hay que ubicarla más bien en los presupuestos fácticos que legitiman la declaración de cada uno de ellos, en el procedimiento previsto para esta declaración y en los concretos derechos que pueden quedar limitados directamente en cada caso, así como en las concretas medidas en que puede consistir esta limitación. Estas medidas están claramente definidas en la LO 4/1981.

Among the civilization challenges, recognizing the human freedom and drawing its constraints have continuously been contestable. Hence, the recognition, definition, pledge and delineation of the boundaries of freedom have a special position in the declaration of rights. In the meantime, considering the historical intersection of jurisprudential foundations with the modernist thoughts, defining the concept of freedom and delineating its boundaries will be crucial. This definition provides a groundwork for elucidating and interpreting other Articles via identifying their positions in creating solutions to the problems of public administration. The current study is an effort to recognize the concept of freedom and its boundaries in the constitutional system of the Islamic Republic of Iran via employing a descriptive-analytical method. Our findings indicate that the perception of freedom in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran is convoluted and interpretable. Because of the existing ambiguities in balancing among the historical concerns, the boundaries of freedom can be redefined based on the temporal and historical circumstances by the pressure of social forces.

Just as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 marked the beginning of contemporary international human rights law and the subsequent adoption of regional human rights instruments, so the Stockholm Declaration of 1972 marked the genesis of a rights-based approach to the protection of environment. Since then, human rights have become a legal weapon exerted in the strive to protect the environment and enhance access to environmental justice. Hence, it is not a mere theoretical discourse that environmental degradation affects the enjoyment of basic human rights. It has now become recognized that human rights such as the right to life and many others can only be enjoyed in a polluted free environment. It is against this background that this paper examines how the right to peaceful enjoyment of property as guaranteed in international and regional instruments on human rights has been construed to foster environmental protection. To achieve this, interpretations through decided cases are examined for a proper evaluation of judicial attitude and willingness in this respect.

La presente investigación describe los diversos aportes dogmáticos que han surgido para la tutela del derecho a la salud, y éste, en contexto de la emergencia sanitaria provocada por la COVID-19, además analiza aquellos parámetros jurídico constitucionales relacionados con las prerrogativas, limitaciones, y actuaciones del Estado para atender la emergencia sanitaria, en ese sentido, se describe por un lado, la participación del Estado para garantizar, por todos los medios posibles, durante el estado de necesidad, el ejercicio de los derechos constitucionales, fundamentalmente enfocado al derecho a la salud; y por otro, analiza las consideraciones dogmática constitucionales relacionadas con la figura del –estado de excepción-, y la dicotomía existente, entre la posibilidad de atención de situaciones críticas, y el abuso de poder que podrían devenir en la vulneración de derechos por parte del Estado. Para ello se estudia el dictamen No. 1-20-EE/20 de la Corte Constitucional ecuatoriana, que da viabilidad constitucional para atender la emergencia COVID-19, mediante el control previo para la vigencia de la declaratoria del -estado de excepción- en territorio ecuatoriano, en ese sentido, se plantea responder la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Determinar si la situación pandémica que vivió el país, a pesar de resultar nueva e inesperada, es susceptible de atención a través de los mecanismos ordinarios de gestión institucional, o en su defecto esta puede ser atendida a partir de la declaratoria del -estado de excepción-, y si esta observa o no, las disposiciones constitucionales, y las recomendaciones de la doctrina?

espanolLos riesgos y danos de una investigacion suele ser un tema discutido en la investigacion social en salud, debido a que se llegan a minimizar, negar su existencia, o no comunicar a los participantes. La reduccion de los efectos nocivos se estipula en el articulo 4 de la Declaracion Universal sobre Bioetica y Derechos Humanos, pero esta referencia parece no aludir directamente a las ciencias sociales. Objetivos. 1) comprender los efectos nocivos derivados de la investigacion social y 2) describir la aplicacion del articulo 4 de la Declaracion, especificamente en la reduccion de los efectos nocivos en los participantes en este campo de la ciencia. Metodo. Aplicamos una encuesta a investigadores sociales, quienes respondieron un cuestionario electronico que indagaba la opinion y experiencia en algunas de las practicas eticas en los estudios sociales. Resultados. Indican que los efectos nocivos se plantean como probabilidad de repercusiones de ciertas acciones y decisiones del investigador; confirma riesgos como el mal uso y/o la manipulacion de la informacion, la generacion de falsas expectativas en los participantes, la invasion de sus espacios y de su intimidad. Los danos fueron la revelacion de la identidad, la violacion de los derechos y la generacion de estigma y prejuicios; aporta otro tipo de efectos nocivos como los intereses propios del investigador o de su institucion. Discusion. Los investigadores sociales si aplican el articulo 4 de la Declaracion, sin embargo, se cuestionan una serie de aspectos del contexto social y cultural implicado en las repercusiones eticas catalaEls riscos i danys d'una recerca sol ser un tema discutit en la recerca social en salut, pel fet que s'arriben a minimitzar, negar la seva existencia, o no comunicar als participants. La reduccio dels efectes nocius s'estipula en l'article 4 de la Declaracio Universal sobre Bioetica i Drets Humans, pero aquesta referencia sembla no al·ludir directament a les ciencies socials. Objectius. 1) comprendre els efectes nocius derivats de la recerca social i 2) descriure l'aplicacio de l'article 4 de la Declaracio, especificament en la reduccio dels efectes nocius en els participants en aquest camp de la ciencia. Metode. Apliquem una enquesta a investigadors socials, els qui van respondre un questionari electronic que indagava l'opinio i experiencia en algunes de les practiques etiques en els estudis socials. Resultats. Indiquen que els efectes nocius es plantegen com a probabilitat de repercussions de certes accions i decisions de l'investigador; confirma riscos com el mal us i/o la manipulacio de la informacio, la generacio de falses expectatives en els participants, la invasio dels seus espais i de la seva intimitat. Els danys van ser la revelacio de la identitat, la violacio dels drets i la generacio d'estigma i prejudicis; aporta un altre tipus d'efectes nocius com els interessos propis de l'investigador o de la seva institucio. Discussio. Els investigadors socials si que apliquen l'article 4 de la Declaracio, no obstant aixo, es questionen una serie d'aspectes del context social i cultural implicat en les repercussions etiques. EnglishRisks and harms comprisea controversial topic in health sciences social research: they are minimised, denied, or not communicated to study participants. Article 4 of the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights stipulates the need to minimise harm, but this provision does not appear to refer directly to social sciences. Objectives: 1) to understand the harmful effects in social research; and 2) to describe the application of Article 4 to harm reduction in this field of research. Methods: We conducted an internet-based survey with social research investigators, asking about their experience and opinions regarding ethical practices in social research studies. Results: Respondents indicated that harmful effects were considered in terms of the repercussions of certain actions and decisions of the investigator,confirms risks such as the misuse and/or manipulation of information, the generation of false expectations of participants, the invasion of their space and privacy. The harms were disclosure of identity, violation of rights and the generation of stigma and prejudice; it brings in other types of harmful effects such as the self-interest of the researcher or his/her institution. Discussion: Social researchers observe Article 4, but this study questions aspects of the social and cultural context and their ethical repercussions.

The article examines the concept of euthanasia, the main scientific doctrines, which determine the attitude of legal experts to this phenomenon, and the reasons for the theory about the need to establish the right to euthanasia as the form of realization of the right to die in Ukrainian legislation and at the international level.Theproblemofthecontroversy of the concept that recognizes the existence of the fourth generation of human rights to which the right to euthanasia belongs is covered. It is determined that there are some disputes in scientific circles caused by theemergence of a new generation of rights. It is also determined that the new generation of rights is quite debatable, as it destroys the established classification of human rights.The concept of euthanasia is studied, the main distinguishing features between active and passive forms of the implementation of this phenomenon are characterized. It is identified that the majority of disputes about euthanasia legalizing is related to the implementation of its active form. Based on the research of scientists’ positions from different fields of science on the possibility of legalizing euthanasia, the two main views have been identified: for legalizing euthanasia and against it.It has been found that the basis for the difference of opinion on this issue is the controversy of the right to euthanasia in the context of the constitutional human right to life.The case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in issues related to euthanasia is analyzed. The comparison of the two decisions of the Court has been made and on this basis the peculiarities of the regulation of this problem in the international arena are clarified.The positive and negative aspects of the implementation of the right to euthanasia are analyzed.The possibility of establishng the right to die at the state and international levels is considered, its contradiction to the right to life, which is enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine, as well as in the Declaration of Human and Civil Rights, is justified. The emphasis is placed on the need to develop medicine in order to prevent cases that could lead to the use of euthanasia.Taking into consideration the number and importance of negative factors in euthanasia implementation and the general unwillingness of society to legalize such a right, the conclusion that justified the inadvisability of enshrining the right to euthanasia in the legislation of Ukraine has been developed.

That the Lutheran World Federation and the Pontifical Council for Unity attempted a joint declaration on the doctrine of justification is worthy of commendation. The resulting Joint Declaration constitutes some of the best contemporary efforts at ecumenical dialogue in the spirit of Christian union. This essay outlines the development of both medieval Catholic and subsequent Protestant conceptions of justification that led to disunion in the Western Church, reviews the initial points of division on the doctrine during the era of the Reformation for the purpose of grasping more fully the ecumenical feat of the JDDJ, and seeks to clarify what issues appear to remain unclear or unresolved in the document. The article also outlines the history of how Baptists in America have understood the doctrine of justification in order to consider how such Baptists might perceive the promise and potential lingering challenges or questions regarding the joint declaration.

The approach taken in this paper is based on two key considerations: (1) the emphasis that the Baptist theological tradition places on the role played by Scripture and its interpretation in the formulation, judgment, and renewal of our confessional statements; and (2) the testimony of the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification ( JDDJ) that the common understanding it articulates is grounded in a “common way of listening to the word of God in Scripture” ( JDDJ §8) and was derived, at least in part, by “appropriating insights of recent biblical studies” ( JDDJ §13). Its primary content is a brief summary of relevant discussions on justification and related themes in recent New Testament scholarship, some reflections on those discussions, and some suggestions for how those understandings might inform a collective Baptist response to the Joint Declaration. It concludes that the JDDJ should be taken by Baptists as a sign of hope and an encouragement to further conversation, including a distinctively Baptist explication of the common understanding stated in JDDJ §§15–17.

This essay outlines the genesis and impact of the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification ( JDDJ) from a Baptist perspective. Starting with comparative studies of individual theologians from 1949 to 1980 it sketches the prehistory of the JDDJ including the results of ecumenical dialogues from 1972 to 1994. The essay then presents the origins and contents of the JDDJ from the draft version (1997) to the signing (1999), including the development and content of the “Official Common Statement.” The author includes as well the impact of JDDJ on the study on “The Biblical Foundations of the Doctrine of Justification” (2012); the Notre Dame Consultation (2019); and ecumenical dialogues on justification with Baptist participation. The author appreciates the JDDJ as the most significant result of ecumenical dialogues since the formation of the ecumenical movement and expresses his hope that the Baptist World Alliance too will assent to the consensus.

First, the author briefly describes the historical development of the idea of supremacy of law. Then he goes on to describe the assessment with which this category of social philosophy was met by the Teaching Office of the Church in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Reluctance gives way to acceptance with John XXIII’s Encyclical Pacem in Terris and two documents of the Second Vatican Council: Declaration Dignitatis Humanae andConstitution Gaudium et spes. The Church supports respect for the rule of law, but does not understand it in a positivist way. In the opinion of the Magisterium, formal aspects of the rule of law should be understood as guarantees protecting the inherent rights of the human person.

BACKGROUND: The declaration of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020 required rapid implementation of early investigations to inform appropriate national and global public health actions. METHODS: The suite of existing pandemic preparedness generic epidemiological early investigation protocols was rapidly adapted for COVID-19, branded the 'UNITY studies' and promoted globally for the implementation of standardized and quality studies. Ten protocols were developed investigating household (HH) transmission, the first few cases (FFX), population seroprevalence (SEROPREV), health facilities transmission (n = 2), vaccine effectiveness (n = 2), pregnancy outcomes and transmission, school transmission, and surface contamination. Implementation was supported by WHO and its partners globally, with emphasis to support building surveillance and research capacities in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). RESULTS: WHO generic protocols were rapidly developed and published on the WHO website, 5/10 protocols within the first 3 months of the response. As of 30 June 2021, 172 investigations were implemented by 97 countries, of which 62 (64%) were LMIC. The majority of countries implemented population seroprevalence (71 countries) and first few cases/household transmission (37 countries) studies. CONCLUSION: The widespread adoption of UNITY protocols across all WHO regions indicates that they addressed subnational and national needs to support local public health decision-making to prevent and control the pandemic.

Nobody should profit from crime; this fundamental moral principle is uncontroversial. At the level of public declaration, few people are likely to disagree with this statement; however, controversies arise when the implementation of this principle is under discussion. Numerous provisions exist that aim to strip criminals of the proceeds from their crimes, but not all aspects of this issue are immediately apparent. For example, a significant question is how to treat profits that a criminal makes from activities including recounting stories about their criminal activities, publishing books describing their actions, or creating YouTube videos presenting details about their crimes. Such profits are either treated as legitimate or are targeted by complicated legal methods of deprivation. The view presented in this paper could facilitate the ability to strip criminals from these forms of profit. This article argues that revenue accruing from knowledge gained from association with crime should be treated as indirect proceeds of crime and, as such, should be forfeited.

The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated how a stochastic disruptive event can dramatically alter community soundscapes. Whilst religious bells have symbolism in many worldwide faiths, the sound emanating from church bells can be considered public domain and therefore, is not exclusive to the church. Pandemic-related interruption of these sounds impacts not only the church involved, but both the surrounding soundscape and any members of the community who ascribe value to these sounds. This paper examines the soundscape of Christian churches in the states of New South Wales and Victoria, to give an Australian perspective one year after the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. It provides an update of the situation in Australia, building on our previous work from August of that year. In doing so, it explores the activity of church tower bell ringing, and how this “non-essential” activity has been affected, both during and subsequent to the heavy community restrictions applied in Australia. The paper also explores what lengths bellringers have undertaken to be permitted to conduct such activities, such as the use of adaptive measures due to “social distancing”, and considers what implications this enforced silence has in similar soundscapes elsewhere in the world.

Introduction Strategies are needed to increase implementation of evidence-based tobacco dependence treatment (TDT) in health care systems in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Aims and Methods We conducted a two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of two strategies for implementing TDT guidelines in community health centers (n = 26) in Vietnam. Arm 1 included training and a tool kit (eg, reminder system) to promote and support delivery of the 4As (Ask about tobacco use, Advise to quit, Assess readiness, Assist with brief counseling) (Arm 1). Arm 2 included Arm 1 components plus a system to refer smokers to a community health worker (CHW) for more intensive counseling (4As + R). Provider surveys were conducted at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months to assess the hypothesized effect of the strategies on provider and organizational-level factors. The primary outcome was provider adoption of the 4As. Results Adoption of the 4As increased significantly across both study arms (all p < .001). Perceived organizational priority for TDT, compatibility with current workflow, and provider attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy related to TDT also improved significantly across both arms. In Arm 2 sites, 41% of smokers were referred to a CHW for additional counseling. Conclusions The study demonstrated the effectiveness of a multicomponent and multilevel strategy (ie, provider and system) for implementing evidence-based TDT in the Vietnam public health system. Combining provider-delivered brief counseling with opportunities for more in-depth counseling offered by a trained CHW may optimize outcomes and offers a potentially scalable model for increasing access to TDT in health care systems like Vietnam. Implications Improving implementation of evidence-based TDT guidelines is a necessary step toward reducing the growing burden of noncommunicable diseases and premature death in LMICs. The findings provide new evidence on the effectiveness of multilevel strategies for adapting and implementing TDT into routine care in Vietnam and offer a potentially scalable model for meeting Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Article 14 goals in other LMICs with comparable public health systems. The study also demonstrates that combining provider-delivered brief counseling with referral to a CHW for more in-depth counseling and support can optimize access to evidence-based treatment for tobacco use. Clinical trials number: NCT01967654.

The purpose of this study is to critically analyze or re-measure Islamic religious education materials in countering accusations of radicalism to Muslims. The term radicalism has become a familiar term attached to a group in Islam. Indicators to call groups in Islam radicalism to include terrorism, anarchists, rebels, and extremists. The research method uses a descriptive type of research. The results of this study are one of the causes of the trapping of elements in radicalism, namely a partial understanding of religion and tends to the nature of fanaticism. This trait then results in a sense of superiority over followers of other religions. Failing to understand the concept of jihad in religion makes someone take a shortcut by spreading terror to innocent people. the logical consequence of this interpretation is the juxtaposition of terrorism as the fruit of radicalism. This hypothesis is reasonable, considering that various terrorist activities in various parts of the world always act in the name of jihad carried out by Muslims as a form of obedience to God. This has led to various upheavals which, without realizing it, will not only have implications for the decline in national stability. However, it even sparked a negative response from various parts of the world. Therefore, it is necessary to have an inclusive understanding of religion so that religious adherents realize that plurality is a necessity. Seeing these problems, there needs to be a strengthening and reaffirmation of the originality of Islamic teachings that contain humanist pluralistic and tolerant values. The conclusion is that a very strategic role, in this case, is that Islamic religious education materials must be able to reconstruct relevant materials to counteract accusations of radicalism. It is at this point that the focus of the study in this article is trying to critically analyze or re-measure Islamic religious education materials that tend to be humanist-pluralist and tolerant to ward off accusations of radicalism in Islam.

Animal rights at the international level have been defined in the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare, which has become a guiding principle for many EU countries in shaping animal protection legislation. The subject of this article is the humane protection of homeless animals, which is the responsibility of the municipality in terms of maintaining cleanliness and order. The study assumes that by carrying out tasks regarding the protection of animals from homelessness, municipalities contribute to the effective protection of animals by providing them with appropriate care. The analysis found that the provisions of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare have been fully incorporated into Polish legislation. However, the effectiveness of the provisions on the protection of homeless animals executed by municipalities is not entirely satisfactory as evidenced by the post-inspection data and selected jurisprudence. In order to improve this state of affairs, the following de lege ferenda postulates were formulated, which in part are also guidelines of the Supreme Audit Office extending the catalog of activities in municipal homeless animal protection programs, introducing the requirement to inspect animal shelters by municipalities, changing the location requirements of animal shelters and also clarifying sanitary requirements concerning the conditions in which animals live in to improve their welfare. The above changes in legislation may contribute to more efficient humane protection of homeless animals in Poland and may serve as an example for other EU countries.

This paper explores the competition and interrelationship between a cooperative approach to protection of refugees pursued through the United Nations – one that seeks to ‘leave no one behind’ – and...

espanolEl Convenio de La Haya de 1980 y los Reglamentos 2201/2003 y 2019/1111 ofrecen soluciones para los casos de sustraccion internacional de menores; ahora bien, cuando se produce un incumplimiento de estos instrumentos se carece de mecanismos eficaces para restaurar los derechos de ninos, progenitores y demas personas implicadas.En este trabajo se analizan las causas de esas dificultades y los diferentes mecanismos a los que se puede acudir para conseguir la correcta aplicacion de estos instrumentos y, en su caso, la declaracion del incumplimiento. Se consideran tanto los mecanismos basados en la comunicacion entre autoridades, guias y recomendaciones como la posibilidad de acudir al TEDH, asi como otras vias reguladas por el Derecho internacional publico. EnglishThe 1980 Hague Convention and Regulations 2201/2003 and 2019/1111 offer solutions for cases of international child abduction. However, when there is a breach of these instruments, there is a lack of effective mechanisms to restore the rights of children, parents and other people involved.This work analyses the causes of these difficulties and the different mechanisms that can be used to achieve the correct application of these instruments and, where appropriate, the declaration of non-compliance. Mechanisms based on communication between authorities, guides and recommendations, as well as the possibility of going to the ECHR, as well as other channels regulated by public international law, are considered.

[1] The 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is one of the most important human rights → treaties in the world. Together with its sister Covenant, the → International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), it forms the treaty versions of the 1948 → Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). As of 14 June 2021, it has global coverage with 173 state parties. It covers a wide range of rights, which are guaranteed for everybody, regardless of race, sex, religion, or other status. [2] The ICCPR was adopted in 1966 and came into force on 23 March 1976 in accordance with its Article 49, three months after the deposit of the 35th instrument of ratification. [3] The ICCPR is supplemented by two Optional Protocols. The first Optional Protocol (OP1) was adopted by the UN General Assembly at the same time as the ICCPR itself, in 1966, and provides for an optional → individual communications mechanism. It came into force on the same date as the ICCPR. As at 14 June 2021, it has 116 state parties. The Second Optional Protocol (OP2) was adopted in 1989 and prohibits the → death penalty. It came into force on 11 July 1991 and has 89 state parties as of 14 June 2021.

The article examines the perspective on criminalization of smuggling of goods arising in connection with the Draft Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine on criminalization of smuggling of goods and excisable goods and inaccurate declaration of goods» (№ 5420). The Draft Law provides for the following criminal offenses: smuggling (Article 201); transporting across the customs border of Ukraine out of customs control or with concealment from customs control of timber or lumber of valuable and rare species of trees, unprocessed timber, as well as other timber prohibited for export out of the customs territory of Ukraine (Article 201-1); smuggling of goods (Articles 201-2); smuggling of excisable goods (Articles 201-3); smuggling of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors or falsified medicines (Article 305). They form a homogeneous group of actions, between which there must be systemic connections. It follows that the reasons for formulating the peculiar title of Article 201-1 are missing. The title of this article should be formulated as follows: «Smuggling of timber or lumber of valuable and rare species of trees, unprocessed timber, as well as other timber prohibited for export out of the customs territory of Ukraine». It was found that Article 201-2 of the Draft Law provides for the general description of a criminal offense, and the description of criminal offenses specified in Articles 201, 201-1, 201-3 and 305 of the Draft Law are peculiar. In this regard, it seems appropriate to swap the Criminal Law provisions of Articles 201 and 201-2 of the Draft Law. In Section 4 of Article 201-4 of the Draft Law, the phrase «assistance in any form by a customs official to commit such acts with the use of power or official position» is not a qualifying feature, but an independent structure. If there is a need to criminalize this act, it may be provided for in a separate article or should be specified in a separate section of Article 201-4 of the Draft Law as an independent act. It is established that on the one hand, the criminalization of smuggling of goods is an urgent need in Ukraine, on the other side the present Draft Law of Ukraine cannot effectively address this issue, as it requires additional elaboration.

The publication examines the role of the Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights in the formation and development of the Islamic human rights system. It is shown that the Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights drew the attention of the global and regional Islamic community to the problem of human rights in Islamic states; provided a theoretical and methodological foundation for the Islamic human rights system, including future conventions and other regional documents in the field of human rights; has become a reason for discussions about human rights in Islam among theorists and practitioners; served as an impetus for the development of the doctrine of human rights in the Islamic region. It is stated that the Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights has eliminated one of the alleged contradictions between the doctrine of Islam and the international concept of human rights. It has been substantiated that, although today the Islamic human rights system is not fully functioning, significant progress has been made, which suggests that its full launch will take place as soon as possible, for which only the political will of the Arab League member states is needed, but also support from the West, contrary to the dubious interests of geopolitical confrontation.

This policy brief offers a short discussion on how workplace bullying is a human rights violation when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is considered. Workplace bullying as an international issue should be prohibited. Higher education is particularly important in this context because there is a higher frequency of workplace bullying in higher education and higher education plausibly is in a viable position to end the lack of dignity experienced by those dealing with workplace bullying.

Background: The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic obstructed human subjects research, including our own randomized hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation trial comparing multidisciplinary HIV care delivered by video telehealth to home (VTH) versus in-person delivery. Methods: Given the Veteran Health Administration's extensive telehealth infrastructure and our team's expertise in personalized implementation of virtual treatments (PIVOT), we shifted our focus to meet the immediate needs of our primary study site (implementation). Our implementation team began training the interdisciplinary infectious diseases clinical team in VTH after declaration of the pandemic in March 2020. We pivoted from a randomized clinical trial recruitment and supported modifications in clinic processes by introducing patients to VTH through personalized telephone calls and mailed brochures to inform them of telehealth options during the pandemic. Adaptations were made to provider locations, with some providers delivering care remotely from home and others delivering virtual care from the clinic. We also modified the external and internal facilitator roles to allow external facilitators to provide one-on-one training, troubleshooting assistance, and delivery of necessary equipment. Results: Within 6 weeks of the emergency declaration of the pandemic, 100% of providers (n = 27) had conducted at least one appointment, with 24.1% (n = 124) of unique patients using VTH. Despite challenges, we capitalized on temporary mandates to assist providers in delivering care virtually. Given our successes, we encourage researchers to be flexible and seek alternative approaches to preserve research efforts in extenuating circumstances. RCT registration: NCT04055207 at clinicaltrials.gov.

A gyalogság elleni aknák a rövid történelmük során mindig fontos tényezői voltak a fegyveres küzdelem megvívásának. A háborúk, konfliktusok befejezését követően azonban hatalmas mennyiségben maradtak ott a föld alatt rejtőzködve a volt hadszíntereken, és minden évben több ezer polgári személynek okoznak súlyos vagy akár halálos sérülést. A gyalogsági aknák katonai alkalmazásának betiltásához vezető úton 25 évvel ezelőtt, a kanadai Ottawában elfogadott zárónyilatkozatot tekinthetjük az első igazán jelentős mérföldkőnek. Az évforduló kapcsán a szerzők felvillantják a gyalogsági aknákkal kapcsolatos főbb ismérveket, visszatekintenek az elmúlt évtizedek eseményeire, és bemutatják a jelenlegi aknahelyzet megváltoztatására irányuló törekvéseket.

Philosophers who work on race and racism have been reluctant to embrace the notion that the United States is, or will soon be, a postracial society. For many, this view is refuted by a wealth of evidence that racism persists in many forms and that race continues to have a significant impact on one's life chances. Nevertheless, some critics of postracialism have refused to reject it in principle or have exempted a particular variety of it from their critiques. This essay attempts to show that the ideal of a postracial society is actually a combination of two contradictory tendencies, each defined by its temporality. Distinguishing these tendencies allows us to see that there are two fundamentally different types of postracialism with contradictory assumptions and conflicting priorities.

The evolution of the international normative mechanism of protection of the rights of the child is investigated in the article. It is noted that the problem of protection of the rights of the child has international character and demands consolidation of efforts of all states. The international mechanism of child rights protection is the standard, on which each state bases the national policy in the field of child rights. It is determined that the international normative mechanism for the protection of the rights of the child is a totality of international legal norms, enshrined in a system of international documents in the sphere of the protection of children’s rights. A retrospective analysis of the formation and development of the international normative mechanism for the protection of the rights of the child was carried out, and several stages in its evolution were singled out. It is established that during the first stage (in the first quarter of the twentieth century) attention was paid to certain aspects of the legal status of the child. International instruments were adopted that regulated the custody of the child, established a minimum age for the employment of minors, and provided protection against trafficking in children. The second stage is characterized by the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924. In fact, it can be considered the first universal act that established an international normative mechanism for the protection of children’s rights. The vital rights of the child were enshrined indirectly, through the obligations of society. In the third stage, the international normative mechanism for the protection of children’s rights evolved thanks to the UN. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) established a list of rights and freedoms that apply to every person and to the child in particular. The Declaration on the Rights of the Child in 1959 expanded children’s rights, and other international documents in the field of children’s rights were adopted as well. The fourth phase begins with the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989. The Convention is binding on States Parties. The Optional Protocols to the Convention regulate the protection of the rights of children in special circumstances (armed conflicts) or against special threats (sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography), and define the procedure for reporting violations of the rights of the child. The tangible successes achieved in the protection of children worldwide in the 30 years since the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child are noted. The author emphasizes the necessity to intensify efforts of member states to implement its provisions in order to improve the life and well-being of children and their protection all over the world.

Este estudo de caso tem como objeto de análise a sentença da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos no Caso Hernández vs. Argentina. A Corte, reiterando seu entendimento segundo o qual os direitos econômicos, sociais, culturais e ambientais são autônomos e vindicáveis nos planos interno e internacional, confirmou o reconhecimento do direito a saúde no âmbito do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos, protegido pelo art. 26 da Convenção Americana, pela Carta da Organização dos Estados Americanos e pela Declaração Americana dos Direitos e Deveres do Homem. Avançou ao reconheceu a obrigação dos Estados-Partes de assegurar o direito à saúde em favor das pessoas privadas de liberdade e sob tutela estatal.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación Título, resumen y palabras clave en español y en inglés El reconocimiento internacional de los derechos del niño se produce por primera vez en el marco de la Sociedad de Naciones en 1924 con la llamada Declaración de Ginebra. Se analizan las raíces que posibilitaron dicha declaración, centrándose en un conjunto de congresos internacionales sobre la protección a la infancia, cartas y declaraciones sobre derechos del niño y en la propia Declaración de Ginebra. Entre otras, las fuentes principales son tres documentos escasamente conocidos: la Declaración de Moscú, la Declaración de Korczak y una publicación en la que los niños dibujan la manera en la que entienden sus derechos. Para ello, se realiza un análisis de contenido y su contextualización histórica. La conclusión principal es que este conjunto de actividades, congresos, así como los textos que defienden los derechos del niño, las instituciones y las políticas de protección nacionales, posibilitaron a principios del siglo XX un reconocimiento internacional de derechos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes que, hasta aquel momento, eran indefinidos o con escasa articulación jurídica. En este sentido, se aprecia un fenómeno transnacional que va de la protección a la infancia al reconocimiento de sus derechos, que se confirma en los siguientes tratados internacionales aprobados a lo largo del siglo XX y que culmina con la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño de 1989. ESP