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In this study we investigate the intersecting impacts of perpetrators’ gender, sexuality, and age on perceptions of teacher sexual misconduct. When the teacher was a woman, respondents perceived the relationship to be less detrimental to the student, the student to be more mature and responsible, and the relationship as more acceptable. Heterosexual pairings were perceived as more acceptable than same-sex pairings, with the student perceived as more mature and responsible. Lastly, when the teacher was older respondents perceived them as more responsible and the student as having psychological issues contributing to the relationship.

In recent years, instances of educator sexual assault against students have flooded the media. In particular, female teachers who abused students have seized the public’s attention as they are ofte...

General criminal attitudes have been well established as a dynamic risk factor for the origin, maintenance, and continuation of criminal behavior. Guided by the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) framework, this study examined self-reported change on a measure of general criminal attitudes in a sample of incarcerated men who participated in a sexual offense treatment program. Participants were administered the original version of the Criminal Sentiments Scale (CSS) and other measures at pretreatment and posttreatment and followed up in the community an average 14 years post-release. The results demonstrated that CSS total and subscale scores predicted general and violent recidivism, showed convergence with actuarial measures of criminogenic need, and had clinically meaningful associations with responsivity considerations. Pre–post changes on the CSS were associated with decreased general and violent recidivism controlling for pretreatment score and baseline risk. Implications for forensic assessment and correctional intervention are discussed.

We examined whether specialist training can have an immediate and lasting impact on investigators’ attitudes in sexual offense cases. Australian police officers participated in a 4-week training program that focused on the dynamics of sexual offending. Officers completed questionnaires before, immediately after, and 9 to 12 months following training. They were presented with scenarios involving adult and child complainants with varying levels of evidence (strong, weak, or ambiguous) and rated their confidence that the case would be approved for prosecution, the likelihood of a guilty verdict, and the level of responsibility attributed to the victim. Following training, investigators became more confident in case approvals and guilty verdicts, less likely to attribute responsibility to victims, and demonstrated better understanding of sexual offense dynamics. Ratings of victim responsibility and guilty verdicts were maintained 9 to 12 months post-training; however, confidence in case approvals decreased after working in the field. Implications for police training programs are discussed.

Even though pedophilia is not synonymous with child sexual abuse, it remains a highly stigmatized phenomenon. As such, non-offending pedophilic individuals are judged as being dangerous, abnormal, amoral, and in need of punishment. It is unknown, however, whether a pedophilic individual would be judged more harshly than a heterosexual individual and a homosexual individual in relation to a nonsexual, nonviolent offense. This was the aim of the present study. A final sample of 309 participants were recruited online and allocated to one of three sexual orientation conditions. Participants read the same hypothetical crime report (breaking and entering) followed by a suspect profile that was identical across conditions except for sexual orientation. They then provided sentencing and moral character judgements of the suspect. Participants also completed a punitive attitudes scale pertaining to pedophilia. Results showed that the pedophilic individual received harsher judgments relative to the opposite-attracted individual, but only at higher levels of pre-existing punitive attitudes. These findings suggest that anti-pedophilia stigma can bias judgments about offenses that are not sexual. We argue that this is due to a ‘reverse halo effect’. However, we consider an alternative explanation based on the idea of interpreting information in a schema-consistent manner. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Das Assessment of Risk and Manageability for Individuals with Developmental and Intellectual Limitations who Offend Sexually (ARMIDILO-S) ist ein klinisch-ideographisches Kriminalprognoseinstrument, speziell für den Personenkreis intelligenzgeminderter erwachsener Männer, die Sexualstraftaten begangen oder sexuell grenzverletzendes Verhalten gezeigt haben. Neben der Einschätzung des Rückfallrisikos liefert das ARMIDILO-S Anhaltspunkte für die Behandlung und Betreuung von Personen mit Einschränkungen der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit, indem Interventionsziele identifiziert werden. Dabei werden Hinweise auf systematische Strategien zur Verringerung von Risiko- und zum Ausbau von Schutzfaktoren gegeben. Das ARMIDILO-S ist nicht auf einen bestimmten Nachbeobachtungszeitraum ausgelegt, sondern ermöglicht durch eine fortwährende Prüfung kritische Indikatoren sowohl im Risikomanagement als auch im Behandlungsprozess im Blick zu behalten. Dies wird insbesondere durch den Aufbau des Instruments ermöglicht, welches sowohl stabil- als auch akut-dynamische Risikofaktoren des Probanden und seines (Entlassungs-)Umfelds mit 27 Items abfragt. Die englischsprachige Originalversion des ARMIDILO-S (Boer, Tough & Haaven, 2004; Boer, Haaven, Lambrick, Lindsay, McVilly, Sakdalan & Frize, 2013) wurde in verschiedenen Studien hinsichtlich ihrer prädiktiven Aussagekraft überprüft und als Case-Management-Instrument positiv bewertet (Blacker, Beech, Wilcox & Boer, 2011; Lofthouse, Lindsay, Totsika, Hastings, Boer & Haaven, 2013). Mit diesem BM-Online-Band wird die offizielle deutsche Übersetzung des ARMIDILO-S für die praktische Anwendung zur Verfügung gestellt.

Mit dem am 10. November 2016 in Kraft getretenen 50. Gesetz zur Änderung des Strafgesetzbuches - Verbesserung des Schutzes der sexuellen Selbstbestimmung (50. StrÄndG) wurde vorrangig § 177 StGB grundlegend geändert. In der zuvor geführten Diskussion war eine zentrale Frage diejenige nach bestehenden Strafbarkeitslücken gewesen; also nach straffreien, aber als strafwürdig erachteten Sachverhalten. Eine solche Schutzlücke wurde primär darin gesehen, dass keine Strafbarkeit nach § 177 StGB a.F. eintrat, wenn es zwar zu sexuellen Handlungen gegen den Willen Betroffener kam, dies aber nicht mit einer Nötigung verbunden war. Das Gesetzgebungsverfahren zeigte auf, dass sich die eine oder andere bloße Annahme, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Gründe für nicht erfolgte Verurteilungen in Strafverfahren, in denen Beschuldigten die Begehung einer Straftat nach § 177 StGB a.F. vorgeworfen wurde, über die Zeit zu vermeintlicher Gewissheit verfestigte, ohne dass dieser empirisch-kriminologische Befunde zugrunde lagen. In der vorliegenden Studie werden 80 freisprechende Urteile, die vor dem 31.12.2015 ergangen waren und damit sicher einen Tatvorwurf nach § 177 StGB a.F. zum Gegenstand hatten, im Hinblick auf ihre Gründe für diese gerichtlichen Entscheidungen analysiert. Zudem wurden weitere in den Urteilen enthaltene Angaben, etwa zum Tatgeschehen und zur Hauptverhandlung, erfasst. Unter den ausgewerteten Freisprüchen fanden sich fünf (6%), bei denen es sich um sogenannte Schutzlückenfälle gehandelt haben könnte, wobei dieses Ergebnis nicht impliziert, dass es unter Anwendung des aktuellen § 177 StGB zwingend zu einer Verurteilung gekommen wäre.

Mit dem am 10. November 2016 in Kraft getretenen 50. Gesetz zur Änderung des Strafgesetzbuches - Verbesserung des Schutzes der sexuellen Selbstbestimmung (50. StrÄndG) wurde vorrangig § 177 StGB grundlegend geändert. In der zuvor geführten Diskussion war eine zentrale Frage diejenige nach bestehenden Strafbarkeitslücken, also straffreien, aber als strafwürdig erachteten Sachverhalten, gewesen. Eine solche Schutzlücke wurde primär darin gesehen, dass keine Strafbarkeit nach § 177 StGB a. F. eintrat, wenn es zwar zu sexuellen Handlungen gegen den Willen Betroffener kam, dies aber ohne Nötigung durch eine andere Person geschah. Das Gesetzgebungsverfahren enthielt nicht nur etliche kriminalpolitisch interessante Volten. Es zeigte auch auf, dass sich die eine oder andere bloße Annahme über die Zeit zu vermeintlicher Gewissheit verfestigte, ohne dass dieser empirisch-kriminologische Befunde zugrunde lagen. Das galt etwa hinsichtlich der Gründe für Einstellungen gemäß § 170 II StPO in Ermittlungsverfahren, in denen Tatverdächtigen die Begehung einer Straftat nach § 177 StGB a. F. vorgeworfen wurde. Mit der vorliegenden Studie wurde diese Thematik deshalb aufgriffen. Da sich die dafür erhaltenen Einstellungsverfügungen jedoch als zu ertragreich erwiesen, um sie lediglich unter der führenden Fragestellung zu analysieren, wurden nicht nur diese Abschlussentscheidungen als solche, sondern auch die in ihnen enthaltenen Angaben etwa zum Tatgeschehen und zu den vorgenommenen Ermittlungshandlungen erfasst.

Gewalt gegen Frauen ist auch in Deutschland eines der zentralen menschenrechtlichen Probleme. Mit der vorliegenden Studie sollte ein Einblick in die bestehenden Versorgungsstrukturen und die Herausforderungen bei der Umsetzung des Artikels 25 Istanbul-Konvention gewonnen werden. Auf der Basis von Recherchen und Gesprächen mit mehr als 100 Expert_innen aus den verschiedenen an der Akutversorgung beteiligten Bereichen hat das Institut Handlungsempfehlungen entwickelt, die die verschiedenen Aspekte der Gewährleistung qualifizierter und flächendeckender Akutversorgung nach sexualisierter Gewalt umfassen.

Child sexual abuse is typically studied using reports from the offender and in Western countries. The aim of the present study was to investigate pre- and post-abuse strategies of persons convicted of a sexual offense to children in Turkey using the statements made by the child victims and to frame the results using rational choice theory. A qualitative study was made for the themes in the police statements from 46 children who were victims of child sexual abuse. The content analysis revealed that persons convicted of a sexual offense to children differ in terms of their methods to approach children and in their pre- and post-abuse behaviors depending on their relationship with the victim. A total of 85 percent of the offenses were extra-familial and 15 percent within the family. Only 21 percent of the extra-familial offenses were opportunist; most involved bribes and introductions through friends or intermediaries. Two tactics unique to Turkey were promises of marriage and the use of children as intermediaries. The use of force and blackmail was more common in the intra-familial offenses. The results of the qualitative analysis were, on the whole, consistent with results from persons convicted of a sexual offense to children’s statements, but some of the tactics used by offenders in Turkey were unique to Turkish culture.

Purpose Victim age polymorphism (also referred to as victim age crossover) describes sexual offenders who offend against multiple age groups. The present study examined whether polymorphic offenders could be differentiated from age-specific offenders based on the role of opportunity in the commission of their offenses. Methods The current study examined age polymorphism in 72 sexual offenders who committed 361 stranger offenses. Incarcerated offenders were interviewed about their sexual offending history and provided information on their crime scene behaviors (i.e., pre-crime activities, victim selection, and behaviors during the commission of the offense, such as sexual behaviors), which was cross-checked with file information. A PCA and logistic regression were conducted using crime scene behaviors to determine latent constructs that differentiated age-specific and age polymorphic offenders. Individual crime scene behaviors were also analyzed. Results Polymorphism occurred in 36% of offenders' sexual offense histories with most polymorphic offenders victimizing those aged 11 to 14 and at least one other age group. Compared to age-specific offenders, polymorphic offenders were more opportunistic and less concerned with the specific characteristics of their victim. Conclusion Polymorphic offenders can be distinguished from age-specific offenders by their pre-crime decisions and the sexual behaviors committed during the offense.

Sexual offenders are among those most feared by society. This perception often results in removing such individuals from the community. Few studies have examined the outcomes of interventions that incorporate a comprehensive, collaborative approach between treatment and supervision providers. The current project examined the impact that efforts to manage youth adjudicated for a sexual offense (N = 400) in the community had on public safety. Results revealed that youth supervised under a more comprehensive community-based model had a significantly lower rate of felony recidivism than youth supervised under a traditional approach. Implications for treatment and supervision are discussed.

ResumenCon la finalidad de mejorar la comprensión de los factores de riesgo implicados en los delitos sexuales cometidos por adolescentes, se han recopilado datos de 63 menores infractores que habían cometido al menos un delito sexual y cumplido una medida de internamiento en la Comunidad de Madrid por estos hechos entre los años 2006 y 2015. Para explorar posibles diferencias se han establecido dos grupos atendiendo a la clasificación basada en la edad de la víctima, distinguiendo entre adolescentes que agreden sexualmente a niños menores (AM) y adolescentes que agreden sexualmente a iguales o adultos (AI). Los resultados indican que el grupo AM presenta un perfil caracterizado por una mayor victimización y aislamiento social, mientras que el grupo AI se caracteriza por una mayor presencia de otras conductas antisociales y agresivas. Finalmente se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados obtenidos para la intervención terapéutica con estos adolescentes.AbstractIn order to improve the understanding of risk factors involved in sexual crimes committed by adolescents, data was compiled about 63 young offenders who had committed at least one sexual offense and had served an internment judicial measure in Madrid Region for this crime between 2006 and 2015. To explore possible differences, two groups were established according to an age-based classification of the victim, distinguishing between adolescents who sexually offend children (AM) and adolescents who sexually assault peers or older victims (AI). The results indicate that the AM group presents a profile characterized by a higher victimization and social isolation, while the AI group is characterized by a greater presence of other antisocial and aggressive behaviors. Finally, the implications of the results for therapeutic intervention in these adolescents are discussed.

This article concerns the ideal legal arrangement with respect to cross-examining complainants in sexual assault cases regarding their sexual history. The article examines the question of under what circumstances the complainant’s sexual history could be seen as as logically relevant. It also deals with finding the balance between, on the one hand, the interests of protecting the defendant and pursuing truth, which require cross-examination regarding the complainant’s sexual history, and on the other hand, the interest of protecting the complainant’s dignity and welfare.

Within both the United States and the United Kingdom, laws have been implemented that govern the behavior of individuals convicted of certain sexually based offenses. Thus, research has naturally gravitated toward examining the public perceptions of these laws. Although both the United States and United Kingdom have laws regarding convicted sex offenders, and although these laws vary, research into the perceptions of these laws has largely been concentrated within the United States. The current study seeks to fill this gap through a survey of U.K. residents that assesses their perceptions of the implementation of Sarah’s Law. Respondents were gathered through convenience sampling methods in both Bristol and London, England ( n = 140). Overall, respondents were fairly supportive of Sarah’s Law and its current implementation. However, as opposed to respondents in the United States, U.K. respondents were also open to the idea of providing a degree of privacy to convicted sex offenders and were more tolerant of sexual offenders living near them. Finally, age, race, and parental status of the respondents were found to be statistically significant predictors among four identified dependent variables testing support of the law. Implications from these results are discussed, and a direction for future comparative research is highlighted.

The charges against the Count of Ampurias were exceedingly serious. No category of sexual offense was treated more harshly by medieval law than sodomy, which was a general term used to describe any and all varieties of male homosexual activity. The canonists did not treat sodomy as a capital crime, since canon law in principle altogether rejected capital punishment, but the canonists applied to sodomy the most severe penalties available to them. The sodomy prosecution against Pons Hugh commenced in the midst of all this controversy over the Venetian ship. If Pons Hugh could be convicted on the sodomy charge, the king would have more than adequate basis for claiming that the Count had forfeited his rights to the County of Ampurias, as well as to any lands that he held in fee, or as allodial property, or by any other title.

This article focuses on the narratives and underlying ideologies that enable the persistence of girls’ sexual exploitation in the region of the Triple Border among Argentina, Brasil and Paraguay, where field work was conducted. We argue that the persistence of colonial practices has contributed to the reproduction of subalternity positions for girls and women – especially from impoverished sectors – enforced by the conservative and patriarchal discourse present in many countries of the region. This scenario enables the persistence and naturalization of certain practices that became “invisible” or even accepted and justified as being “cultural”. In this sense, we propose that human rights narrative, although being a Eurocentric construction, can comprise a platform for raising issues on gender inequality and all forms of violence and exploitation taking place in the peripheral regions of the world.

Aufgrund aktueller gesetzlicher Bestimmungen wird die Mehrheit der entlassenen Sexualstraftäter in Deutschland nach ihrer Entlassung ambulant nachversorgt. In dem vorliegenden Band werden Daten von insgesamt 47 Einrichtungen, die Bestandteil dieser extramuralen Versorgungsstruktur sind, vorgestellt und diskutiert. Die an der Untersuchung teilnehmenden Institutionen werden mehrheitlich durch das Justizministerium bzw. justiznahe Behörden finanziert. Zwei Drittel der Gesamtklientel sind Sexualstraftäter, die sich größtenteils unter Führungsaufsicht mit Therapieweisung befanden. Darüber hinaus werden Informationen über die Anwendung von Rehabilitationsmodellen, therapeutische Ansätze und die Implementierung von standardisierten diagnostischen Verfahren sowie Kriminalprognoseinstrumenten dargestellt. Schließlich werden die Ergebnisse von Evaluationsstudien zu den teilnehmenden Einrichtungen vorgestellt.

This study examined reasons why women in Ghana would report or not report sexual offenses to the police. Using a representative field survey, data were collected during summer of 2011 (N = 431) in the capital, Accra. We found that women would report sexual offenses because they want the offender to be caught and punished, and because crimes should be reported. Reasons for not reporting include when women consider the incident not serious enough, the perpetrator is known, and family will solve it. A multivariate analysis shows that only previous sexual victimization is a significant predictor of sexual offense reporting among women in Ghana.

Purpose To examine the long-term sexual recidivism risk of juvenile sex offenders in England and Wales, and to compare the risk to that of a first time sexual offense for non-convicted juveniles. Additionally, the study explores the long term sexual recidivism risk of other types of juvenile offenders, and the long term violent recidivism risk of these groups. Methods The England and Wales Offenders Index was used to extract birth cohort data. Life table methods were used to estimate cumulative recidivism risk, and discrete time hazard models were used to compare hazard functions. Results At the five year period, 7% of juvenile sexual offenders have been reconvicted of a sexual offense; reaching 13% by the end of the 35 year follow-up. When the reconviction hazard of the juvenile sexual offenders was compared with the first sexual conviction risk of a non-convicted comparison group, the hazards converged statistically after 17 years. Conclusions The study has implications for the registration periods of juvenile sex offenders. Indefinite registration for some juveniles needs to be considered, and a review of registration after a conviction free period would provide more balance between the protection of the public and the rights of the offender.

PurposeIn 1994, Dutton questioned whether there is an ecological fallacy within the feminist views of wife assault. To address this concern, he examined the literature regarding dyadic family power and violence. The main goal in this paper is to re‐evaluate the results of the Dutton paper on the basis of new literature.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, post‐1994 evidence is presented against the feminist paradigm of patriarchy, which can lead directly to this ecological fallacy. The assertions of this feminist paradigm positing that domestic violence is often linked to patriarchal values and is mainly caused by males, whereas female violence is primarily defensive and reactive, are well‐founded criticized.FindingsThe data analysed in this paper support Dutton's conclusions in the context of female perpetrated violence within heterosexual intimate partnerships, female sexual offense, child abuse and bullying, violence in female same‐sex relationships, and gender stereotypes.Originality/valueAn accurate overview of the post‐1994 literature the topics discussed in this paper is offered.

The chapter will discuss the attitudes the State of Israel maintains toward New Religious Movements (NRMs) through the actions of the legislative, executive and judicial branches. It will show that, governmental attempts to control the activity of NRMs notwithstanding, under the current legal framework NRMs are not seen as a threatening phenomenon that is worthy of the state's special treatment.

Scholars have studied developmental factors relevant to adult sex offenders. These factors, however, have not been of interest so far in the area of adolescent sexual offenders. Given the paucity of research in this area, this study examines developmental factors that may be relevant in understanding why some offenders become persistent throughout the course of adolescence. The sample consisted of male adolescents convicted of a sexual offense against a child. Compared to nonrepeat sexual offenders ( n = 80), repeat sexual offenders ( n = 27) were characterized by a history of sexual abuse victimization and inappropriate sexual behaviors. However, offenders who had a history of sexual abuse but who did not exhibit inappropriate sexual behaviors were more likely to be classified as repeat sex offenders.

Sexually Violent Predator (SVP) civil commitment, intended to incapacitate offenders and protect the public, has been implemented in 21 jurisdictions. While respondents in traditional civil commitment proceedings need not be competent to proceed, SVP commitment may present a greater deprivation of liberty and therefore greater procedural protections may be merited. Statutes and case law regarding competence in this context address two issues: competence to challenge unproven sexual offense allegations and competence to participate in the SVP commitment process. Of the 14 states that have addressed the issue, one concluded that respondents must be competent to challenge unproven allegations and one concluded that all SVP respondents must be competent to participate in the commitment process. Differences between SVP and traditional civil commitment, the rationale underlying the competence requirement, and decisions regarding competence in SVP commitment are reviewed to inform debate regarding whether SVP respondents must be competent to proceed with the commitment process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en

Despite legal reforms, there has been little improvement in police, prosecutor, and court handling of rape and sexual assault. In the past 15 years in Australia, Canada, England and Wales, Scotland, and the United States, victimization surveys show that 14 percent of sexual violence victims report the offense to the police. Of these, 30 percent proceed to prosecution, 20 percent are adjudicated in court, 12.5 percent are convicted of any sexual offense, and 6.5 percent are convicted of the original offense charged. In the past 35 years, average conviction rates have declined from 18 percent to 12.5 percent, although they have not fallen in all countries. Significant country differences are evident in how cases are handled and where in the legal process attrition is most likely. There is some good news: a victim’s “good” character and credibility and stranger relations are less important than they once were in police or court outcomes. However, evidence of nonconsent (witness evidence, physical injuries to the victim, suspect’s use of a weapon) continues to be important.

This article critically reviews the evidence on sex offender treatment and subsequently provides new estimates on short-term recidivism among sexual offenders released from prison in New Jersey. The sample of male sex offenders is drawn from the Adult Diagnostic Treatment Center (ADTC), New Jersey’s only sex-offender-specific prison, and the general population of nine prisons within the state of New Jersey. The ADTC sample receives treatment while incarcerated ( n = 495), whereas no treatment is provided to the offenders in the general population sample ( n = 223). Overall, 33% of the total sample ( N = 718) commits a new offense. Of the total sample, 14% commits a new sexual offense and 24% commits a new nonsexual offense. Significant differences exist between the ADTC and the general population samples with respect to nonsexual reoffending only. In the final analysis, treatment appears to matter in terms of a reduction in recidivism but not in conventionally expected ways.

ObjectiveWe study the bi-directional relationship between employment and crime for individuals convicted for a sexual offense in their youth (JSO) and investigate the moderating influences of age and employment duration.MethodA bi-variate dynamic binary choice model is developed to allow for interactions between employment and crime. The model takes into account statistical aspects such as state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity.ResultsFor a sample of N = 493 JSO, who are observed in early adulthood, age 18 until 28, we find significant negative predictive effects for employment on property offending and vice versa. For other types of offenses, the model indicates that the negative correlation with employment is due to spurious effects. This holds for all ages, but the negative effect of employment on property offending becomes stronger for the older cohorts, while the effect of property offending on employment decreases in magnitude. Employment duration is found to be a mild moderating factor.ConclusionThe evidence in favor of bidirectional negative relationships among offending and employment that increase in magnitude with age suggests the importance of theories that emphasize cumulative (dis)advantage, such as social control theory.

In einer Analyse des bff von 107 Fällen schwerer sexueller Übergriffe konnten anhand von Einstellungsbescheiden und Freispruchsbegründungen Strafverfolgungshindernis-se der materiellen Rechtslage bei sexualisierter Gewalt herausgearbeitet werden. Die Ausformulierung und Auslegung des Sexualstrafrechts bezogen auf Erwachsene führt systematisch dazu, dass nicht alle Fälle, in denen sexuelle Handlungen gegen den Willen einer Person geschehen, strafrechtlich verfolgt werden können. In allen analysierten Fällen geschahen sexuelle Übergriffe gegen den eindeutigen, und dem Täter verbal zur Kenntnisse gebrachten, Willen des Opfers. Anklageerhe-bung durch die Staatsanwaltschaft oder Verurteilung durch das Gericht blieben in allen analysierten Fällen aus. Die gefundenen Strafverfolgungshindernisse lassen sich zu drei Haupterkenntnissen bündeln: 1) Täter dürfen sich wissentlich über den erklärten Willen hinwegsetzen. „Nein“ sagen reicht für eine Strafbarkeit nicht aus. 2) Die Widerstandsleistung der Betroffenen ist der zentrale Bezugspunkt für eine Strafbarkeit. Die sexuelle Selbstbestimmung muss aktiv verteidigt werden, sie ist nicht voraussetzungslos geschützt. 3) Die deutsche Rechtslage wird den realen Situationen, in denen die Übergriffe stattfinden, nicht gerecht. Diese Erkenntnisse sind in ihren strukturellen Bedingungen untereinander, aber auch mit den gesellschaftlichen Vorstellungen von sexualisierter Gewalt und von idealtypi-schem Opferverhalten verknüpft. Anhand der Analyse lässt sich belegen, dass das bestehende Sexualstrafrecht in Deutschland keinen ausreichenden Schutz vor sexualisierter Gewalt gegen erwachse-ne Personen bietet. Eine Veränderung der materiellen Rechtslage ist daher dringend geboten.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung ist aus einem umfangreichen Forschungsvorhaben hervorgegangen, das sich mit dem Wandel der kriminalrechtlichen Maßregeln Sicherungsverwahrung und Führungsaufsicht unter dem Einfluss von Grundsatzentscheidungen des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte (EGMR) und des Bundesverfassungsgerichts beschäftigt. Am Anfang stand ein Kammerurteil des EGMR im Fall M. ./. Deutschland, an das sich bald die Annahme knüpfte, dass es in Folge dieser Entscheidung zu zahlreichen Entlassungen aus der Sicherungsverwahrung kommen könnte. Diese Erwartungen sind nicht eingetreten. Es stellte sich heraus, dass solche Entlassungen lediglich etwa ein Fünftel der vergleichbaren "Parallelfälle" betrafen. Der Forschungsbericht von Anna Mandera beruht auf einer Befragung von Bewährungshelferinnen und Bewährungshelfern, die bei einer Anzahl ehemaliger Sicherungsverwahrter aus dieser Gruppe im Rahmen der Führungsaufsicht tätig geworden sind. Er liefert damit einen nüchternen empirischen Beitrag zu einer Diskussion, die weithin weniger auf Erfahrungen und überprüfbare Daten Bezug genommen hat als auf skandalisierbare Einzelfälle.

A sexual code occupies an uneasy position at the intersection of the public and private, the communal and intimate, the codifiable and spontaneous, the articulate and ineffable. And sexual conduct is located at the troubling interface of pleasure and offense; passion and power; freedom and submission; desire as an individual drive and desire as the epiphany of mutuality-the desiring of the other’s desire. How do we regulate sexual conduct? How can any code legislate sexual desire or successfully thwart abusive sexuality? Here the wise say that only fools do tread. Since Antioch announced its Sexual Offense Policy, Antioch has, in the eyes of the media and some retro (and not so retro) feminists and academics, worn a dunce cap. Is it well-deserved? After a clear, and seemingly sympathetic, discussion of the code that includes much of the motivation for the policy, Alan Sable weighs in with the wise. On three grounds: pleasure, body talk, and consent? Upon first learning of the Sexual Oflmse Policy, my romantic heart declared this was a silly, foolish code-though my feminist mind urged a more cautious judgment. To have to verbally consent to each level (and just what is a level anyway?) of sexual intimacy? each time? even with a partner with whom one had been intimate many times before? Many of us lose the capacity of articulate speech at these moments. Are we to be deprived of our hearts’ desire since, unlike Molly Bloom, we don’t utter an ecstatic “Yes! yes! yes!’’ at the appropriate moment? Xeadhg the harrowing accounts of date rapes recounted by Robin Warshaw? I kept wondering if a code such as Antioch’s would help in any of these cases. And if it would not, what was the point? Being on sabbatical, I was unable to canvas my classes for the student point of view. Fortunately, I had some private college-aged informants, my twenty-year-old son, his girlfriend (whom I questioned separately), and their friends. I also queried colleagues who had discussed the code with their students. There seemed to be a rather interesting response that came up again and again: “The code is silly, but I wouldn’t mind it being there. It would be a way of opening up discussion on these issues.” Only one young man I spoke to said it would encourage him to only have sex with himself-he always

This paper presents a study that seeks to items on the various legal reforms that have maximized the debate about the need for protection of women against violence suffered because of their gender. The question to be resolved by the law, as the legal system, is to determine which is the surest way to guarantee to protect women as subjects of law. This is particularly important when discussing transitional justice mechanisms such as Colombia, where the victims of sexual crimes constitute a large universe of women who have suffered particular forms of violence because of the actions of the actors in the internal armed conflict. Este artículo presenta un estudio que pretende dar elementos sobre las diversas reformas legales que han maximizado el debate en torno a la necesidad de protección de las mujeres en contra de la violencia que sufren en razón de su género. La cuestión a resolver por medio del derecho, en tanto sistema jurídico, es determinar cuál es la manera más segura de garantizarlo para proteger a las mujeres como sujetas de derecho. Esto es particularmente importante cuando se habla de mecanismos de justicia transicional como el colombiano, en donde las víctimas de crímenes sexuales constituyen un gran universo de mujeres que han sufrido particulares formas de violencia a causa del accionar de los actores del conflicto armado interno.

espanolEn Estados Unidos de Norteamerica la ley describe la pornografia infantil como una forma de abuso y explotacion sexual en que la imagen del nino envuelve una conducta sexual explicita y una seria amenaza para la salud fisica, mental, la seguridad y el bienestar de la infancia. Las imagenes reales (en oposicion a las imagenes generadas digitalmente, asi como las ilustraciones) de pornografia infantil son vistas como un registro permanente de un abuso sexual causado a la victima, y su creacion y distribucion se considera un delito grave en el Codigo Federal de los Estados Unidos. La posibilidad de que sea usado con fines de acoso (grooming), se utiliza como justificacion para la penalizacion de la pornografia infantil, asi como para la criminalizacion de la creacion, realizacion, distribucion y posesion de pseudoimagenes elaboradas por computadora. De hecho, en los ultimos anos existe una gran atencion publica en relacion a los delincuentes poseedores de pornografia infantil, especialmente, con la aparicion de Internet y la variedad de contenidos pornograficos que se encuentran disponibles. Un asunto importante es determinar si los poseedores de pornografia infantil son propensos a cometer un delito sexual que involucre contacto con un nino. Este articulo describe la evolucion legislativa en los Estados Unidos y la literatura actual mas importante que se conoce sobre el riesgo que un individuo que utilice Internet pueda cometer un delito de abuso o contacto sexual con menores. EnglishIn the United States of America, child pornography is described in the law as a form of sexual abuse and exploitation in which the depiction of children engaging in sexually explicit conducts poses a serious threat to the physical and mental health, safety and well being of children. Real images (as opposed to computer generated images and drawings) of child pornography are seen as a permanent record of the victim�s abuse, and its creation and distribution is considered a serious crime in the United States Federal Code. The possibility of such use for grooming purposes is often used as a justification for the criminalization of possession of child pornography as well as for the criminalization of the creation, execution, distribution and possession of computer generated pseudo-photographs. In fact, there has been a great deal of public attention to child pornography offenders in recent years, particularly with the emergence of the Internet and pornographic content that it has made available. A particularly salient question is whether child pornography offenders are likely to commit a sexual offense involving contact with a child. This paper describes the legislative development in the United States and most important current literature on what is known about the risk of individuals using the Internet to commit felonies of sexual abuse or sexual contact with minors.

"Der Beitrag bringt einen Aufriss der von der Aufklärung bis in die Gegenwart reichenden Strafrechtsreform. Hierbei dienen Cesare Beccaria und Michel Foucault als Zeitzeugen, Kritiker wie Impulsgeber und Oktanten: Die Re-Lektüre ihrer Arbeiten ermöglicht, die gesellschaftliche Funktion von Strafe, den Übergang von der Straf- zur Disziplinargesellschaft, die Substitution des legalistischen Strafdiskurses durch einen politischen, pragmatisch-polizeilichen Kontroll- und Überwachungsdiskurs nachzuzeichnen." (Autorenreferat) "The contribution outlines the criminal law's reforms from the enlightment up to the present time. Philosophers like Cesare Beccaria and Michel Foucault are supposed to serve as witnesses of the times, as faultfinders, as movers and shakers, and as octants: The re-reading of their work allows retracing the social function of punishment, the transition from a punitive society to a disciplinary society, the substitution of the legal discourse of punishment by a pragmatic and policy-making discourse of control and policing." (author's abstract)

"Seit den Anmerkungen Michel Foucaults zur Abkehr der Körper- hin zu den Freiheitsstrafen haben sich Einstellung zum Strafen in Deutschland ständig verändert. Dabei ist das Strafrecht viel weniger neutral als es scheint: Vielfältige gesellschaftliche Interessen führen zu raschen Veränderungen der Rechtsmaterie. Dabei drängt sich zunehmend der Präventionsgedanke in den Vordergrund: Freiheitsentzug, um neue Delikte zu verhindern. Das Schuldprinzip droht dabei ausgehebelt zu werden." (Autorenreferat) "The attitude to punishment in Germany has changed progressively since Michel Foucault described the development from corporal punishment to imprisonment. Criminal law is not as neutral as it appears: Diverse social interests lead to rapid changes in jurisdiction. The idea of preventing new crimes by incarcerating offenders is getting to be the central idea. The principle of guilt is loosing it's central importance." (author's abstract)

By all accounts, the Model Penal Code is enormously respected and influential. Yet, relatively soon after the Code's 1962 publication, the Code's sexual offense provisions and even its 1980 revised Commentaries, were already considered outdated. The rapid onslaught of the sexual and feminist revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s brought an intense momentum to change rape laws that the Code had, in part, either mirrored or inspired. Only because of the passage of time, the Code's sexual offense provisions and Commentaries now misrepresent the progressive thinking of the Code's reporters. For these reasons, this essays suggests that the Model Penal Code's sexual offense provisions should be pulled, revised, and replaced. With such a recommendation in mind, the discussion has two goals: it explains why a number of the Code's sexual offense provisions were so advanced when they were created, but also why their continuing, unaltered existence makes their original virtues too easy to forget. What started as a leading authority for the legal enhancement of women and homosexuals is now a relic that detracts from the credit and foresight that its creators deserve. Periodically, the Code's Commentaries acknowledged that the sexual offense provisions would at some point need redrafting to keep pace with the times. For these reasons, a primary source of support for the essay's pull-and-replace recommendations are the contents of the Commentaries themselves.

Die Forschung über die Täterschaft im Bereich des sexuellen Mißbrauchs kommt übereinstimmend zu dem Ergebnis, daß es keine einheitliche Täterpersönlichkeit gibt. Trotz eindeutiger Hinweise auf gesellschaftsstrukturelle Faktoren in der Verursachung von sexueller Gewalt, vor allem auf das gültige Männlichkeitskonzept und die Geschlechterhierarchie, wird in Forschung und Justiz immer wieder mit Blick auf Behandlungsprogramme und Bemühungen zur Sekundärprävention versucht, spezifische Merkmale von Tätern herauszuarbeiten. Auf diesem Hintergrund arbeitet die Autorin den Zusammenhang zwischen den in Gerichtsverfahren, Medien und auch wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten aufzufindenden Mythos über den sexuellen Mißbraucher und den von den Tätern selbst geäußerten Selbstrechtfertigungen heraus und setzt sich mit alternativen Erklärungsansätzen des sexuellen Mißbrauchs auseinander. Abschließend wird festgestellt, daß es unter primär- und sekundärpräventiven Aspekten nur darum gehen kann, generell die Hemmschwellen gegenüber der Ausführung von sexuellem Mißbrauch systematisch zu erhöhen und alle die Signale innerhalb der Gesellschaft zu bekämpfen, die geeignet sind, diese Hemmschwellen herabzusetzen und zu sexueller Gewalt anzuregen. (ICH)

When we hear that someone has been raped, the commonsense understanding of that expression is that a person, usually a woman, has been forced to have intercourse. But what is the legal definition of rape? Are there different degrees of rape? What about sodomy, fellatio, cunnilingus? If a woman is forced to commit these acts, is that “rape” as well? What is indecent assault and battery? Does the age of the victim or the rapist make any difference? At law, can males be raped as well? In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to explain briefly the evolutionary process of Anglo-American law.