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Everyone needs evidence regarding a right and an event that occurred. In practice, the Official for Making Land Deeds is an official who is given the authority by government regulations to make authentic deeds. An authentic deed is a proof that is perfect, complete and binding, so that the truth of the things written in the deed must be acknowledged for its truth. An authentic deed contains statements from the parties which are used as the basis for making an authentic deed. Problems arise when the contents of the deed are not in accordance with reality, because there are parties who falsify the signatures in the Sale and Purchase Deed made by the PPAT. The research in this article is normative by using literature studies, documents studies, studies and existing decision studies. With this research, it is hoped that we can find out the legal consequences of forging signatures in the land sale and purchase deed and find out the legal remedies that can be taken when carrying out fake signatures in the land sale and purchase deed.

[Purpose] The purpose of the study is to reveal the concept and essence of forensic prevention of crimes of forgery of electronic documents, to identify problems in the use of information to establish a system of countering crime and document management. [Methodology] The following approaches were used in the work: system-structural, dialectical, empirical. Forgery of electronic documents and their use is investigated not only within the framework of a single criminal case but also by a set of crimes committed depending on the mechanism that is the main one in the structure of criminal technologies. [Findings] Lack of skills and knowledge about the latest forms of documents, methods of their forgery and use in the field of forensic investigations determine the reasons for the development of this condition. The analysis of investigative and judicial practice shows that cases of forgery of electronic documents are moved to separate proceedings due to the inability to fix the person who committed the crime. In some cases, court procedures are returned for additional investigation, since investigators cannot establish mechanisms for falsification tools and bring appropriate charges. [Practical Implications] The practical significance lies in the formation of proposals for improving or making changes to the legislation, effectively improving the activities of law enforcement agencies involved in countering or combating the forgery of documents.

The aim of the article is to justify the formulated postulate to separate in the Polish legal system an autonomous type of offence consisting in the counterfeiting, alteration or illegal reproduction of a work of art, which would comprehensively – similarly to the protection of monuments, or maybe even more broadly – cover the most important phases of this behaviour, taking into consideration also those of a secondary nature related to marketing the forgery or its distribution. The concept of ‘work of art’ has been narrowed down to works of plastic art for the purpose of the article and in this text is understood as an independent object separated from other objects of individual and independent specificity, being man-made, possessing aesthetic value, and expressing emotional qualities (Gołaszewska, Zarys estetyki. Warsaw 1986: 277). The most important problems connected with activation of criminal law protection in the event that a perpetrator engages in conduct commonly referred to as ‘forgery of a work of art’ are presented. The research was conducted primarily using the dogmatic method, and to a lesser extent the historical and comparative method. Finally, it is established that the system of legal interests surrounding the current art market rules makes it necessary for the scope of legal protection of a work of art, including a historical monument in case of forgery, to focus equally on the rights of purchasers – as it has been the case so far – but consideration should also be given to the rights of original creators, so that they can react effectively if they are violated. As a result, having identified the need for legislative intervention with regard to the crime of altering or forging an item and the crime of sale of a forgery, a proposal is formulated to modify the existing legal solutions.

The protection of secure documents has been given great importance at all times. It doesn't even matter if it's a passport, a driver's license or an educational document, any secure document must be protected and made by a public authority. The use of forged documents costs the world billions of euros, as they can be used both to disguise one's true identity and to commit crimes. For the purpose of document protection, the modification of documents is constantly carried out, with the aim - to protect the documents of one's country as best as possible by using more innovative and high-quality methods of both production and personalization. The research will research and summarize the most innovative technologies used in the personalization process, as well as analyze the methods of technology identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egyptian temples and priests reshaped the Egyptian legal system throughout the first millennium BCE, as a result of both temple autonomy and state authority. In the early Third Intermediate Period (c. 1069–850 BCE), royal enforcement of laws diminished, and temples filled this vacuum by extending the use of judicial oracles, both to resolve disputes, and to document transactions. In the late Third Intermediate Period (c. 850–664 BCE), the temples decreased the use of judicial oracles, and introduced temple notary contracts to document transactions. Temples thereby established that written documentation took precedence over verbal witnesses, and they also developed systems of legal procedures employing these temple notary contracts. In doing so, the temples encouraged individuals to invest in private property. In the Saite and Persian Periods (664–332 BCE), resurgent royal and later imperial authorities brought uniformity to the forms of temple notary contracts, and to the system of legal procedures employing them. The temples may have produced codes of laws and legal procedures at this time, if they had not done so already in the late Third Intermediate Period. Priests also introduced the practice of antiquarian legal scholarship, to establish ancient legal precedents. Finally, in the Ptolemaic Period (332–30 BCE), the royal authorities continued to regulate temple courts and temple notaries. Nonetheless, they accepted at least some claims based on antiquarian legal scholarship by priests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergency in the field of criminal law does not have to sacrify the requirements on the rigor of legal provisions, as the consequences of an imperfect law can be extremely severe. The article critically evaluates G.E.O. no. 28/2020. In the first part, the author analyses the legal nature of the ordinance, while in the second he examines some punctual problems.

Art forgery is an uncommon subject in national doctrine and a subject which is less commonly written about in international doctrine. Most doctrinal and jurisprudential sources commonly refer to forgery as falsifying public or private documents and the issues that surround it. Therefore, art forgery presents a great legal challenge as it is not only premised on a physical change but also on a modification of the truth contained in the object of forgery. This article investigates themes such as: the truth within works of art, the definition of a work of art, and many other concepts that are related to these topics.

Paper presents some aspects regarding the protection of innovative ideas. All the research results of people involved in this activity must be protected by law against counterfeiting and piracy. It should be borne in mind that there are issues of novelty and license papers/dissertation of students, not only at the level of doctoral training. So university policies on intellectual property knowledge should include acquiring of knowledge ever since the II-III study year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contracting parties can negotiate death and expressly deal with it in their written contracts. They seldom do, perhaps because of social taboos about discussing death. When the agreement fails to directly say whether the contract lives or dies upon an obligor's death, two bedrock principles of contract law conflict. On the one hand, serious agreements should be enforced; on the other hand, you should not be forced into a contract with a stranger. An English court in the days of Shakespeare established rules, and many courts still use those rules and require a decedent's children or other successors to fulfill farming, construction, and various other contractual obligations of the dead. Economic life is different from 400 years ago in England. Occupations are less often "inherited." Today, children and other successors often make their own way in the world unencumbered by the vocational and geographic choices of their parents. In many situations today, requiring a child or other successor to imitate the deceased, and forcing the surviving contract party to accept performance from an out-of-town novice, is commercial senselessness. This Article proposes an ascribed-intent approach for dealing with many contracts of the dead. "No one can trace up this branch of the law very far without becoming entangled in a thicket, from which [it will be difficult to extricate]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the Indian legal and judicial approaches to well-known trademark (WT) by placing special focus on the way the judiciary has striven to foster the regulatory goal of defending the distinctiveness of WT.Design/methodology/approach The research is based on primary and secondary resources; especially, the paper critically examines the central piece of legislation relevant to WT and analyses and compares a number of important judicial decisions of India.Findings Despite some limitations, the judicial initiatives reflect an impressive progression towards WT, and given the contemporary commercial imperatives backed up by technological advances, the interconnectedness of economies and global corporisation, such a progression is indispensable.Research limitations/implications The research involves only the legal aspects of WT; therefore, the social and economic implication is beyond the scope of it.Practical implications Even though the legal and judicial attempts in India have raised an inevitable tension between different competing claims and are in some instances intensely debated, a review of existing resources evidences a series of effective methods and practices where a balance can sensibly be drawn between those claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annual of the Faculty of Law / Godišnjak Fakulteta Pravnih Nauka is the property of Pan-European University Apeiron and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the course of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–70), many people in the secessionist Republic of Biafra resorted to forgery, confidence scams, and other forms of fraud to survive the dire conditions created by Nigeria's blockade. Forgery of passes and other documents, fraudulent commercial transactions, and elaborate schemes involving impersonation and racketeering became common in Biafra, intensifying as the Biafran government's ability to enforce the law diminished. Using long-neglected legal records from Biafra's courts and tribunals, this study traces the process by which deception emerged as a practice of survival in wartime Biafra – a process with important implications for the growth of fraud (known as ‘419’ after the relevant section of the Nigerian criminal code) in reintegrated postwar Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Klimczyk Agata. Analiza prawnoporównawcza przepisów dotyczących zjawiska fałszerstwa dzieł sztuki w prawie polskim i włoskim = Comparison of polish and italian regulations related to forgery of the pieces of art. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(10):236-252. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.161054 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3937 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.10.2016. Revised 02.10.2016. Accepted: 15.10.2016. Analiza prawnoporównawcza przepisów dotyczących zjawiska fałszerstwa dzieł sztuki w prawie polskim i włoskim Comparison of polish and italian regulations related to forgery of the pieces of art Agata Klimczyk Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun Streszczenie Celem pracy było porównanie polskiego i włoskiego systemu prawnego i wskazanie możliwych rozwiązań. Proceder fałszerstw dzieł sztuki będzie pojawiał się coraz częściej. Związane jest to przede wszystkim ze wzrostem cen obiektów oraz z otwartością rynku antykwarycznego, także z lukami w prawie, pozwalającymi na manipulację. W przypadku zakupów przedmiotów o niebagatelnej kwocie, konieczne jest przeprowadzenie fachowej ekspertyzy. Należy zwrócić uwagę, że w polskim systemie prawnym brakuje regulacji o charakterze szczegółowym, a w wielu przypadkach stosowane są ogólne przepisy dotyczące oszustw, fałszerstw etc. Porównując regulacje obowiązujące w obu systemach prawnych należy stwierdzić, że w RP brakuje, np., przepisu dotyczącego publikacji danych osobowych sprawców, co jest bardzo istotne ze względu na konieczność zaufania do sprzedawców dzieł sztuki ze strony nabywców. Abstract The aim of the work was to compare the Polish and Italian legal system and an indication of the possible solutions. Practice counterfeit works of art will appear more often. This is mainly due to increase in prices of properties and antique market openness, also with gaps in the law, allowing for manipulation. In the case of purchases of items with a considerable amount, it is necessary to carry out professional expertise. It should be noted that in the Polish legal system lacks a regulation of a specific, and in many cases used are general provisions on fraud, counterfeiting, etc. Comparing regulations in both legal systems, it should be noted that in Poland are missing, for example, the provision on the publication of personal data of the perpetrators, which is very important because of the need to trust the sellers of works of art on the part of the buyers. Słowa kluczowe: fałszerstwo, prawo, dzieła sztuki Key words: forgery, law, pieces of art