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Are U.S. digital markets advancing, or threatening, the American economy? There is keen interest in the answer to this question. Sweeping changes have disrupted society courtesy of the Information Revolution, presenting great opportunities in radically transformed economic markets but also great challenges in adapting to new and different forms of organization. Great hope accompanies the former, much concern attends the latter. Now important discussions are engaging as to the impacts of market power, where competitive forces – beneficial in discovering new efficiencies and promoting Consumer Welfare – may be thwarted. Antitrust laws and other elements of competition policy are being re-examined. This paper attempts to inform the answers to these questions by examining industrial concentration in the information economy and its impact on U.S. market competition; vertical integration in digital platforms; forces driving innovation in business models and product markets; and the use of competition policy tools in high tech markets. These latter include broadband access and mobile phone industries, which have attracted attention as specific examples of areas where the U.S. has is seen by some as lagging rival economies due to insufficient antitrust enforcement.

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. This paper is a corpus-assisted discourse analysis of the use of the word respect by the main advocates in the High Court and Supreme Court hearings of R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (the ‘Brexit case’). Courtroom discourse has received substantial research attention in pragmatics, and previous work has largely focused on notions of face and im/politeness exhibited in power-asymmetric encounters between lawyers and witnesses in hostile cross-examination. In contrast, this paper focuses on lawyer-lawyer and lawyer-judge interaction in appellate hearings and explores the ways in which advocates negotiate the task of making face-threats that are inherent to the discourse situation, while maintaining the levels of professional courtesy demanded by the institution. The word respect has a particular role in managing this balance, and has attached to it well-established implicit, indexical and professional meanings within the judiciary. The corpus analysis here shows that, although the advocates in question use respect in seemingly formulaic and ritualised ways, it is used to achieve multiple facework and interactional goals. Throughout the analysis we see advocates use respect when (dis)agreeing with judges, challenging opposing counsel and making recommendations to the court.

The stigma associated with incarceration is well documented. Less attention has been directed to the impact of this stigma on those in romantic relationships with partners who are incarcerated (i.e...

The article is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between protocol, etiquette and international courtesy and the need to observe etiquette in diplomatic relations. In international diplomatic contacts, a special place is given to protocol and etiquette. The protocol governs international relations and is based on the principles of international courtesy and is implemented through etiquette. The purpose of international courtesy is a respectful relationships between two or more persons or states. The purpose of this work is to clarify the importance of observing diplomatic etiquette. The following results have been achieved: 1) The existing protocol criteria are direct fruits of long-term processes of mutual cooperation, carried out in different social spheres between different categories of society; 2) Many of the protocol rules are identical in different countries; 3) Compliance with protocol norms is not categorical. They vary depending on location, time and condition. It was found that one of the constituent parts of the protocol is to take into account the traditions, culture, customs and national characteristics of different countries. Etiquette consists of the rules of conduct for participants in international contacts. These norms are based on moral ethical foundations. Etiquette norms are not legally binding but are unconditionally binding in international relations. Violation of the rules of diplomatic etiquette can lead to retaliatory actions not only on the part of the state in respect of which they were not implemented, but also from third states, noting the non-diplomatic nature of the actions of the state that violated diplomatic etiquette.

We examine how elite attitudes and institutional rules and norms affect appointments to lower federal courts. Using voting data from 1,339 U.S. Courts of Appeals cases, we estimate new ideological measures for 475 individual circuit judges appointed between 1913 and 2008. We find that both presidential and home-state senators’ preferences strongly predict judicial ideology. While we find evidence that conditions of senatorial courtesy can constrain presidents from nominating like-minded individuals for lower court vacancies, this trend peaked during the 1960s and has been eroding ever since.

This studi aims to analyze the Public Satisfaction of Public Service Providing IMB in Jayapura City. Researchers analyzed using 14 indicators based on the KEPMENPAN regulation Number 25 of 2004 concerning Guidelines for Preparation of Comunnity Satisfaction Index consisting of service procedure, service requirements, clarity of service officers, discipline of service officers, responsibility of officers, ability of officers, speed of service, fairness of service, courtesy and friendliness of staff, the fairness of costs, certainty of costs, certainty of schedule, comfort of the environment and security of service. As for the type of research used is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The results showed that 14 indicators of SMIs used 5 of them identified the quality of public services in the DPMPTSP Jayapura City including service requirements, service ability, speed of service, certainty of schedule and comfort of the service environment. For this reason, there is still a need to improve and improve the quality of public services in DPMPTSP Jayapura City.

Pajak Bea Perolehan Hak atas Tanah dan Bangunan (BPHTB) merupakan salah satu sumber penerimaan daerah kabupaten Bogor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kualitas pelayanan meliputi kesederhanaan, kejelasan , kepastian, akurasi, keamanan, tanggung jawab, kelengkapan sarana dan prasarana, kemudahan akses, kedisiplinan, kesopanan dan keramahan, dan kenyamanan terhadap Kepuasan Wajib Pajak pada kantor BAPPENDA kabupaten Bogor. Sampel yang digunakan 121 responden. Teknik analisis data menggunakan metode Regresi Linier Berganda. Hasil analisis menunjukkan Kesederhanaan (X1), Kepastian Waktu (X3), Tanggung Jawab (X6) dan Kemudahan Akses (X8) tidak berpengaruh terhadap Kepuasan Wajib Pajak (Y). Sedangkan variable Kejelasan (X2), Akurasi (X4), Keamanan (X5), Kelengkapan sarana dan prasarana (X7), Kedisiplinan, Kesopanan dan Keramahan (X9) dan Kenyamanan (X10) berpengaruh terhadap Kepuasan Wajib Pajak (Y) pada kantor BAPPENDA kabupaten Bogor.

The patrilineal descent system, as is also the case in the indigenous Balinese, has the consequence that the heirs in Bali are determined according to the male lineage (purusa). However, it is also possible for women to be appointed as heirs, that is, in the case of the girl being appointed as a sentana rajeg or the status of a girl is changed from predana to purusa status. Based on the background of this research problem formulation as follows: how is the obligation for the manners of Balu Luh in the Suter Bangli Customary Village and how the authority of the manners for the inheritance of her husband. The type of research used is empirical legal research. The results of this research discussion are as follows: Obligations for manners in the village of Suter Bangli, among others, take care of the inheritance of her deceased husband well, behave well, enforce discipline, obey the obligations, carry out obligations, panca yadnya and others, which are then referred to as her husband's legacy properly balu pageh, the widow's right as long as only enjoying it can not sell, give, and give it to others except with the consent of her children and the family of her late husband if her children are still small. This applies to heirlooms and riches (marriage assets), because for heirlooms, a widow does not have any rights, the right is the purusa of the family of her deceased husband, but the widow has the right to enjoy it if the widow is pageh. The authority of the courtesy of her husband's inheritance includes: Maintaining the integrity of the family, not doing things that are not good, so that it can be called a shame. No authority to sell, transfer the assets left by her late husband. May ask for children / sentana, but with the consent of the family of the late husband. May also remarry with the approval of the family of the late husband.

Freehold Title acts as strong evidence of that certificate holder, as long as there is no other more reliable evidence. In Case Number. 0337/Pdt.G/2016/PA.Gtlo. authentic freehold title is declared not legally binding while in Case Number 38/Pdt.G/2012/PN.Gtlo., quite the opposite. This research is library research, with an empirical juridical approach. This study focuses on the verdict of the Gorontalo Religious Court in Case Number 0337/Pdt.G/2016/PA.Gtlo. The findings of this study are that the Gorontalo District Judicial Judge’s verdict does not make the Gorontalo District Court decision as the basis. The panel of judges in the Verdict Number 0337/Pdt.G/2016/PA.Gtlo. emphasized more on the normative aspects in basing its verdict. The judge did not make a contextual approach in examining the condition of the defendant as an adopted child. The focus of the panel of judges is only on the procedure of making an authentic deed (grant deed), which is considered to be legally flawed and not legally binding. The courtesy of the judge in basing his consideration of the period of the plaintiff’s claim filing, the excellent relationship of the defendant (adopted child) with the heir. The research findings imply that the distribution of inheritance should be carried out properly. The process of claiming inheritance in the Religious Courts of the panel of judges must continue to consider the duration of this new inheritance so that the trial process is not complicated to solve. Keywords: Approval, Freehold Title, Inheritance.

Judicial ethics and conduct guides emphasize dignity, decorum, patience, and courtesy, contributing to an understanding of judging as rational, detached, and unemotional. However, these are also interactional capacities, implying the presence of emotion and emotion work. Empirical research finds that judicial officers express considerable awareness of the need for judicial emotional capacities and emotion work and undertake a range of strategies to manage emotion. This judicial experience shows that available guidance does not adequately address emotion in judicial officers’ everyday work. Improved guidance will explicitly recognize judicial work as an interactional space, generating emotion and demanding emotion work.

Since the establishment of courtesy relations between Warsaw and London in March 1957, through the exchange of correspondence between representatives of the authorities of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (ZHP) and the representatives of the ZHP Headquarters outside the country (ZHPpgK), these relations were twofold. Due to the caution of the ZHPpgK authorities, the offi cial relations never led to any formal cooperation (contract, resolution, etc.), and the unoffi cial relations are not well known yet. I have tried to describe the results of the research on this subject in a recently published book entitled Z tymi co zostali… Harcerskie relacje Warszawa – Londyn (1945–1990) [With Those Who Stayed... Scouting Relationships between Warsaw and London (1945–1990)] [Warsaw 2016], yet this article presents the arrangements made between 1957 and 1959 and is complementary. An important role in the period described was played by the then authorities of the global scouting, which tried to strengthen the ‘power’ of the arguments of the ZHPpgK authorities with their actions in 1957 and two years later. Invitation of the Polish delegation from ZHPpgK to two world scout jamborees was its actual confi rmation and probably an attempt to repair old decisions concerning scouts operating among Poles in exile. Finally, in April 1959, in the newly adopted statute of the national ZHP (during the Second General Assembly of the ZHP), a record appeared that the organisation developed its activities in the territory of the Polish People’s Republic and also ‘cooperated with Polish youth abroad’. This record was thoroughly different from the one that was passed in December 1956 during the so-called National Congress of Scout Activists, stating that ‘ZHP extends a fraternal hand to Polish scouts living outside the borders of our Homeland’. After two years of ‘coexistence’ under completely different conditions of two organisations of the same name, there was no mention either of the declared brotherhood or of the existence of an organisation that continued to be the rightful heir of the pre-war organisation on the ground of legalism. The changes that took place in the Polish ZHP at that time closed in a formal manner the next stage of the social thaw, which after October ‘56 also affected scouts in Poland. ZHP authorities operating outside the country (associated with the Polish government-in-exile), through their relentless attitude to events taking place in Poland, could have been satisfi ed that it was – as they often emphasised – a step towards the rebirth of ZHP, and in no case its reconstruction.

Prior to November 1995, use of the courtesy title 'Doctor' by dentists carried the threat of a charge of serious professional conduct. On 14 November 1995, following a long campaign, the General Dental Council voted to remove this prohibition effectively allowing UK dentists to use the courtesy title 'Doctor'. Twenty-five years on, the leader of the 'Call Me Doctor' campaign recalls the story and assesses the establishment of custom and tradition in relation to the use of the courtesy title.

This past March saw the loss of two pioneering artists and filmmakers who made the body and women’s sexuality central to their work: Barbara Hammer and Carolee Schneemann. While Schneemann’s practice is often cited as multidisciplinary, Hammer is primarily celebrated within the contexts of queer and experimental cinema. Barbara Hammer: In This Body , an exhibition curated by Jennifer Lange at the Wexner Center for the Arts at The Ohio State University in Columbus, looked to the artist’s interdisciplinary works, particularly those that focus on the body’s vulnerability and fragility as read through the textures of media [Image 1]. IMAGE 1. Chest X-ray 5 (2016) by Barbara Hammer; courtesy The Barbara Hammer Estate, COMPANY, New York, and KOW, Berlin; © The Barbara Hammer Estate. Known primarily for her work to make visible the lives and bodies of lesbians through film and video, Hammer was also deeply attuned to women’s similarly invisible experiences with disease. Like Hammer’s ecstatic study of intimacy through the pleasures of touch in hallmark films like Dyketactics (1974), the film, video, photography, collage, sculpture, and installation on display at the Wexner explored themes of sickness and corporeal fragility through real or simulated tactile surfaces. This body of work incorporates images that employ what Laura U. Marks called “haptic visuality”1 as well as works that make the literal surfaces of media apparent through process or installation. For example, Blue Paint Film Scroll (2005), a vertical scroll that gathers in a pile on the floor, features a digital transfer print of an experiment Hammer conducted on 16mm film with crystals, hydrochloric acid, …

Among the few other preconditions of customary law F. Savigny mentions the “undertaking of the act in the feeling of a legal necessity (opinio necessitatis)” . As K. Wolfke explained, the two-element theory of customary law (according to which there are two constituent elements, i.e. practice and opinio iuris) was introduced to the modern theory of law by the historical school of law. The purpose of this concept was a departure from well-established understanding of the customary law as a tacit consensus populi. According to the generally agreed approach, international customary law is composed of an objective element, i.e. practice and the subjective element – so-called “opinio iuris”. This last one is usually understood as a feeling of doing one’s duty or simply doing what is right. Practice without opinio iuris is simply a “usage”. Alternatively, it can be a kind of international courtesy or protocol, which are loosely relevant for international law. The ICJ in the judgment in the case of North See Continental Shelf considered the premise of opinio iuris “the most important of all”. It is the differentia specifica of the customary law. Opinio iuris resembles tacit consent at least in one: both are opposite to usage. Keywords: theory of customary law, state practice, opinio iuris

“You’re looking much better” declared the Vice-Minister for the Population, Family and Children Commission (PFCC). I thanked him, presuming this was an expression of Vietnamese courtesy. “No, you are!” he insisted when I looked sceptical. How could this be? I had only been in the country for two weeks and here was someone commenting on my appearance. I looked in the mirror. I could not see any difference but when others expressed the same view, I had to assume that, yes, being out of the bubble of headquarters had made a difference.

Przedmiotem analizy retorycznej uczyniono silnie skonwencjonalizowane akty językowej grzeczności, jakimi są publiczne przeprosiny. Materiał badawczy stanowią przeprosiny pisemne, formułowane w Internecie. Analiza okoliczności, celów i sposobów werbalizowania publicznych przeprosin pokazuje, że są one częściej chwytem perswazyjnym, aktem strategicznym, nastawionym na uzyskanie określonych korzyści albo wyeliminowanie negatywnych skutków zagrażających podmiotowi w wyniku zrobienia czegoś, co zostało negatywnie ocenione albo naruszyło czyjeś prawa, niż aktem wynikającym z autentycznej skruchy.

Recent technological advancements in pervasive systems have shown the poten-tial to address challenges in the military domain. Research developments in mili-tary-based mission-critical systems have refined a lot as in autopilot, sensing true target behavior, battle damage conditions, acquiring and manipulating command control information. However, the application of pervasive systems in the military domain is still evolving. In this paper, an intelligent framework has been pro-posed for mission-critical systems to incorporate advanced heterogeneous com-munication protocols; service-oriented layered structure and context-aware infor-mation manipulation. The proposed framework addresses the limitation of “time-space” constraints in Mission-critical systems that have been improved signifi-cantly. This improvement is courtesy to enhancing situation-aware tactical capa-bilities such as localization, decision significance, strategic span, strategic inten-tions, resource coordination and profiling concerning the situation. A comprehen-sive use case model has been presented for a typical battle-field scenario followed by a comparison of the proposed framework with existing techniques. It is evi-dent from experiments and analyses that the proposed framework provides more effective and seamless interaction with contextual resources to improve tactical capabilities. This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: A Context-aware and Intelligent Framework for the Secure Mission Critical Systems, which has been published in final form in Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions

Without constitutional recognition for Indigenous Australians, Australia cannot adequately recognise, respect and protect Indigenous rights to self-determination, culture, sovereignty and development (Bellier and Préaud 2011). The Commonwealth has a long history of disenfranchising, silencing and othering Indigenous Australians and this vision of constitutional recognition is constrained by a number of factors, primarily the need for a referendum. Indigenous Australians are only 3.3 percent of the total Australian population (ABS Census 2016). With this in mind, in accordance with the 2012 Expert Panel recommendation and the 2017 Uluru Statement from the Heart, my opinion is that a successful and consequential referendum relies on a thorough, government-funded but Indigenous-led educational campaign to promote visibility, conversation and learning between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians (Newman 2019). Often excluded from writing their own narrative, with ‘substantive constitutional change and structural reform’ (1 Voice Uluru 2019) provides the circumstances vital for providing Indigenous Australians with deserved respect, sovereignty and self-determination as Taylor explains ‘due recognition is not just a courtesy we owe people. It is a vital human need’ (1992).

As the number of European countries that recognise same-sex unions increases, so does the number of countries that resists this institution. This trend runs counter to the conventional wisdom, which links anti-LGBTI policies to domestic demands and developments. Instead, this paper argues that political homophobia needs to be situated within an international context. Using the Slovak case as a plausibility probe, the article shows that the bans on same-sex marriage were adopted as a precautionary measure: worried by the growing support for LGBTI rights elsewhere in Europe, conservative lawmakers feared that their traditional family values would come under threat.

Diplomatic immunity throughout the ages has remained a requisite of diplomatic intercourse. Religion further buttressed this basic protection, custom sanctified it and reciprocity fortified it. Nonetheless, the degree of protection accorded the envoy varied with each culture, in some cases remaining tenuous, particularly in those civilizations that had become hegemonic and harbored universalistic pretensions and those who regarded the other as barbarian. The rules, customs and conventions surrounding diplomatic immunity have continued to evolve. The fundamental foundations of immunity have shifted from religious to legal; expediency became precedent. What had once been a courtesy hardened into a right.

Brazil is well known for courtesy, but courtesy has become a synonym of corruption. Brazilians feel that our moral reached the bottom of the well. On the other side, even lay people are aware of the meaning of money laundering.

This amicus brief, joined by 83 legal ethics professors, supports the Petitioner’s request that the court of appeals refer to Petitioner by the name and pronoun with which Petitioner identifies. The brief argues that judges should be courteous to litigants, and that abiding by litigants’ requests to be addressed in a particular way consistent with their identities is a critical component of courtesy. Further, assuming arguendo that a court’s use of a transgender litigant’s requested name and pronoun signals bias in that litigant’s favor, it is equally true that refusing to use a transgender litigant’s requested name and pronoun, as the court did, signals bias against that litigant.

Entre las ciencias jurídicas, el protocolo se concibe como buenas maneras, educación, código de conducta, ética, o como la ropa o los zapatos que uno debe ponerse para acudir a un acto que exige una determinada etiqueta. Como algo frívolo, sin importancia, que no atañe al común de la sociedad, propio de las clases elevadas y de los gobernantes y de la diplomacia. Por supuesto, cuando dices que eres protocolista, que eres especialista en protocolo y que te dedicas a investigar el protocolo, te preguntan "pero ¿eso es derecho?". En definitiva el protocolo es una disciplina despreciada por los juristas que la han ido dejando de lado, salvó en un sector: el diplomático. Los diplomáticos son los únicos conscientes de lo importante que es el ceremonial y el protocolo en las relaciones internacionales, y por ello los cursos de la Escuela Diplomática son referente ineludible a la hora de estudiar protocolo. Este estudio reivindica el protocolo desde su carácter de disciplina jurídica.______________________Among the legal sciences, protocol is considered to be good manners, courtesy, code of conduct, ethics, or the clothes and shoes one should wear to an event where dress code is required; something superficial, unimportant, not related to society at large, characteristic of the upper classes, rulers and diplomacy. Of course, when you say you are a protocol expert and that you do research in protocol, you will be asked “Is that law?” Ultimately, protocol is a discipline despised by jurists, who have gradually set it aside, with the exception of the diplomatic community. Diplomats are well aware of the importance of ceremonial and protocol in the international relations, and thus the Diplomatic School courses are essential when studying protocol. This study claims the protocol as a legal discipline.

The purpose of this study is (1) to analyze public perception on urban services before and after the expansion of the region, (2) analyze the level of people's satisfaction with urban services, and (3) analyze the determinants of the variables that determine what level of people's satisfaction urban services. This study concluded that first, after the expansion, the quality of urban services in South Tangerang City is better than before. Secondly, however, public satisfaction with the services only reached 48.53% (poor scale). Third, by using a Cartesian Diagram, the second priority that must be addressed are: (1) clarity of service personnel, (2) the discipline of service personnel, (3) responsibility for care workers; (4) the speed of service, (5) the ability of officers services, (6) obtain justice services, and (7) the courtesy and hospitality workers.

On December 28, 1917, a fascinating article appeared in the pages of the New York Evening Mail. The article, titled “A Neglected History,” written by H.L. Mencken, laments the fact that the 75th anniversary of the introduction of the bathtub to the United States had passed without the slightest public notice. “Not a plumber fired a salute or hung out a flag. Not a governor proclaimed a day of prayer. Not a newspaper called attention to the day” (1). Mencken goes on to detail the history of the bathtub, describing the introduction of the English bathtub by Lord John Russell in 1828, “then, as now … a puny and inconvenient contrivance—little more, in fact, than a glorified dishpan.” Mencken wrote that installation of the bathtub in Millard Fillmore's White House in 1851 led to more widespread acceptance in the United States. Quoting from the purported April 23, 1843, issue of Western Medical Repository , he goes on to record the opposition of physicians to the bathtub as dangerous to health, inviting “phthisic, rheumatic fevers, inflammation of the lungs, and the whole category of zygomatic diseases.” And he states that by 1859 the majority of the medical community had finally accepted the bathtub as harmless to health—evidenced by a poll taken at the 1859 meeting of American Medical Association in Boston, in which nearly 55% of physicians regarded the bathtub as harmless and more than 20% advocated its use as beneficial to health (1). The spread of misinformation in science and medicine is a real problem, not only in spite of technology but often because of it. To sort through the cavalcade of journal articles, legitimate and otherwise, the scientific community should devote more resources to technological approaches that identify false and retracted findings. Image courtesy of Dave Cutler (artist). … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: dpapke{at}partners.org. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Zimbabwe adopted a new Constitution in 2013 to replace the gender-insensitive Lancaster House Constitution of 1979. This article largely relies on extant literature to analyze the adequacy of the 2013 Constitution in advancing women’s rights and needs. The study shows that the 2013 Constitution contains an elaborated Declaration of Rights that protects women against the major challenges they face in society, including exclusion in public life, vulnerability to abuse, violence and harmful practices. It also speaks to women’s access to quality and affordable health, capital and employment opportunities. Courtesy of the 2013 Constitution, women in Zimbabwe have equal rights and opportunities as men in relation to guardianship of children. Although some gender provisions in the Constitution lack conceptual clarity and the government is showing limited political will for constitutionalism, the 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe has been found to be a progressive instrument poised to ensure for the recognition, inclusion, equality and protection of women as equal human beings in society. Keywords : Constitution of Zimbabwe, gender equality, protection, women’s rights

In this paper, I examine a form of argumentation employed by one of the most prominent parliamentarian news pamphlets of the English Civil War (1642–1649). The pamphlet in question isMercurius Britanicus. It was founded to counter through its pages the news that was being published inMercurius Aulicus, the foremost royalist publication. In its animadversion ofAulicus’s news,Britanicusfirst repeated the royalist text, and then responded to it. In my study, I shall focus on instances where the not wholly faithful reporting ofAulicus’s text leads to (socio)pragmatic meanings. I have taken into consideration both the wider social context in which the pamphlet writers were writing as well as the immediate situational context – the pamphlet as a genre. In my analysis ofBritanicus’s animadversion, I examine titles of courtesy and the omission and substitution of words.

Data sharing has come of age. Long expected as a professional courtesy but rarely honored, data sharing is now highlighted in codes of ethics, supported by research communities, required by leading funding organizations, and variously encouraged and mandated by journals and even publishers. These developments reveal how sharing generates many benefits, all of which go to the integrity of the scientific process. Yet, sharing remains a complex phenomenon. This Editorial explains the journal’s response to the publisher’s mandate to establish an appropriate data sharing policy for the Journal of Youth and Adolescence. It describes the need to balance the benefits of sharing with its costs for authors publishing in multidisciplinary, developmental science journals like this one. For this journal and at this time, that balance leads us to err on the side of caution, which means supporting those who created their data and not coercing public sharing as a condition for publishing. This approach recognizes authors’ reliance on a wide variety of data, the needs of differentially situated authors, the requirements of robust peer review, and the potential harms that can come from editors’ unilateral sharing mandates.

This publication is made up of essays dealing with the experiences of the memoirist, Professor Emeritus A.B. Assensoh of Indiana University, usa, who is also a Courtesy Professor Emeritus of University of Oregon, also in the usa. It is a publication that has been enriched by the author’s wide-ranging experiences in this first volume, which is centered largely on African topical issues but, very briefly, on other geographic areas in Asia, Europe and North America, as they relate to issues being discussed by the memoirist. The second volume is expected to deal heavily with essays on the author’s experiences in the usa, as part of North America, which is also to be published by Pan-African University Press of Austin, Texas, usa. Readers cannot wait for such a timely second volume of “A Matter of Sharing”.

This article pulls together the various threads of the special issue by examining the current state of food within the US military using commissaries and PXs as a case study. It traces the growth of the commissary network during the 20th century, and its expansion during and after World War II. It also conveys how brand name foodstuffs found in commissaries, such as Kraft mayonnaise, Keebler cookies, and CW Post cereals, tell more than just the standard tale of American consumption, branding, and culinary imperialism. They also create zones of belonging, and as such, they create parameters of exclusion, especially when costs exceed a military family's budget. As this article illustrates, the attainment of Kraft cheese slices and Kellogg's Rice Krispies—or the “military-shopping complex”— works hand-in-hand with the military-industrial complex to construct the erroneous image that American soldiers and military families are basking in an abundance of healthy, brand-name foods, courtesy of Uncle Sam.

If statesmanship can be characterized as a bed rock of principles, a strong moral compass, a vision, and an ability to articulate and effect that vision, then the fortitude, tenacity, imperturbability, and resilience of William Crawford Gorgas cannot be overestimated. As Chief Sanitary Officer in Cuba and as Chief Medical Officer in Panama, he actualized strategies to eradicate the vectors of yellow fever and malaria. His superiors initially pigeonholed his requisitions, refused to provide him with any authority, and clamored for his dismissal. Nevertheless, with dogged persistence he created a coalition of the willing, who eventually implemented those reforms. As Surgeon General in the United States Army, he organized and expanded the Active Duty and Medical Reserve Corps in anticipation of World War I. Skilled university affiliated surgeons and personnel from throughout North America, manned base hospitals in Europe. Those lessons impacted upon subsequent military and civilian surgical care—organizationally, logistically, and clinically. He was universally recognized for his bonhomie, savoir-faire, modesty, discretion, decorum, courtesy, and graciousness. To those attributes must be added his devotion to duty, discipline, integrity, and authenticity, which characterized his leadership and statesmanship. Those attributes are most worthy of emulation and perpetuation by clinicians, academicians, educators, and investigators.

In 1899, Levi Edwin Dudley, the American consul at Vancouver, complained about the ways that Canadian and American police officers enacted justice along their shared border. During one of Dudley's investigations into alleged abuses, he spoke with a Canadian officer about the ways that local agents on both sides of the border approached their jobs. The officer, speaking under conditions of anonymity, noted that “on the border here we must do things in an irregular way in order to preserve the peace.” The ability of criminals to move back and forth across the line forced American and Canadian officers to “‘stand in’ with each other, [or] we should have the country filled with desperadoes.” American officers transferred criminals over to Canadian agents without proper clearance and Canadian officers later returned the favor. This system of irregular justice utilized informal prisoner exchanges built on local understandings, professional courtesy, and mutual concern to circumvent the slow, uncertain, and expensive extradition process. For Dudley, this kind of behavior threatened the liberty of citizens in both countries. For the officers tasked with policing a region of bisecting jurisdictions, it was a necessary evil.

*UPDATE: On June 18, 2018, after this article went to press, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on two high-profile cases related to partisan gerrymandering. In effect, the rulings sidestepped the issue of when partisan gerrymandering is unconstitutional. Both cases—one concerning voting districts in Wisconsin, the other in Maryland—were sent back to lower courts. On June 25, the SCOTUS ruled on two other cases—in Texas and North Carolina—that will mostly let stand the use of purportedly gerrymandered maps. On January 9, 2018, a trio of federal judges made history when they ruled that the boundaries of North Carolina’s congressional voting districts gave an unfair advantage to Republican candidates. It was the first case in the nation in which a federal court had declared congressional maps unconstitutional because of intentional bias in favor of one party. The case was all the more remarkable because the court decision relied in part on mathematical tools that can probe the practice of gerrymandering—the drawing of voting districts to give an intentional advantage to one party. Changing the boundaries of voting districts can have a significant impact on an election outcome. North Carolina’s 2012 election districting map (bottom) led to Republicans winning nine seats and Democrats winning four. North Carolina’s redistricting for the 2016 election (middle map) led to Republicans winning 10 seats and Democrats winning three seats. But an arguably fairer redistricting plan (top), produced by retired judges, would have led to Republicans winning seven seats and Democrats the other six in 2012; it would have been nine seats for Republicans and four for Democrats in 2016. Image courtesy of Jonathan Mattingly (Duke University, Durham, NC). It would be one of many gerrymandering cases. In February, the US Supreme Court rejected a request by Republican lawmakers to stay a lower court's decision—which …

Jus gentium is a system of rules of law that takes its origins even from the inter-ethnic Roman law, that contains the basic principles of regulation of both internal and international law. Thanks to the jus gentium the customary general principles of law and the general principles of international law have been transferred from the ancient law to the middle ages when they were established as well as. Most of the general principles of law of peoples have become today the imperative principles of international law, and the general principles, that were developed by the Roman jurists, foremost, it is the principles of equality, justice, and humanism, that were reciprocated by the law of European states, eventually transformed into the general principles of national law, and through them - the basic principles of international law. Jus gentium made a significant impact on the formation of the basic principles of international law on the European continent, and later on - universal international law. In the structure of Roman law, three main elements were distinguished: jus civile, jus naturale, jus gentium. The main source of international law is usually jus gentium, but today international law also accumulates the general principles of law (jus naturale) and universally recognized principles of domestic law (jus civile), which is confirmed by the norm of art. 38 of the Charter of the United Nations. In jus gentium, we find the origins of the principle of sovereignty, establishes the principle of bona fide compliance, the principle of mutual courtesy (comitas gentium), develops the principle of succession, there are first principles of territorial space, the principle of res judicata - the principle of binding for the parties to the court decision. Most procedural and technical principles have their source jus gentium.

Peer-reviewed articles are the currency of science. They create knowledge and enable discovery. Despite this fundamental role, peer-reviewed articles tend to be written in a dry, dense, and impersonal style that can be challenging to read and understand (1⇓⇓–4). There are many potential benefits for writing in a more accessible style, from promoting much-needed communication among disciplines to making science more accessible to a broader community (5, 6). But good writing takes time for both the author who writes it and the institutions that teach it. So, is there really any benefit to writing better? We believe there is, and we believe our preliminary research underscores that conclusion. Our preliminary results suggest that better-written journal articles garner a bigger, broader audience for authors’ work. Image courtesy of Tullio Rossi (artist). To address the impact of better, clearer writing, we analyzed 130 peer-reviewed articles for 11 measurable components of writing style so that each component could be scored with minimal subjectivity (Table 1). These 11 components broadly reflect the principles of clarity, creativity, and narrative structure and are considered either common ailments of academic writing, such as the overuse of acronyms and noun chunks, or common remedies to improve academic writing, such as signposting (1, 3, 7, 8). View this table: Table 1. Measures of writing … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: sean.connell{at}adelaide.edu.au. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Licensing and investment services conducted by the Office of Licensing and Investment Services (KPPI) Jambi City has been satisfactory. Elements of satisfactory service are the suitability of service requirements, expertise and skills of officers, courtesy and friendliness of officers, fairness of costs, comfort of the environment, security of service, response in handling complaints, notices relating to decisions and provisions, ease of procedure, clarity and certainty of officers, discipline of officers, speed of service, fairness to obtain services, suitability of costs, accuracy of schedule, fairness according to rules, responsibility of officers, ease of obtaining information , while that includes the unsatisfactory official way of society in channeling aspirations. Based on the level of importance of service elements service procedures are the most important elements followed by the performance of officers, speed and accuracy of schedule, reasonable costs, comfort and most recently are supporting facilities.

The media play an important role in road safety and have a significant influence on road user behaviours. This is achieved through educating road users and communicating safety issues. The issue of cycling safety was again prominent in 2014 when the Queensland Government in Australia trialled new laws to improve cycling conditions. In Australia, the relationship between cyclists and motorists has been described as “road wars”, and a one metre passing law was introduced to reduce cycling fatalities and improve road sharing. The aim of this study was to examine the media portrayal of cyclists and cycling following the introduction of the changes. A content analysis of 12 Queensland daily newspapers was undertaken to investigate topics in relation to the new laws, cycling safety, road wars, road factors, accidents, and blame. Data was collected between April, 2014 and January, 2015, with a sample of 467 story items. Analysis of the stories showed a highly negative portrayal of the new laws and cyclists, particularly through user-generated content. The implications for road safety and future road safety-related media activities are discussed.

The 1951 Festival of Britain has long been seen as a key moment in the country’s post-war history – especially in terms of popularising modern architecture and contemporary interior design, as well as symbolising the transition from acute economic austerity to a long period of relative affluence. However, successive writers have largely or completely ignored sport’s role in the Festival project. This paper argues that, in fact, sporting fixtures played an important role in the national and local festivities which were staged between May and September 1951. Their range, diversity and popularity means that the Festival should begin to be seen as a more successful and less insular event than previous studies have suggested. On the other hand, the support that such fixtures received from various newspapers and via the airwaves – courtesy of the BBC – indicates that the Festival faced far less media (and, indeed, political) opposition than its organisers liked to suggest and most historians have hither...

South Korea had numerous fatalities and wounded soldiers during the Korean War and the Vietnam War, and the country is still losing soldiers to a considerable number of injuries and deaths to accidents caused by perilous conditions for conscripted soldiers. Those ‘highly devotional individuals’ who sacrificed their lives and well-being for the welfare of their state are the very subjects of the veterans’ affairs policy. The soldiers of war and public casualties are compensated under the Military Pension Act, the Military Service Law and the Courtesy Law. Putting aside the basic idea, the benefits that the primary subjects (the soldiers of war and public casualties) of the veterans’ policies receive is far inferior than those civilians receive in compensation for accidents. It is necessary to review the Country Compensation Law, which has excluded soldiers from the Country Compensation Claim Right. And medical care and educational support is essential.

The families of Dylan Klebold, Eric Harris, and Adam Lanza have been blamed for raising sons who became school killers. The mothers, in particular, have been portrayed as failed parents because of their sons’ actions. We applied Goffman’s concept of courtesy (associated) stigma to analyze readers’ responses on CBS and The Huffington News weblogs and to determine if the fathers, mothers, or both parents were singled out for blame. Content analysis indicated that the mothers were always blamed for their sons’ actions; no one blamed the fathers. We concluded that courtesy stigma and gender rules are closely related in framing these responses.

When the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine released a long-awaited report on human genome editing in February 2017, it was met with the media attention that befits a signal moment in science policy. Among a raft of measured recommendations, the report notes that heritable modifications to human DNA could be allowed in the future under strict regulatory oversight and solely for the purpose of treating serious diseases for which people have no recourse to reasonable alternatives (1). The result of year-long deliberations by an international committee of experts in science, law, and bioethics, the report’s guidelines were largely unsurprising to many in the scientific community, given the intense scientific ferment in the field of genome editing and the handful of ongoing clinical trials involving nonheritable changes to the human genome. But some scholars strenuously objected to the recommendation on heritable genome editing, raising the specter of a future in which the fabric of society is unstitched by unequal access and genetic discrimination. Yet the report brims with cautionary language that counsels against the use of heritable editing except as a last resort, and only when such interventions are proven to be safe, when regulatory agencies are adequately equipped to oversee them, and when the tide of public opinion turns in their favor. Proving the need for such an abundance of caution, preliminary reports on editing mutations in viable human embryos grown in the laboratory suggest that the technique is far from ready for the clinic. PNAS asked Alta Charo, a professor of law and bioethics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, who cochaired the committee behind the report, and George Church, a geneticist at Harvard Medical School, who works at the forefront of genome editing, to share their thoughts on the recommendations. George Church. Image courtesy …

> This is my simple advocacy: the fruitfulness of recognizing the strengths and the claims of, on one side, our theories and conventions, that should not be held dogmatically, and, on the other, the realities, that are in some ways obdurate but often remarkably and fascinatingly malleable. To seek to live only a life of the mind at one pole, or of materiality at the other, or of coercive power from either, is to impoverish one's self, one's discipline, and one's smaller or greater community.1 Stanford Anderson was an architect, teacher, historian, urbanist, and critic of architecture (Figure 1). From the start of his career he studied the relationships of culture and society with design, seeking to refine a theoretical framework for understanding the architectural discipline, its constraints and potentials for supporting and enhancing life. Through sustained and probing studies of Peter Behrens, Hermann Muthesius, Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto, Eladio Dieste, and others, Stan examined design with an architect's precision and a scholar's rigor. He identified himself as a member of the generation contending with postwar reactions against modernism; his historical, theoretical, and critical work can be interpreted as an energetic and unrelenting defense of architecture as a rational endeavor and of modernism as a liberating force. Figure 1 Stanford Anderson (photo courtesy of Nancy Royal). Born in Minnesota, Stan was raised in South Dakota before returning to Minnesota for an undergraduate degree in architecture. He earned a master's degree in architecture from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1958 and conducted dissertation research on Behrens supported by a Fulbright Fellowship in Munich in 1961–62, receiving a doctorate from Columbia University in 1968. In 1962–63 Stan taught at the Architectural Association in London. He was then invited by Henry Millon to join the architecture faculty at MIT in 1963, and together they …

The stigmatisation of families of people in prison has been well-documented in research which explored the experiences of these families. However there has, to date, been very little theorisation of this phenomenon. This article proposes a model of stigmatisation that brings together social psychological work on opinion formation, sociological work on stigma, and analyses of neoliberalism to construct a theoretical framework for analysing why someone associated to a in prison might experience stigma. It argues that stereotypes play a strong role in demonising both people who offend and their families, which is exacerbated by the fact that many of these families are drawn from marginalised backgrounds. Thus, the proposed model considers both courtesy stigma, but also stigma associated with class, race, and poverty. Moreover, it is argued that neoliberalism as a political and economic project has further weaponised this stigma, turning the socially excluded into deviant “others” to be shunned and feared. The stigma families of people in prison report is thus both multi-faceted and cumulative. It originates from their link to someone in prison and their socially excluded backgrounds, and is magnified by neoliberalism. Understanding this complexity allows us to fully comprehend not only why these families are stigmatised, but also to develop the scholarship on stigma more broadly by drawing on social psychology. Finally, it helps us develop an understanding of how neoliberal punitivism reaches beyond the people in prison and into the lives of those related to them.