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International audience; We detail results of an experiment performed at the Laser Mégajoule (LMJ) facilityaimed at studying transition from supersonic radiation front to shock front in a lowdensity CHOBr foam enclosed in a plastic tube driven by thermal emission producedin a laser heated spherical gold cavity. Time resolved 2D hard x-ray radiographyimaging using a Sc source (photon energy at ~ 4.3 keV) is employed to measure thedensity perturbation front position, absorption, curvature and shocked materialcompression (defined as the compressed foam density normalized to its nominal value)from the supersonic to the subsonic regimes of propagation. Between these two regimeswhere compression goes from 1 (limited hydrodynamics) to 4 (strong shock formed), aquick increase of the foam compression is observed at the transition time tHS =6.75±0.75 ns, corresponding to the transient transonic regime (HS means“hydrodynamically separated” and refers to the instant when the shock and the radiationfront physically separate). This time is associated to a foam compression ratio of ~2and a Mach number of the slowing down front below M < 2. Experimental results aresuccessfully compared to 3D hydrodynamics simulations; comparisons never presentedfor that regime in past similar studies to our knowledge. Simulations show that thetransition time tHS is sensitive to the radiation closure of the tube entrance. This closure, which occurs in 3D, affects the amount of x-ray energy coupled from the laser heatedcavity to the CHOBr foam, and consequently the transient transonic regime dynamics.

We report a laser-plasma experiment that was carried out at the LMJ-PETAL facility and realized the first magnetized, turbulent, supersonic plasma with a large magnetic Reynolds number ($\mathrm{Rm} \approx 45$) in the laboratory. Initial seed magnetic fields were amplified, but only moderately so, and did not become dynamically significant. A notable absence of magnetic energy at scales smaller than the outer scale of the turbulent cascade was also observed. Our results support the notion that moderately supersonic, low-magnetic-Prandtl-number plasma turbulence is inefficient at amplifying magnetic fields., 6 pages, 4 figures; supplemental information included (14 pages, 10 figures)

International audience; We present an experiment performed in 2016 at the LULI2000 laser facility in which X-ray and XUV absorption structures of nickel hot plasmas were measured simultaneously. Such experiments may provide stringent tests of the accuracy of plasma atomic-physics codes used to the modeling of plasmas close to local thermodynamic equilibrium. The experimental setup relies on a symmetric heating of the sample foil by two gold hohlraums in order to reduce the spatial gradients. The plasma conditions are characterized by temperatures between 10 and 20 eV and densities of the order of 10$^{−3}$ g/cm $^3$-10$^{−2}$ g/cm$^3$. For the X-ray part, we investigate the 2p-3d and 2p-4d transitions, and for the XUV part, we recorded the $\Delta$n = 0 (n = 3) transitions, which present a high sensitivity to plasma temperature. These latter transitions are of particular interest because, in mid-Z plasmas, they dominate the Planck and Rosseland mean opacities. Measured spectra are compared to calculations performed using the hybrid opacity code SCO-RCG and the Flexible Atomic Code (FAC). The influence of a spectator electron on the calculated spectra is analyzed using the latter code.

The advent of high-power lasers facilities such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF), and the Laser Megajoule (LMJ) in the near future, opens a new era in the field of High Energy Density Laboratory Astrophysics. These versatile laser facilities will provide unique platforms to study the rich physics of nonlinear and turbulent mixing flows. The extended laser pulse duration could be harnessed to accelerate targets over much larger distances and longer time periods than previously achieved. We report on the first results acquired on NIF with the ablative Rayleigh–Taylor Instability (RTI) platform. A 20-ns X-ray drive is tailored to accelerate planar modulated samples into the highly-nonlinear bubble merger regime. Based on the analogy between flames front and ablation front, highly nonlinear RTI measurements at ablation front can provide important insights into the initial deflagration stage of thermonuclear supernova of Type Ia. We also report on an innovative concept used to create even longer drive on multi-beam laser facilities. The multi-barrel hohlraum (Gattling Gun) approach consists, here, of three adjacent cavities, driven in succession in time. This novel concept has been validated on the Omega EP laser system. The three cavities were irradiated with three 6–10 ns pulse UV beams and a 30 ns, 90 eV X-ray radiation drive was measured with the time-resolved X-ray spectrometer μDMX. This concept is promising to investigate the pillar structures in the Eagle Nebula or for photoionization studies which require a steady light source of sufficient duration to recreate relevant physics.

The advent of high-power lasers facilities such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF), and Laser Megajoule (LMJ) in the near future opens a new era in the field of High Energy Density Laboratory Astrophysics. The LMJ, keystone of the French Simulation Program, is under construction at CEA/CESTA and will deliver 1.5 MJ with 176 beamlines. The first physics experiments on LMJ will be performed at the end of 2014 with 2 quadruplets (8 beams). The operational capabilities (number of beams and plasma diagnostics) will increase gradually during the following years. We describe the current status of the LMJ facility and the first set of diagnostics to be used during the commissioning phase and the first experiments. The PETAL project (PETawatt Aquitaine Laser), part of the CEA opening policy, consists in the addition of one short-pulse (500 fs to 10 ps) ultra-high-power, high-energy beam (a few kJ compressed energy) to the LMJ facility. PETAL is focalized into the LMJ target chamber and could be used alone or in combination with LMJ beams. In the later case, PETAL will offer a combination of a very high intensity multi-petawatt beam, synchronized with the nanosecond beams of the LMJ. PETAL, which is devoted to the academic research, will also extend the LMJ diagnostic capabilities. Specific diagnostics adapted to PETAL capacities are being fabricated in order to characterize particles and radiation yields that can be created by PETAL. A first set of diagnostics will measure the particles (protons/ions/electrons) spectrum (0.1–200 MeV range) and will also provide point projection proton-radiography capability. LMJ/PETAL, like previously the LIL laser [X. Julien et al., Proc. SPIE 7916 (2011) 791610], will be open to the academic community. Laboratory astrophysics experiments have already been performed on the LIL facility, as for example radiative shock experiments and planetary interiors equation of state measurements.

A novel concept for using hybrid targets to create multi-keV X-ray sources was tested on the GEKKO XII facility of the OSAKA University and on the OMEGA facility of the University of Rochester. The sources were made via laser irradiation of a titanium foil placed at the end of a plastic cylinder, filled with a very low-density (2 and 5 mg/cm3) silicon-dioxide aerogel that was designed to control the longitudinal expansion of the titanium plasma. Preliminary calculations were used to determine optimal conditions for the aerogel density, cylinder diameter and length that maximize multi-keV X-ray emission. The X-ray emission power was measured on OMEGA using absolutely calibrated broad-band, diode-based CEA diagnostics, in addition to high resolution crystal spectrometers. On GEKKO XII, the heat wave propagation velocity in the aerogel was also measured with an X-ray framing camera. The advantage of using the thermal wave generated in the aerogel to heat a solid material to increase the conversion efficiency has not been fully demonstrated in these experiments. However, it was shown that a 5 mg/cm3 aerogel placed in front of a titanium foil can improve the x-ray conversion efficiency with respect to the case of 2 mg/cm3 for some target diameter and length.

The time resolved crystal x-ray spectrometers called SXDHR-lt of the Ligne d’Integration laser is presented. It is necessary to calibrate all x-ray sensitive elements of diagnostics before using them in laser matter interaction experiments. In particular, crystals need to be calibrated. Measurements of the integrated coefficient of reflection of a beryl cylindrical crystal used in this spectrometer were performed with synchrotron radiation and with an x-ray tube and are presented. A test of the homogeneity of the reflection of the crystal was also performed. Aging or accidental pollution of x-ray diagnostics installed around target chambers is always possible. This happened to the DMX broadband spectrometer installed on the OMEGA Laser Facility at the University of Rochester (Laboratory for Laser Energetics) and this changed the spectral sensitivity of its channels. The evolution over time of the x-ray sensitivity needs to be critically assessed and if necessary x-ray sensitive elements will need to be recalibrated.

X-ray transmission spectra of copper, nickel and aluminum laser produced plasmas were measured at the LULI2000 laser facility with an improved target design of indirect heating. Measurements were performed in plasmas close to local thermodynamic equilibrium at temperatures around 25 eV and densities between 10−3 g/cm3 and 10−2 g/cm3. This improved design provides several advantages, which are discussed in this paper. The sample is a thin foil of mid-Z material inserted between two gold cavities heated by two 300J, 2ω, nanosecond laser beams. A third laser beam irradiates a gold foil to create a spectrally continuous X-ray source (backlight) used to probe the sample. We investigate 2p–3d absorption structures in Ni and Cu plasmas as well as 1s–2p transitions in an additional Al plasma layer to infer the in-situ plasma temperature. Geometric and hydrodynamic calculations indicate that the improved geometry reduces spatial gradients during the transmission measurements. Experimental absorption spectra are in good agreement with calculations from the hybrid atomic physics code SCO-RCG.

This work describes measurements of laser propagation through very low-density aerogels and subsequent multi-keV photon production from titanium foils. For efficient foil heating, SiO 2 aerogel with densities of 2 and 5 mg/cm 3 have been cast into a plastic cylinder, which are then mounted to Ti foils that are 3–20 μm thick. Experiments have been performed on the GEKKO-XII laser facility to characterize laser propagation through the aerogel and X-ray production from the Ti foil. Multi-keV emission is diagnosed with a full set of diagnostics giving laser-to-X-ray conversion efficiencies, time-dependent X-ray power and two-dimensional X-ray imaging.

In high flux (1013–15 W/cm2) laser-plasma interaction, a large part of the incoming laser energy is radiated into soft x-rays. To determine both the shape of this spectrum and the conversion efficiency, we have designed and tested an absolutely calibrated broadband soft x-ray spectrometer with a high temporal resolution (100 ps). The detector in this spectrometer is a new coaxial x-ray diode coupled with a fast single shot oscilloscope (French IN7100 with 7 GHz frequency response cutoff). Both absolute calibrations (x-ray response of diodes) and relative calibrations (filters and mirrors) have used the French synchrotron beam lines at Laboratoire pour l’utilisation du Rayonnement Electromagnetique (LURE) in Orsay. The initial version of this instrument was first successfully implemented on laser plasmas experiments at the Phebus facility in France and an improved version is now operating at the Omega laser facility in Rochester, New York. The emitted x-ray spectrum is absolutely measured in 18 broad bands...

The feasibility of efficient X-ray sources for radiography on the LMJ (Laser MegaJoule) in the multi-kJ/ns range was demonstrated on the OMEGA laser facility (Univ. Rochester) from 2002 to 2004 [1,2]. We significantly enhanced the conversion efficiency of titanium (4–6 keV), copper (8–10 keV) and germanium (9–13 keV) foils by using an optimized pre-pulse/pulse combination. Since higher X-ray energy and therefore electronic temperature need hydroconfinement, plastic cylindrical hohlraums internally coated with titanium, copper and germanium with various OMEGA beam configurations were successfully tested from 2005 to 2009 [3–5]. In addition, many shots with metal-doped aerogel (Ti, Fe, Ge) were tested on OMEGA [6].Recently we tested a new concept of “HYBRID sources” based on the combination of a thin titanium foil at the exit hole of a plastic cylinder filled with very low density SiO 2 aerogel (2 and 5 mg/cc). The benefit of the underdense medium is, first, to transport the laser energy to the titanium foil after its conversion into a supersonic ionization front and, second, to prevent foil expansion and excessive kinetic energy losses by longitudinal hydroconfinement.

In 2009 a series of metal-lined hohlraums were tested on the Omega laser facility. The main aims of the campaign were to improve our understanding of the multi-keV energy production and our capability to numerically reproduce the measured conversion efficiencies (CE's). Two studies have been primarily planned: the effect of the metallic plasma mean ionization states and that of hydrodynamics. Six targets were experimented for which the metallic materials (titanium, copper, germanium), the cavity diameter, and the irradiation energy were varied. Here we compare experimental and calculated results. The numerical simulations are performed with the 2D hydro-radiative code FCI2. For all the cavities, the measured multi-keV x-ray powers versus time are qualitatively well reproduced by the simulations, indicating that hohlraum hydrodynamics seems to be well calculated. But we have an underestimation by a factor of ∼2 for the calculated CEs versus experimental values for titanium and copper hohlraums. By contrast there is a good agreement between measurements and calculations for the germanium hohlraum. To explain these results, we have calculated off-line integrated emissivities for couples of (ρ, Te) values contributing to the multi-keV production with several non-local-thermal-equilibrium (NLTE) atomic physics models.

We use the LIL (Ligne d'Integration Laser ) facility to study the coalescence of two planar shocks in an indirectly-driven planar sample of polystyrene. This experiment represents the preliminary stage of the future shock-timing campaign for the Laser Megajoule (LMJ). The main objectives are to validate the experimental concept and to test the numerical simulations. We used a gold spherical hohlraum to convert into X-ray the 351 nm wavelength laser pulse and to initiate the two shocks in the sample. To access time resolved shock velocities and temperature, we used two rear-side diagnostics: a VISAR (Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflection) working at two different wavelengths and a streaked optical self-emission diagnostic. We observed the coalesced shock, in good agreement with the numerical simulations. We also observed a loss of signal during the first nanoseconds probably due to sample heating from the hohlraum X-ray flux.

An x-ray grating spectrometer was built in order to measure opacities in the 50 eV to 250 eV spectral range with an average spectral resolution ⟨E/δE⟩ ∼ 50. It has been used at the LULI-2000 laser facility at Ecole Polytechnique (France) to measure the Δn = 0, n = 3 transitions of several elements with neighboring atomic number: Cr, Fe, Ni, and Cu in the same experimental conditions. Hence a spectrometer with a wide spectral range is required. This spectrometer features one line of sight looking through a heated sample at backlighter emission. It is outfitted with one toroidal condensing mirror and several flat mirrors cutting off higher energy photons. The spectral dispersion is obtained with a flatfield grating. Detection consists of a streak camera sensitive to soft x-ray radiation. Some experimental results showing the performance of this spectrometer are presented.

This Letter presents first experimental results of the laser imprint reduction in fusion scale plasmas using a low-density foam layer. The experiments were conducted on the LIL facility at the energy level of 12 kJ with millimeter-size plasmas, reproducing the conditions of the initial interaction phase in the direct-drive scheme. The results include the generation of a supersonic ionization wave in the foam and the reduction of the initial laser fluctuations after propagation through 500 {mu}m of foam with limited levels of stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering. The smoothing mechanisms are analyzed and explained.

Experimental investigation of stimulated Raman (SRS) and Brillouin (SBS) scattering have been obtained at the Ligne-d'Integration-Laser facility (LIL, CEA-Cesta, France). The parametric instabilities (LPI) are driven by firing four laser beamlets (one quad) into millimeter size, gas-filled hohlraum targets. A quad delivers energy on target of 15 kJ at 3ω in a 6-ns shaped laser pulse. The quad is focused by means of 3ω gratings and is optically smoothed with a kinoform phase plate and with smoothing by spectral dispersion-like 2 GHz and/or 14 GHz laser bandwidth. Open- and closed-geometry hohlraums have been used, all being filled with 1-atm, neo-pentane (C5H12) gas. For SRS and SBS studies, the light backscattered into the focusing optics is analyzed with spectral and time resolutions. Near-backscattered light at 3ω and transmitted light at 3ω are also monitored in the open geometry case. Depending on the target geometry (plasma length and hydrodynamic evolution of the plasma), it is shown that, at maximu...

A direct experimental comparison of rugby-shaped and cylindrical shaped gas-filled hohlraums on the Omega laser facility demonstrates that higher coupling and minimal backscatter can be achieved in the rugby geometry, leading to significantly enhanced implosion performance. A nearly 50% increase of x-ray drive is associated with earlier bangtime and increase of neutron production. The observed drive enhancement from rugby geometry in this study is almost twice stronger than in previously published results.

We present the first results from high-energy-density laboratory astrophysics experiments that explore the hydrodynamic and radiative properties of a reverse shock relevant to a cataclysmic variable system. A reverse shock is a shock wave that develops when a freely flowing, supersonic plasma is impeded. In our experiments, performed on the Omega Laser Facility, a laser pulse is used to accelerate plasma ejecta into a vacuum. This flow is directed into an Al plate in front of which a shock forms in the rebounding plasma. The plasma flow is moving fast enough that it is shocked to high enough temperatures that radiative cooling affects the shock structure. These are the first experiments to produce a radiative reverse shock wave.

The performance of new iron-based laser-driven x-ray sources has been tested at the OMEGA laser facility for production of x rays in the 6.5–8.5 keV range. Two types of targets were experimentally investigated: low-density iron oxide aerogels (density 6−16 mg/cm3) and stainless steel foil-lined cavity targets (steel thickness 1−5 μm). The targets were irradiated by 40 beams of the OMEGA laser (500 J/beam, 1 ns pulse, wavelength 351 nm). All targets showed good coupling with the laser, with

should be replaced by Table I andFigure 1 below.Modified sentences are the followings. Conversion effi-ciencies (CEs) obtained from titanium L-type hohlraum are3.6% and more than 7% for the S-type hohlraum with thesquared laser pulse shape. The Ti-halfraum gives a CE of6.7%, very comparable to the S-type hohlraum ones. HEN-WAY spectrometer gives higher values than DMX, and as aconsequence, the argument of LEH apparent size is not validanymore. For titanium, conversion efficiencies are up to!7% into 4p integrating between 4.6 and 6.5 keV, when alarge-inner-diameter hohlraum is used with a squared laserpulse shape. As titanium emitters at 4.7 keV, lined hohl-raums are less efficient than gas targets, which are consid-ered as an upper limit for x-ray yields since their low densityallows good laser absorption and small kinetic losses. Tita-nium-hohlraum CEs are comparable than those fromexploded foils.

We present an overview of recent experiments fielded on the LIL facility. A key issue for mega-joule class laser facilities is shrapnel fragment generation. A specific collector was therefore developed to capture debris in aerogel and dedicated shots were done to quantitatively evaluate target fragmentation phenomena. The LIL panel of transmitted and backscattered light diagnostics is well suited for laser-plasma interaction (LPI) experiments. This include gas-filled hohlraum configurations relevant to Indirect Drive ignition targets in order to test the specific LMJ longitudinal SSD technique, as well as LPI experiments with foam targets for laser beam smoothing in underdense plasma in the context of Direct Drive. After Visar commissioning a campaign was dedicated to boron Equation of State (EOS).

The x-ray yields from laser-irradiated germanium-doped ultra-low-density aerogel plasmas have been measured in the energy range from sub-keV to ≈15 keV at the OMEGA laser facility at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester. The targets’ x-ray yields have been studied for variation in target size, aerogel density, laser pulse length, and laser intensity. For targets that result in plasmas with electron densities in the range of ≈10% of the critical density for 3ω light, one can expect 10–11 J/sr of x rays with energies above 9 keV, and 600–800 J/sr for energies below 3.5 keV. In addition to the x-ray spectral yields, the x-ray temporal waveforms have been measured and it is observed that the emitted x rays generally follow the delivered laser power, with late-time enhancements of emitted x-ray power correlated with hydrodynamic compression of the hot plasma. Further, the laser energy reflected from the target by plasma instabilities is found to be 2%–7% of the incident energy for indiv...

As multi-keV x-ray radiators, hohlraums and halfraums with inner walls coated with metallic materials (called liner) have been tested for the first time with laser as the energy drive. For titanium, conversion efficiencies (CEs) are up to ∼14% for emission into 4π, integrating between 4.6 and 6.5 keV when a large diameter hohlraum is used. Germanium CE is ∼0.8% into 4π between 9 and 13 keV. The highest CEs have been obtained with a 1 ns squared pulse and phase plates giving laser absorption near 99%. These high CEs are due to long-lasting, good plasma conditions for multi-keV x-ray production maintained by plasma confinement inside the plastic cylinder and plasma collision leading to a burst of x rays at a time that depends on target size. As photon emitters at 4.7 keV, titanium-lined hohlraums are the most efficient solid targets and data are close to CEs for gas targets, which are considered as the upper limit for x-ray yields since their low density allows good laser absorption and low kinetics losses....

The Ligne d'Integration Laser (LIL) facility has been designed as a prototype for the Laser MegaJoule (LMJ) which is a cornerstone of the French 'Simulation Program'. This laser has been intensively used to test and improve the LMJ components. In addition, a large panel of plasma diagnostics has been installed and is currently used to perform laser–plasma experiments. After a brief discussion about the LIL design, we present the last results in various plasma physics domains.

A set of materials—titanium, copper, and germanium—has been experimented with at the OMEGA laser facility [Boehly, Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] by irradiating thin foils with a prepulse prior to a main pulse with variable delay, in order to design efficient x-ray laser-sources for backlighting, material testing, and code validation. This concept led to increasing factors from 2 to 4 comparing to cases without prepulse, in the experimental conditions. As a result, high multi-keV x-ray conversion rates have been obtained: 9% for titanium around 4keV, 1% for copper around 8keV, and 2.5 to 3% for germanium around 10keV, which places these pre-exploded metallic targets close to the gas with respect to their performance, with wider energy range. A good agreement with hydroradiative code FCI2 [Schurtz, Phys. Plasmas 7, 4238 (2000)] calculations is found for titanium and copper on all diagnostics, with nonlocal-thermal-equilibrium atomic physics and, either nonlocal thermal conduction taking self-generated B-fields into account, or limited thermal conduction with intensity-dependent factor f. The results for germanium indicate that dielectronic processes could play a more significant role when higher irradiation intensity on higher Z material.

Implosion of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsule is very sensitive to the growth of sphericity perturbations. The control of the feeding of such perturbations and their transport ('feedthrough') through the ablator is a key point to reach ignition. Since 2002 [1, 2], experiments have been designed and performed on the Omega laser facility in order to study these phenomena in planar geometry. A new 'rugby shaped' hohlraum was used [3, 4]. We present experimental results and comparisons with numerical simulations.

This paper presents experimental results obtained at LULI 2000 and LIL about (i) the compared laser plasma coupling at 526 (2ω) and 351 nm (3ω) and (ii) the early laser imprint suppression using foam targets as plasma smoother of the laser beam. Both experiments are described, part of the experimental results are presented and discussed.

Feasability of efficient X-ray sources for LMJ (LaserMegaJoule) targets radiography in the multi-keV/ns regime was demonstrated on OMEGA laser facility (University of Rochester) from 2002 to 2004 [1][2][3]. We significantly enhanced the conversion efficiency of titanium, copper and germanium foils using an optimized prepulse/pulse combination [4]. Since higher X-ray energy and therefore high electronic temperature require more confinement, we built and successfully tested in 2005, plastic cylindrical hohlraums internally coated with titanium in various OMEGA beam configurations, pulse types (with and without prepulse) and target designs. The conversion efficiency (CE), depends on hohlraum length and diameter and the highest CE was measured above 17%, which is better than any other x-ray sources in this photon energy range (i.e. 4.7 keV). The best experimental setup was a 2-cone irradiation scheme without prepulse i.e. the simplest and the most economic configuration in view of radiographic purposes. These studies were carried on in february 2007 with Ge-lined hohlraums and Ti-lined halfraums. We describe and show comparisons between experimental results (time integrated and resolved x-ray imaging, pinholes and x-ray diode) with 2D hydrorad simulations.

The Laser Integration Line (LIL) is part of the Laser Megajoule (LMJ) project. The LMJ installation, which is of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) class, will deliver 1.8MJ at 0.35μm wavelength on target with 60 quadruplets of elementary beams. The energy on target of LIL is 30kJ corresponding to one quadruplet, it is housed in a separate building and has its own experimental setup. Target diagnostics have been progressively installed in the LIL target area. Energy and imaging diagnostics as well as the broadband and high resolution spectrometers have been fabricated in the frame of a unique industrial contract. Optical pointers are used to align the diagnostics to the target. The supervisory system controlling the diagnostics configuration and data acquisition is now able to manage cooperative and Commissariat a l’ Energie Atomique (CEA) shots. The calibration data base is accessible from the processing network and will very soon include the characterization of all the streaked, gated, and charge coup...

In the context of target design for multi-keV x-ray laser-produced experiments, the concept of exploding metallic thin foils by two laser pulses delayed in time has been tested at the OMEGA laser facility [J. M. Soures, R. L. McCrory, C. P. Verdon et al., Phys. Plasma 3, 2108 (1996)]. The first laser pulse creates an underdense plasma (ne∕nc≈0.2), and the second laser pulse heats the plasma plume which produces strong line emission from the titanium K shell (Heα at 4.7 keV and Hα at 4.9 keV). Six OMEGA beams (500-ps duration) for the prepulse and nine beams (1-ns duration) for the heating pulse irradiate one side of the foil. Different experimental conditions have been investigated in order to optimize the conversion efficiency enhancement on titanium foils. The influences of the foil thicknesses (5 and 6 μm), the delays (3, 4, and 5 ns) between the laser pulses, and the laser intensities (1.3 and 2.2×1015Wcm−2) have been tested. The absolute output power was measured by a set of filtered x-ray diodes, gi...