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In line with the current turn towards the study of material culture in Translation Studies, this paper explores community translation in Edmonton through the case study of the Newcomer’s Guide to Edmonton (NGE). A 63-page handbook of essential information for new residents published by the City of Edmonton (2016), the NGE was translated into 7 languages in a project that employed community translators. This research examines community translation as both a materially and a culturally situated practice. We discuss how the materialities of communication and translation (Littau, 2016) can be addressed through this case study on community translation (Taibi and Ozolins, 2016). We also look at the process of community translation, specifically, the material conditions under which community translators work, often as volunteers with limited training who serve newcomers. We explore the case of the translation of the NGE as a culturally situated practice where community translators faced the particularities not only of the material translated, but also of the local context and target communities. Our research suggests that the process of the NGE’s translation not only empowered translators to make appropriate choices for their local communities, but also developed strategies for elevating the quality of the final product., Dans le sillage du tournant actuel vers l’étude de la culture matérielle dans le domaine de la traductologie, nous explorons dans cet article la situation de la traduction communautaire à Edmonton à travers l’étude de cas du Newcomer’s Guide to Edmonton (NGE). Le NGE est un document de 63 pages publié par la ville d’Edmonton en 2016 regroupant des informations essentielles pour les nouveaux résidents. Traduit en 7 langues, le NGE a été réalisé par des traducteurs communautaires. Cette recherche examine la traduction communautaire en tant que pratique située du point de vue matériel et culturel. Nous discutons la manière dont les matérialités de la communication et de la traduction (Littau, 2016) peuvent être abordées à travers cette étude de cas sur la traduction communautaire (Taibi and Ozolins, 2016). Nous examinons également le processus de traduction communautaire, en particulier, les conditions matérielles dans lesquelles les traducteurs communautaires travaillent, souvent en tant que bénévoles avec une formation limitée au service des nouveaux résidents. Nous explorons le cas de la traduction du NGE en tant que pratique culturellement située où les traducteurs communautaires ont été confrontés aux particularités non seulement du matériel traduit, mais aussi du contexte local et des communautés cibles. Notre recherche suggère que le processus de traduction du NGE a permis aux traducteurs de faire des choix appropriés pour leurs communautés locales, mais a également développé des stratégies pour améliorer la qualité du produit final.

In the last two decades, audiovisual translation has come to be employed in an ever-widening range of contexts and media, an expansion which has been more or less reflected in research. Meanwhile, video game localization and the volunteer translation communities responsible for it have become popular research topics around the world. In Turkey, despite the existence of both volunteer communities and professional localization companies, academic studies on video game localization are scarce. To help fill this gap in the literature, the present study aims to explore the potential similarities and differences between community translation processes in volunteer and professional video game localization in Turkey. To this end, two group interviews were carried out: one with members of a volunteer video game localization community operating within the Steam Translation Server, the other with the representatives of a professional localization company in Istanbul, Turkey. The localization processes reported by the respondents were compared in the light of the typologies and processes of community translation presented in the literature. The findings from the interviews indicated that the video game localization processes followed by the two communities resembled one another in terms of management, participation, and closed community structure, but the volunteer community sometimes displayed more flexibility in these aspects and did not seem to set such strict standards. The findings thus suggest that theories of community translation need to take more account of both common and distinguishing features of online communities and offer new categorizations for blended community structures.

BACKGROUND: Early intervention is essential healthcare for stuttering, and the translation of research findings to community settings is a potential roadblock to it. AIMS: This study was designed to replicate and extend the Lidcombe Program community translation findings of O'Brian et al. (2013) but with larger participant numbers, incorporating clinicians (speech pathologists/speech anlanguage therapists) and their clients from Australia and England. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Participants were 51 clinicians working in public and private clinics across Australia (n = 36) and England (n = 15), and 121 of their young stuttering clients and their families. Outcome measures were percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS), parent severity ratings at 9 months post-recruitment, number of clinic visits to complete Stage 1 of the Lidcombe Program, and therapist drift. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Community clinicians in both countries achieved similar outcomes to those from randomized controlled trials. Therapist drift emerged as an issue with community translation. Speech and language therapists in England attained outcomes 1.0%SS above the speech pathologists in Australia, although their scores were within the range attained in randomized trials. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Community clinicians from Australia and England can attain Lidcombe Program outcome benchmarks established in randomized trials. This finding is reassuring in light of the controlled conditions in clinical trials of the Lidcombe Program compared with its conduct in community practice. The long-term impact of therapist drift in community clinical practice with the Lidcombe Program has yet to be determined. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject The Lidcombe Program is an efficacious early stuttering intervention. Translation to clinical communities has been studied with one Australian cohort. What this paper adds to existing knowledge A larger translation cohort is studied, comprising community clinicians and children in Australia and England. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Community clinicians from Australia and England can attain Lidcombe Program outcome benchmarks established in randomized trials. This finding is reassuring in light of the controlled conditions in clinical trials of the Lidcombe Program compared with its conduct in community practice.

This article uses the Digital Opinions on Translated Literature (dioptra-l) corpus to study readers’ perceptions of and responses to translation in a naturalistic setting, focusing on the normative constructs or cognitive-evaluative templates they use to conceptualise, evaluate and respond to translations. We answer two main questions: (1) How visible, or salient, is the fact of translation to readers reading a translated literary text, and are there differences in the degree and nature of this visibility for different languages and translation directions? (2) What are the main concepts, and emotional and evaluative parameters that readers use to describe translated literary texts, and are there differences in these concepts and parameters when considered by different translation directionalities and genres? We make use of computational methods, including collocational network analysis, keyword analysis, and sentiment analysis to extract information about the salience of translation, and the networks of emotive and evaluative language that are used around the concept of translation. This forms the basis of our proposals for particular cognitive-evaluative templates.

This article reviews Machine Translation and Global Research: Towards Improved Machine Translation Literacy in the Scholarly Community

This article considers the Spanish and French translations of nonbinary pronouns in Netflix’s One Day at a Time, a social-justice-oriented sitcom. The article compares the source text with six parallel translations taken from one episode and isolates two main translation strategies. In the first strategy, translators rely on calque translations from English that demonstrate a misunderstanding of the source text. The second strategy shows an active engagement on the part of translators with Hispanic and Francophone Queer communities, replicating authentic Queer language practices. The article goes on to describe the implications of both strategies on reception and outlines several reasons why community-informed translation should be established as a best practice for Queer-oriented texts.

The notion that “two heads are better than one” is hardly new when applied to translation. The entire corpus of Buddhist sutras was translated into Chinese collaboratively by foreign and Chinese monks over a thousand-year period which began in the 1st century A.D. (Chueung, 2006). However, the dominant model used today for translation in the commercial sector depends on a process that largely inhibits collaboration. This article presents some of the latest findings from research on the state of community translation, based on multiple market research studies carried out over a five-year period, including a comparative analysis of 100 community translation environments and interviews with stakeholders. The research reveals that, over the course of the last several years, translation industry participants have been moving away from the traditional process toward a more dynamic and collaborative model. As community-based models have grown in popularity, distinct types of environments have emerged as well.

Existence of Upper-Silesian ethic minority has been confirmed by two national censuses carried out in the years 2002 and 2011. It is also the largest minority residing in the territory of the Republic of Poland. However, the Polish state does not recognize the existence of Upper Silesians in legal terms. At the same time, for Upper Silesians themselves the struggle for recognition of their culture, language and community is a serious matter. In the present article the author discusses the role of creating and strengthening Upper-Silesian community played by culture, especially by literature and literary translation.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in translation studies in translation projects involving unpaid, “non-expert” translators. At the same time, the fields of science & tech...

This article sets out to contribute to the debate and discussions on methodological approaches in news translation, focusing on a specific research question in a specific news context, namely commu...

Translation Studies (TS), while being one academic discipline, may develop differently in different regions under the influence of sociocultural contextual factors. TS communities in different societies may have different research foci and standards. However, to date, there has been little empirical research into such regional variations. By piloting a cross-national comparative study of the TS communities in Spain and South Korea, this study aims to identify and map the research foci and standards of the two TS communities, describe and explain real or apparent differences and similarities between them, and ultimately enhance understanding and awareness of possible particularities in different TS communities. Scholarly articles published in 24 international, Spain-based and Korea-based TS journals were systematically analyzed. The contributions of Spain-based and Korea-based scholars were compared diachronically. Results suggest that the two TS communities have differences in research foci, methodology, and authorship, and that over time the differences seem to decrease, potentially attributed to context-specific factors of the two TS communities.

The translation industry, as well as Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and translator training, have undergone numerous changes in the last two decades. These changes might explain why there is often a gap between translator training and professional translation practice. In this paper, we argue that situated learning through the development of a community of practice (CoP) ensures cohesion in individual, group and larger professional contexts. We further argue that reflection elements integrated within the CoP provide a way to narrow the gap between translator training and professional translation practice. Unlike previous studies, in this paper we explore how reflection can be embedded during participation and learning throughout the translation postgraduate curriculum to create a CoP. We detail a case-study of the MA in Translation Studies (MATS) at the University of Portsmouth, UK. On the MATS, reflection – for all participants involved – influences all aspects of the course, thereby developing an adaptable CoP that sets both learners and trainers up with the tools for successful adaptation for their professional life.

Crowdsourcing and collaborative translation, activities emerging on the translation scene recently, are playing an increasingly important role in the world of professional translation and in the localization industry. This article focuses on a study carried out to analyze the perception of a group of translator trainees regarding these new translation practices. A total of 20 undergraduate students participated in the research and were asked to perform a collaborative localization task using an online collaborative platform. Data subjected to a quantitative and qualitative analysis suggest that online collaborative translation tasks enhance students? motivation towards collaborative translation and help consolidate their technical knowledge about specific localization tools and files., Le crowdsourcing et la traduction collaborative, des activités récemment apparues sur la scène de la traduction, jouent un rôle de plus en plus important dans le monde de la traduction professionnelle et dans l’industrie de la localisation. Cet article se concentre sur une étude réalisée pour analyser la perception d’un groupe d’étudiants en traduction à l’égard de ces nouvelles pratiques de traduction. Au total 20 étudiants de premier cycle ont participé à la recherche et ont été invités à effectuer une tâche de localisation collaborative à l’aide d’une plateforme collaborative en ligne. Les données obtenues à partir d’une analyse quantitative et qualitative suggèrent que les tâches de traduction collaborative en ligne ont renforcé la motivation des étudiants à l’égard de la traduction collaborative et les ont aidés à consolider leurs connaissances techniques sur des outils et des fichiers de localisation spécifiques.

Community interpreting and translation enable public service providers and users to communicate in situations where they do not share the same language. These professions are essential for social equity and egalitarian access to legal, health, education and other services. Many countries with significant numbers of migrants or autochthonous language minorities have developed more or less satisfactory services and standards in this burgeoning subfield of translation and interpreting. Instances can be identified of countries that have made significant progress (e.g., Australia, Canada and Sweden) as well as of those which started only recently (e.g., Spain and Italy). In Arab countries, however, one can hardly find a reference to this subfield of translation studies, although situations requiring such interpreting and translation services are numerous. This paper describes and raises awareness of the status quo of community interpreting and translation in the Arab World. Three examples are focused on: Morocco as a country with a national language minority, the United Arab Emirates, as an affluent country hosting migrants, and Saudi Arabia, a country with a special religious position which hosts millions of pilgrims every year. The paper also includes recommendations based on migration and pilgrimage statistics and the experiences of the pioneering countries above.

In 2012, the Lebanese Ministry of Education and Higher Education (MEHE) issued Decree No. 8924. Entitled “Project Community Service in Public and Private Secondary Schools”, the decree states that all schools should apply a mandatory 60-hour community service program across the three secondary school years. There have been scattered efforts to study how the Decree is being implemented across Lebanon, with no exhaustive and thorough study yet documented. This research sought to fill part of that gap by examining the experience of ten private Catholic schools. The research results were congruent with global educational policy implementation research and suggested future lines of inquiry specific to Lebanon.

This article is concerned with how social actors establish relations between language, the body, and the physical and social environment. The empirical focus is a series of interactions between Deaf-Blind people and tactile signed language interpreters in Seattle, Washington. Many members of the Seattle Deaf-Blind community were born deaf and, due to a genetic condition, lose their vision slowly over the course of many years. Drawing on recent work in language and practice theory, I argue that these relations are established by Deaf-Blind people through processes ofintegrationwhereby continuity between linguistic, embodied, and social elements of a fading visual order are made continuous with corresponding elements in an emerging tactile order. In doing so, I contribute to current attempts in linguistic anthropology to model the means by which embodied, linguistic, and social phenomena crystallize in relational patterns to yield worlds that take on the appearance of concreteness and naturalness. (Classifiers, Deaf-Blind, integration, interpretation, language and embodiment, practice, rhythm, Tactile American Sign Language, tactility)*

The article proposes a short review of studies presenting the development and intellectual background of the notion of national community from the perspective of major civilizational transformations of the last fifty years (including books by Ulf Hannerz, Robert Reich, and Kenichi Ohmae). In this perspective, the discussion focuses on historical and theoretical aspects of functioning of translation in community making process. The discussion also explores relations between translation and imagination, especially in the context of the notions of imagined communities by Benedict Anderson, and cultural translation by Homi Bhabha. Both notions stress the dimensions of translational and translatological activity, which can be discussed in the categories of critical activity and a sort of political activity. 23 63 77 4 Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka

La lisibilite demeure un probleme majeur quant a la qualite des traductions effectuees pour la communaute coreenne en Australie. L’auteur demontre que le probleme qualitatif decoule d’un desequilibre dans l’attention accordee aux differents aspects du sens. Ainsi, une traduction parait maladroite et manquer de naturel quand le traducteur se concentre plus particulierement sur la production d’un sens ideationnel (le contenu), plutot que sur celle d’un sens interpersonnel (la relation entre l’auteur et ses lecteurs) et d’un sens textuel (le flux naturel d’informations). Deux courts textes sont analyses a titre d’exemple pour illustrer ce point, s’appuyant sur la theorie de la linguistique systemique fonctionnelle (SFL) de Michael Halliday. Les resultats d’une etude quantitative sont ici discutes pour verifier l’argumentation basee sur cette theorie. Cet essai se termine sur un certain nombre de suggestions quant a la maniere dont les chercheurs en traduction et les professionnels de la traduction peuvent collaborer. Ceci afin que soient partagees les responsabilites visant a ameliorer la qualite de la traduction, en general, et de la qualite de la traduction communautaire, en particulier.

In recent times, sign language interpreting has come to be identified as a form of community interpreting. Yet there are communicative settings in which sign language interpreters work that call into question some of the received wisdom. Probably the most extraordinary setting is the theatre. Sign language interpreters now provide access at theatrical events from Shakespearean tragedies to experimental multimedia productions. This paper sheds light in particular on three elements. First, how does the theatre interpreter mediate between source text, performance text, and target audience? Second, once the text has been prepared, what is involved in delivering it on stage, and therefore in mediating live between actors and audience? Third, how can we describe the political positioning of the interpreter in this context? This brings us full circle: how can we locate this field of activity for analytical purposes, acknowledging its links to both community interpreting and literary translation?

La literatura y la divulgación científica comparten la posibilidad de adaptar sus textos en función del receptor al que se dirigen. Si pensamos en un público infantil, además, han de cumplir una serie de características en base a ciertas necesidades y capacidades que presenta el destinatario de estos textos. En este contexto, la traducción se convierte en una herramienta funcional para acercar la ciencia a los niños a través de la literatura, un excelente instrumento para la divulgación y educación de la población. En el presente trabajo, basándonos en la metodología presentada en el proyecto OncoTRAD, pretendemos traducir y adaptar un texto científico en formato multimodal, en este caso un cómic, dirigido a un público infantil, cumpliendo así con el propósito de acercar la ciencia a los niños y de educar e informar a la población infantil y juvenil. Literature and science popularization share the possibility of adapting their texts according to their intended recipient. If we think of children as the target audience, these texts must meet a series of characteristics, which are related to their recipients. In this context, translation becomes a functional tool to bring science closer to children through literature, an excellent instrument for its popularization and education. In the present work, based on the methodology presented in the OncoTRAD project, we intend to translate and adapt a scientific text in a multimodal format, in this case, a comic, aimed at a child audience, thus fulfilling the purpose of bringing science closer to children and to educate and inform the child and youth population. Este trabajo se enmarca en el proyecto “OncoTRAD: Medicina Gráfica y Traducción al Servicio del Paciente Oncológico y Su Entorno en la Sociedad Andaluza”, con referencia UCO-1381162, financiado por el Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía (2014-2020).

La traducció mòbil representa una de les àrees més dinàmiques de la traducció a causa dels constants avenços en connexió, aplicacions i fluxos de microtasques de traducció col·laborativa, que representen un nou enfocament a la traducció professional i voluntària. Aquest article analitza la intersecció de la traducció col·laborativa en la seva dimensió de microtasca i les aplicacions de telèfons intel·ligents per tal de traçar l’evolució de la relació entre les aplicacions i la traducció. S’hi defineixen les nocions bàsiques de traducció mòbil, traducció col·laborativai traducció comunitària, i es descriuen les fases de l’evolució de la traducció mòbil., Mobile translation represents the new frontier in the translation industry enabled by constant developments in connectivity, apps and micro-task crowdsourcing workflows. It involves a brand new approach to professional and volunteer translation that has not been explored to date. This article analyzes the intersection of crowdsourcing and its micro-task approach and smartphone apps, and also charts how the relationship between apps andtranslation has evolved during the last decade. Basic notions such as mobile translation, mobile human translation, translation crowdsourcing and online community translations are defined, and the different stages in the evolution of mobile translation are described. The paper ends with a description of initiatives that have relied on cell phone SMS or smartphone apps to translate, ranging from initiatives such as TxtEagle to industry innovators such as Unbabel and Stepes., La traducción móvil representa una de las áreas más dinámicas de la traducción a causa de los constantes avances en conexión, aplicaciones y flujos de microtareas de traducción colaborativa, que representan un nuevo enfoque a la traducción profesional y voluntaria. Este artículo analiza la intersección de la traducción colaborativa en su dimensión de microtarea y las aplicaciones de teléfonos inteligentes con el fin de trazar la evolución de la relación entre las aplicaciones y la traducción. Se definen las nociones básicas de traducción móvil, traducción colaborativa y traducción comunitaria, y se describen las fases de la evolución de la traducción móvil.

Emerging internet technologies have revolutionized and invaded our private and professional lives in ways that are as yet hard to assess. These developments have also affected the field of translation. Professional translators’ workplaces and routines have changed profoundly and translation markets have been affected by increasing globalization. Furthermore, new forms of translation have emerged on the internet, including amateur translators’ communities which offer their time and efforts for a variety of different goals, not all of them exclusively charitable. Some are also commercial, others just for fun.In this context, the present article demonstrates the ways in which recent developments related to the internet have started to call into question a series of long-established categories. Online phenomena have not only contributed to blurring the lines between the consumption and production of content; it has also become increasingly difficult to distinguish between amateurs and professionals or between work and leisure, and to differentiate between play and labour.Drawing on examples from an ongoing research project on collaborative translation communities, this article illustrates how members of internet communities perceive, describe and construct their own translation activities. The paper then addresses the issue of how the internet paved the way for new forms of exploitation, which are also identifiable in the field of translation. By looking at the intersections between labour, fun and exploitation in internet translation communities, the paper aims to make a critical contribution to the debate on (ethical) questions that arise in relation to new online phenomena.

The prevailing technological feasibility has enabled the rise of the digital era and has contributed to the seemingly changing nature of translation. One of the implications of this shift has been articulated in the area of Audiovisual Translation with the emergence of online communities of volunteer subtitle translators. This paper explores the emerging phenomenon of ‘volunteer subtitling’ and tries to shed light on its role in the transition to ‘professional subtitling.’ Volunteer subtitling platforms are broad communities of practice that consist of thousands of actively involved members. Despite the increasing interest in investigating various issues regarding online volunteer translation, not much is known about the process of transition from the volunteering world into the professional one. Using the most popular Turkish subtitling platforms (Turkcealtyazi.org and Planetdp.org) as a case study, this paper will present the very first insights into this transition through an analysis of a survey with translators who started their subtitling practice as volunteers and then moved into the professional world. Based on the analysis of the respondents’ experiences, it will be argued that the volunteer praxis and the active support of the online community strategically contribute to the improvement of a wide array of translation skills and open up the door for the move into the professional world. In doing so, this paper will also shed a light on both volunteer and professional environments from various perspectives like working conditions, the translation process, types of the work, and translator motivation.

Les institutions de la Communauté européenne, situées en Belgique, doivent composer avec plus de 9 langues de travail. De ce fait, le travail de traduction effectué dans ces institutions constitue la majeure partie de l'activité de traduction en Belgique. Cet article présente les différentes institutions de la Communauté et l'activité de traduction qui s'y déroule.

Après de longues batailles, la traduction et l’interprétation communautaires accèdent enfin au stade de la professionnalisation. Quel que soit le pays où ces activités s’exercent, les mêmes questions se posent : définir la profession, répondre aux besoins des langues minoritaires ou rares, informer les diverses parties impliquées, formaliser la formation, sans oublier les normes de qualité. Actuellement, le financement de la formation des interprètes et traducteurs communautaires n’est pas subventionné, ce qui amène les parties impliquées à travailler différemment. Le modèle des communautés de pratique est un modèle qui encourage le partage des ressources et l’échange des connaissances, au-delà des limites imposées par les programmes de formation, les écoles ou les contextes nationaux. Les nouvelles technologies, telles que les conférences virtuelles et les espaces de stockage partagés constituent le principal « chaînon manquant » de la progression de la formation. Les acteurs du domaine doivent se regrouper et unifier leurs efforts pour favoriser des échanges constructifs et novateurs qui amélioreraient leur profession. Certaines spécialisations de la traduction et de l’interprétation communautaires telles que la traduction et l’interprétation juridiques ont su faire tomber de nombreuses barrières et obtenir la reconnaissance professionnelle recherchée. Toutefois, les professions de traducteur et d’interprète communautaires doivent inclure tous les contextes possibles, notamment le contexte médical ainsi que les administrations publiques. Lorsque la profession sera complètement définie, il sera alors possible de la rassembler avec l’interprétation de conférence pour les langues parlées et pour la langue des signes sous la seule houlette de l’interprétation. C’est ce que les communautés de pratique permettent de réaliser, quels que soient leur ampleur, leur identité linguistique, et leur mode de fonctionnement, présentiel ou virtuel., Following many battles, Public Service Interpreting and Translation (PSIT) is gradually evolving towards professionalisation. Wherever it is practiced, common issues have been identified: defining the profession, providing interpreting services for rare or minority languages, educating stakeholders, moving from training to education, and last but not least interpreting and translation quality. The lack of funding for PSIT courses within the current financial context is forcing stakeholders to work differently. The community of practice model can help PSIT stakeholders share resources and knowledge beyond the traditional boundaries set by courses, schools or countries. New technologies such as virtual conference tools and shared repositories are the essential “missing link” towards the progress of PSIT education. PSIT stakeholders need to join forces and pool efforts towards a constructive and innovative dialogue that would enhance the profession. Some forms of PSIT, such as legal interpreting and translation, have already broken barriers and gained professional recognition. However, PSIT should include all forms of PSIT contexts, including the medical or local government. Finally, once fully defined, PSIT and conference interpreting for spoken and sign languages could finally come together under the Interpreting profession umbrella. This is the achievable ultimate aim when working as communities of practice, small or large, language specific or generic, face to face or virtual.

Owing largely to budgetary pressures, official language minority communities in Canada have a great number of unmet translation needs. The use of machine translation presents the possibility of a cost-effective solution, but only if members of this community are willing to accept this form of translation. This paper reports on an experiment whereby members of one official language minority community in Canada—the Fransaskois—were surveyed to determine their level of acceptance of machine translation. Results show that while many Fransaskois are quite favourable to the possibility of using post-edited machine translation, those who are also language professionals are extremely opposed to the use of any form of machine translation. This finding prompts a reflection on whether the way in which translators are trained in the use of technology could be an underlying factor in their reaction to machine translation use, which in turn leads to a proposal for a new approach to integrating technology more fully into translator training programs., En raison principalement de pressions budgétaires, un grand nombre des besoins de traduction des communautés de langue officielle en situation minoritaire au Canada reste à combler. L’utilisation de la traduction automatique pourrait représenter une solution rentable, mais seulement si les membres de cette communauté acceptent cette forme de traduction. Le présent article fait état d’une expérience au cours de laquelle des membres d’une des communautés de langue officielle en situation minoritaire – en l’occurrence les Fransaskois – ont répondu à un sondage visant à mesurer leur opinion de la traduction automatique. Les résultats montrent que, bien que beaucoup de Fransaskois soient réceptifs à l’utilisation de traductions automatiques révisées, les professionnels de la langue s’opposent fermement à l’utilisation de traductions automatiques, sous quelque forme que ce soit. Ce constat porte à se demander si la formation des traducteurs à l’utilisation des outils informatiques pourrait être un facteur sous-jacent à cette réaction à l’utilisation de la traduction automatique, ce qui, en revanche, nous porte à proposer une nouvelle approche visant à mieux intégrer la technologie aux programmes de formation de traducteurs.

This empirical study explores whether indigenous Zulu praise-poetry can inform the translation of biblical praise-psalms. Zulu youth (“poetry fans”) were invited to learn about Hebrew and Zulu poetics as well as the process of Bible translation. Then they made their own translations and performances of biblical praise-psalms, following the Literary-rhetorical approach of Ernst Wendland. The results show a strong Zulu imprint from the source to the receptor text, although the original message is retained along with some of the poetic features. The literary and rhetorical power of the Hebrew is transformed into images and thought patterns that come alive to the Zulu mind while still being acceptable (to them) in terms of biblical accuracy. The performances of the translated texts (using rap, song, or spoken poetry) utilise prosody to deliver the message, thus requiring some adjustment to the texts. The audience enters into the experience, impacting the performers. Thus, there are four “voices” apparent: those of the original author, the Zulu translator, the Zulu performer, and the audience. A rich texture of cultural beauty emerges as the Hebrew and Zulu horizons merge in a panorama of literary beauty and rhetorical power.

The translator as agent of empowerment: A case study In this article the focus is on the role of the translator as an agent of empowerment for linguistically marginalised communities; it also raises the practical issue of his/her role as an intermediary equipped with knowledge of the source and target cultures and their (non-)overlap. The community translation approach, which emerged from a socio-linguistic perspective, forms the basis for this point of departure. The aim of this approach is to give these communities access to the same information and services as the linguistical “elite”. In order to realise this, the translator uses discourse patterns and linguistic conventions of the target group. For this approach, the needs of the target audience in the translation process are of paramount importance. To illustrate the translator’s role as an agent of empowerment as well as an effective intermediary, this article’s focus is on translation strategies used in a pragmatic text.

This article argues for the study of translation in U.S. immigrant newspapers, a distinct intercultural context largely ignored in Translation Studies research. The article outlines methodological approaches for the study of translation in immigrant periodicals with the aim of identifying the various roles played by translation in diasporic communities. Based on approaches and methods developed in the field of Translation Studies for researching translation in newspapers, the analysis focuses on the (in)visibility of the translations, the direction of translation flows, and the domain of the translated texts. These categories contribute to our understanding of diaspora as a distinct site of translational activity, through which immigrant identities are constructed and relationships between the immigrant community and the dominant culture, between the immigrant community and its native language and culture, and between different generations within the immigrant community, are negotiated. Preliminary research of two immigrant foreign-language newspapers published in the U.S. in the interwar period, the Slovenian Prosveta, and the Russian Novoe Russkoe Slovo, has documented a consistent presence of translations. The results suggest that translation in these two newspapers was deployed to different ends, reflecting the divergent political orientations of the newspapers and the distinct make-up of these immigrant communities. The study also reveals translation to be a tool of government surveillance., Le présent article se veut un plaidoyer en faveur de l’étude de la traduction dans les périodiques publiés aux États-Unis par des communautés immigrantes. Ce contexte interculturel particulier constitue un champ de recherche qui demeure négligé en traductologie. L’article présente des approches méthodologiques qui peuvent être utilisées pour mener ce type d’étude et déterminer l’apport de la traduction dans les communautés diasporiques. Basée sur les approches et méthodes développées en traductologie pour étudier la traduction dans la presse en général, l’analyse porte sur l’(in)visibilité des traductions, la direction des flux de traduction et la nature des textes traduits. Ces aspects mettent en lumière le rôle que joue la traduction dans la construction des identités immigrantes et dans la négociation de la relation entre communauté immigrante et culture dominante, entre communauté immigrante et langue et culture maternelles, et enfin entre générations au sein d’une même communauté immigrante. Les résultats préliminaires qui sont présentés ont pour objet deux périodiques publiés aux États-Unis par des immigrants allophones pendant la période de l’entre-deux-guerres, à savoir le journal slovène Prosveta et le journal russe Novoe Russkoe Slovo. L’analyse révèle la présence constante de la traduction dans ces deux journaux et le fait que celle-ci a été utilisée à des fins différentes, en fonction d’orientations politiques distinctes et de la composition des communautés immigrantes concernées. L’étude montre aussi le rôle de la traduction dans la surveillance exercée par le gouvernement.

Translation involves ethical decision-making in challenging contexts. Codes of practice help professional translators identify ethical issues and formulate appropriate, justifiable responses. However, new and growing forms of community translation operate outside the professional realm, and substantial differences exist between the two approaches. How relevant, then, are professional codes in the new contexts? What alternative ‘codes’ (stated or implicit) have been developed by the new groups? The content of professional codes is compared here to a broad range of community approaches to identify themes common across both, and areas where the new community might be making an original contribution. This reveals different priorities in the professional and non-professional codes. Community translation initiatives have found novel solutions to some ethical problems and challenges, particularly in self-regulation and community policing, improved interpretation of code content, an emphasis on shared values rather than individual rights, and strong mentoring.

Invaluable Contribution to the Treasury of Translation Science Енциклопедія перекладознавства / пер. з англ., за ред. О.А. Кальниченка та Л.М. Черноватого. Том 1. Вінниця : Нова книга, 2020. 552 с. Reviewed by Tatiana Andrienko This year, 2020, has been marked by an outstanding event, long awaited by scholarly, linguistic and literary community: Volume 1 of Translation Encyclopedia edited by Oleksandr Kalnychenko and Leonid Chernovaty was published in Ukrainian by Nova Knyha Publishers, Vinnytsia, Ukraine. The book has seen light thanks to the leadership of the Ukrainian Translator Trainers’ Union (UTTU) headed by Dr. Leonid Chernovaty, as well as talents and efforts of a highly qualified team of translators and translation professors from major universities of Ukraine. It comprises a translation of The Handbook of Translation Studies (edited by Yves Gambier, Luc van Doorslaer, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010). By the depth of insights into problems, the variety of addressed topics, clarity and persuasiveness of argumentation, openness to innovation, as well as historical and geographical frameworks the reviewed book is definite to find its place among the major humanitarian publications, considerably broadening the horizons of Ukrainian scholars, students, and thinkers. The collection presents a wide range of articles summarizing the newest concepts and trends of Translation Studies, such as adaptation, self-translation, censorship, community and conference interpreting, technical translation, terminology and translation, multilingualism and translation, etc. Through the authors’ perspectives, the reader may follow the dynamics of changes in the content of translation science and its various approaches (descriptive, applied, interpretive, cognitive, functional) and its major concepts (such as translation quality, relevance, norms, units, strategies and tactics). Of great interest to the audience will be the scope of interdisciplinary fields, such as history of translation, translation didactics, ethics of translation, as well as articles unveiling the links of translation studies with semantics, semiotics, philosophy, hermeneutics, journalism, gender factors, ethics, sociology, ethnography and art. The Encyclopedia also embraces such fields of literary translation as postcolonial literature, censorship, children's literature, translating plays, humor and comics; it outlines the problems of industry-specific (political, technical, commercial, scientific, religious, legal translation, media interpreting) and even sign language translation. Much attention is devoted to practical applications of the latest translation research, as well as new technologies in translation, research and teaching translation methodologies, as well as the role of translation in foreign language teaching. The concepts and ideas in the book are presented by the outstanding translation theorists, many of whom are the authors and conceivers of new theories of translation and their major research fields: Fabio Alves & Amparo Hurtado Albir, Jorge Díaz Cintas, Riitta Jääskeläinen, Marianne Lederer, Jeremy Munday, Christiane Nord, Franz Pöchhacke, Christina Schäffner and others. A valuable feature of the ideas covered in the Encyclopedia is their openness to plurality of scholarly opinions, continuous dialogue over the major problems of translation theory and practice, which involves the reader into discussion and inspires the further search for solutions. The translation of the original theoretical insights into Ukrainian by seasoned scholars, professional translators and translation teachers will, first and foremost, open them to a broader audience, making their content more accessible and perceivable to the readers. But what is more important, it develops the conceptual network of translatology, enriching the Ukrainian terminology, and expanding the borders of the Ukrainian language scientific style. Besides being an invaluable source of theoretical knowledge, the book is also an exemplary application of theory into practice, a guide to the state-of-art choice of translation strategies, tactics and decisions, a model scientific translation to be emulated by practicing and aspiring translators. The 1st volume of Translation Encyclopedia, edited by Oleksandr Kalnychenko and Leonid Chernovaty will definitely find equally high acclaim of professors and students, theorists and practitioners, seasoned and aspiring scholars of translation and relevant fields. Welcoming the new pioneering publication, we strongly believe that it will initiate a tradition of publishing translated scholarly works in Ukraine, and look forward to the appearance of new volumes.

Recent years have seen a rise in the importance of virtual and real-life knowledge sharing communities and communities of practice across many fi elds of private and commercial interest, including professional translation. This article examines the characteristics of knowledge sharing communities in general, identifies their key elements, looks at the motivation for membership and presents an empirical study of life in a thriving virtual translation community. In doing so, it draws on the results of a literature review combined with a participant observation based study and member survey of a major virtual translation community. The results indicate that virtual translation communities can be lively platforms and offer translators a forum not only for sharing expert knowledge and collaborating, but also for keeping in touch with like-minded individuals.

For many years translation theorists have discussed the degree of translational freedom a legal translator has in rendering the meaning of a legal source text in a translation. Some believe that in order to achieve the communicative purpose, legal translators should focus on readability and bias their translation towards the target language community. Others insist that because of the special nature of legal texts and the sometimes binding force of legal translations, translators should stay as close to the source text as possible, i.e., bias their translation towards the source language community. But what is the relationship between these "academic" observations and the way professional users and producers, i.e., lawyers and translators, think of legal translation? This article examines how actors on the Danish legal translation market view translational manoeuvres that result in a more or less close relationship between a legal source text and its translation, and also the translator's power to decide what the nature of this relationship should be and how it should manifest itself in the translation. Že več let se prevodoslovni teoretiki ukvarjajo s stopnjo prevajalske svobode, ki jo pravni prevajalci imajo pri prenašanju pomena iz izvirnega pravnega besedila v prevod. Nekateri menijo, da bi se zaradi zagotovitve ustrezne sporočilnosti pravnega besedila prevajalci morali osrediniti na berljivost in prevod prilagoditi ciljni jezikovni skupnosti. Drugi menijo, da bi se zaradi posebne narave pravnih besedil in zavezujoče vloge pravnih prevodov morali pravni prevajalci dosledno držati izvirnega besedila; njihovi prevodi bi bili bližje izvorni jezikovni skupnosti. Kakšen pa je v resnici odnos med "akademskimi" stališči in stališči strokovnih uporabnikov in tvorcev (pravnikov in prevajalcev) do pravnega prevajanja? Cilj članka je raziskati, kako udeleženci na danskem pravnem prevajalskem trgu vidijo prevajalske manevre, ki omogočajo bolj ali manj tesno povezavo med izvirnim pravnim besedilom in njegovim prevodom. Ugotavljamo, kakšna je moč prevajalca pri določanju narave odnosa in kako naj se ta odraža v prevodu.

This paper aims to describe a sample of community translation: the web site Lyrics Translate.com, which offers translation for lyrics. Community translation consists of the translation of a large volume of content due to the collaboration of a group of amateur translators in Internet and it is characterized by the lack of a professional who guarantees the quality of the final product. The power and reach of amateur translation is surprising. The willingness of translators to work on a project without direct financial compensation is a widespread reality. Translators are motivated by recognition from the community, a sense of accomplishment that comes from improving as a translator and from enjoyment of the material they’re translating. Using French translations into Spanish language from the web site Lyrics Translate.com, we analyze their performance and the way in which users accomplish the task of translation. With this purpose, we will address some questions such as who are the translators, why they do that, the working languages and, specially, the quality of the translated material. Little attention has been paid to this newborn phenomenon of web sites offering translations carried out by amateur translators. However, these virtual communities around translation are widely spread in the cyberspace and, what is more, these new translating practices have already become a challenge for the future of translation professional work.

The thesis abstract, as a genre has a set of communicative functions mutually-understood by established members of the academic community. A vast majority of translation studies of source language (SL) and target language (TL) equivalence seems to have overlooked the inherent relationship between form and function when translating. The purpose of this study was to find out whether the Arab students would translate the English passive structures into their corresponding Arabic passive in order to maintain the pragma-generic functions associated with these constructions or would employ other translation replacements when translating English passives into Arabic. A further purpose was to find out what grammatical factors constrain the choice of these translation options. To fulfill these purposes, we investigated the voice choice in 90 MA thesis abstracts and their 90 Arabic translated versions written in English by the same MA students, drawn from the field of Linguistics. The data analysis revealed that when the Arab student-translators come across the English passive sentence, they resort to either of the following options: Transposing English passives into verbal nouns (masdar), or into pseudo-active verbs or active sentence structures, or into vowel melody passives, or omitting these passive structures.