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Phytochemical investigations of the n-hexane extract from the roots of Peltodon longipes (Lamiaceae) resulted in the isolation of 12 known abietane diterpenes (1-12). Structures were established on the basis of one and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data ((1)H and (13)C, COSY, HSQC and HMBC), electron ionization mass spectrometric analysis (EIMS) as well as comparison with data from literature. These compounds, as well as eight known diterpenes (13-19) from Salvia miltiorrhiza, and two from Salvia sahendica (20 and 21) were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects in human pancreatic (MIAPaCa-2) and melanoma (MV-3) tumor cell lines using the MTT assay. Tanshinone IIa (13), 7α-acetoxyroyleanone (1), 1,2-dihydrotanshinone (16) and cryptotanshinone (14) had the highest cytotoxic effects in MIAPaCa-2, displaying IC(50) of 1.9, 4.7, 5.6, and 5.8 μM, respectively. Structure-activity relationships of abietane diterpenoid quinones are discussed., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A new triterpene saponin, 2, 3, 21, 23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic-acid-28-O-β-D- glucosyl-(2"→1')-β-D-glucoside (1), was isolated from the n-butanol extract of dried aerial parts of Salvia argentea L. (Lamiaceae) in addition to two known flavonoids, apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (2), threo-guaiacylglycerol 3-O-[6-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl]-β-D-glucoside (3), luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (4), verbascoside (5) and rosmarinic acid (6). The structure elucidation of these compounds was based on analyses of spectroscopic data including 1D-, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS techniques and by comparing their NMR data with those reported in the literature. Compound 6 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH assay (IC50<3.00 µg/mL) which was better than the standards BHA, BHT, Trolox and ascorbic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lamiaceae family is widely distributed worldwide. In this study, we investigated the insecticidal activity of five Lamiaceae essential oils against Thrips flavus Schrank and the phytotoxic activity against Glycine max (L.) Merr., Zea mays L., Portulaca oleracea L., and Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch. Then, the chemical composition of the five essential oils was analyzed by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The five Lamiaceae essential oils were melissa, basil, rosemary, negundo chastetree, and salvia. The main constituents of the five Lamiaceae essential oils were preliminarily determined to be as follows: α-pinene and 1,8-cineole in the rosemary essential oil; β-pinene, γ-terpinene, and d-limonene in the negundo chastetree essential oil; β-cadinene and isolongifolen-5-one in the melissa essential oil; 5-allylguaiacol in the basil essential oil; and isopropyl myristate, linalyl acetate, and linalool in the salvia essential oil. Using a bioassay, it was found that, among the five essential oils, the melissa essential oil exhibited the lowest LC50 value, which was 0.18 mg/mL, and the salvia essential oil exhibited the highest LC50 value, which was 0.42 mg/mL. The control efficacy of the five essential oils significantly increased with time and concentration in pot experiments. The negundo chastetree, basil, rosemary, and salvia essential oils at 900.00 g a.i.·hm−2 showed high control efficacy against T. flavus, with values higher than 90%. Female thrips were attracted to the negundo chastetree essential oil. The five essential oils were also tested for their effects on the germination rate, germination potential, germination index, and shoot length of G. max, Z. mays, P. oleracea, and E. oryzoides. The basil essential oil significantly inhibited the germination of P. oleracea, with germination at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL being only 11.11 ± 5.09%. This study provides a reference for the development of botanical pesticides to control T. flavus, crops, and weeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims The California Floristic Province (CA-FP) is the most species-rich region of North America north of Mexico. One of several proposed hypotheses explaining the exceptional diversity of the region is that the CA-FP harbours myriad recently diverged lineages with nascent reproductive barriers. Salvia subgenus Audibertia is a conspicuous element of the CA-FP, with multiple sympatric and compatible species. Methods Using 305 nuclear loci and both organellar genomes, we reconstruct species trees, examine genomic discordance, conduct divergence-time estimation, and analyse contemporaneous patterns of gene flow and mechanical reproductive isolation. Key Results Despite strong genomic discordance, an underlying bifurcating tree is supported. Organellar genomes capture additional introgression events not detected in the nuclear genome. Most interfertility is found within clades, indicating that reproductive barriers arise with increasing genetic divergence. Species are generally not mechanically isolated, suggesting that it is unlikely to be the primary factor leading to reproductive isolation. Conclusions Rapid, recent speciation with some interspecific gene flow in conjunction with the onset of a Mediterranean-like climate is the underlying cause of extant diversity in Salvia subgenus Audibertia. Speciation has largely not been facilitated by gene flow. Its signal in the nuclear genome seems to mostly be erased by backcrossing, but organellar genomes each capture different instances of historical gene flow, probably characteristic of many CA-FP lineages. Mechanical reproductive isolation appears to be only part of a mosaic of factors limiting gene flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lamiaceae is a botanical family rich in aromatic species that are in high demand such as basil, lavender, mint, oregano, sage, and thyme. It has great economical, ecological, ethnobotanical, and floristic importance. The aim of this work is to provide an updated view on the aerobiology of species from the family Lamiaceae, with an emphasis on novelties and emerging applications. From the aerobiology point of view, the greatest interest in this botanical family is related to the volatile organic compounds emitted by the plants and, to a much lesser extent, their pollen. Research has shown that the major volatile organic compounds emitted by the plants from this botanical family are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The most important monoterpenes reported across studies include α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, menthol, limonene, and γ-terpinene. Most reports tend to cover species from the subfamily Nepetoideae. Volatile oils are produced by glandular trichomes found on aerial organs. Based on general morphology, two main types are found in the family Lamiaceae, namely peltate and capitate trichomes. As a result of pollinator-mediated transfer of pollen, Lamiaceae species present a reduced number of stamens and quantity of pollen. This might explain the low probability of pollen presence in the air from these species. A preliminary synopsis of the experimental evidence presented in this work suggests that the interplay of the organic particles and molecules released by these plants and their environment could be leveraged for beneficial outcomes in agriculture and landscaping. Emerging reports propose their use for intercropping to ensure the success of fructification, increased yield of entomophilous crops, as well as in sensory gardens due to the therapeutic effect of volatiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia penghuana, a new species from Guizhou Province of southwestern China, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, Salvia penghuana is similar to S. filicifolia, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by ovate-lanceolate bracts, purple corolla, and foot-shaped fused lower arms of connective. In addition, S. penhuana is morphologically similar to S. cavaleriei, but differs by having 3–4-pinnate leave, ovate-lanceolate bracts, puberulent calyx, and longer upper arms of connective. Based on the fibril root, small calyx and corolla, and completely reduced posterior thecae, S. penghuana should be placed in section Sobiso of subg. Glutinaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the larvicidal and ovicidal effects of essential oils extracted from the above ground of Origanum minutiflorum and Salvia dorystoechas, belonging to the Lamiaceae plant family, on Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae and eggs. The research utilized essential oil concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 ppm. Larvicidal activity was evaluated 6 hours postexposure and subsequently at 24-hour intervals over a period of 5 days while ovicidal activity was monitored every 2 days for a total of 10 days. Findings indicated that both essential oils demonstrated significant larvicidal effects at 50 and 100 ppm concentrations against Ae. aegypti larvae. In contrast, ovicidal effects were not observed to be statistically significant. Throughout the experiment, O. minutiflorum essential oil consistently showed higher larvicidal potency compared to S. dorystoechas. Therefore, while essential oils from both O. minutiflorum and S. dorystoechas effectively target Ae. aegypti larvae, especially at elevated concentrations, they did not exhibit ovicidal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Genus Salvia is considered one of the largest genera of family Lamiaceae with many recorded species and hybrids of valuable biological importance. This study involved the phytochemical characterization of four Salvia hybrids (KNM23 (S. fructicosa × S. officinalis), KNM101 (S. aramiensis × S. officinalis), KNM5 (S. aramiensis × S. officinalis) and KNM12 (S. fructicosa × S. officinalis)) through measuring their total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) together with profiling through UPLC/MSn analysis followed by investigation of their antioxidant activities and enzyme inhibitory potential through different techniques. Hybrid KNM23 presented significantly high concentration of both phenolic and flavonoid, displaying a TPC of 92.10 mg GAE/g and a TFC of 50.85 mg RE/g. The UPLC/MSn profiling resulted in the tentative identification of one hundred eighty components from different phytochemical classes mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenyl propanoids, tannins and many others. The antioxidant assay showed that hybrid KNM23, a hybrid of S. fruticosa and S. officinalis, exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH, ABTS, and PBD assays, measuring 436.38 mmol TE/g, 543.65 mmol TE/g, and 3.20 mmol TE/g, respectively. KNM23 and KNM12 showed no inhibition of AChE and α‐glucosidase. However, KMN12 demonstrated highest BChE and tyrosinase 2.57 mg GALAE/g and 12.91 mg KAE/g, respectively. Our results suggest that the Salvia hybrids can be considered as natural sources of bioactive compounds in the development of health‐promoting applications.

Phytochemical study of the Salvia santolinifolia root extract resulted in the isolation of one new quinone diterpenoid, aegyptinone E (1) as well as two known ones, aegyptinone A (2) and aegyptinone D (3). All the isolated compounds were reported for the first time from S. santolinifolia. Spectroscopic analyses including 1 D and 2 D NMR and HRESIMS were used to determine the chemical structures. Aegyptinone A (2) showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Bacillus subtilis with MIC of 25 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Salvia L., representing the largest genus within the mint family, is noted for its global distribution of approximately 1000 species, with East Asia, and particularly China, recognized as a critical center of diversity for the genus. Methods: Our research was conducted through extensive fieldwork in Guidong County, Hunan Province, China, where we identified a previously undescribed species of Salvia. The identification process involved detailed morphological observations, phylogenetic analyses, and plastid genomics. Results: The newly discovered species, Salvia guidongensis, exhibits unique characteristics not commonly observed in the East Asian lineage of Salvia, including dual floral colors within natural populations--either pale purple or pale yellow. Morphologically, while it shares similarities with members of sect. Glutinaria, S. guidongensis is distinct in its floral morphology, stature, and specific foliar traits. Phylogenetic analysis places S. guidongensis in a unique clade within the East Asian lineage of Salvia, suggesting it may serve as an important evolutionary link. Additionally, we explored the plastome features of S. guidongensis, comparing them with those of closely related species. Discussion: The discovery of S. guidongensis not only entriches the taxonomic tapestry of Salvia but also provides critical insights into the biogeography and evolutionary pathways of the genus in East Asia. By integrating morphological and molecular data, we validate the novel status of S. guidongensis and highlight its significance in bridging taxonomic and evolutionary gaps within Sect. Glutinaria of Salvia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Molecular networking provides the visualization of metabolites in chemical mixtures. • The in silico annotation provided here is the first for Salvia species. • Four metabolites and three Mass2Motifs were discovered using annotation tools. The genus Salvia L., a member of the Lamiaceae family, possesses remarkable medicinal properties for treating various disorders due to its rich natural product resources. Despite the genus's significance, there is a dearth of reports on complete metabolite characterization at intraspecific levels within Salvia. This study endeavors to bridge this gap by conducting a comprehensive investigation encompassing mass spectral library matching, biomarker assessment, chemotype specification, metabolite enrichment detection, and computational metabolite annotation. Dried aerial parts from three distinct Salvia species served as the primary material for untargeted quadrupole linear/ion trap (QTRAP) liquid chromatography (LC)- mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based metabolite analysis. The metabolite datasets underwent rigorous processing, utilizing multivariate analysis methods through MetaboAnalyst 5.0 and the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) Web Platform. Our investigation identified 160 metabolites through library matching, and an additional 57 annotated nodes were obtained through automated spectral matching. Employing annotation tools such as DEREPLICATOR+ and substructure discovery tools like MS2LDA (a Bayesian Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model) led to the discovery of four metabolites and three Mass2Motifs. Furthermore, 48 metabolites were explored for the first time using GNPS libraries. The investigation unveiled specific chemotypes and identified 98 potential biomarkers. Using library and GNPS spectral matching proved to be high-throughput supplementary strategies for annotating and identifying various metabolites. Moreover, integrating QTRAP LC-MS/MS with a multivariate statistical method grounded in biomarker and functional analysis provided differential features at specific and intraspecific levels. This comprehensive overview of metabolites in Salvia species offers valuable insights for quality profiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During field surveys of eriophyoid mites in northeast Iran (Razavi Khorasan, Iran, summer 2023), two new vagrant eriophyoid species (Acari: Eriophyoidea: Eriophyidae) on Lamiaceae plants were discovered, illustrated and described. They are Aceria borselaniensissp. nov. on Hymenocrater calycinus Benth. and Aculus khorasaniisp. nov. on Salvia yangii B.T.Drew. Furthermore, the checklists and morphological keys of Aceria and Aculus mite species associated with Lamiaceae plants around the world are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The micro-morphology, chemical and genomic characterization of Salvia apiana and Salvia mellifera and compared with its varieties to resolve the identification problem. • The detailed macro and microscopy studies reveals that the varieties resemble characters of Salvia apiana and Salvia mellifera. • Varieties chemistry (LC/Q-ToF and GC/Q-ToF) are same as Salvia apiana even though it resembles S. mellifera. • This detailed study gives information from Histology, Histochemistry, calcium crystals, chemistry and genetic nature. Salvia mellifera (black sage) and Salvia apiana (white sage) are known for complex introgressive hybridization. Morphological variations between these two Salvia species and their varieties present overlapping characters that may cause confusion in identifying the genuine species in nature. Since these plants may be candidates for investigation of botanical-based drugs, this study aimed to differentiate the two Salvia species from each other and to group the closely resembling varieties. With many Salvia species offering health benefits, the morphological analysis and chemical fingerprinting of these two species will benefit their potential consideration for further evaluation of their health benefits. Detailed histology, histochemistry, molecular, and chemical characterizations were used to identify distinguishing characteristics of genuine S. mellifera and S. apiana along with two varieties resembling S. mellifera or S. apiana. Macroscopic and microscopic characterization of leaf lamina and types of trichomes can differentiate the morphology of S. mellifera from S. apiana. The histochemical analysis of glandular trichomes revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, and other common secondary metabolites. Micropatterns of calcium oxalate crystals were identified as being characteristic and aiding in differentiation. Even though the external morphological characters of the two varieties resemble an intermediate between S. mellifera and S. apiana , chemical qualitative analyses via LC/Q-ToF and GC/Q-ToF indicate a chemical fingerprint more similar to that of S. apiana. This is a detailed analysis using various approaches including morpho-anatomy, trichome micromorphology, molecular analysis, and chemical similarities to identify and differentiate between S. mellifera, S. apiana , and their close varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, especially of the genus Thymus, have promising antioxidant applications in pharmacology, medicine, food, cosmetology, and aromatherapy. Hydrosols (HDs) were extracted by hydrodistillation from seven species of Lamiaceae, including Thymus vulgaris, Thymus mongolicus, Mentha × piperita, Melissa officinalis, Rosmarinus officinali, Salvia elegans, and Leonurus artemisia. In total, 369 volatile components were determined and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among them, alcohols (2.86–28.48%), ethers (2.46–10.69%), and phenols (0.11–21.78%) constituted a large proportion, mainly linalool (0.28–19.27%), eucalyptol (0.16–6.97%), thymol (0–19.54%), and carvacrol (0–26.82%). Multivariate statistical analyses were performed and 27 differential metabolites were screened. Three different methods (ABTS+•, DPPH•, and FRAP) were used to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of seven HDs. Thymus vulgaris hydrosols (Tv HDs) and Thymus mongolicus hydrosols (Tm HDs) had the strongest antioxidant activity and their stronger antioxidant capacity was related to their high levels of phenolic constituents, mainly thymol. The antioxidant activity of the other five Lamiaceae HDs was associated with their high alcohol (mainly linalool and eucalyptol) content, and the alcohol constituents may synergistically affect their antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the present study suggests that Lamiaceae plants can be utilized as antioxidant products or antioxidants in different industrial sectors including pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and agrochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MYB transcription factor gene family is among the most extensive superfamilies of transcription factors in plants and is involved in various essential functions, such as plant growth, defense, and pigment formation. Salvia nemorosa is a perennial herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and S. nemorosa has various colors and high ornamental value. However, there is little known about its genome-wide MYB gene family and response to flower color formation. In this study, 142 SnMYB genes (MYB genes of S. nemorosa) were totally identified, and phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene structures, and expression profiles during flower development stages were analyzed. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that MYB proteins in S. nemorosa could be categorized into 24 subgroups, as supported by the conserved motif compositions and gene structures. Furthermore, according to their similarity with AtMYB genes associated with the control of anthocyanin production, ten SnMYB genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis were speculated and chosen for further qRT-PCR analyses. The results indicated that five SnMYB genes (SnMYB75, SnMYB90, SnMYB6, SnMYB82, and SnMYB12) were expressed significantly differently in flower development stages. In conclusion, our study establishes the groundwork for understanding the anthocyanin biosynthesis of the SnMYB gene family and has the potential to enhance the breeding of S. nemorosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first description of Salvia majdae (syn. Zhumeria majdae) in 1967, its taxonomic status has remained an enigma within Salvia senso lato due to its unusual characters, in particular the floral structure. Based on recent molecular phylogenetic data, two defensible opinions on its status have been proposed. Here, we studied the floral development of this species using scanning electron microscopy to resolve this ambiguity. The aspects of floral symmetry were also studied. Like species of Salvia and representative genera of Lamiaceae, the initiation sequence of sepals and stamens in S. majdae is unidirectional from adaxial to abaxial and reverse, respectively. The flowers show temporal overlaps in initiation of petals and stamens. However, in contrast, the bidirectional initiation of the petals in S. majdae is reversed, starting with the abaxial middle petal, followed by the two adaxial ones, and then finally ending with the two lateral ones. The filaments of the sterile stamens are elongated and exposed as staminodes thorough development. We conclude that subequal growth of the calyx lips, weak cochlear aestivation and bidirectional initiation of the petals and well‐developed sterile stamen primordia are responsible for the weak floral asymmetry in S. majdae. Based on these data, S. majdae shows significant differences from Salvia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a synthesis of research on the history and current state of knowledge regarding the biological, ornamental and utilitarian characteristics of some species of the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae). The analysis aimed to identify the literature from the Romanian and international academic literature, in which the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) is treated, paying particular attention to the species Salvia officinalis, Salvia nemorosa, Salvia splendens, Salvia mellifera. During the activity carried out, historical milestones were determined and highlighted from the perspective of the scientific treatment of the genus Salvia, and a deeper dive into the already existing knowledge has been attempted, focusing on analyzing and capitalizing on the identified specialized works in which the biological, utilitarian and ornamental peculiarities are addressed. The results of the research highlight the importance of the species studied, as they may have an important practical use, both for lovers of sage flowers, as a garden plant, and for researchers and professional growers, as a medicinal and/or honey plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, essential oils (EOs) have received interest due to their antibacterial properties. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the EOs obtained from seven species of Salvia on three strains of Listeria monocytogenes (two serotyped wild strains and one ATCC strain), a bacterium able to contaminate food products and cause foodborne disease in humans. The Salvia species analysed in the present study were cultivated at the Botanic Garden and Museum of the University of Pisa, and their air-dried aerial parts were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The obtained EOs were analysed via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for the evaluation of their chemical composition, and they were tested for their inhibitory and bactericidal activities by means of MIC and MBC. The tested Eos showed promising results, and the best outcomes were reached by S. chamaedryoides EO, showing an MIC of 1:256 and an MBC of 1:64. The predominant compounds of this EO were the sesquiterpenes caryophyllene oxide and β-caryophyllene, together with the monoterpenes bornyl acetate and borneol. These results suggest that these EOs may possibly be used in the food industry as preservatives of natural origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition has crucial effects and a significant role in disease prevention. Recently, nutraceuticals have attracted much attention in scientific research due to their pleiotropic effects and relatively non-toxic behavior. Among the biological effects displayed by plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, such as antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anticholinesterase, sage is well known for its antioxidant properties and is a rich source of numerous compounds that are biologically active, amongst them polyphenols, with more than 160 types identified. In this review we summarized some of the significant studies published in the last decade reporting the most employed extraction methods and the different assays that are useful for establishing the antioxidant properties of some sage species. Even though the scientific literature contains plenty of data regarding the antioxidant properties of many sage species, further studies are needed in order to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action and the compounds responsible for their antioxidant activity. Finally, it should be taken into account that the data on the antioxidant properties of sage extracts are often difficult to compare with each other, since a series of variables in the extraction procedures, the type of assay used, and standardization may affect the final result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mexican Stamnodes Guenée, [1858] fauna is reviewed. Thirty-six species are documented, including sixteen new species: S. aumatlapalli sp. nov., S. calcarea sp. nov., S. carota sp. nov., S. catarina sp. nov., S. ceniza sp. nov., S. churro sp. nov., S. clara sp. nov., S. disrupta sp. nov., S. erupta sp. nov., S. favilla sp. nov., S. ferropulvisa sp. nov., S. fuego sp. nov., S. mariachi sp. nov., S. matrona sp. nov., S. saltillo sp. nov., and S. tenebrosa sp. nov.; and two new synonymies are proposed: S. artemis Rindge, 1958 syn. nov. is synonymized with S. agapetica (Dyar, 1916), and S. similis Wright, 1927 syn. nov. is synonymized with S. ululata Pearsall, 1912. Illustrations and a brief summary of the taxonomic status, biology, and distribution for each species are provided. Full descriptions accompany new species accounts. Genitalic descriptions and illustrations are provided for new species and species described from Mexico without past genitalic study, and COI barcode data are presented for 27 of the 36 species treated herein.

The genus Salvia L., belonging to the Lamiaceae family, contains more than 900 species distributed in various parts of the world. It is a genus containing aromatic plants used both in the culinary field and above all in the cosmetic area to produce several perfumes. Salvia fruticosa Mill., notoriously known as Greek Salvia, is a plant used since ancient times in traditional medicine, but today cultivated and used in various parts of Europe and Africa. Polar and apolar extracts of this plant confirmed the presence of several metabolites such as abietane and labdane diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and some flavonoids, causing interesting properties such as sedative, carminative, and antiseptic, while its essential oils (EOs) are mainly characterized by compounds such as 1,8-cineole and camphor. The aim of this work concerns the chemical analysis by GC and GC-MS, and the investigation of the biological properties, of the EO of S. fruticosa plants collected in eastern Sicily. The gas-chromatographic analysis confirmed the presence of 1,8-cineole (17.38%) and camphor (12.81%), but at the same time, also moderate amounts of α-terpineol (6.74%), β-myrcene (9.07%), camphene (8.66%), β-pinene (6.55%), and α-pinene (6.45%). To study the protective effect of EOs from S. fruticosa (both the total mixture and the individual compounds) on possible damage induced by heavy metals, an in vitro system was used in which a model organism, the liverwort Conocephalum conicum, was subjected to the effect of a mix of heavy metals (HM) prepared using values of concentrations actually measured in one of the most polluted watercourses of the Campania region, the Regi Lagni. Finally, the antioxidant response and the photosynthetic damage were examined. The exogenous application of the EO yields a resumption of the oxidative stress induced by HM, as demonstrated by the reduction in the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) content and by the increased activity of antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Furthermore, plants treated with HMs and EO showed a higher Fv/Fm (maximal quantum efficiency of PSII in the dark) with respect to HMs-only treated ones. These results clearly indicate the protective capacity of the EO of S. fruticosa against oxidative stress, which is achieved at least in part by modulating the redox state through the antioxidant pathway and on photosynthetic damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lamiaceae family encompasses numerous species highly valued for their applications in medicine, food, and cosmetics. In order to screen the Lamiaceae family and discover new sources of phytochemicals and antioxidants, we comprehensively evaluated 20 species from this family, including Phlomis herba-venti, P. tuberosa, P. olivieri, P. kurdica, Nepeta sp., N. cataria, N. saccharata, Stachys sp., S. inflata, Scutellaria albida, Marrubium parviflora, Mentha pulegium, Thymus kotschyanus, Lamium album, Salvia officinalis, S. multicaulis, S. macrochlamys, S. candidissima, S. verticillata, and S. nemorosa. The aerial parts of these species were analyzed to determine their total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, total tannin content (TTC), ascorbic acid content (AAC), antioxidant capacity (assessed by FRAP and DPPH assays), and polyphenolic components (by HPLC). The phytochemical compounds and antioxidant properties varied widely among different species. The highest concentrations of TPC (70.93 mg GAE/g DW), TFC (17.89 mg Que/g DW), TTC (6.49 mg TAE/100 g), and AAC (1.15 mg AA/g DW), as well as the greatest antioxidant activity, were observed in different Salvia species. Additionally, chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids were the primary phenolic compounds identified in the extracts from the investigated Lamiaceae family. According to Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), three groups of species were identified, characterized by variations in phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity. The results obtained can provide new natural sources of phytochemicals and antioxidant agents, particularly from Salvia species, for the advancement of new products in the food, agricultural, cosmetics and health industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several members of Stachys L. (among the largest Lamiaceae genera) have been traditionally used as medicinal plants. With 54 Stachys taxa (species and subspecies) occurring in mainland and/or insular Greece, the present study aimed to investigate the metabolic profiling of four range-restricted local Stachys members: Stachys candida and S. chrysantha (protected and endangered local Greek endemics), S. leucoglossa subsp. leucoglossa (local Balkan endemic), and S. spinulosa (local Balkan subendemic). In this investigation, the infusions of their above-ground parts were characterized using NMR and HPLC-PDA-MS techniques. Thus, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra were obtained to compare the chemical fingerprints of these plants. Furthermore, previously isolated compounds from Stachys spp. were used to identify specific constituents. NMR screening revealed the presence of: (i) phenylethanoid glycosides, mainly acteoside in S. candida and S. chrysantha (section Candida, Swainsoniana phyloclade), and (ii) flavone 7-O-allosylglucoside (isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-D-allopyranosyl]-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside) and iridoids (monomelittoside or/and melittoside) in S. leucoglossa subsp. leucoglossa (section Olisia, Swainsoniana/Olisia phyloclade, Swainsoniana phyloclade) and caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid) in S. spinulosa (section Campanistrum, Stachys phyloclade). In total, 26 compounds were detected by HPLC-PDA-MS belonging to flavonoids, phenylethanoid glycosides, and phenolic acids. Among them, chlorogenic acid was identified in all samples as one of their main metabolites. The present study complements previous studies with first reports of constituents detected in the studied taxa, reports for the first time on the metabolic characterization of S. spinulosa, and discusses the chemotaxonomic significance of such findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. is a native Mediterranean shrub belonging to the Lamiaceae family and is well-known as a flavoring and spicing agent. In addition to its classical use, it has drawn attention because its biological activities, due particularly to the presence of polyphenols, including carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, and phenolic diterpenes as carnosol. In this study, the aerial part of rosemary was extracted with a hydroalcoholic solution through maceration, followed by ultrasound sonication, to obtain a terpenoids-rich Salvia rosmarinus extract (TRSrE) and a polyphenols-rich Salvia rosmarinus extract (PRSrE). After phytochemical characterization, both extracts were investigated for their antioxidant activity through a classical assay and with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) for their DPPH and hydroxyl radicals scavenging. Finally, their potential beneficial effects to reduce lipid accumulation in an in vitro model of NAFLD were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Salvia genus comprises about 1000 species endowed with medicinal, aromatic, cosmetic, and ornamental applications. Even though the genus is one of the most-studied taxa of the Lamiaceae family, data on the chemical composition and biological properties of certain locally used Salvia species are still scarce. The present work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potential of ten Salvia species that grow in Eastern Europe (e.g., the Republic of Moldova). LC-HRMS/MS metabolite profiling allowed for the annotation of 15 phenolic and organic acids, 18 flavonoids, 19 diterpenes, 5 sesterpenes, and 2 triterpenes. Multivariate analysis (e.g., principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis) revealed that S. austriaca, S. nutans, and S. officinalis formed individual clusters, whereas the remaining species had a similar composition. S. officinalis showed the highest activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC = 0.625 mg/mL). As evaluated in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, S. officinalis was one of the most potent radical scavenging and metal-reducing agents (CE50 values of 25.33, 8.13, and 21.01 μg/mL, respectively), followed by S. verticillata, S. sclarea, S. kopetdaghensis, S. aethiopis, and S. tesquicola. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong correlations with rosmarinic acid, luteolin-O-glucuronide, and hydroxybenzoic acid. When the cytotoxic activity was evaluated in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, no significant reduction in cell viability was observed over the concentrations ranging from 25 and 100 μg/mL. The results confirm the potential use of understudied Salvia species as promising sources of antioxidant compounds for developing novel pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, or cosmeceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Salvia species (Lamiaceae) are found in almost the countries from the tropical and temperate regions. Methods:About nine species and one variety of Salvia L were recorded in Egypt, of which S. lanigera and S.aegyptiaca are recorded on the western coast of Mediterranean sea. In floristic analysis, thirty stands were studied, in which 55 species associated with Salvia sp., were highlighted and presented here with their families, distribution, and life forms. Also, the allelopathic effect of the studied Salvia sp. on barley seeds was indicated at different concentrations.Results:Family Asteraceae recorded the highest associated species in number (14 species). Therophytes were the dominant life form. From an environmental point, segetalshad the largest number of associated species (43.64% from the total of species). Allelopathic effect of S. lanigera and S.aegyptiaca was examed on the germination with seedling growth for barley (Hordeum vulgare)grains.There were strong inhibitory effects of Salvia sp. water extracts on the germination percentage of barley. The highest reduction percentage (35%) in germination was achieved byS. aegyptiaca water extract (2.5%). The germination rate was significantly sensitive to 10% and 100% of S. lanigeravar. lanigera(type 1) extractswith the highest inhibition percentage (4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia semiatrata Zucc. (Lamiaceae) is endemic to Oaxaca, Mexico, and is known for its analgesic properties. Terpenoids and phenolic compounds with antinociceptive potential have been characterised from this species. The aim of this research was to determine the variation in terpenoids and flavonoids in ethyl acetate extracts of S. semiatrata collected from ten different localities, as well as to evaluate the antinociceptive effect between plants with higher and lower contents of these secondary metabolites. Quantification of S. semiatrata compounds was performed via HPLC-DAD, whereas in vivo evaluation of the antinociceptive effect was performed via formalin test. The results showed that the most abundant groups of metabolites are oleanolic acid (89.60–59.20 µg/mg), quercetin (34.81–16.28 µg/mg), catechin (11.30–9.30 µg/mg), and 7-keto-neoclerodan-3,13-dien-18,19:15,16-diolide (7-keto) (8.01–4.76 µg/mg). Principal component and canonical correspondence analysis showed that the most contrasting localities in terms of compound content and climatic variables are Miahuatlán and Santiago Huauclilla. The differences in metabolite content between the two locations did not affect the antinociceptive effects evaluated at a dose of 300 mg/kg, p.o. In conclusion, the results indicate that S. semiatrata is effective in relieving pain, regardless of the site of collection, reinforcing its traditional use as analgesic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study records two species of Pteridophytes, viz., Hemionitis cordata Roxb. ex Hook. & Grev. and Ophioglossum nudicaule L.f. of Pteridaceae and Ophioglossaceae, and two species of Angiosperms, viz., Bacopa australis V.C. Souza and Salvia misella Kunth of Plantaginaceae and Lamiaceae, respectively, for the first time in Bangladesh, based on the plant specimens collected during the recent botanical explorations conducted in selected areas of Bagerhat, Barguna, and Cumilla districts. A detailed taxonomic description with key characters, notes on ecology, uses, distribution, distinctness from other similar taxa, representative specimens examined, and photographs of each of these four species have been provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils of Salvia ovalifolia, S. procurrens and S. uliginosa were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The three species displayed very low amounts of essential oils, consisting of a few sesquiterpenes, and aliphatic compounds such as aldehydes and long-chain fatty acids. From the leaves of S. uliginosa, an exudate was obtained which presented the diterpene icetexone as the major component. The exudate and icetexone were evaluated for the activity against Candida species, both showing inhibition of fungal growth.

Salvia aratocensis (Lamiaceae) is an endemic shrub from the Chicamocha River Canyon in Santander (Colombia). Its essential oil (EO) was distilled from the aerial parts of the plant via steam distillation and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC/MS and GC/FID. Hydroethanolic extracts were isolated from dry plants before distillation and from the residual plant material after distillation. The extracts were characterized via UHPLC-ESI(+/−)-Orbitrap-HRMS. The S. aratocensis essential oil was rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (60–69%) and presented τ-cadinol (44–48%) and 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (21–24%) as its major components. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the EOs, measured via an ABTS+• assay, was 32–49 μmol Trolox® g−1 and that measured using the ORAC assay was 1520–1610 μmol Trolox® g−1. Ursolic acid (28.9–39.8 mg g−1) and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide (1.16–25.3 mg g−1) were the major S. aratocensis extract constituents. The antioxidant activity of the S. aratocensis extract, obtained from undistilled plant material, was higher (82 ± 4 μmol Trolox® g−1, ABTS+•; 1300 ± 14 μmol Trolox® g−1, ORAC) than that of the extracts obtained from the residual plant material (51–73 μmol Trolox® g−1, ABTS+•; 752–1205 μmol Trolox® g−1, ORAC). S. aratocensis EO and extract had higher ORAC antioxidant capacity than the reference substances butyl hydroxy toluene (98 μmol Trolox® g−1) and α-tocopherol (450 μmol Trolox® g−1). S. aratocensis EOs and extracts have the potential to be used as natural antioxidants for cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Glasnik Zastite Bilja is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adaptation to the most effective pollinator is often conceived as the primary explanation of widespread convergence in flower phenotypes. However, specialization does not exclude the presence of other floral visitors, which may contribute to plant reproduction. Here we combined observations about pollinators' visitation rates and effectiveness with nectar secretion dynamics and sugar composition in four Andean Salvia species from Bolivia. The study revealed a wider diversity than expected both in pollination systems and in nectar strategies. While Salvia haenkei Benth. and Salvia stachydifolia Benth. were almost exclusively pollinated by either hummingbirds or bees, respectively, mixed pollination was found in Salvia orbignaei Benth., a species previously described as hummingbird-pollinated. Salvia personata Epling. was exclusively pollinated by syrphid flies. Differences in nectar volume and sugar concentration were found between insect-pollinated species and mixed- or hummingbird-pollinated species. However, the four Salvia species displayed different strategies regarding nectar sugar composition, with sucrose-rich nectar in Salvia orbignaei, glucose-rich nectar in Salvia haenkei and Salvia stachydifolia, and glucose-rich nectar lacking fructose in Salvia personata, suggesting an adaptation to syrphid fly pollination. Our results provide a clearer picture of floral trait evolution in Salvia and highlight the contribution of some pollinators different from those expected according to the floral syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revises the genus Nepeta for the family Lamiaceae for the Flora of Iraq project. We describe a new species, Nepeta iraqensis, and four new records Nepeta congesta subsp. cryptantha, N. stricta, N. lamiifolia and N. iodantha for Iraq. Lectotypes for six taxa are selected and comments on complex species are given. In addition, two new synonyms are given here for the first time. In all, we describe with identification keys, 19 taxa, three of which are endemic to Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia is the most species‐rich genus in Lamiaceae, encompassing approximately 1000 species distributed all over the world. We sought a new evolutionary perspective for Salvia by employing macroevolutionary analyses to address the tempo and mode of diversification. To study the association of floral traits with speciation and extinction, we modelled and explored the evolution of corolla length and the lever‐mechanism pollination system across our Salvia phylogeny. We reconstructed a multigene phylogeny for 366 species of Salvia in the broad sense including all major recognized lineages and 50 species from Iran, a region previously overlooked in studies of the genus. Our comprehensive sampling of Iranian species of Salvia provides higher phylogenetic resolution for southwestern Asian species than obtained in previous studies. Our phylogenetic data in combination with divergence time estimates were used to examine the evolution of corolla length, woody versus herbaceous habit, and presence versus absence of a lever mechanism. We investigated the timing and dependence of Salvia diversification related to corolla length evolution through a disparity test and BAMM analysis. A HiSSE model was used to evaluate the dependency of diversification on the lever‐mechanism pollination system in Salvia. A medium corolla length (15–18 mm) was reconstructed as the ancestral state for Salvia with multiple shifts to shorter and longer corollas. Macroevolutionary model analyses indicate that corolla length disparity is high throughout Salvia evolution, significantly different from expectations under a Brownian motion model during the last 28 million years of evolution. Our analyses show evidence of a higher diversification rate of corolla length for some Andean species of Salvia compared to other members of the genus. Based on our tests of diversification models, we reject the hypothesis of a direct effect of the lever mechanism on Salvia diversification. Therefore, we suggest caution in considering the lever‐mechanism pollination system as one of the main drivers of speciation in Salvia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of plant monoterpenes is largely based on the catalytic activity of monoterpene synthases. Additionally, copy number variation of monoterpene synthase genes may contribute to the quantity of transcripts and hence to the essential oil profile. This study used whole-genome sequencing and digital PCR for the measurement of copy number variation and quantification of gene expression in three closely related Salvia species, namely Salvia officinalis , Salvia pomifera and Salvia fruticosa. Twelve, 13 and 15 monoterpene synthase-encoding open-reading frames were predicted for Salvia officinalis , Salvia pomifera and Salvia fruticosa , respectively. In Salvia officinalis , one of the open reading frames was disrupted indicating a pseudogene. Monoterpene synthase genes were generally single copy per haploid genome, only a few were double or triple copy genes. Expression levels of monoterpene synthases in leaves corresponded generally well with essential oil composition. In some cases, a higher expression level of a certain monoterpene synthase could be explained by its duplication or triplication. The very high content of thujones in Salvia pomifera , for example, was accompanied by gene duplication and increased gene expression of (+)-sabinene synthase responsible for the thujone precursor sabinene. In Salvia officinalis , three individuals different in their essential oil profile showed significant differences in their monoterpene synthase expression levels corresponding roughly to the profile of the essential oils. Transcript expression of monoterpene synthase genes were measured in leaf, calyx and corolla. The corolla differed significantly from leaves, while calyces usually showed a profile intermediary between leaf and corolla. • Salvia officinalis , S. fruticosa and S. pomifera share the same monoterpenes but with different relation. • In S. officinalis 12 monoterpene synthases (TPS), in S. fruticosa 15 TPS and in S. pomifera 13 TPS identified. • Most TPS are single copy genes, a few with two or three copies. • Good correspondence between TPS expression levels and monoterpene profiles. • In some cases higher expression levels could be explained by copy number variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia hispanica L. is an annual herbaceous plant commonly known as "Chia". It has been recommended for therapeutic use because of its use as an excellent source of fatty acids, protein, dietary fibers, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids. A literature survey concerning phytochemical and biological investigations of chia extracts revealed less attention towards the non-polar extracts of S. hispanica L. aerial parts, which motivates us to investigate their phytochemical constituents and biological potentials. The phytochemical investigation of the non-polar fractions of S. hispanica L. aerial parts resulted in the tentative identification of 42 compounds using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis with the isolation of β-sitosterol (1), betulinic acid (2), oleanolic acid (3), and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside (4). GLC-MS analysis of the seeds' oil showed a high concentration of omega-3 fatty acid, with a percentage of 35.64% of the total fatty acid content in the seed oil. The biological results revealed that the dichloromethane fraction showed promising DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.73 µg/mL), antidiabetic activity with significant inhibition of the α-amylase enzyme (IC50 673.25 μg/mL), and anti-inflammatory activity using in vitro histamine release assay (IC50 61.8 μg/mL). Furthermore, the dichloromethane fraction revealed moderate cytotoxic activity against human lung cancer cell line (A-549), human prostate carcinoma (PC-3), and colon carcinoma (HCT-116) with IC50s 35.9 ± 2.1 μg/mL, 42.4 ± 2.3 μg/mL, and 47.5 ± 1.3 μg/mL, respectively, and antiobesity activity with IC50 59.3 μg/mL, using pancreatic lipase inhibitory assay. In conclusion, this study's findings not only shed light on the phytochemical constituents and biological activities of the non-polar fractions of chia but also should be taken as a basis for the future in vivo and clinical studies on the safety and efficacy of chia and its extracts. Further study should be focused towards the isolation of the active principles of the dichloromethane fraction and studying their efficacy, exact mechanism(s), and safety, which could benefit the pharmaceutical industry and folk medicine practitioners who use this plant to cure diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of Ag NPs has been increasing for diverse applications in recent years. The present study proposed the synthesis of Ag NPs using mint family plants of Salvia coccinea, Salvia leucantha and Salvia splendens and their efficacy against cancer cells. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized and confirmed using UV-spectrometer and X-ray powder diffraction. The observed peaks in FTIR showed Phyto-functional groups and the stretch of bonds that corresponds to AgNPs synthesis. Scanning Electron Microscope morphologically identified the structure of the silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles showed significant anticancer activity against the A549 human lung cancer cells (HLCCs). Moreover, it's also demonstrated for the first time the anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles from three Salvia plant species against A549 HLCCs. The results demonstrate the anticancer activities of AgNPs, suggesting that they may act as potential beneficial molecules in A549 HLCCs chemoprevention and chemotherapy, especially for early-stage intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid oxidation is the primary non-microbial reason for quality deterioration of meat and meat products. Lipid oxidation can be prevented or delayed by antioxidants. In this study, 15 sage (Salvia spp. Labiatae) extracts (five genotypes, three harvest times) were tested for their ability to reduce lipid oxidation (peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) in ground, uncured, cooked porcine and bovine meat (60%/40% mixture) during 14 days of refrigerated storage. Additionally, total phenolic content was determined, and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was measured as radical scavenging activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay), reducing power, and superoxide anion scavenging activity. All 15 sage extracts were able to reduce lipid oxidation, though showing expected differences depending on genotype and harvest time. The extracts of S. officinalis accession from Foggia, Italy performed better than the other genotypes when looking at the entire storage period and considering both PV and TBARS. Of the applied methods for determining antioxidant capacity, superoxide anion scavenging activity proved to be the best determinant of the ability of sage to reduce lipid oxidation in the meat sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia chienii E.Peter is a medicinal herb mainly distributed in Huangshan Mountain of Anhui province, China. In this study, the first complete chloroplast genome of S. chienii was sequenced and assembled. The genome length was 151,530 bp and encoded 143 genes (91 protein-coding genes, eight rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes). The phylogenomic analysis showed that S. chienii was closely related to S. miltiorrhiza. Further evolutionary studies of the genus Salvia could benefit from the complete chloroplast genome of S. chienii present in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia mellifera, native to California, Baja California, and Mexico, is a medicinal herb traditionally used to relieve pain, body aches, including chronic pain. A detailed phytochemical investigation of aerial parts of S. mellifera was accomplished to find species-specific markers and to differentiate the closely related, often (un)intentionally substituted with S. apiana. A total of 22 metabolites, including flavonoids (1–14), triterpenoids (15–18), diterpenoids (19–21), and phenylpropanoid (22), were isolated and characterized thoroughly. Among the isolates, eupatorin 3′-O-glucopyranoside (1) was identified as undescribed phytochemical and detailed structure elucidation was achieved through extensive NMR and mass spectral data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Teucrium L., belonging to the family Lamiaceae, is divided in ten sections including Polium (Mill.) Schreb. In Cyprus, this section is represented by five endemic species: T. micropodioides, T. cyprium, T. karpasiticum, T. kyreniae and T. salaminium. Essential oils of the aerial parts of these species were separately obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Chemical compositions of the obtained oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS, simultaneously. The essential oil yields ranged between 0.03-0.75 (v/w). The major components of the essential oil of T. kyreniae were ß-caryophyllene (21.2%), (E)-nerolidol (10.9%), carvone (8.8%) and a-humulene (7.9%). T. salaminium essential oil was dominated by ß-caryophyllene (15.2%), caryophyllene oxide (13.9%), germacrene D (11.6%) and bicyclogermacrene (10.0%). Major components of the oil of T. cyprium were ß-pinene (35.4%), a-pinene (10.6%) and spathulenol (8.4%). Major compounds of the oils of T. micropodioides samples, collected from two different locations, were (1) limonene (47.0%), ß-pinene (16.0%) and ß-caryophyllene (6.9%), (2) d-cadinene (11.2%), 1-epi-cubenol (7.8%), cubebol (4.7%), cubenol (4.1%), respectively. Main constituents of the essential oil of T. karpasiticum were limonene (43.9%), ß-pinene (16.0%), a-bisabolol oxide A (7.8%), ß-caryophyllene (5.5%) and a-pinene (4.6%). The section Polium, is considered a complex and the diversity of oil compositions from the species belonging to this section provided additional proof to this consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Human activities and climate change are the main factors causing habitat loss, jeopardising the survival of many species, especially those with limited range, such as endemic species. Recently, species distribution models (SDMs) have been used in conservation biology to assess their extinction risk, environmental dynamics, and potential distribution. This study analyses the potential, current and future distribution range of Salvia ceratophylloides Ard., an endemic perennial species of the Lamiaceae family that occurs exclusively in a limited suburban area of the city of Reggio Calabria (southern Italy). The MaxEnt model was employed to configure the current potential range of the species using bioclimatic and edaphic variables, and to predict the potential suitability of the habitat in relation to two future scenarios (SSP245 and SSP585) for the periods 2021–2040 and 2041–2060. The field survey, which spanned 5 years (2017–2021), involved 17 occurrence points. According to the results of the MaxEnt model, the current potential distribution is 237.321 km2, which considering the preferred substrates of the species and land-use constraints is re-estimated to 41.392 km2. The model obtained from the SSP245 future scenario shows a decrease in the area suitable for the species of 35% in the 2021–2040 period and 28% in the 2041–2060 period. The SSP585 scenario shows an increase in the range suitable for hosting the species of 167% in the 2021–2040 period and 171% in the 2041–2060 period. Assessing variation in the species distribution related to the impacts of climate change makes it possible to define priority areas for reintroduction and in situ conservation. Identifying areas presumably at risk or, on the contrary, suitable for hosting the species is of paramount importance for management and conservation plans for Salvia ceratophylloides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natura Croatica is the property of Natura Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Salvia genus is the largest member of the Lamiaceae family with around 900 species and is widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. These species are usually aromatic and have numerous pharmacological and therapeutic applications. They are used in traditional medicine to treat eczema, colds, bronchitis, digestive problems, sore throat, tuberculosis, haemorrhage, some cardiovascular and menstrual disorder. Modern studies suggest that various Salvia species have antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These activities are consequence of biosynthesized bioactive substances, including terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, etc. These chemical constituents refer to as secondary metabolites and exert multiple therapeutic activities without showing important side effects. The present review summarized the information published in the scientific literature on the secondary metabolites in Salvia spp. In addition, the recent biotechnological approaches, advances in metabolic engineering strategies, successful results and potential problems were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]