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Matching national surveys with the dataset offered by the Worlds of Journalism Study network (2012–2016), this article presents an analysis of trust in the press covering 16 European countries and the United States. Drawing from the spatial proximity model of voter utility, this article focuses on the ideological proximity between journalists' and citizens' left-right positions as a determinant of trust in the press. We expect a positive relationship between these two variables. However, we also hypothesize that the strength of such relationship is mediated by the type of media model (according to Hallin and Mancini's classification) existing in the different countries. In particular, we expect a higher impact within those contexts where the level of political parallelism is higher. The statistical results are as expected. This article highlights that news media trust research should focus more thoroughly on the interaction and interrelation of news media, audience, and politics. The article brings also implications about the concept of political parallelism in journalism and how it is received by readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical partnership between whistleblowers and journalists has produced some of the most consequential news stories of the 20th and 21st centuries. However, this partnership has also experienced deep ruptures, most notably after the attacks on 9/11 that reordered the fourth estate's (the press) approach to publishing stories on national intelligence and politically powerful figures. While sensational developments in information accessibility such as WikiLeaks and online document repositories have meaningfully changed the activity of newsgathering and how stories are published, this article instead looks to the more delicate activity of whistleblower rhetoric and its role in recalibrating the place of the fourth estate in a liberal democracy. What follows is an analysis of how a small, vulnerable, and otherwise heterogeneous group uses a rhetoric of praise and blame to achieve a vision of the fourth estate's essential role in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzira Alves de Abreu was present in the development of the fi elds that are conventionally called oral history and history of the present, in the period that extends from the foundation of CPDOC (center for teaching and research in the Social Sciences and Contemporary History) to the fi rst decades of the 2000s. Th e article analyzes the set of contributions that the historian makes to the theme to which she began to dedicate herself: the modernization of the press. At the same time that the theoreticalmethodological foundations and the results obtained are exposed, the main questions that arise in her investigation are discussed, such as the indistinction, sometimes, between the points of view of the interviewed journalists and her own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating a gender perspective in the media entails implementing strategies to work with information in a democratic way. The mobilisation of Las Periodistas Paramos in Spain in 2018 influenced a change towards such a perspective, which is also one of the most relevant innovations identified in Spanish media. The purpose of this work is to draw, for the first time, a map of the initiatives adopted by the Spanish press to incorporate the gender perspective into its newsrooms. To do this, style guides and other initiatives aimed at providing guidance on the introduction of the gender dimension are examined, and semi-structured interviews are used to find out how four women journalists responsible for such an incorporation carry out their work. The results show a substantial, although also uneven, presence of initiatives in the 21 newspapers analysed. Most of the style guides –10 of them have one and nine of them have been accessed– are outdated, obsolete or being updated. Most also contain aspects related to the gender perspective, although they do not include this term explicitly and often do not adapt to today’s reality. In the newspapers that do not have a Style Guide or other types of measures, a sensitivity towards the subject is perceived. On the other hand, four newspapers have a gender editor whose main function is to ensure that the perspective is transversal and reaches all sections, genres and content. These professionals make a positive assessment of their still brief trajectory and agree that journalism has advanced considerably and done important pedagogical work in society in terms of gender, although it seems that this figure will remain necessary for quite some time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to introduce the reader to the beginning of Azevedo Amaral's journalistic career as an international correspondent for the newspaper Correio da Manhã, through his column entitled "Cartas de Londres". Published between 1910 and 1917, the main objective of the column was to discuss the European political scenario, with emphasis on events related to the First World War, which were widely accepted by the newspaper's readership. The success of the column "Letters from London" projected Azevedo Amaral as an important journalist in the early 1920s, in Rio de Janeiro. In addition to presenting the journalist's trajectory, this study seeks to contribute to the History of the Press, since the periodical press has become an important documentary source for historians in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spring 1925 four journalists representing four different newspapers printed in Poland (in Polish) travelled to Eretz Israel to report on the ceremonies of opening the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Jakub Appenszlak (Nasz Przegląd), Bernard Zimmermann (Nowy Dziennik), and Leon Weinstock (Chwila) were Polish Jews and supporters of Zionism. Janusz Makarczyk (Kurier Warszawski) was a Pole working for a right-wing Polish daily. As reporters they witnessed the opening of the University and also visited other places like Tel Aviv and some agricultural settlements. They sent their reports to Poland. The reports represent a unique view on the development of Jewish Palestine in the mid-1920s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study analyses the presence of sports journalists in the news stories published by the Spanish digital sports press during the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. The aims were to establish whether there are quantitative imbalances in the authorship of the news reports and to identify any gender biases that may contribute to perpetuating inequality in the newsrooms of these media companies. Methodology: A content analysis of the four digital sports newspapers in Spain with the largest readerships (Marca, As, Mundo Deportivo and Sport) was carried out during the days of the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio. A total of 5189 news items were published, and were assessed in this study from a gender perspective. Results: The results reveal an imbalance in the authorship of the news items published during the Rio Olympics in terms of the numbers of stories signed by male and female sports journalists. In addition, a gender bias was also perceived. Women's sports were covered more often by female journalists and the focus tended to be more on national sports or on traditionally female events such as tennis or athletics. Events with a more international coverage, and traditionally male sports, tended to be reported on by male journalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The networked era has made it increasingly difficult to define journalism and to separate it from other types of information. This is no small thing. The definition of journalism influences its practice and its role in democratic society. This article identifies themes from judicial definitions of journalism from recent U.S. state and federal cases. Jurists' rationales for why a person is or is not a journalist have come as they face a variety of cases in which bloggers, message-board posters, website publishers, and others have claimed protections that have historically been primarily associated with traditional journalists. Ultimately, judges have constructed a discourse about journalism that combined concerns regarding how closely the process and practices the publishers used to gather and communicate the information aligned with traditional journalistic work, the public-service value of the information, and the journalistic credentials of the publisher. Though concern for how the work was created and who communicated it was crucial, jurists consistently conveyed the public-service role was most instrumental in their evaluations, often rationalizing broad expansions of what legally constitutes journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do journalists make news in Russian newspapers and what journalistic roles emerge from news content? We conducted a study of the news content of two general interest newspapers: Rossiiskaia Gazeta (RG), official organ of the Russian government, and Moskovskii Komsomolets (MK), a private newspaper oriented to a mass readership. Despite their different orientations and ownership, both newspapers relied mostly on government/party sources and prioritized the voices of the authorities and of the journalist-typical characteristics of a Soviet newspaper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the study is to identify the competencies of transformative leadership in editors-in-chief of Jordanian press organizations. With respect to their training needs and transformational leadership theory, Jordanian society consists of 200Journalists working for the recognized press institutions. In order to achieve the aim of the study a well structured questionnaire was distributed to editors-in-chief working in the Jordanian press. The study used descriptive statistics to define training needs of competencies of transformational leadership. The study found that leadership competencies existed in the press organizations and that the transformation among the editors-in-chief was moderate. Hence, the study recommended the need to enhance the development of transformational leadership competencies among editors-in-chief of Jordanian press organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Push-notifications are essential tools of mobile journalism to capture the attention of the audiences. This study explores the strategies for the production and dissemination of alerts adopted by the main news media outlets in Puerto Rico. Through a content analysis and in-depth interviews with journalists who produce the pushnotifications, this research found that alerts often communicate breaking news, and national and political issues. In line with previous research, in addition they serve to attract traffic, generate income and position the brand in the media market. Although the media recognize that push-notifications are disruptive, they do not tend to adopt personalization strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, the initiative of "brand propaganda," a form of positive reporting on local governments in exchange of financial support, emerged within a few of China's city-level and province-level press groups. Employing the theoretical perspective of journalistic legitimacy, this study investigates how involved local journalists rationalize this initiative and the implications it bears for the future of China's local journalism. In-depth interviews with 17 journalists from the local press group X Daily suggest that brand propaganda is legitimized through a "story of survival" entailing discourses of balance, returning, and adaptation. The effects of brand propaganda on local press and the future of Chinese journalism are complicated by the interactions between individual journalists, local press markets, and the overall media-political environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses how the precarious lives of poor women were used by the press in Rio de Janeiro during the first years after the promulgation of the Golden Law (Lei Áurea). The Fluminense press, throughout its news production, support-ed aggressive policing and promoted an ideal model of mother and woman worshiped by the new Republic. Based on the analysis of news articles published in the newspaper Gazeta de Notícias during the year 1890, this paper aims to investigate the nuanced approach presented by each journalist/columnist, as well as the valued resources used by the writers/literati in order to assure the reading public`s fidelity. It demonstrates how these women resorted to traditions and practices arising from slavery, to protect the rights they believed to have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the process of trans-formation that occurred in the press and journalism from Rio de Janeiro, between the 1880s and 1900s. Mainly, the relationship established between the literati and journalistic companies was under investigation, paying attention to the daily newspapers. Also, the attempts of defining journalism as a profession itself were analyzed in pair with the rising importance of the conception of labor to the literary production from lots of men of letters in the period. The poet, chronist, and journalist Olavo Bilac was one of the subjects followed with attention, including his literary personal projects as the illustrated magazines. The documents used for this research were chronicles published on the press, registers from Almanak Laemmert, and the interviews contained in O Momento Literário, from João do Rio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the press coverage of 58 cases of 'bystander interventions' to free what were described as 'white' or 'almost white' slaves in Brazil from the 1850s to the 1880s. It juxtaposes the press reports on these largely spontaneous 'crowd-funded' manumissions with the portrayal of 17 white slave characters in Brazilian literature. The bystanders who raised funds to free these incongruous slaves and the journalists who wrote about them shared understandings of slavery, race, and gender with the writers who created white slave characters in novels, short stories, and plays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to a life period of the great German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel when he actively carried out journalistic and editing activities in Bamberg. In this context, the authors think of the matter of journalism and press as a choice and vocation, as well as of media and its role in the historical shift. To some extent, we could say that Hegel's work as a journalist and publicist traces the image of the journalese profession as a reasoning and standpoint about freedom, history, national identity, communication with personalities of historical importance and active influence in politics. Media is an inseparable part of Modern World, and everyone who are engaged in it as journalists, editors, publicists, and authors, bear the high responsibility to rethink the historical process and free actions of all the active citizens who take part in it as an aspiration for partnership or a stand on a question in a conflict. Hegel's activity as a journalist is connected with his philosophical ideas of freedom, history, evolution, and, as such, it imposes high demands on journalese profession, still valid on this day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looked at the nature of sourcing stories in the press coverage of the anti-sugar debate and the supermarket industry in the UK. The research design was a mixed-method study founded in an interpretivist epistemology. Content analysis has been conducted on 454 articles from national and regional press and this analysis provided an answer on who influences the news agenda. Qualitative interviews with journalists explored what sources journalists use when selecting and sourcing stories. The findings show that NGOs are regularly used as a source for stories in the British press, while the news agenda is largely driven by the self-interest of journalists, which corresponds with agenda of the NGO Action on Sugar. Journalists also largely rely on contacts when sourcing stories, but NGOs are present in the mind of journalists when deciding how to source stories. In addition, views of journalists correspond with views of NGOs on the role and position of the business in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the media coverage of immigration in Melilla, the land frontier between Spain and Morocco and one of the access points where immigrants enter the European Union, and the role that journalists and other agents play in spreading news on immigration. By means of a field study we analyse the type of news professionals and media that are present near the border, the logics followed by institutional press offices when providing information, and the particular conditions in which journalism is practiced in a space of juridical exceptionality. Amongst the results obtained we underscore: the predominance of a media market that, while apparently diverse, is highly dependent on institutional advertising; the relevance of figures like activists or freelance journalists in providing differentiated news on immigration; and the difficulties in working that journalists face due to arbitrariness and obscurantism when accessing images and data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge brokers play a crucial role in improving the likelihood that scientific research informs public policy and professional practice, and journalists are well-positioned to serve in this role given their contributions to the flow and exchange of knowledge in society. To better understand the functions and mechanisms by which journalists may broker scientific knowledge, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a diverse sample of health and science journalists (N = 22). Findings show that journalists actively seek to perform crucial knowledge brokering functions for their audiences, including searching for, filtering, corroborating, and incorporating research evidence into their reporting. At the same time, they stop short of consciously performing higher-order knowledge brokering functions, such as using research in their reporting to connect actors with a stake in the same issue or to advocate for the adoption of evidence-based policies and practices. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of news has become a social experience. In this scenario, we set out to answer the following question: What are Spanish journalists talking about on Twitter? This work studies what type of content they emit on Twitter to establish if the link between these professionals and the mass media or with the cybermedia influences the thematic orientation of their tweet. The study has worked with three samples (a sample of covers of five newspapers of reference of Spain, a sample of ten accounts of Twitter corresponding to journalists from mass communication media and a sample of ten accounts of cyberjournalists). The two-year research has analyzed 3.500 tweets based on a classification system of registration units made up of 35 thematic categories. The study concludes, among other aspects, that politics (national and international) is the great theme of Twitter along with a growing concern for jihadist terrorism and issues of the Ibero- American context over Europe. The work also warns of the existence of thematic gaps in certain areas (such as society, culture, art or science). In addition, an increasing tendency of the use of the platform for the purpose of self-promotion by journalists is detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The irony represents a fundamental element in satirical press. The most well-known form of its expression is the intertextuality. This article brings in discussion the titles from satirical press which are based on intertextuality. The examples absorbed in study, concerning the Romanian press, are references to fiction, music, arts, history and religion. We will try to demonstrate how the intertextual pictures will become levers in the hands of the journalists, regarding this kind of direct and grossed ironic references which have the persuasive and captatio benevolantiae purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Making use of archival material and newspapers, this article argues that Turkish concerns over reputation played a central role for Turkey in the making of the post-War Turkish-American rapprochement. Both government and opposition parties in Turkey as well as Turkish journalists, diplomats and students who were studying in the United States waged a campaign to make Turkey appear to be a reputable, modern, and civilized ally of the United States. Establishing an information bureau in New York, trying to prevent the exhibition of American movies that misrepresented Turkey and gladly hosting American journalists who visited Turkey, Turkish authorities tried to give the message that Turkey was under the Soviet threat and deserved to be included in the Marshall Plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixers and the journalistic labour they provide have been examined by many researchers. This research sheds new light into the practices of fixers during and after the conflict in Kosovo to show how their work contributed to the development of the journalism profession in that country. This study demonstrates how an examination of the interaction between international correspondents and fixers can be conducted by exploring news production phases, interventions, and capacity building. The researchers analysed qualitative interviews, which took place in 2018, with thirty journalists and editors in Kosovo who have experience as fixers. It discusses the various teaching/learning aspects in the complex relationships between fixers and international journalists. We conclude that fixers learn from international journalists by being exposed to journalism practice over extended periods of time. We reveal an eagerness from fixers to learn aspects of news production, as well as various challenges in the relationship. Additionally, we draw on studies of international journalists and parachute journalism to show how knowledge from foreign journalists who work with fixers and local journalists contributes locally to developing the professional role of journalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how fixers and local journalists are increasingly organising among themselves to manage working contracts with foreign correspondents venturing into their countries. This study first reflects on the traditional modus operandi of foreign correspondents and fixers, as covered in the work of authors such as Hannerz, Maxwell-Hamilton, Murrell and Paterson et al. It then moves on to update the narrative of one group of fixers, from being ad hoc hires to becoming media entrepreneurs. This study also explores the growing number of online organisations that are turning this long-standing newsgathering role into a trading profession, that is opening up beyond the news media into other areas of practice such as film-making and business. It explores a range of new media organisations from large transnational ones to boutique operations, and gathers data from some of the key people behind these changes. As local fixers, producers and journalists remain uniquely exposed to violence and danger in the course of their jobs, this study also explores if any changes are being implemented to try and ensure better safety standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the year 2000, Kurt Schork, a freelance journalist working for Reuters, was killed while on assignment in Sierra Leone. His death, along with that of Associated Press cameraman Miguel Gil Moreno de Mora, sent shockwaves through the news industry. But since the turn of the century, the death of journalists has become an all too familiar occurrence and while the targeting of high-profile international correspondents such as Marie Colvin has rightly caused international outrage, the overwhelming majority of those killed have been local journalists and fixers whose work often goes unheralded. Since the deaths in 2000, a number of trusts and foundations have been set up to support local journalists and fixers, while academic scholarship has started to focus on their work. But this commentary argues that much more needs to be done to recognise the invaluable role they play in today's newsgathering environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated, from multiple levels and perspectives, the influences exerted by global news organisations on the representation of Africa in the Ghanaian press detailing the conditions that have accounted for these influences, which remain celebrated as universal news values. Relying on content analysis, survey and ethnographic interview, the study uncovered a postcolonial ambivalence in which Ghanaian journalists rather largely sought to rationalise these multiple ideological influences on their news-selection with little resistance. The self-reflexive appropriation of an African perspective by these journalists was not reflected in their coverage of the continent. Their heavy reliance on global news organisations, especially the BBC, depicts a lingering postcolonial influence. Although they constructed their increasing use of Xinhua news agency as a form of resistance, the invasion of their subconscious mind by qualities of the BBC is rather submissive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Media attacks are highest since 1989": Politicians in South Africa were issuing threats to journalists in the run-up to the recent elections. Politicians in South Africa threatened journalists in the run-up to the recent elections. Her concern is echoed by journalist Qaanitah Hunter, who works for the Tiso Blackstar group, which counts South Africa's biggest-selling weekly newspaper, the Sunday Times, among its titles. [Extracted from the article]

This text, entitled (Legal Definition of the Professional Journalist: A Comparative Legal Study of the Constitutive Elements of Professionalism in Tunisian Law), aims at developing research and enriching the theoretical and epistemological reflection on the question of the status of the Tunisian professional journalist from a comparative law perspective, especially the media French law which has strongly inspired the Tunisian legislator, editor of the two decrees: 115 on the Freedom of the press and publishing and 116 on the Freedom of the audiovisual press and the creation of the High Authority regulating the audio-visual media. This is how we tried to specify the constituent elements of journalistic professionalism. The objective is to develop a specialized doctrine to clarify the ambiguity still characterizing the legal texts governing the status of the Tunisian professional journalist whose job has remained open to all walks of life for decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the articulation that exists between the 2009 coup d’état in Honduras and the increase of journalists murders in that country, as a result of the reconfiguration of power relations between local and international social actors at that time; as well as the concealment of the coup d’état carried out by the written press, through the examination of the ideological-political discourse used in different newspaper articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journalists perceive 25% to 80% of their coverage to be influenced by public relations (PR). However, there is hardly any research on what factors determine where on this wide spectrum an individual journalist will fall. This study analyzed the extent and source of the perceived influence of PR on news coverage via a quantitative survey of German journalists. On average, participants perceived over one third of their work to be influenced by PR, and a number of variables were found to be associated with the degree of this impact. Role conceptions as populist mobilizers and newsroom conventions discouraging excessive reliance on PR decreased the influence of PR on news coverage. Secondary employments in the field of PR, having close personal relationships with PR professionals, and considering interests of publishers or advertisers increased the impact of PR on journalistic content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the role of accountability journalists in the U.S. It examines journalists engaged in reporting designed to function as a check on the executive; role of the press as a check on the executive is inextricably intertwined with broader issues of access and unauthorized disclosures to the news media, or leaks; and the enactment of Freedom of Information Act for addressing the same. It also informs on New York Times Co. v. Sullivan court case.

The relationship between journalists and the Irish rebellion of Easter 1916 is a complex one. While the Rising was led in large part by a miscellany of poets, editors and journalists (many of whom feature prominently in the Rising’s historiography) many lesser-known journalists acted as planners and participants in the insurrection. As well as assessing the contribution of these lesser-known journalists to the events of 1916 and the Rising’s impact on journalistic life in Dublin, it explores how a representative organisation—the Irish Journalists’ Association—acted as a cover for the clandestine insurgent-related activities of many journalists. It finds that the IJA played a key role in facilitating the expression of radical views by this cohort of journalists who could not express their radicalism through their everyday posts on the mainstream media and, by so doing, it played a key, though hitherto unacknowledged, role in the events of Easter 1916. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the relationship between the anticolonial movement in Cyprus and the role of the Greek Cypriot press. This paper aims to fill a small gap by presenting the findings of a study dealing with the Liberation Movement of Cyprus (EOKA—the National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters) and how it was depicted through the Greek Cypriot press. The period under study is 1957-1960, during which the EOKA movement was active. This study investigates the positions of three leading Greek Cypriot newspapers of that period and aims to present the positions of each newspaper at the level of policy towards the liberation movement. Findings suggest that the Greek Cypriot press under the colonial regime presented the liberation and the ‘Enosis’ (unification) movement more in its news-articles-reports and less in opinion articles and commentaries, while journalists were reluctant to take sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Mainstream news media play an important role in the political system. For instance, they can use their authoritative voices to give legitimacy to regimes. In contrast, the fringe press is easily identified by its often outrageous partisanship. Fringe media such as Julius Streicher's Der Stürmer and Rwanda's Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines usually have no credibility with non-partisan audiences. Analysis Mainstream media, because of their own credibility, can give credibility to criminal states. Analysis of the historical record shows that mainstream media escape prosecution in the rare cases where they are called to account for underpinning state criminality. Conclusions and implications This article discusses the prosecution of the fringe partisan press for acting as propagandists for criminal states, while more "credible" mainstream journalists escape prosecution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers an account of being a Soviet journalist before and during glasnost. Soviet reporters' weapons are still the pen and the notebook--the cost of a personal computer is about the same as a reporter's lifetime salary. It was not a big deal to me when Mikhail Gorbachev, the godfather of glasnost, recently asked the Congress of People's Deputies for a moratorium on the new press law which the same Congress had accepted only half a year ago. If you read ten different newspapers of the Brezhnev era, you would have found no difference: they all had the same mother. Pravda sometimes publishes articles that absolutely contradict Gorbachev's speeches, although Gorbachev is still the general secretary of the party that he has almost dismantled. Three years ago the same Ogonyok, with Vitali Korotich as the editor, published the truth about Adilov--that he took bribes and shared money with the first party secretary of Uzbekistan, that he had personally killed more than ten people (it is not possible to know the exact number--too much time has passed).

This article discusses the increase of investigative journalism in the Soviet Union. The Soviet press has discovered the delights of the expose. It was also uncertain who had arranged for the tanks to be exported, and why, although the prime minister himself seemed to be involved in the deal, as was a joint state-private cooperative known as Automation-Science-Technology (with the Russian acronym ANT). Novoe Vremya correspondent Boris Balkarei tried to sort out the roles of Soviet government and party officials, ANT cooperative leaders, and a mysterious Sudanese businessman, who later sued the magazine for libel in a Russian court. Although Soviet TV and radio generally have continued to shy away from aggressive questioning of the government and party on national security and foreign policy stories, numerous newspapers and magazines took their lead from Ogonyok.

Sociologists are not at the forefront of studying African news organizations’ coverage of atrocity despite having the tools to do so. This article works to remedy that. I investigate how a media field in Africa frames and represents an atrocity unfolding in Darfur. The article relies on content analysis of news reports published in Kenya between 2003 and 2008. To provide more nuanced analysis, I also rely my own interviews with journalists who had covered and traveled to Darfur. The content analysis delineates the article through the use of by‐line accreditation to allow for an analysis between different journalists working for either local news organizations or wire agencies with offices in Nairobi. I find that Kenyan journalists are not central actors in the process of “meaning making” when it comes to the atrocities in Darfur for the Kenyan audience. They are, effectively, silenced from the knowledge‐construction process in Kenya. Consequently, being Kenyan conspires to produce a condition of invisibility and erasure of Kenyan journalists in the global narrative construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journalists domesticate news about distant events to bring such events closer to the audience and thus make them more relevant and appealing; however, knowledge about the actual audience’s reactions toward domesticated news is lacking. Central to this study is understanding how an audience makes use of domestication strategies in viewing and reacting to mediated distant suffering. Earlier text-based research has found several ways of domesticating distant suffering that can invite an audience to care. Building further on this media-centered study, 10 focus groups reveal a two-flow model of domestication, consisting of first-level domestication on the production side by journalists and second-level domestication, in which audience members themselves use strategies of domestication to make sense of distant suffering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States spends more on health care than any other country in the world, but often experiences poorer health outcomes and lower patient satisfaction than other developed countries. One possible explanation for this paradox is overtreatment, the use of medical tests and treatment for which harms outweigh benefits. Because journalists play a key role in informing people about the health care system, including issues such as overtreatment, it is important to understand how they define the issue and its importance. This qualitative study of health news journalists offers an analysis of journalists' perspectives on overtreatment coverage. The interviews produced four major themes in regard to journalists' beliefs about overtreatment and its coverage: journalists' roles and responsibilities, the medical context, causes of overtreatment, and economics/costs. Journalists view overtreatment as an important but complex issue driven by Americans' faith in medicine and cultural norms that make uncertainty unacceptable. The medical contexts most associated with overtreatment are cancer testing and treatment and overprescribing. Journalists see themselves as providing information to help consumers make personal treatment decisions, rather than helping audiences understand health policy. For decades, the American public has expressed dissatisfaction with the U.S. health system; in one recent assessment, two-thirds of Americans graded the overall quality of health care in the country at a "C" or worse (Blendon, Benson, SteelFisher, & Weldon, 2011; Blendon, Brodie, Benson, Altman, & Buhr, 2006). A study of patient satisfaction in 11 Western countries showed greater dissatisfaction with the U.S. system than with those in any of the comparison countries, with more than one-quarter of Americans saying the U.S. health system needs to be completely rebuilt (Papanicolas, Cylus, & Smith, 2013). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies on the influence of media convergence in China either took a market- or norm-oriented approach. From a news production perspective, the current study analyses the interaction between the top-down design and bottom-up practices of journalists to disclose the influence of the dominant path of media convergence within the press industry of Fujian Province. A survey and 20 in-depth interviews show that the current media convergence practices of Fujian’s press industry fail to receive the support of journalists because of institutional, organisational and individual complexities, rather than technological reasons. This study discusses the implications of this finding for media convergence in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public protest events are now both social media and news media events. They are deeply entangled, with news media actors – such as journalists or news organisations – directly participating in the protest by tweeting about the event using the protest hashtag; and social media actors sharing news items published online by professional news agencies. Protesters have always deployed tactics to engage the media and use news media agencies’ resources to amplify their reach, with the dual aim of mobilising new supporters and adding their voice to public, mediatised debate. When protest moves between a physical space and a virtual space, the interactions between protesters and media stop being asynchronous orpost hocand turn instantaneous. In this new media-protest ecosystem, traditional media are still relevant sources of information and legitimacy, yet this dynamic is increasingly underpinned by a hybrid interdependency between traditional news and social media sources. In this paper we focus on an anti-austerity government movement that arose in Australia in early 2014 and was mobilised as a series of social media driven, connective action protest events. We show that there is a complex symbiotic interdependency between the movement and the traditional media for recognition and amplification of initial protest events, but that over time as media interest wanes, the movements’ network becomes disconnected and momentum is lost. This suggests that the active role traditional media play in protest events is being underestimated in the current research agenda on connective action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper re-examines certain previous conclusions from the classic literature on police/media relations in the United Kingdom in the wake of the Filkin and Leveson Reports. The paper draws on interviews with senior Metropolitan Police officers, press officers and national crime journalists and argues that previous conclusions about asymmetrical relations favouring the police are partially problematic, with the media being in possession of key resources that often give them the upper hand. The paper also explores the role of new media in crime reporting and exposing police misconduct and suggests a new transfiguration may be emerging in police/media relations, allowing the media partially to bypass police sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]