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Journalists and librarians share a common goal of providing information to the public, yet very little is known about how journalists' information seeking behavior intersects with libraries. This case study seeks to understand the information seeking behavior of environmental journalists by investigating how their information needs intersect with the library and how their information seeking behavior changed over the course of their 9-month fellowship at the University of Colorado Boulder. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven environmental journalists at the beginning and end of their fellowship, while an open coding approach was used to identify themes. Generally, study participants conducted research by (1) identifying a story idea and conducting a preliminary search, (2) expanding their knowledge on the topic through scientific articles and interviews with experts, (3) conducting field research, and (4) completing research when information is redundant and they are confident with their knowledge. This process, and their growing feelings of confidence as they conducted research, were similar to, but not exactly, Kuhlthau's Information Search Process model. Their interactions with the library were mostly limited to accessing books and articles. Overall, there was little change in the participants' information seeking behavior, possibly due to limited time to learn new resources, reliance on preexisting research habits, professional competence, and lack of awareness of library services (e.g. librarians, workshops, and public academic library access). An understanding of journalists' information seeking behavior can help librarians conduct instruction and outreach efforts that address journalists' information needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technology, the Internet and mobile media are transforming the journalism and media landscape by influencing the news-gathering and sourcing process. The empowering capacities of social media applications may constitute a key element for more balanced news access and 'inclusive journalism'. We will build on two contrasting views that dominate the social media sourcing debate. On the one hand, the literature shows that journalists of legacy media make use of social media sources to diversify their sourcing network including bottom-up sources such as ordinary citizens. On the other, various authors conclude that journalists stick with their old sourcing routines and continue to privilege top-down elite sources such as experts and government officials. In order to contribute towards this academic debate we want to clarify the Twitter practices of professional Belgian health journalists in terms of how they use the platform to monitor potential sources. Therefore, we examined the 1146 Twitter 'followings' of six Belgian health journalists by means of digital methods and social network analysis. Results show that top-down actors are overrepresented in the 'following' networks and that Twitter's 'following' function is not used to reach out to bottom-up actors. In the overall network, we found that the health journalists mainly use Twitter as a 'press club' to monitor media actors. If we zoom in specifically on the 'following' network of the health-related actors, we found that media actors are still important, but experts become the most followed group. Our findings also underwrite the 'power law' or the 'long tail' distribution of social network sites as very few actors take a central position in the 'following' lists while the large majority of actors are not systematically monitored by the journalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between journalists and political sources has been characterized by a tug of war between reporters and officials where top politicians have the upper hand in the coproduction of news through their ability to provide critical information subsidies that most news media rely on. The dynamic of the journalist–source relationship has, however, mostly been analyzed in stable high-income democracies. This article goes beyond existing research by analyzing the relationship between reporters and officials in Nigeria, in principle, a democracy but in practice, a hybrid regime where journalists face substantial political pressures. Through a combination of content analysis and in-depth interviews, it shows how journalists in Nigeria are not only dependent on the information subsidies found in the West but also affected by politicians using positive (monetary awards) and negative (intimidation and violence) tangible incentives that go well beyond information subsidies. The article argues that this shapes the nature of coproduction of news in Nigeria and that more broadly, the resources available to politicians to influence journalists through such positive tangible incentives and the degree to which they, with impunity, can use negative tangible incentives, should be key dimensions for future comparative work on relations between reporters and officials as political communication research goes beyond stable democracies where money handouts and violence is unlikely to be the key factors influencing news production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed at ascertaining the level at which broadcast journalists in South-East Nigeria deploy the social media in news gathering and transmission. The survey research method was used while the questionnaire served as the measuring instrument. The entire 867 broadcast journalists in the South-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria constituted the population of the study from where a sample of 274 was drawn using the Taro Yamane's formula. Using the purposive sampling technique, the researchers found that broadcast journalists in South- East Nigeria have not significantly embraced the social media in the news gathering and transmission. It was therefore recommended among others that broadcast journalists in South-East Nigeria should embrace the social media platforms as the platforms represent potent tools for the practice of modern day journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The verification of social media content and sources are increasingly critical to journalists and news organisations. In this study, we report on findings from qualitative interviews conducted with 24 journalists working with social media in major news organisations in Europe. Our findings contribute to new knowledge on journalists' social media working practices. We find that social media content are often used as the primary news source, and journalists use several different verification strategies to verify social media content and sources. Journalists are also found to have various competences in verifying social media content, in particular visual content. Moreover, our study suggests user requirements for future innovations in tools to support the verification of social media content. To avoid trade-offs between verification and fast-paced publishing, journalists will need efficient and easy-to-use support both in the verification process and in structuring and organising an overwhelming amount of social media content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laws protecting newsgathering vary among US states, yet comparative studies of state press law are rare. Focusing on journalist's privilege, this study hypothesized that policy liberalism and public support for journalistic confidentiality would predict the strength of a state's journalist's privilege. The hypotheses involving policy liberalism and public opinion were supported. The study's findings suggest that states with higher levels of policy liberalism tend to create journalistic confidentiality protections, which may serve as a mechanism for government accountability. This finding also supports previous research suggesting that policy liberalism plays an important role in state newsgathering laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While news organizations worldwide struggle to adapt to the changing media landscape and large regional papers in Norway decline, the local Norwegian newspaper enjoys some of the highest readership in the world. Since the decentralization of the government in the 1970s, Norwegian culture has witnessed what Skogerbø and Winsvold describe as a “revalorization of the local”: a counter-urbanization in which local newspapers play a key role in preserving a sense of local community identity. This qualitative inquiry uses a media sociology perspective to explore the role community journalists see for themselves in a society that places such salience on preserving local identity, and whether they feel pressure to adapt to a changing media landscape. A total of 36 journalists at nine local newspapers were interviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks forward the opening of a debate about the role of news curation as a knowledge production tool in journalism. News curation is a brand new area among academic researchers and professional journalists, making the exchange of experiences and perceptions a key issue for the development of its theoretical principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a comparative historical analysis of the relationship between journalism as institution (i.e., a particular set of organizations in society) and journalism as work (i.e., an activity practiced by individuals) in four European countries: Britain, Sweden, Germany, and Estonia. The analysis compares the institutional context of journalistic work in these four countries around 1860, focusing in particular on the organization of journalistic labor at the national newspaper of record. The historical comparison reveals how exceptional the British case is. The study finds that British journalism circa 1860 exhibited a high division of labor, high labor specialization, and was increasingly focused on news gathering and production. Swedish and German journalism exhibited an emerging division of labor and labor specialization, and was focused on political debate (rather than news gathering and production). Estonian journalism exhibited hardly any division of labor or labor specialization, and was focused on raising national awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article challenges the widespread notion that, in the age of global and instantaneous communication, foreign correspondence is becoming ‘redundant’. Based on a range of in-depth interviews with foreign correspondents in London, it examines the identity, newsgathering routines, and outputs of journalists working for a range of foreign media organizations. The study suggests that foreign correspondence is indeed evolving, but that the changes are not necessarily for the worse. In fact, not only are foreign journalists not disappearing, but the heavy use of new communication technologies – rather than leading to superficial and low-quality reporting – also supports the pursuit of exclusive news-story angles and a fuller delivery of the correspondent’s value. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article challenges the widespread idea that, in an age of instantaneous and ubiquitously accessible information, foreign correspondents are doomed to disappear. The last study of foreign correspondents in the London hub was conducted 30 years ago. Based on a new study involving a range of in-depth interviews with foreign correspondents in the British capital, the article reveals the “story behind their stories” and the changes that have occurred since then. It particularly focuses on the impact that advances in communication technologies have had on the correspondents’ professional identity, newsgathering routines, and news outputs. The findings contribute to a more nuanced and empirical understanding of the impact of media globalization on the practice of journalism. They underline the increasingly important role of foreign correspondents as “sense makers” within the huge tide of information available. While foreign journalists have to a large extent always fulfilled this function, they appear more needed than ever in a deeply interdependent world. Foreign correspondents are also developing novel ways of reporting. Indeed, rather than a “crisis” of foreign correspondence, we could perhaps be witnessing its renaissance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Based on a comparison between two reporting assignments - one to the North Caucasus in 2000, and another to the South Caucasus in 2008 - this article tracks the evolution of BBC newsgathering techniques as technology and editorial demand evolved. In doing so, the article also takes in examples from other assignments which the author carried out as a BBC correspondent, and considers how changing technology shaped editorial agendas for the first generation of journalists to work in the multiplatform world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of news and information sources has motivated a need to identify those providing legitimate journalism. One temptation is to go the route of such fields as medicine and law, namely to formally professionalize. This gives a clear method for determining who is a member, with an array of associated responsibilities and rewards. We argue that making such a formal move in journalism is a mistake: Journalism does not meet the traditional criteria, and its core ethos is in conflict with the professional mindset. We thus shift the focus from whether the person is journalist to whether the work satisfies the conditions that characterize legitimate journalism. In explaining those conditions we also look at mechanisms for enhancing the power of persons doing journalism, drawing upon lessons from the labor movement. We also consider a self-declaration model while urging increased literacy from all participants in the news gathering and consuming enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article describes the first survey of European science journalists working for general national print media and news agencies in 14 different countries of the European Union. The survey was carried out through the internet and calls for participation were sent to 208 journalists from 102 different media. Answers were received from 97 science journalists, a response rate of 46.6 percent. After the survey, interviews with 12 of the respondents were conducted.The main conclusion is that not only are science journalists becoming more dependent on scientific journals in their daily reporting, they are also spending a lot of time on the internet – 3.5 hours a day, on average – an activity that increases the concentration on breaking news and prevents them from going outside the newsroom to write more feature stories. In consequence, readers are receiving a distorted image of science as a series of ‘discoveries’ or ‘breakthroughs’, distant from the real daily world of scientists and the scientific process.This dependency on the internet, and on ‘ready-to-write’ press releases from scientific journals, is threatening science journalism, as professionals are controlled by the same embargoes, are using the same sources and visiting the same sites, no matter what country they are working in. This loss of information diversity is a consequence of the introduction of the internet in newsrooms, but also a result of the increasing media awareness of science sources. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A report of events is organized always from the articulation of a set of elements, which we can call narrative strategies or narrative procedures. The dexterity with which these procedures are engendered by the person who tells the story brings about a radical effect on the meaning of what is reported. Often, the very credibility of the events recounted is defined by using certain strategies of report. The journalist reportage, as the report compromised with the veracity of events, is so dependent and signatory of these strategies as a narrative that undertakes only with the imagination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the typical narrative strategies employed by the local TV news teams are directed to their "imagined audience". It interested us to see how the work routines of professionals are deployed to maximize the process of identification between the discursive proposals offered via television and the multiple narratives of Juiz de Fora and region. The crop consisted of empirical analysis of news formats and thematic preferably used by three local TV news today evening hours generated in Juiz de Fora, to set up, on screen, its urban spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the circumscribed Canadian charter's section 2(b), which provides the press in National Post and other media-pertinent cases and presents an alternative constitutionalized approach to adjudicating journalist source. It also discusses associated rights of freedom that for journalism that are mentioned in the section. It reports that the section requires that the press guarantee more than journalists possessing in their news gathering capacities.

A content analysis of 86 citizen blog sites, 53 citizen news sites and 63 daily newspaper sites indicated that citizen journalism sites, including both news and blog sites, differed significantly from newspaper sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of Australia's single news agency, Australian Associated Press (AAP), in the Australian news media landscape. Specifically, we examine the prevalence of AAP copy in the 'Breaking News' sections of two major news websites in an effort to create a preliminary understanding of the impact of AAP on Australian news content. The results suggest an overwhelming reliance on copy from not just AAP, but international news agencies, in major news websites. Increasingly, the need for large volumes of news copy, coupled with the need for that copy to be published online as soon as possible, would appear to be having a significant impact on the type and depth of news covered. The paper and its associated data-gathering techniques form part of a much broader examination of the role of AAP in Australian journalism, and particularly the evolving role of AAP and other wire services as a source or origin for news stories in an increasingly 24/7 news environment where the pressure to be first may be overriding the pressure to be right (Gawenda & Muller, 2009). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AlJazeera English, launched with much fanfare three years ago, promised to go where other channels feared to tread. But Mark Seddon, formerly ALJazeera’s UN correspondent and an ex-editor of Tribune, says it has failed to move into the United States, and it has suffered both from budgetary constraints and changes of editorial leaders. Despite that, its journalists remain dedicated and Seddon praises the channel for its many achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the statutory testimonial privilege that would be enacted by the U.S. Congress to enable journalists to protect their confidential sources. It examines the Branzburg v. Hayes court case as an example of strategic litigation initiated by mainstream media organizations to shape the First Amendment doctrine. It features the case of Earl Caldwell, the "New York Times" reporter who covers the Black Panther movement. It states that the distinction between news gathering and publishing is an artificial one as it is advanced by the government to conquer and divide.

The article focuses on the investigation pertaining to various instances in order for media can be held liable for intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) in the U.S. IIED has been considered as a newsgathering techniques used by mass media. It explores a historical background of IIED and the Constitutional provisions that is being used to safeguard journalists and guidelines to make them responsible for their action. It provides a discussion on the impact of Internet to the transformation on the journalism's role and consequences of publication considering the accessibility of information to journalists. Moreover, it provides an analysis on the public's reaction to the death of former District Attorney Louis Conradt wherein his death has been caused by IIED.

The article discusses the results from the 1st Annual Middleberg/Society for New Communications Research (SNCR) Survey of Media in the Wired World. It says that the research analyzed the impact of new communications and social media tools and technologies on journalists and journalism. It mentions that SNCR designated the research to determine how journalists adopt the new tools and technologies and their attitudes towards social media and citizen journalism. It adds SNCR/Middleberg research team in collaboration with TWI Surveys Inc. conducted the study through Web-based survey. It says that the survey highlighted the rapid adoption of media and online communication tools by journalists and the different attitude between youngest and older journalists towards it.

The article focuses on the improvement of the historical need for mobile reportage. It states that the adoption of technology for news gathering demonstrates the theme of desire for speed and convenience of the journalists. It says that mojo or mobile journalists is the significant development on the evolution of reporting tools that occurred in 2007 after reporters use mobile phones to transfer and gather news. It mentions that mobile journalists brought major changes in the way online site reports and mobile phones provides a new reporting opportunities for journalists. It adds that mojo skills offers a sort of unique selling point (USP) for the students who prefers a job as reporters.

Journalists have no monopoly on gathering and reporting new information; we all do so every day as we report our latest news to family members, friends, coworkers, and others. Such everyday news probably constitutes an overwhelming majority of the news we receive from day to day, and the everyday newsworkers who supply it play vital roles in society. Comparing them with professional journalists suggests some similarities and even more differences, offers some lessons for professional journalism, and represents a fascinating research site for students of the news media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News from Iraq in the Western media is highly dependent upon Iraqi journalists and co- workers, especially fixers. This is partly due to the degradation of the security situation since the 2003 invasion, and partly due to language: few Western journalists speak Arabic at a professional level of competence. Interviews with Western journalists and fixers in Iraq reveal the high level of dependence involved. They also reveal some commonalities of understanding of the relationships between journalists and fixers and some significant differences. The dependence upon fixers is seen in the light of changes in foreign news gathering in Western media, especially the use of 'parachute' journalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the transparency of journalists’ methods of newsgathering in New Zealand. By examining media coverage of genetic engineering, the study reveals that reports lack explicit markers of place, time and means by which the information has been obtained; the paper explains how this ambiguity leads to disappearance of context and it demonstrates that there is a link between the use of sources and the precision of news. It also discusses how the disappearance of newsgathering transparency alters knowledge about a subject, and indicates that the process might be related to a specific, Anglo-American understanding of objectivity that resists the practice of “interpretative” reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polls are a prominent feature of U.S. election news coverage. Although polls are used to explain voter opinion, they are employed mostly to fuel horse-race coverage and to craft images consistent with the candidates' positions in the race. Moreover, U.S. journalists sometimes misinterpret polls by slighting the possibility that changes in candidate preference are the result of survey error rather than real change. On balance, U.S. journalists' dependence on polls adversely affects the quality of American election coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the award and arbitration in the journalism industry in Australia. It says that Australian journalists are continuing their effort to become a real professional and they are seeking new universities to help them. It states that journalists rushed headlong or pushed into fixing award and leaving not so important matters such as education. It adds that journalists moved to change their award and produced a credible structure that gave a newsgathering journalists a career.

The article presents a study which examines the new gathering procedures of news involving China by foreign journalists, information sources, and the provided facilities for journalistic activities by the Chinese government. It mentions the importance of understanding the philosophy of the country in studying the relationship of its government with foreign journalists. It states that the disapproval of China in traditional western news gathering is considered partly hypocritical and misconceived. It also considers language barrier as one of the hindrances among foreign journalists since only few Beijing correspondents can read the Chinese language and speak Mandarin.

The article discusses the systematic ways for the study of journalism worldwide based from Latin America. It notes that a research in Latin America's journalism has many questions which adopt new inquired theories from arguments on globalization to institutionalism. It mentions that technology developments have improved newsgathering and the output of citizen journalism. It points out that the technology has helped the quality of reports, changed the purpose of the press in reflecting public arguments, and fortified the existence of civil interest in press organization.

Abstract: This study is designed to gain insight into what the perceptions are for journalists in using a candidate''s website as a news gathering tool and seeks to explore how journalists’ perception of the websites affects their relationships with the campaign organization. The results show that the some of the perceptions of such websites, as related to the relationship components, suggest that a candidate''s website may enhance this relationship. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article explores the use of social networking web site Twitter as a source of information about a calamity or event for newspaper journalists. The author points out that the site can be used by journalists to connect a community to a local newspaper. He also explains that users of the site sometimes spread and share important eyewitness accounts of an event like the attacks in Mumbai, India. He states that during the attack, about 80 messages or tweets were being sent to the site every five seconds.