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This paper surveys some of the voluminous journalistic coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health responses that ensued. While investigative reporting in newspapers and news programming played an important function, we expose the terms of the underreporting about the lockdowns in institutions for the disabled and elderly that ultimately changed little about public knowledge of the lives of disabled people who were always or already confined. Second, we detail the rapid unfolding of a critical journalism that revealed the mortality-dealing conditions of institutionalization beyond the acceleration of pandemic risk levels. Such governmental and for-profit run practices of letting individuals who were disabled or elderly die while in their care were enacted, of which residents could do nothing to protect themselves (in fact, risky exposure was a conscious practice of state governments during the unfolding viral epidemic). This essay argues, however, that a critical branch of COVID-19 journalism (largely based in the US) used investigative reporting to expose governmental miscounting, undercounting, and neglecting-to-count of disability deaths due to COVID-19 and/or to collect them under "other categories," such as the overall death rate of a population. Our key findings point out that despite the importance of this coverage, no one used this opportunity to talk with institutionalized disabled and/or elderly people—who were gravely at risk. Thus, we learned little about disabled peoples' lives as they were shipped back to congregate care settings and institutions from hospitals without treatment. An opportunity to explain disability institutionalization and its inherent dangers were lost despite the media saturation of coverage that rose in the wake of COVID-19 public health policies and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A global network of journalistic networks has transformed investigative journalism over the past two decades, adding layers of collaboration to what was previously an individual pursuit. A recent case of collaborative investigative reporting at its best was a worldwide effort to reveal breaches of tax haven information, through the Panama Papers (2016). As a result of these remarkable accomplishments, study on multicountries partnership is rising. However, it’s still unclear how this combining of facilities, connections, and time has influenced day-to-day operation. Newsrooms in developing and heritage newsrooms are navigating their patterns and duties while creating new investigative journalistic practices. The Guardian, a mainstream media firm that has worked at both the domestic and international levels, and Bureau Local, a society/neighborhood journalism co-op, are all given as examples. These actors use a language of justification to explain the differences between the old and the new. While “new” ideas become more common with time, notions like cooperation are also becoming element of decision-making process, and information and information development take place within the conventional context of reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Review of Communication Studies / Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Major changes to the operation of local newsrooms--ownership restructuring, layoffs, and a reorientation away from print advertising--have become commonplace in the last few decades. However, there have been few systematic attempts to characterize the impact of these changes on the types of reporting that local newsrooms produce. In this paper, we propose a method to measure the investigative content of news articles based on article text and influence on subsequent articles. We use our method to examine over-time and cross-sectional patterns in news production by local newspapers in the United States over the past decade. We find surprising stability in the quantity of investigative articles produced over most of the time period examined, but a notable decline in the last 2 y of the decade, corresponding to a recent wave of newsroom layoffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From June 2013, documents leaked by the National Security Agency (NSA) dissident Edward Snowden revealed that Western intelligence agencies are capable of bulk collection of electronic communications flowing through global telecommunication systems. Surveillance data shared by the “Five Eyes” eavesdropping agencies of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand include journalist’s communications. In the wake of the Snowden leak, Zygmunt Bauman and colleagues called for a systematic assessment of the scale, reach and character of contemporary surveillance practices. This paper explores a specific part of Bauman’s task by assessing the impact of the Snowden revelations on confidential source-based journalism. Interviews were conducted with a range of investigative journalists who have experience of covering national security in Five Eyes countries. All expressed serious concern over the intelligence agencies’ greatly enhanced capability to track journalists and to identify and neutralise their sources. The paper concludes that there is clear evidence of a paradigmatic shift in journalist–source relations as those interviewed regard Five Eyes mass surveillance as a most serious threat to the fourth estate model of journalism as practised in Western democratic countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mathematics of Crime, a 2018 series of podcasts by Magdalena Sodomkova and Brit Jense, had the best chance of becoming a star of investigative journalism on Czech public radio. But it was not the case. The case study looks into the circumstances of censorship which took place in the Czech Radio. The paper looks into the mechanisms of internal censorship introduced by the public institution itself. An important part of the study are references to the phenomenon of media capture, the meaning of "public interest" and situation of public service media in Czech Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While most research on the Syrian revolution has been focussing on content analysis about how Western mainstream media cover and frame the conflict, this paper aims at exploring journalistic practices by Syrian journalists. We look at three concrete aspects: the socio-labor profile of the practitioners and their circumstances, the dynamics of journalistic practices when covering the war and the perception of "objectivity" when doing so. A mixed method approach is employed in this study through a survey, answered by 86 Syrian journalists, and semi-structured interviews with 12 practitioners to enrich the data. Participants are members or collaborators of SIRAJ (Syrian Investigative Reporting for Accountability Journalism). The concept of "communities of interpretation" has been adopted to fit the role and work of both "professional" and "citizen journalists" within the sample. Findings show that local journalists, a heterogeneous group of different socio-labor backgrounds, have a preference for humanitarian topics, stories about conflicts between the government and the opposition, as well as the international global consequences of the conflict. On the other hand, there is an important gap between practitioners "positive" perceptions about their ability to achieve "objectivity" and the practical constraints they encounter when working in such extraordinarily difficult and risky circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operations involving special operations forces are veiled in mystery, and public opinion is usually not well informed. The period of the last twenty years, beginning with the terrorist attacks of 09/11, has been no exception. But occasionally, official reports and the results of investigative journalism are published, very often criticising the actions of special operations forces soldiers. Given the secretive nature of special operations forces, researching these groups is challenging. The paper provides Special operations forces soldiers' views on the so-called global war on terrorism based on their views, observations, and experiences. There are individual opinions present in published testimonies of special operations forces members around the world. However, the research that includes a vast sample of seasoned, Polish special operations forces soldiers is an initial and original attempt to fill the gaps in the academic knowledge of the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to determine the preferred information skills and evaluate information literacy and skills in the social media era on the example of investigative journalism to surmount the majority of challenges it faces. The challenge-based survey conducted among 281 reporting journalists from various countries revealed that their information skills and literacy are average. The survey results show that half of the respondents (52%) recognise the importance of these characteristics, while 38% are sure that information literacy and skills are not necessary and 10% chose the variant 'I am not sure'. As the indicators show, the main aim for investigative journalists' writing is to influence the society's mind about some facts presented in the reports (40%). Only 25% of respondents write with the purpose to present reliable information that indicates the level of their information literacy. The latest strategies in the professional development of investigative journalists in modern social media era allow overcoming the major challenges, including those related to the influence and interests of third parties. The practical significance and prospects of further research are explained by the possibility of using the obtained statistical data to increase the level of information literacy and skills not only of investigative journalists, but also other specialists who work with information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interviewing of suspects is a key component in the investigation process. Although a great deal of research on interrogation and interviewing techniques has been conducted in the past, much of this work has been undertaken outside South East Asia. This new study examined Malaysian police officers' reported rate of use of a large variety of investigative interviewing techniques categorised into six domains: rapport and relationship building, context manipulation, emotion provocation, confrontation/competition, collaboration and presentation of evidence. Eighty-eight police officers primarily from the criminal investigation department, narcotics crime investigation department, commercial crime investigation department, and traffic enforcement and investigation department participated in a pen-and-paper survey. Findings revealed that many police officers in the current study report adopting investigative interviewing techniques that are largely in line with ethical, non-coercive guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Ethiopian government has often claimed that state media follow development journalism (DJ) as their reporting style, broadcasting frequencies have been aggressively grabbed by public relations (PR) departments of government offices. The purpose of this research is to explore the type of journalism that has been implemented in the Ethiopian state media. The research follows a qualitative approach to conduct in-depth interviews and to do a document analysis. Apposite documents were gathered from Ethiopian Broadcast Corporation (owned by the federal government) and four regional state mass media houses. The researcher interviewed several media managers and journalists from the state media houses. The findings of the research show that PR practitioners are increasingly working as agenda-setters and gatekeepers while they deter investigative reporting, constructive criticism and ethical practices of the profession. The paper concludes that the PR-driven model of journalism is what the Ethiopian state media are practising. This paper also identifies the major features of the PR-driven journalism model. The research concludes that state media are often idealistic to implement DJ and suggests that community media needs to be considered for the implementation of DJ model of reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a specialized view of investigative data journalism based on a study of recent initiatives that resulted from transnational cooperation involving different journalistic agents and institutions. The initiatives in question are The Migrant Files (2014), NarcoData (2015), Medicamentalia (2015-2018), Panama Papers (2016), Football Leaks (2016) and Investiga Lava Jato (2017). These products are analysed according to the main approach used in research in this field, which focuses on their content and characteristics as well as on the professional implications and difficulties involved. The conclusions suggest that the complexity and effort required for this type of product can be worthwhile in order to recover the principles of journalism and to renew and enrich the role of journalists, based on their collaboration with other professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, the Philippine president signed the Executive Order no. 2 that required government agencies under the executive branch to implement Freedom of Information (FOI). Along with this, the eFOI Portal was created which aims to increase government transparency while making it easy for the citizens to file a request. As of June 2019, the portal has received 11,990 FOI requests across 366 government offices. However, a series of reports on the actual experience of users of eFOI Portal by the Philippine Center of Investigative Journalism in December 2018 revealed the many problems of the FOI implementation. Among these are the high rates FOI requests being denied, overdue responses from government agencies, and unsatisfactory results for fulfilled FOI requests. And so, given that the goal of eFOI Portal is to promote transparency in the government and support the public disclosure of information, but user experience tells otherwise, this looked at the mechanisms resulting in this gap. In particular, it attempted to answer why eFOI requests are being rejected. Guided by Schatzki s conception of practices, thematic analysis of the sayings, or the actual conversations of citizens and government agencies were performed on the 346 randomly sampled FOI requests. The paper found out that citizens and government agencies in the Philippines have unique practices when performing FOI, some of which favours the outcome of FOI requests being rejected. Government agencies reject FOI requests mostly because they do not have the information being requested, they do not consider the request made by some citizens as a validform of FOI, and processing of FOI requests may be different from one agency to another. On the other hand, citizens also have some practices leading to FOI request denials such as requesting for research work, requesting for the government agencies' opinion on current issues, and submitting complaints. Furthermore, the rules allowed for government agencies to have their own rules in processing FOI requests. Also, there are socio-technical arrangements in the eFOI Portal such as limited categories for reasons used by FOI Officers of respective government agencies in rejecting FOI requests, absence of the appeals process within the system, and no user satisfaction feedback for the whole transaction. Both of the rules and system design provided the environment for the FOI practices to happen and perpetuate. Thus, in improving the performance of FOI implementation, designers of the system must take into account the unique practices of government agencies and citizens. Some of the design considerations suggested by this paper is adding an additional support layer before citizens can file an FOI request to government agencies and improving the feedback to the system such as user satisfaction and appeals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the website of the French weekly newspaper Le Canard enchaîné. Topics discussed include distinctive cartoons, sparing use of photography, and absence of color save a stroke of red; 2016 after-tax profits, 127 million euros in cash reserves, debt-free Canard as a thriving, profitable newspaper; and resumed publication at the Liberation and, buoyed by newsprint's rising postwar tide and taking advantage of some welcome financial breathing room to reinvent itself as a vehicle for investigative journalism.

This paper examines the emergence of a news ecosystem, focusing on Hespress, Morocco's first, largest, and most popular news website and its current economic success. My analysis investigates Hespress's emergence and growth into a significant source for news content, reaching an unprecedented number of readers in Morocco and abroad. This paper argues that the success of Hespress's business model is grounded in a particularly well-developed understanding of social media, the changing habits of digital readers, and a strategic combination of investigative reporting and curated user-generated content. My findings, then, show how Hespress used a strategy that can serve as a sustainable revenue model which was diversified to include other sources of revenue such as e-commerce, branded events, and native advertising, combined with distribution strategies that rely heavily on social and other digital platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the press's role as a monitor or "watchdog" for accounting fraud. I find that the press fulfills this role by rebroadcasting information from other information intermediaries (analysts, auditors, and lawsuits) and by undertaking original investigation and analysis. Articles based on original analysis provide new information to the markets while those that rebroadcast allegations from other intermediaries do not. Consistent with a dual role for the press, I find that business-oriented press is more likely to undertake original analysis while nonbusiness periodicals focus primarily on rebroadcasting. I also investigate the determinates of press coverage, finding systematic biases in the types of firms and frauds for which articles are published. In general, the press covers firms and frauds that will be of interest to a broad set of readers and situations that are lower cost to identify and investigate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2021, a case of speculation that abused private internal information came to light, which involved a group of public officials from the Korea Land and Housing Corporation (LH), and has since been labeled the 'LH Scandal'. In this scandal, land was misappropriated as a means of creating fraudulent values, instead of returning it to marginalized people in real need of residential space. As a result of this, preventive measures for similar cases have become warranted. Consequently, related laws have been passed, but this is only expected to show its effect as a follow-up response, therefore requiring a preemptive response plan. In this paper, we will propose a conceptual framework that can detect speculation that abuses private internal information, enabling a preemptive response, utilizing outlier detection and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) methods. The system is designed to create a database (DB) with private inside real estate information, which is linked to another DB with a list of outlier-detected areas that can potentially indicate speculation, and then the system confirms any speculation by comparing the two DBs accordingly. Once a speculation case is confirmed, the system automatically reports the case to the investigative agency. By using this system, we expect to detect hidden speculation cases already committed, as well as speculation cases in real-time. Ultimately, we hope to protect the original purpose of redevelopment and the construction of new towns (housing/retail mixed-use zones), redistributing available land on behalf of marginalized people, who are lacking in residential space, by raising the utility of land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's "networked journalism" is blurring physical boundaries, with practice progressively negotiated through digital and communication technologies. This paper explores social media use within African–Intercontinental investigative journalism networks (IJNs), as journalists practice amid surveillance and censorship. Rooted in theories of Power in the Age of Social Media and augmented with elements of Structural Holes theory, data were elicited through in-depth interviews with 12 journalists from west and southern African IJNs. The findings are that various encrypted, team-based social media apps are deployed to minimize/evade physical harm and state interference at the initial contact, researching, reporting and writing stages of the production chain. Thematic data analysis revealed a typology of four brokerage roles undertaken by foreign members of IJNs filling structural holes—as Boundary spanners, Bridges, Brokers and Go-betweens. Furthermore, challenges affecting social media use include journalists' skill set, Internet penetration, foreign members' decisions, fear of state surveillance, and exposure by adversaries and colleagues. In contributing an empirical narrative of the African perspective to global literature on investigative journalism, this paper concludes that further scholarly attention is warranted, not solely into social media use in African investigative journalism production, but with a deliberate incorporation of the wider socio-political contexts in which practice is occurring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many African countries, including Zimbabwe, journalists have been subjected to various policy regulations that have widely been criticised for making the practice of journalism difficult. Part of the reason has been the advent of competitive politics that have left the ruling regimes scrambling to limit freedoms and stop opposition onslaught on their power. One way the Zimbabwean government has limited freedom of expression has been through the introduction of the Interception of Communications Act, a surveillance regulation law that has had a chilling effect on the practice of journalism. This paper utilises Pierre Bourdieu's journalistic field as theoretical lenses, focusing on the concepts of journalistic field to explore how journalists have been affected by the threats posed by this law in their daily newsgathering and production activities. The study is based on qualitative interviews with Zimbabwean journalists and civil society activists with an interest in the media, sampled from the private print media. The article argues that state surveillance has disrupted the journalistic field in the country by damaging the relationship between journalists and their sources, thus compromising one of the basic tenets of journalism. Journalists can no longer follow the widely held newsgathering routines as a result of state surveillance policies. Furthermore, investigative journalism, which was already under pressure from political influence, has been further eroded. We argue that Zimbabwe journalists need to develop reporting practices that expose surveillance and find creative ways to negotiate and resist surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers contained within the special issue represent some exciting innovations across different investigative bodies. In addition, all research presented has been conducted in the field. It is believed that such applied research, although often having methodological drawbacks, is of utmost importance in understanding the area from a holistic viewpoint. This special issue examines the role forensic psychology has had and is currently having in investigative interviewing in the real world. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the events that impacted the society as a whole, has led to a change in the highest-level governmental posts, and has become an organizer of public protests and an agenda for public discussion, was the murder of journalist Ján Kuciak and his fiancée, committed on the 21st February 2018. The results of investigation showed that his investigative journalistic work was a possible motive of his murder. Massive protests in the society and a growing pressure led to a governmental crisis that culminated in the resignation of the then prime minister R. Fico. It was an event that has significantly influenced the public perception of journalistic profession and its role in the society. Investigative journalism is a method of journalistic work and also one of the most demanding journalism genres. The results of investigative journalists’ work protect the society from negative phenomena such as corruption, nepotism, abuse of power, and other socially unhealthy tendencies. Considering the fact that the digital age offers broader options for developing a journalistic expression, online communication and work with data, there are affordable and efficient online instruments available to the journalists, which can make their work more effective. In the paper, the authors address the current trends in using the methods and techniques in the development of an investigative journalistic expression. The objective of the study is to identify the changes that have occurred in investigative journalism with the advent of digitalization; therefore, the authors thoroughly explain and compare individual approaches to the development of journalistic expression in the contemporary media environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technologies and social media networks have increased the research potential of investigative journalism. However, even before the outbreak of the military invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022, it was clear that modern online tools can be used for both accurate reporting and disinformation campaigns. This paper outlines the investigative methods used by selected media to cover developments in the war in Ukraine, verify online content to confront the war propaganda, and track persons and companies on the list of international sanctions against Russia. We point to the new possibilities of using investigative methods as part of war reporting and argue that a combination of traditional and modern methods of investigation has proved most effective to provide evidence-based results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK's local press is in a mess. Cut back to the bare bones after years of consolidation and cost‐cutting, hundreds of titles have closed, while many of those that survive are pale imitations of what they were. Revenues have been savaged by the internet and social media, while some in the industry have pointed fingers at council newspapers. But while there are signs of life and innovation in the industry, from newcomers as well as established players, finding funding is an urgent challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

But the memory of the Watergate investigations will fade from the newsroom - and public consciousness - without help from our community of journalism historians. Editors told Knobel that investigative reporting was a key selling point for their papers, since no other part of the media produces it in any significant quantity. Another time at the I Daily News i , a grizzled city desk editor called the bureau where I worked in search of a reporter to dispatch to a breaking news scene. [Extracted from the article]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including funded project for anti-corruption policies, investigation of journalism, and corruption cases.

This paper examines how professionals define investigative journalism, which criteria they use to assess their and others' work, and how they apply them. Based on 23 in-depth interviews with Swiss journalists, our research sheds new light on professionals' normative assumptions, and provides insights on how to think about investigative journalism more generally. Implicit and explicit professional definitions reveal a shared conception of journalism, which has strong normative implications. According to their narratives, professionals rely on a gradual and multilevel definition of investigative journalism, while often talking about it as an absolute. Rather than a discrete category, "investigative journalism" is best seen as existing on a continuum between full-fledged investigative endeavor and the most basic reporting, with the main cursor being the personal commitment: professionals value the extent of efforts provided during the investigative process, as much as other constitutive elements such as exposing breaches of public trust. They built on a mix of various elements regarding what constitutes investigative journalism. We distinguished three types of defining criteria: motive, extent of efforts and technique involved. These criteria counterbalance each other in practice. Arguably, these gradual conceptions allow for adjustments between a clear-cut ideal and the real work context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows changes in the normative expectations of journalism through an analysis of articles published in Croatian scientific journals about journalism in three time periods: socialism, the transition period, and the period of democratic consolidation. Using qualitative content analysis we identify a total of fifteen themes related to journalism (journalistic norms, regulation, sensationalism, investigative journalism, journalism and PR, organizational aspects, war reporting, technological aspects, gender and journalism, media freedom, democratic aspects, economic aspects, journalism education, the function of journalism in a political system, and the history of journalism) and nine normative roles for journalists ( gatekeeper, social-political worker, public sphere promoter, watchdog, commercial role, emancipatory role, neutral disseminator, advocacy role, defender of democracy). We used quantitative content analysis to analyze the distribution of themes and roles. The results show no unambiguous perception of journalism in academic papers during the different time periods as is generally assumed in the literature on media democratization and the media in transitional countries in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristic greed, kleptomaniac behavior, and the impunity of Nigerian elites have become enemies of democratic growth in Nigeria. Corruption in Nigeria has become an issue of concern to scholarship. All domestic and international institutions, as well as legal frameworks put in place to check corruption continue to fail to yield measurable results. Festering corruption brings to the forefront the roles of the media in combating the menace. Using Down's 'issue-attention cycle' as the theoretical lens, this paper undertakes an examination of critical discourse of Nigerian media handling of corruption cases. This discourse analysis is backed up with the scholarly interpretation of documented materials on crime. It is established in the paper that corruption is ubiquitous and festering in Nigerian public space and that the Nigerian media are relatively weak and do not seem to provide consistent coverage of or undertake serious investigation of corrupt practices. The media also fail to take enduring practical steps to wipe out this social ill. Some of the Nigerian press and electronic media practitioners are also guilty of corrupt practices. The thesis is that corruption can only be reduced through sustained media pressure on political bodies to muster enough political will in the fight against corruption. Thus, it is suggested that Nigerian change their approaches and be consistent in their pursuit of values, attitudes, and fight against corruption by prodding speedy trial and conclusion of cases through the promotion of investigative journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since terrorism is now perceived as a primary and pervasive threat to state security, many states have adopted broad legal definitions of "terrorism" and, upon that basis, have enacted correspondingly expansive policing powers and criminal offences. As a dramatic instance of how these approaches, which affect major Western jurisdictions such as the U.S. and U.K., this paper will focus on the paradigm case of David Miranda. In August 2013, Miranda was transporting computer materials (including files from security agencies) supplied by Edivard Snowden, a former contractor with the U.S. National Security Agency, to journalist Glenn Greenwald to assist ongoing disclosures in The Guardian and other publications. The. materials were seized during an examination and detention of Miranda while he was transiting through Heathrow Airport. The journalists vieived their mission as one of ethical disclosure in the public interest of a vast web of governmental surveillance programmes. However, the U.K. Security Service (MIS) contended that Miranda was involved in 'terrorism' (as defined in the U.K. Terrorism Act 2000, section 1) because his mission sought to influence the government by promoting a political or ideological cause. The allegation was that disclosure of the data to a hostile state (Russia), or to terrorists, might imperil the identities of secret agents or the methods used for electronic surveillance of terrorists. Thus, the material fell into the realms of terrorism. On these grounds, Miranda was held under special detention powers relating to counter-terrorism at borders, and the materials were seized. Similar arguments were then used to persuade the editor of The Guardian to destroy other materials held in the newspaper offices. In a subsequent court review, Miranda v Secretary of State for the Home Department, the meaning of who qualifies as a 'terrorist' and whether the journalistic activity being pursued by Miranda, Greenwald, and others should be excluded from that depiction was explored. This paper seeks to reflect upon the complex linkages between journalistic activities and the label of 'terrorism, ' which is becoming a primary threat to investigative journalism in the contemporary world. It will require reflection upon the conceptual nature of terrorism and journalism in a setting of ethics, public policy, and law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of police corruption faces seemingly insurmountable sampling and validity problems. This paper outlines an experimental technique for overcoming these issues by challenging the assumption that corruption is not prone to systematic observational research. Incident reporting combines a 'combing' procedure for sampling observable incidents of corruption in public spaces with a benchmarking procedure for coding observations of misconduct. After introducing the new forms of analysis that this technique makes feasible the paper reviews unique values and limitations of incident reporting. The main contention is that the technique constitutes a valuable tool for improving the study of everyday police corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Prisma Social is the property of Revista Prisma Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In August 1871, the New York Times published the findings of an undercover investigation undertaken by one of its reporters into the abortionists who operated in the city. This coincided with the discovery of the body of Alice Bowlsby in a travelling trunk at a railroad depot, who had died as a result of surgical abortion. For the New York Times, abortion was a great 'evil of the age' that flourished due to its hidden nature and public indifference towards it. Its pervasiveness was aided by newspaper advertising – particularly in the New York Herald – alongside legislation that failed to prevent untrained physicians from risking women's lives. This paper uses the undercover investigation to historicise the early American anti‐abortion movement. Rather than agitate for foetal rights or personhood as later twentieth‐century anti‐abortion activists would, this article argues that the New York Times politicised the practice through its sustained campaign by connecting abortion with a range of social concerns. This included the role of women in society, the nature of class distinctions and the advancement of medical professionalisation. Further, this article revises our understanding of the close relationship between the press and abortion in nineteenth‐century America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Al-Frahids Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article addresses the conversational process taking place during a TV interview in which the contrast shows up between the canonical procedure overseeing the succession and nature of conversational roles and turn-takings in contemporary media contexts and the preservation of an atavistic attitude tied to a traditional culture, Albanian tradition of oda. The discourse in these chambers is a revered phenomenon in the Albanian culture. The interviewee uses the traditional code of oral communication in the oda as a strategy for saving his honour in public, while the interviewer uses another code, the language of investigative journalism. In this paper, a detailed analysis of this interview shows how the sequences built on a basic adjacency pair operate to allow the interviewee to attempt to save face in a compromising situation. We see how the oda structures override normal turn-taking rules and how the face-work process (Goffman Interaction ritual. Essays on the face-to-face behavior, Doubleday, New York, 1967) is reflected in expanded sequences. We consider this topic as an extension of a potential CA analysis when describing how cultural forms with different procedural rules affect general turn-taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a coherent set of information about investigative journalism with an emphasis on the practice and its position in the Slovak media environment. The scientific study is of a theoretical character and critically evaluates knowledge related to the phenomenon of investigative journalism, based on which the author formulates a definition of investigative journalism in the Slovak media environment. Within the text, the author also deals with the misuse of the term "investigative journalist" in media within the context of an issue, which aims to categorize, who presently is an investigative journalist, why investigative elements can be perceived in any journalistic activity but a boundary that would determine what is not a subject of investigative journalism, does not exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing literature documents that electronic media draw consumers from traditional media markets. Less work examines how the internet has altered the audience for traditional media. Using zipcode-level newspaper circulation and market-level internet penetration, this paper provides evidence that the internet differentially attracts younger, educated, urban individuals away from daily newspapers. Greater internet penetration is associated with higher newspaper circulation among blacks and Hispanics, who thus far are less likely to connect. Evidence suggests the spread of the internet is also associated with changes in newspaper coverage, with greater emphasis on minorities, education, crime and investigative reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arts and journalism enterprises may serve as effective economic development tools for small cities and neighborhoods. The author demonstrates how a new, for-profit, weekly newspaper serving a Minnesota city of 12,000 residents in a county of 36,000 has diversified and energized a depopulated downtown and surrounding region. Through powerful investigative reporting and by investing in and hosting exhibits by area artists, the newspaper has attracted new businesses into adjacent unoccupied retail spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]