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Background and aims Renal dysfunction is a potent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including stroke. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of admission estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels on short-term (1-month) and long-term (1-year) mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods From the Taiwan Stroke Registry data, we classified ischemic stroke patients, identified from April 2006 to December 2015, into 5 groups by eGFR at admission: ≥ 90, 60–89, 30–59, 15–29, and Results Among 52,732 ischemic stroke patients, 1480 died within one month. The 1-month mortality rate was over 5-fold greater in patients with eGFR Conclusions After acute ischemic stroke, patients with reduced eGFR are at elevated risks of short-term and long-term deaths in a graded relationship.

We investigated the impact of serum cholesterol levels on 30-day mortality after ischemic stroke in dialysis patients.From the Taiwan Stroke Registry data, we identified 46,770 ischemic stroke cases, including 1101 dialysis patients and 45,669 nondialysis patients from 2006 to 2013.Overall, the 30-day mortality was 1.46-fold greater in the dialysis group than in the nondialysis group (1.75 versus 1.20 per 1000 person-days). The mortality rates were 1.64, .62, 2.82, and 2.23 per 1000 person-days in dialysis patients with serum total cholesterol levels of 120 mg/dL, 120-159 mg/dL, 160-199 mg/dL, and ≥200 mg/dL, respectively. Compared to dialysis patients with serum total cholesterol levels of 120-159 mg/dL, the corresponding adjusted hazard ratios of mortality were 4.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-17.4), 8.06 (95% CI = 2.02-32.2), and 6.89 (95% CI = 1.59-29.8) for those with cholesterol levels of 120 mg/dL, 160-199 mg/dL, and ≥200 mg/dL, respectively.Dialysis patients with serum total cholesterol levels of ≥160 mg/dL or 120 mg/dL on admission are at an elevated hazard of 30-day mortality after ischemic stroke.

Introduction: Vibrio vulnificus infection, an uncommon but life-threatening illness, manifests as two main types, primary septicemia and primary wound infections. Little information regarding the seasonality of V. vulnificus infections in tropical areas and prognostic factors of primary V. vulnificus wound infections is available. Methodology: This retrospective study was conducted to include 159 V. vulnificus -infected admissions at our institution in southern Taiwan, 63 with primary septicemia (Group 1) and 96 with primary wound infections (Group 2), from 1999 to 2008, for analysis. Results: The case-fatality rate was 24%. Eighty-eight percent of these cases occurred during April to November. During December to March, patients in Group 2 were less likely to have acquired the infection compared with those in Group 1. Group 1 was more likely to have comorbidities and a higher case-fatality rate compared to Group 2. In multivariate analysis, hemorrhagic bullous skin lesions/necrotizing fasciitis ( P =0.024), lesions involving two or more limbs ( P =0.043), and shock on admission ( P =0.015) were related to an increased mortality risk, while surgery < 24 hours after admission ( P =0.001) was related to a decreased mortality risk in Group 1; however, hemorrhagic bullous skin lesions/necrotizing fasciitis ( P =0.045) was the only prognostic factor in Group 2. Conclusion: The presence of hemorrhagic bullous lesion/necrotizing fasciitis is the main prognostic factor for primary septicemia or primary wound infections caused by V. vulnificus . Persons with an underlying immunocompromised status should avoid consuming raw/undercooked seafood or exposing wounds to seawater and should wear clothing during handling of seafood/fishing, especially in warmer months.

Anti-oxidative, anti-glycative and anti-apoptotic effects of oleanolic acid in brain from D-galactose treated mice were examined. Oleanolic acid at 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% was supplied to mice for 10 wk. D-Galactose treatment increased reactive oxygen species and protein carbonyl levels (P

To compare the effectiveness of a third-generation cephalosporin alone, a third-generation cephalosporin plus minocycline, and a fluoroquinolone in patients with necrotizing fasciitis (NF) caused by Vibrio vulnificus.A retrospective review of case notes was performed for 89 patients who presented with NF caused by V. vulnificus and underwent surgical intervention within 24 h of admission between 2003 and 2010. Data on comorbidities, clinical manifestations, laboratory studies, treatments and outcomes were extracted for analysis. These patients were grouped according to the antimicrobials prescribed: those who received only a third-generation cephalosporin (Group 1; n = 18); a third-generation cephalosporin plus minocycline (Group 2; n = 49); or a fluoroquinolone with/without minocycline (Group 3; n = 22).The mean age of the 89 patients included in the study was 64.0 ± 12.0 years (range 33-89 years); 55% of the patients were male. There were no differences in age, sex or clinical characteristics among the three groups except that patients in Group 3 had a higher frequency of underlying chronic renal insufficiency than those in Groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.009). Groups 2 and 3 each had a significantly lower case fatality rate than Group 1 (61% in Group 1 versus 14% in Group 2, P = 0.0003; 61% in Group 1 versus 14% in Group 3, P = 0.0027), while no difference in case fatality rate was noted between Groups 2 and 3.Our data suggested that, in addition to primary surgery, fluoroquinolones or third-generation cephalosporins plus minocycline are the best option for antibiotic treatment of NF caused by V. vulnificus.

Mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) were used to examine the neuroprotective effects of carnosine. Carnosine at 0.5, 1, and 2 g/L was directly added to the drinking water for 4 weeks. MPTP treatment significantly depleted striatal glutathione content, reduced the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase, increased malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species levels, and elevated interleukin-6, nitrite, and tumor necrosis factor-α production as well as enhanced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in the striatum (P < 0.05). The preintake of carnosine significantly attenuated MPTP-induced glutathione loss, retained the activity of GPX and SOD, diminished oxidative stress, and lowered inflammatory cytokines and nitrite levels as well as suppressed iNOS activity (P < 0.05). MPTP treatment significantly suppressed GPX mRNA expression and enhanced iNOS mRNA expression (P < 0.05). Carnosine preintake significantly elevated GPX mRNA expression and declined iNOS mRNA expression (P < 0.05). Preintake of carnosine also significantly improved MPTP-induced dopamine depletion and maintained 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid levels (P < 0.05). These results suggest that carnosine could provide antioxidative and anti-inflammatory protection for the striatum against the development of Parkinson's disease.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between severity of illness at admission and mortality of patients with pyogenic liver abscess (PLA).Medical records from 298 PLA patientsor =18 years old were reviewed. Severity of illness at admission was evaluated with the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and the simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) II scoring systems. Stepwise logistic regression and receiver-operating-characteristic curve analyses were performed.The case-fatality rate was 10%. Multivariate analysis showed that APACHE II (P = .0004), SAPS II (P = .0008), the presence of gas-forming abscess (P.0001), and the presence of anaerobic infection (P.0001) all were associated with mortality. The area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve was .884 (95% confidence interval .842 to .918) for APACHE II and .857 (95% confidence interval .812 to .895) for SAPS II, which were not significantly different (P = .490). The optimal cutoff APACHE II value ofor =15 had a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 92%, with a 20.3-fold risk of mortality (P.0001). The SAPS II cutoff value ofor =28 had a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 82%, with a 7.2-fold risk of mortality (P = .008).Both the APACHE II and the SAPS II scoring methods are appropriate for assessing mortality of PLA patients.

The effects of electroacupuncture (Ea) on circulatory dynamics were investigated in anesthetized rats. The arterial blood pressure (BP) and the heart rate (HR) in response to Ea stimulations at the Tsusanli point (St-36) and the Hoku point (Li-4) were tested by a low frequency Ea (2 Hz; LFEa) and a high frequency Ea (20 Hz; HFEa) with stimulation intensities 20 times the motor threshold. Neither the HR nor the BP was affected when the Tsusanli point was stimulated. Whereas, Ea stimulations at the Hoku point elicit chronotropic and pressor effects. The patterns of pressor responses caused by the LFEa were different from that of an HFEa, i.e., the LFEa elicited a tonic effect, while an HFEa had a phasic one. The HFEa-induced pressor and chronotropic effects were attenuated, while the LFEa induced effects were completely blocked by an intravenous infusion of an alpha-adrenergic blocker (moxisylyte 0.2 mg/min/kg, i.v., for 20 min). A co-infusion with alpha-and beta-adrenergic blockers (propanolol 0.2 mg/min/kg, i.v., for 20 min) completely blocked the HFEa-induced pressor and chronotropic effects. We concluded that Ea stimulations, at the Hoku acupoint, with appropriate stimulation parameters can increase and maintain BP. Furthermore, the LFEa stimulation activates sympathetic vasomotor tone, whereas the HFEa stimulation causes an additional potentiation on the sympathetic drive to the heart.

Tzu-Hsien Lai,1,2,* Wen-Fu Wang,3,* Bak-Sau Yip,4 Yu-Wan Yang,5 Giia-Sheun Peng,6 Shih-Jei Tsai,7,8 Yi-Chu Liao,9 Ming-Chyi Pai10,111Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, 2Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, 3Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 4Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, 5Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 6Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 7Department of Neurology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 8School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 9Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 10Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, 11Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan *These authors contributed equally to this workPurpose: Among the medications approved for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), rivastigmine is the only one available as transdermal patch. The aim of this study was to evaluate compliance and caregivers’ preference with oral and transdermal (rivastigmine) monotherapy in patients with mild-to-moderate AD from Taiwan.Methods: Real-world Evaluation of Compliance And Preference in Alzheimer’s disease treatment (RECAP) in Taiwan was a prospective, noninterventional, observational study with a 24-week (±8weeks) observational period for each participant. Eligible patients were grouped into one of the two treatment cohorts based on the baseline AD therapy: oral (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, or memantine) or transdermal (rivastigmine patch). The primary end points were caregiver preference and caregiver assessment of patients’ compliance to the current medication (oral or transdermal medication) at Week 24 (end of the study). Safety was assessed by recording any adverse events.Results: A total of 301 patients (age: 77.6±7.19years) were enrolled from nine centers in Taiwan, of whom 138 (45.8%) patients were in the transdermal monotherapy cohort. Caregivers of patients who were exposed to both forms of therapies demonstrated a higher preference for transdermal rivastigmine monotherapy than the oral monotherapy (82.4% [n=61] versus 17.6% [n=13], P

Protocatechuic acid (PCA) at 0.5%, 1% or 2% was supplied to D-galactose (DG) treated mice for 8 week. PCA intake at 2% increased its deposit in brain. DG treatment increased brain level of reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl, carboxymethyllysine, pentosidine, sorbitol, fructose and methylglyoxal (P

Renal protective effects of naringenin at 0.5, 1, and 2% of the diet in diabetic mice were examined. Naringenin supplemented at 1 and 2% increased its deposit in liver and kidney of diabetic mice. Compared with the diabetic control group, naringenin treatments at 1 and 2% lowered plasma levels of glucose and blood urea nitrogen, as well as increased insulin level and creatinine clearance (P < 0.05). Naringenin treatments dose-dependently reduced renal tumor necrosis factor-α level and expression (P < 0.05) but only at 1 and 2% significantly decreased production and expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (P < 0.05). Naringenin intake at 2% decreased renal formation and expression of type IV collagen, fibronectin, and transforming growth factor-β1 (P < 0.05). This compound at 1 and 2% lowered protein kinase C activity and suppressed nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 activity, mRNA expression, and protein production in kidney. However, this agent only at 2% diminished NF-κB p50 activity, mRNA expression, and protein production (P < 0.05). These results indicate that naringenin could attenuate diabetic nephropathy via its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activities.

Preventive or therapeutic effects of caffeic acid in brain of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treated mice against inflammatory injury were examined. Caffeic acid at 0.5, 1 or 2% was supplied either pre-intake or post-intake for 4 weeks. Brain caffeic acid content was increased by caffeic acid pre-intake at 1 and 2%, and post-intake at 2% (P

Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) of cancer patients often has a poor prognosis, but corresponding prognostic factors are less investigated. This study aimed to identify predictors of mortality in cancer patients with PLA.Medical records of 85 consecutive cancer patients (46 with hepatobiliary pancreatic cancer, 14 with gastrointestinal cancer, and 25 with non-digestive system cancer) having PLA who were admitted to two university hospitals were retrospectively reviewed. The predictors of mortality were determined using Cox regression model.The overall case fatality rate was 33%. In multivariate analysis, the greater Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (P = 0.028), multiloculated abscess (P = 0.025), and polymicrobial infection (P = 0.003) were associated with mortality. In subgroup analysis of the 25 patients with multiloculated abscess undergoing percutaneous catheter drainage as primary treatment, the case fatality rates of patients with a solitary smaller abscess (size5 cm), those with a solitary larger abscess (size5 cm), and those with larger multiple abscesses were 0%, 36%, and 85%, respectively (P = 0.002; using χ (2) for trend).The advanced disease stage, multiloculated abscess, and polymicrobial infection posed a greater mortality risk in cancer patients with PLA. Moreover, an early surgical approach should be considered for cancer patients having large, multiloculated complex PLAs.

Protocatechuic acid (PCA) at 2 or 4% was supplied to diabetic mice for 12 weeks. PCA treatments increased its deposit in organs and significantly reduced the plasma HbA1c level, the urinary glycative albumin level, and renal production of carboxymethyllysine (CML), pentosidine, sorbitol, and fructose (p < 0.05). However, PCA treatments only at 4% significantly decreased brain content of CML, pentosidine, fructose, and sorbitol (p < 0.05). PCA treatments at 2 and 4% significantly lowered renal activity and mRNA expression of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase (p < 0.05), and PCA treatments only at 4% significantly enhanced renal glyoxalase I mRNA expression (p < 0.05). PCA treatments also dose-dependently decreased the renal level of type-IV collagen, fibronectin, and transforming growth factor-β1 (p < 0.05), as well as dose-dependently diminished renal protein kinase C (PKC) activity (p < 0.05); however, PCA treatments only at 4% suppressed renal mRNA expression of PKC-α and PKC-beta (p < 0.05). PCA treatments at 4% significantly restored renal mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and PPAR-γ, as well as suppressed expression of the advanced glycation end-product receptor (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the supplement of PCA might be helpful for the prevention or alleviation of glycation-associated diabetic complications.

To clarify the effect of electroacupuncture (Ea) on the activity of the cardiovascular system in normal individuals, hemodynamic parameters including arterial blood pressure (BP), finger blood flow (FBF) and heart rate (HR) as well as paravertebral temperature (PVT) were non-invasively recorded under Ea stimulation. Surface stimulation electrode was placed on the Hoku point (Li-4). Square wave pulses (0.05 ms) were applied from a stimulator with a stimulation frequency of 2 Hz (3 min). The stimulation intensity was five times of sensory threshold. BP and FBF were decreased (68.5+/-6.0%, P0.01 and 96.8+/-1.1%, P0.01 of control, respectively, n=7) while HR and PVT were increased significantly (115.0+/-5.1 of control, P0.05 and 0.054+/-0.004 degree C, P0.01, respectively, n=7) during Ea treatment. The results suggested an inhibition in sympathetic outflow, which induced vasodilatation of systemic arteriole and decrease in BP and FBF were elicited by Ea stimulation.