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Aim: To determine whether hyperuricemia is associated with the early phase and late phase of insulin release in apparently healthy non-obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance., Materials and Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was performed. Apparently healthy individuals aged 20 to 65 years were eligible to participate. Smoking, alcohol intake ≥30 g per day, obesity, glomerulopathies, hepatic disease, malignancy, cardiovascular disease, and medical treatment in the last 3 months, were exclusion criteria. Hyperuricemia was defined by fasting uric acid levels ≥6 mg/dL and ≥7 mg/dL for women and men, respectively. Insulin release was evaluated by estimating the early and late phases of insulin release. The association between hyperuricemia (independent variables) and insulin release (dependent variables) was estimated using multiple linear regression analysis., Results: A total of 123 subjects, without significant differences in age (32.4 ± 12.8 and 34.7 ± 9.9 y), body mass index (25.3 ± 3.7 and 24.7 ± 3.0 kg/m 2 ), and waist circumference (94.6 ± 9.7 and 90.2 ± 9.3 cm), were allocated into the groups with (n = 25) and without (n = 98) hyperuricemia. The linear regression model, adjusted by HOMA-IR and triglyceride levels, showed a significant association of hyperuricemia with both the early phase (B = 508.8; 95%CI 253.3-764.4, p<0.001) and late phase of insulin release (B = 35.0; 95%CI 8.7-61.3, p = 0.009)., Conclusions: Hyperuricemia is associated with the increase of early and late phases of insulin release in apparently healthy non-obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance.

A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of oral magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and glucose control in both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. PubMed-Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were searched (from inception to November 25, 2015) to identify RCTs evaluating the effect of magnesium on insulin sensitivity and glucose control. A random-effects model and generic inverse variance method were used to compensate for the heterogeneity of studies. Publication bias, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression assessments were conducted using standard methods. The impact of magnesium supplementation on plasma concentrations of glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, and HOMA-IR index was assessed in 22, 14, 12 and 10 treatment arms, respectively. A significant effect of magnesium supplementation was observed on HOMA-IR index (WMD: -0.67, 95% CI: -1.20, -0.14, p=0.013) but not on plasma glucose (WMD: -0.20mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.45, 0.05, p=0.119), HbA1c (WMD: 0.018mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.10, 0.13, p=0.756), and insulin (WMD: -2.22mmol/L, 95% CI: -9.62, 5.17, p=0.556). A subgroup analysis comparing magnesium supplementation durations of <4 months versus ≥4 months, exhibited a significant difference for fasting glucose concentrations (p<0.001) and HOMA-IR (p=0.001) in favor of the latter subgroup. Magnesium supplementation for ≥4 months significantly improves the HOMA-IR index and fasting glucose, in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. The present findings suggest that magnesium may be a beneficial supplement in glucose metabolic disorders., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The elevation of triglycerides is strongly linked with insulin resistance, but it has not been evaluated in relationship to insulin secretion. The aim of this study was to determine whether hypertriglyceridaemia is associated with abnormal insulin secretion., Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out. Eligible subjects, apparently healthy men and non-pregnant women aged 20-65 years were recruited. According to the triglyceride levels, subjects were allocated in the groups with hypertriglyceridaemia and normotriglyceridaemia. Hypertriglyceridaemia was defined by serum triglyceride levels ≥150 mg/dL. Insulin secretion was evaluated by the first phase of insulin secretion (1st PIS) and the second phase of insulin secretion (2nd PIS). A regression linear analysis was performed to evaluate the association between hypertriglyceridaemia (independent variable) and the first and second phase insulin secretion (dependent variables)., Results: A total of 247 apparently healthy subjects were enrolled; 113 (45.7%) with hypertriglyceridaemia and 134 (54.3%) in the control group. The simple regression linear analysis showed a significant association between hypertriglyceridaemia and the 1st PIS [B = 207.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 33.5-380.5, p = 0.02] and the 2nd PIS (B = 48.7; 95% CI 9.2-88.2, p = 0.01). A multiple regression linear analysis adjusted by age, sex, body mass index and waist circumference was performed showing that fasting hypertriglyceridaemia remained significantly associated with the 1st PIS (B = 184.3; 95% CI 13.0-355.7, p = 0.03) and the 2nd PIS (B = 43.1; 95% CI 4.2-81.9, p = 0.03)., Conclusions: The results of this study show that hypertriglyceridaemia is associated with the increase of the 1st PIS and the 2nd PIS in apparently healthy subjects., (Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Background: Magnesium modulates insulin-mediated glucose uptake but data regarding its role in insulin secretion are scarce; therefore, in this study we determined whether decreased serum magnesium levels are associated with the impairment of insulin secretion in non-diabetic individuals., Methods: A total of 182 apparently healthy subjects, men and non-pregnant women, 18-65 years of age, were enrolled in a population-based cross-sectional study and allocated to groups with hypomagnesaemia and normomagnesaemia. The groups in the study were subsequently stratified according to glucose status: normal glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance. Insulin secretion was evaluated by the first and second phases of insulin secretion., Results: The Spearman coefficient between serum magnesium and the first and second phases of insulin secretion showed a significant positive correlation in the overall (r = 0.265, p < 0.0005; r = 0.541, p < 0.0005), normal glucose tolerance (r = 0.369, p = 0.001; r = 0.618, p < 0.0005), impaired fasting glucose (r = 0.320, p = 0.02; r = 0.449, p = 0.001), and impaired glucose tolerance (r = 0.129, p = 0.37; r = 0.522, p < 0.0005) groups. The multivariate linear regression analysis showed a significant association between serum magnesium levels and the first and second phases of insulin secretion: for the entire groups [B = 75.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 27.6-122.7; B = 25.4; 95% CI 16.4-34.3], normal glucose tolerance (B = 129.6, 95% CI 38.1-221.1; B = 40.3, 95% CI 23.7-56.8), impaired fasting glucose (B = 75.2, 95% CI 27.6-122.7; B = 15.1, 95% CI 4.2-30.2), and impaired glucose tolerance (B = 57.4, 95% CI 23.5-138.3; B = 25.4, 95% CI 16.4-34.3) groups., Conclusions: Our results show that hypomagnesaemia is associated with the decrease of the first and second phases of insulin secretion in non-diabetic subjects with hypomagnesaemia., (Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Background: Given that role of magnesium in insulin secretion is uncertain, our objective was to determine whether oral supplementation with magnesium chloride (MgCl(2)) improves the ability of beta-cells to compensate for variations in insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic individuals with significant hypomagnesaemia., Materials and Methods: Eligible individuals were non-diabetic, normo-tensive men and non-diabetic, normo-tensive, non-pregnant women with serum magnesium levels ≤0·70 mM/L; they were enrolled in a randomized double-blind clinical trial to receive either 50 mL of 5% MgCl(2) solution or 50 mL of inactive solution daily for 3 months. The primary trial end point was a change in the AUC of the hyperbolic model of beta-cell function (HMbCF) derived from the fasting state. Individuals, caregivers and personnel who assessed the outcomes were all blinded to the group assignments., Results: A total of 54 and 52 individuals were assigned to the MgCl(2) and placebo groups, respectively; five individuals in the MgCl(2) group and four in the placebo group dropped out. There were no serious adverse events or side effects because of MgCl(2) or placebo. At the beginning of the study, the AUC of the HMbCF was similar in both groups (AUC = 7·591 and 7·895 cm(2)); at the end of follow-up, the curve of the MgCl(2) group showed a hyperbolic distribution (AUC = 18·855 cm(2)), whereas in the placebo group, there were no changes (AUC = 7·631 cm(2))., Conclusions: MgCl(2) 2·5 g daily improves the ability of beta-cells to compensate for variations in insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic individuals with significant hypomagnesaemia., (© 2011 The Authors. European Journal of Clinical Investigation © 2011 Stichting European Society for Clinical Investigation Journal Foundation.)

Background: Elevated serum uric acid has been related to insulin resistance, but there are no studies regarding its association with beta-cell function. In this study, we examine the response of beta-cell function to compensate insulin resistance in hyperuricaemic subjects., Methods: Population-based cross-sectional study. A total of 212 healthy individuals, men and non-pregnant women, aged 20-65 years, were randomly recruited and allocated into groups with hyperuricaemia or normouricaemia that were matched by value of Belfiore index. Hyperuricaemia was defined by serum uric acid concentration >or=416 micromol/L in men and >or=357 micromol/L in women. To evaluate the compensation of insulin secretion to variation of insulin sensitivity, we used a surrogate of the hyperbolic model of beta-cell function based on Belfiore and Homeostasis Model Analysis beta-cell (HOMA-ss) indexes; the area under curves (AUC) was calculated. The association between the uric acid levels and the AUC was estimated using a multivariate regression analysis adjusted by age, sex, and waist circumference., Results: Hyperuricaemia was identified in 77 (36.3%) individuals. A total of 39 (50.6%) hyperuricaemic and 44 (32.6%) normouricaemic subjects had diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), p = 0.01. In the total population, the AUCs in the hyperuricaemic and normouricaemic groups were 1.60725 cm(2) and 3.9819 cm(2), respectively (odds ratio [OR] 3.9; CI 95% 1.4-8.9). Among the 83 individuals with IGT, the AUCs in the subgroups with and without hyperuricaemia were 0.8495 cm(2) and 2.42075 cm(2), respectively (OR 2.7; CI 95% 1.3-10.1)., Conclusions: Our results show the failure of beta-cell function to compensate variation of insulin sensitivity in the hyperuricaemic individuals.

Objective: To determine whether oral magnesium supplementation (as magnesium chloride [MgCl(2)] solution) improves both insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects with decreased serum magnesium levels., Research Design and Methods: This study was a clinical randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. A total of 63 subjects with type 2 diabetes and decreased serum magnesium (serum magnesium levels

Objective: To evaluate whether the Fat-to-Lean Mass (FyM) ratio is associated to hyperinsulinemia in healthy adolescents. Methods: Apparently healthy adolescents aged 10 to 15 years that according to sex, age, and percentiles of body fat percent, were included and allocated into the groups with elevated (body fat percent ≥85 percentile) and normal total body fat (body fat percent <85 percentile). The FyM ratio was calculated as total lean mass (kg)/total body fat (kg) and hyperinsulinemia was defined by fasting insulin levels ≥20 µUI/mL. Results: A total of 1,299 adolescents, 665 (51.9%) girls and 634 (48.1%) boys, were enrolled and allocated into the groups with high (n = 439) and normal (n = 860) body fat. The FyM index remained significantly associated with hyperinsulinemia (OR 5.58; 95%CI: 1.54–28.10) after logistic regression analysis adjusted by sex, age, body-weight, body mass index, and waist circumference. Conclusion: The FyM index is highly associated to the presence of hyperinsulinemia in adolescents, emerging as a useful tool from anthropometric measurements for identify insulin abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluate the relationship between different lipoproteins and atherogenic indices with pre-hypertension in 297 obese and 942 non-obese children with Tanner stage 1 enrolled in a multicentre, community-based cross-sectional study. Height, weight, fasting glucose and insulin levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), non-HDL-c, LDL/HDL-c, triglycerides/cholesterol and total cholesterol/HDL-c ratios were measured. Mean age was 8.4 ± 1.2 years; pre-hypertension was identified in 104 (8.4%) participants, 46 (15.5%) obese and 58 (6.1%) non-obese children. The pre-hypertensive non-obese children show a high proportion of family history of hypertension (41.6 and 24.7%, p = 0.002) and elevation of insulin at a relatively low body mass index. The triglycerides:HDL-c ratio, but not other lipoproteins or atherogenic indices, was associated with pre-hypertension in obese (1.15, 95% confidence intervals 1.06–1.26) and non-obese children (1.38 95% confidence intervals 1.22–1.57). The triglycerides:HDL-c ratio is related to pre-hypertension in children; the family history of hypertension seems to be a risk factor in developing pre-hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]