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1. High Rates of Neutralizing Antibodies to Toscana and Sandfly Fever Sicilian Viruses in Livestock, Kosovo

Author

Kurtesh Sherifi, Rémi N. Charrel, Kristaq Berxholi, Arber Taraku, Nazli Ayhan, Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), University of Prishtina, Agricultural University of Tirana, This work was supported in part by the European Virus Archive Goes Global project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 653316, the EDENext FP7-no. 261504 European Union project and this paper is catalogued by the EDENext Steering Committee as EDENext469 (http://www.edenext.eu). The work of N.A. and R.N.C. was conducted under the frame of EurNegVec COST Action TD1303. N.A. is supported by the Fondation Mediterranee Infection., European Project: 653316,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,EVAg(2015), European Project: 261504,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2010-single-stage,EDENEXT(2011), BUISINE, Soline, European Virus Archive goes global - EVAg - - H20202015-04-01 - 2019-03-31 - 653316 - VALID, and Biology and control of vector-borne infections in Europe - EDENEXT - - EC:FP7:HEALTH2011-01-01 - 2015-06-30 - 261504 - VALID

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Phlebovirus, Epidemiology, Kosovo, vector-borne infections, lcsh:Medicine, Mediterranean, Antibodies, Viral, 0302 clinical medicine, Phlebotomus Fever, Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Toscana virus, biology, Incidence, Dispatch, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Epidemiological Monitoring, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Bunyaviridae, Microbiology (medical), Livestock, 030231 tropical medicine, Arbovirus, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Balkan, medicine, Animals, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, viruses, sandfly fever Sicilian virus, Sheep, lcsh:R, Sandfly fever Naples virus, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Virology, Insect Vectors, Sandfly, 030104 developmental biology, arbovirus, High Rates of Neutralizing Antibodies to Toscana and Sandfly Fever Sicilian Viruses in Livestock, Kosovo, Cattle, Psychodidae, sand flies
Abstract

Kurtesh Sherifi and Rémi N. Charrel contributed equally to this article; International audience; Toscana and sandfly fever Sicilian viruses (TOSV and SFSV, respectively), both transmitted by sand flies, are prominent human pathogens in the Old World. Of 1,086 serum samples collected from cattle and sheep during 2013 in various regions of Kosovo (Balkan Peninsula), 4.7% and 53.4% had neutralizing antibodies against TOSV and SFSV, respectively.

Published
2017

2. Larval nutritional stress affects vector life history traits and human malaria transmission

Author

Thierry Lefèvre, Amélie Vantaux, Anna Cohuet, Olivier Roux, Benjamin Roche, Kounbobr Roch Dabiré, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), CNRST, Transmission-Interactions-Adaptations hôtes/vecteurs/pathogènes (MIVEGEC-TRIAD), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Unité de modélisation mathématique et informatique des systèmes complexes [Bondy] (UMMISCO), Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA)-Université de Yaoundé I-Université Gaston Bergé (Saint-Louis, Sénégal)-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut de la francophonie pour l'informatique-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Diversity, ecology, evolution & Adaptation of arthropod vectors (MIVEGEC-DEEVA), This study was funded by the ANR grant 11-PDOC-006-01 to TL., We would like to thank all of the children and their parents who participated in this study, as well as the local authorities for their support, and Andrea Yockey-Dejean for proofreading the paper. We are very grateful to the IRSS staff in Burkina Faso for technical assistance., and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Yaoundé I-Institut de la francophonie pour l'informatique-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Université Gaston Bergé (Saint-Louis, Sénégal)-Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Plasmodium falciparum, Zoology, Insect, MESH: Insect Vectors, Biology, Article, law.invention, Life history theory, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Plasmodium falciparum/growth & development, law, Stress, Physiological, Anopheles, parasitic diseases, medicine, Gametocyte, Animals, Humans, MESH: Animals, MESH: Stress, Physiological, Life History Traits, media_common, Larva, Multidisciplinary, MESH: Humans, MESH: Life History Traits, MESH: Anopheles/parasitology, Ecology, fungi, MESH: Anopheles/growth & development, medicine.disease, Fecundity, 3. Good health, Insect Vectors, Malaria, MESH: Larva/parasitology, MESH: Malaria/transmission, 030104 developmental biology, Transmission (mechanics), MESH: Larva/growth & development, Vector (epidemiology), Female, MESH: Female
Abstract

Exposure to stress during an insect’s larval development can have carry-over effects on adult life history traits and susceptibility to pathogens. We investigated the effects of larval nutritional stress for the first time using field mosquito vectors and malaria parasites. In contrast to previous studies, we show that larval nutritional stress may affect human to mosquito transmission antagonistically: nutritionally deprived larvae showed lower parasite prevalence for only one gametocyte carrier; they also had lower fecundity. However, they had greater survival rates that were even higher when infected. When combining these opposing effects into epidemiological models, we show that larval nutritional stress induced a decrease in malaria transmission at low mosquito densities and an increase in transmission at high mosquito densities, whereas transmission by mosquitoes from well-fed larvae was stable. Our work underscores the importance of including environmental stressors towards understanding host–parasite dynamics to improve disease transmission models and control.

Published
2016

3. Integrated Analysis of Environment, Cattle and Human Serological Data: Risks and Mechanisms of Transmission of Rift Valley Fever in Madagascar

Author

Annelise Tran, Vladimir Grosbois, Jean-Pierre Ravalohery, Fanjasoa Rakotomanana, Jean-Michel Heraud, Soa Fy Andriamandimby, Christophe Rogier, Seta Andriamamonjy, Véronique Chevalier, Benoit Durand, Marie-Marie Olive, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), This study was supported in part by funds raised by (i) CIRAD (ii) the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, grant # 131163/00) (iii) the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar. Human field work was funded by the Institut Pasteur of Madagascar (Internal Project through the ZORA (ZOonoses, Rodent and Arboviruses) project and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, and Cooperative Agreement #U51/IP000327). Moreover, this material is based upon work supported by the U. S. Department of Homeland Security under the Center of Excellence of Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases Grant Award Number 2010-ST061-AG0001. Cattle study was supported in part by funds raised by World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) through the Central Emergency Response Fund of the United Nations. The views and conclusions contained in this paper are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either explicit or implicit, of the U. S. Department of Homeland Security. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, Epidemiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Analyse du risque, MESH: Cattle Diseases, MESH: Animals, Neglected tropical diseases, Mammals, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, MESH: Middle Aged, 000 - Autres thèmes, Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, Anopheles, Ruminants, 3. Good health, Transmission (mechanics), MESH: Young Adult, Densité de population, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Enzootic, Infectious diseases, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, Genre humain, Bétail, Livestock, lcsh:RC955-962, MESH: Culex, Microbiology, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, Madagascar, MESH: Humans, MESH: Seroepidemiologic Studies, Tropical diseases, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Organisms, lcsh:RA1-1270, MESH: Adult, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, 15. Life on land, medicine.disease, Invertebrates, Insect Vectors, 030104 developmental biology, Africa, Cattle, MESH: Female, MESH: Antibodies, Viral, 0301 basic medicine, RNA viruses, Cattle Diseases, Disease Vectors, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Mosquitoes, Serology, Geographical Locations, MESH: Madagascar, law, Zoonoses, Facteur de risque, Bunyaviruses, Medicine and Health Sciences, MESH: Rift Valley Fever, Comportement humain, Rift Valley fever, 2. Zero hunger, biology, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Agriculture, Facteur du milieu, Medical microbiology, Insects, MESH: Cattle, Vecteur de maladie, Vertebrates, Viruses, MESH: Rift Valley fever virus, Seasons, Pathogens, Research Article, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Zone humide, Arthropoda, Distribution géographique, Culex, 030231 tropical medicine, Viral diseases, MESH: Insect Vectors, Virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift, Sérologie, Bovines, medicine, Seroprevalence, Animals, MESH: Environment, Transmission des maladies, Biology and life sciences, Viral pathogens, Morbidité, biology.organism_classification, Rift Valley fever virus, MESH: Male, Microbial pathogens, Amniotes, People and Places, Earth Sciences, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie
Abstract

Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne disease affecting ruminants and humans. Madagascar was heavily affected by RVF in 2008–2009, with evidence of a large and heterogeneous spread of the disease. The identification of at-risk environments is essential to optimize the available resources by targeting RVF surveillance in Madagascar. Herein, the objectives of our study were: (i) to identify the environmental factors and areas favorable to RVF transmission to both cattle and human and (ii) to identify human behaviors favoring human infections in Malagasy contexts. Methodology/Principal Findings First, we characterized the environments of Malagasy communes using a Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA). Then, we analyzed cattle and human serological data collected at national level using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, with the individual serological status (cattle or human) as the response, and MFA factors, as well as other potential risk factors (cattle density, human behavior) as explanatory variables. Cattle and human seroprevalence rates were positively associated to humid environments (p, Author Summary Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a pathogen that causes a vector-borne tropical disease. The disease affects ruminants and humans and severely impacts the health and economy of affected countries. Madagascar was heavily affected by Rift Valley fever (RVF) in 2008–2009, with evidence of a large and heterogeneous spread of the disease. Our study aims at identifying environmental and human-related risk factors for RVFV transmission. First, we characterized Malagasy environments according to their putative influence on RVFV mosquito density and population dynamics. Then we statistically analyzed cattle and human serological data collected at a national level with the individual serological status as response, and Malagasy environments previously characterized by climatic and landscape variables as well as other potential risk factors as explanatory variables. Our results identified humid environments of the western, north-western and eastern parts of the island as risky areas. The identification of at-risk environments is essential to focus veterinary surveillance and control of RVFV.

Published
2016

4. Evidence for carry-over effects of predator exposure on pathogen transmission potential

Author

Thierry Lefèvre, Koudraogo B. Yameogo, Kounbobr Roch Dabiré, Frédéric Simard, Olivier Roux, Abdoulaye Diabaté, Benjamin Roche, Amélie Vantaux, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), CNRST, Diversity, ecology, evolution & Adaptation of arthropod vectors (MIVEGEC-DEEVA), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Unité de modélisation mathématique et informatique des systèmes complexes [Bondy] (UMMISCO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord])-Institut de la francophonie pour l'informatique-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Université Gaston Bergé (Saint-Louis, Sénégal)-Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA)-Université de Yaoundé I-Sorbonne Université (SU), Transmission-Interactions-Adaptations hôtes/vecteurs/pathogènes (MIVEGEC-TRIAD), O.R. received financial support through a post-doctoral fellowship from the IRD. Experimental infections were supported by the ANR grant no. 11-PDOC-006-01., and We thank the Associate Editor Dr Pejman Rohani and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments that greatly improved the manuscript. We thank Boubacar Nikiema for the RFLP-PCR, Jean Bazié and Raymond Hien for technical help with dissections and Andrea Yockey-Dejean for proofreading the paper.

Subjects
Male, life history, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Predation, Food chain, MESH: Malaria, Falciparum/transmission, MESH: Animals, Malaria, Falciparum, Life history, Predator, Pathogen, Research Articles, General Environmental Science, media_common, Ecology, Transmission potential, Longevity, General Medicine, Anopheles coluzzii, 3. Good health, carry-over effects, MESH: Larva/growth & development, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, MESH: Anopheles/physiology, MESH: Longevity, Larva, Female, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Food Chain, media_common.quotation_subject, Plasmodium falciparum, MESH: Insect Vectors, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Competition (biology), MESH: Predatory Behavior, Heteroptera, MESH: Plasmodium falciparum/growth & development, Anopheles, parasitic diseases, Animals, Humans, MESH: Food Chain, host-parasite and predator-prey, MESH: Humans, General Immunology and Microbiology, fungi, MESH: Anopheles/growth & development, MESH: Heteroptera/physiology, MESH: Fertility, interactions, host–parasite and predator–prey interactions, MESH: Male, Insect Vectors, non-consumptive effects, MESH: Larva/physiology, Fertility, Predatory Behavior, MESH: Female
Abstract

Accumulating evidence indicates that species interactions such as competition and predation can indirectly alter interactions with other community members, including parasites. For example, presence of predators can induce behavioural defences in the prey, resulting in a change in susceptibility to parasites. Such predator-induced phenotypic changes may be especially pervasive in prey with discrete larval and adult stages, for which exposure to predators during larval development can have strong carry-over effects on adult phenotypes. To the best of our knowledge, no study to date has examined possible carry-over effects of predator exposure on pathogen transmission. We addressed this question using a natural food web consisting of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum , the mosquito vector Anopheles coluzzii and a backswimmer, an aquatic predator of mosquito larvae. Although predator exposure did not significantly alter mosquito susceptibility to P. falciparum , it incurred strong fitness costs on other key mosquito life-history traits, including larval development, adult size, fecundity and longevity. Using an epidemiological model, we show that larval predator exposure should overall significantly decrease malaria transmission. These results highlight the importance of taking into account the effect of environmental stressors on disease ecology and epidemiology.

Published
2015

5. Malaria risk in Corsica, former hot spot of malaria in France

Author

Gilbert Le Goff, Céline Toty, Hélène Barré, Daniel Couret, Nil Rahola, Didier Fontenille, Isabelle Larget-Thiery, Caractérisation et contrôle des populations de vecteurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Direction de la Solidarité et de la Santé de Corse et de Corse-du-Sud, Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), Centre de Production et Infection des Anophèles (plateforme) - Center for the Production and Infection of Anopheles (platform) (CEPIA), Institut Pasteur [Paris], The paper is catalogued by the EDEN Steering Committee as EDEN 232 http://www.eden-fp6project.net/., Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and Centre de Production et Infection des Anophèles (Plateforme) (CEPIA)

Subjects
Risk, Entomology, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, MESH: Malaria, Zoology, MESH: Insect Vectors, Biology, Plasmodium, Polymerase Chain Reaction, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Anopheles, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, MESH: Animals, lcsh:RC109-216, MESH: Plasmodium falciparum, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, MESH: Risk, 030306 microbiology, Ecology, Research, Outbreak, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, Insect Vectors, Malaria, MESH: Plasmodium vivax, MESH: France, Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, France
Abstract

Background The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria was very high in Corsica just before the Second World War. The last outbreak was in 1972 and the most recent indigenous case was in 2006. Results Analysis of historical data shows that anopheline vectors were abundant. Recent surveys demonstrated that potential vectors are still present in Corsica, despite the likely disappearance of Anopheles sacharovi. Moreover, P. falciparum can develop experimentally into these mosquitoes, notably Anopheles labranchiae, which is locally abundant, and parasites are regularly introduced into the island. Discussion, Conclusions The presence of vectors, the introduction of parasites and the conducive climate raise questions about the possibility of malaria re-emerging and becoming re-established in Corsica. Analysis of historic and current parasitological and entomological data shows that the current theoretical risk of indigenous cases or malaria foci is negligible, particularly since there is very little contact between humans and Anopheles mosquitoes, Plasmodium carriers are reliably treated and there is a widespread vector control on the island.

Published
2010

6. Isolation and sequencing of Dashli virus, a novel Sicilian-like virus in sandflies from Iran; genetic and phylogenetic evidence for the creation of one novel species within the Phlebovirus genus in the Phenuiviridae family

Author

Xavier de Lamballerie, E. Javadian, Cigdem Alkan, Nourina Rahbarian, Bulent Alten, Laurence Bichaud, Nazli Ayhan, Mehdi Badakhshan, Vahideh Moin Vaziri, Rémi N. Charrel, BUISINE, Soline, European Virus Archive goes global - EVAg - - H20202015-04-01 - 2019-03-31 - 653316 - VALID, Biology and control of vector-borne infections in Europe - EDENEXT - - EC:FP7:HEALTH2011-01-01 - 2015-06-30 - 261504 - VALID, Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Department of Parasitology and Mycology [Tehran, Iran] (School of Medicine), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran, Iran], Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control [Tehran, Iran] (School of Public Health), Tehran University of Medical Sciences-Institute of Public Health Research [Tehran, Iran], Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center [Tehran, Iran] (SBU), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Hacettepe University = Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), This work was supported through funds received from EU grant FP7-261504 EDENext and this paper is catalogued by the EDENext Steering Committee (http://www.edenext.eu), the European Virus Archive goes Global (EVAg) project in the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 653316 (http://global.european- virus-archive.com/). The present article partly was supported by Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (Grant No: 1573) The work of RNC was done under the frame of EurNegVec (TD1303) COST Action., European Project: 653316,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,EVAg(2015), European Project: 261504,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2010-single-stage,EDENEXT(2011), and Shahid Beheshti University-Shahid Beheshti University

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Phlebovirus, RNA viruses, Fevers, Iran, Disease Vectors, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Database and Informatics Methods, Phlebotomus Fever, Bunyaviruses, Medicine and Health Sciences, Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus, Phylogeny, Data Management, Genetics, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, biology, Phylogenetic tree, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Phylogenetic Analysis, Gene Pool, 3. Good health, Phylogenetics, Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, Viral Pathogens, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Viruses, RNA, Viral, Female, Gene pool, Pathogens, Sequence Analysis, Research Article, Computer and Information Sciences, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, Bioinformatics, Genome, Viral, Research and Analysis Methods, Microbiology, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Signs and Symptoms, Amino Acid Sequence Analysis, Diagnostic Medicine, Animals, Humans, Evolutionary Systematics, Microbial Pathogens, Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Base Sequence, Population Biology, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, lcsh:RA1-1270, biology.organism_classification, Rift Valley fever virus, Sandfly, Insect Vectors, Sand Flies, Species Interactions, 030104 developmental biology, Microbial genetics, Psychodidae, Population Genetics
Abstract

Phlebotomine sandflies are vectors of phleboviruses that cause sandfly fever or meningitis with significant implications for public health. Although several strains of these viruses had been isolated in Iran in the late 1970's, there was no recent data about the present situation at the outset of this study. Entomological investigations performed in 2009 and 2011 in Iran collected 4,770 sandflies from 10 different regions. Based on morphological identification, they were sorted into 315 pools according to species, sex, trapping station and date of capture. A phlebovirus, provisionally named Dashli virus (DASHV), was isolated from one pool of Sergentomyia spp, and subsequently DASHV RNA was detected in a second pool of Phlebotomus papatasi. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses based on complete coding genomic sequences indicated that (i) DASHV is most closely related to the Iranian isolates of Sandfly fever Sicilian virus [SFSV], (ii) there is a common ancestor to DASHV, Sandfly fever Sicilian- (SFS) and SFS-like viruses isolated in Italy, India, Turkey, and Cyprus (lineage I), (iii) DASHV is more distantly related with Corfou and Toros viruses (lineage II) although common ancestry is supported with 100% bootstrap, (iii) lineage I can be subdivided into sublineage Ia including all SFSV, SFCV and SFTV except those isolated in Iran which forms sublineage Ib (DASHV). Accordingly, we suggest to approve Sandfly fever Sicilian virus species consisting of the all aforementioned viruses. Owing that most of these viruses have been identified in human patients with febrile illness, DASHV should be considered as a potential human pathogen in Iran., Author summary Phlebotomine sandflies are vectors of phleboviruses that cause sandfly fever or meningitis with significant implications for public health. Although several strains of these viruses had been isolated in Iran in the late 1970's, there was no recent data about the present situation at the outset of this study. Entomological investigations performed in 2009 and 2011 in Iran collected 4,770 sandflies from 10 different regions. A phlebovirus, provisionally named Dashli virus (DASHV), was isolated / detected in two pools. DASHV strain was isolated in cell culture and complete genome sequence was determined. Sequence analysis indicated that (i) DASHV is most closely related to the Iranian isolates of Sandfly fever Sicilian virus [SFSV], a virus that is known to cause self-resolutive incapacitating febrile illness in humans, (ii) there is a common ancestor to DASHV and all other variants of SFSV isolated in Italy, India, Turkey, and Cyprus (lineage I), (iii) DASHV is more distantly related with Corfou and Toros viruses (lineage II) although common ancestry is supported with 100% bootstrap, (iii) lineage I can be subdivided into sublineage Ia including all SFSV strains, whereas Iranian viruses are most closely related and should be individualized as DASHV (sublineage Ib). Although discovered first in the 1940's, SFSV is still listed as "tentative species" by the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses. Based on the results described in this study, we propose to approve Sandfly fever Sicilian virus species. Owing that most of these viruses have been identified in human patients with febrile illness, DASHV should be considered as a potential human pathogen in Iran.

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