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Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney, Australia, was opened by Governor Macquarie in 1819. As an institution it stood at the intersection of new and fashionable discussions about prisons and imprisonment, naval discipline, and the emergence of a diligent and Methodist-influenced culture of clerks. Together they created the meaning of the walls and wards, the fabric of the building. Confinement produced "Barrackmen," a distinct subculture produced outside the notions of labour and centered on pain. The author accesses the Barracks by examining the Bench Book of 1820-1821, a rare surviving document of the late Macquarie period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the design of the criminal justice system and trends in crime in Russia over the last two decades (2000–2020). First, we argue that the criminal justice system is built upon the idea of meeting quotas, which ensures its accountability to the Russian state and downplays its transparency and crime-control efficiency. Second, we analyse recent crime trends and argue that Russia has experienced a long-term drop in crime. Finally, we overview the available evidence on the enforcement of drug laws and the operation of the prison system in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the legal issues related to pay-to-stay statues of U.S. states, particularly the provisions allowing the seizure of inherited property to recompense for a person's incarceration costs. Also cited are the claim that property seizure is an interference by states on a decedents' freedom to choose their beneficiaries, and the alleged disadvantages of said statutes like perpetuating a cycle of poverty and reducing the urgency of decarceration.

Reentry programs represent an increasingly popular method to reduce recidivism for individuals exiting prison and jail systems throughout the United States. Most evaluations tend to focus on recidivism as the primary outcome of interest. Attrition, however, can function an important supplementary measure that complements recidivism outcomes. To demonstrate, we analyze a jail reentry program built around peer navigators serving as staff members that refer participants to necessary support services while also serving as a mentor to participants exiting jail. We use a combination of general linear models (GLMs), Mahalanobis distance matching (MDM), and panel regression to both predict attrition and compare recidivism outcomes between three attrition groups: program completers, program quitters, and matched controls. Participants that successfully completed the program did not avoid new convictions or reincarceration significantly more or less than matched controls. Participants that quit the program, however, saw significantly higher conviction and reincarceration rates compared to matched controls. The nuance added to our program evaluation by adding attrition as a differential factor is worth consideration by other reentry programs who may not be realizing the full picture of their results by presenting recidivism outcomes alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across research on incarceration and insularity, recent trajectories have challenged conventional understandings of islands and prisons as isolated, autonomous units. Instead, they have directed attention toward their capacity to establish relations, circuits and routes. Beyond the focus on mobility and exchanges, this literature criticised the association between insularity, incarceration and confinement as the outcome of specific colonial epistemologies. This article builds on these literatures to investigate the case of Sardinia, a large Mediterranean island that plays a key role in the Italian carceral regime by providing a destination for thousands of Italian convicts. Despite being an Italian and European region, Sardinia's past and present exhibit distinct colonial qualities, which are visible in the structure of its carceral estate. The case study exemplifies how islands can hardly be interpreted as isolated units, given that their histories and geographies have implications that extend far beyond their coasts. In the case of Sardinia, the island combines modern penitentiaries with dynamics reminiscent of previous periods in the history of punishment, specifically penal colonies and convict transportation. This case study illustrates the benefits of an interdisciplinary approach that is willing to question the conceptual categories adopted, particularly those of island, prison and colony. The article examines how research on incarceration and insularity has moved beyond previous paradigms that focused on confinement and isolation. It then applies the insights from the literature to the case study of Sardinia, a large Mediterranean island that has historically served a key role in the Italian prison system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent scholarship has highlighted that, for many foreign nationals, Western European prisons function as 'places of crimmigration' where non-citizens are over-represented, often excluded from rehabilitation efforts, sometimes held in segregated prisons, and where it is common for incarceration to lead to deportation. However, this literature has mainly focused on north-western European countries and has neglected countries on the EU's southern border, where different dynamics may be at work. This research aims to provide a broader understanding of how border control shapes imprisonment in Western European prisons by including Spain, a Southern European country, in the picture. To this end, this article examines prison regulations on foreign inmates and original statistics on their release and expulsion from prison. In doing so, this paper demonstrates that the aims of border control have permeated Spanish prisons, making imprisonment into an exclusionary punishment for certain non-citizens and introducing a new role for prison staff. The findings of this study also indicate that expulsions are used selectively on a small proportion of incarcerated noncitizens. This result is consistent with previous research suggesting a discrepancy between crimmigration discourse and practice, while also revealing the existence of hierarchies of belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Trabajo Social is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies of Socio-Economics & Humanities / Socioekonomické a Humanitní Studie is the property of College of Banking, Banking Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The majority of women in prison have experienced prior traumatic events. Imprisonment can also be considered a traumatic experience. Research exploring how imprisonment affects women with trauma histories is scarce. To examine this, qualitative interviews were conducted with 50 participants imprisoned in three women's prisons in England. Four overarching themes were identified using thematic analysis: the traumatizing prison system; triggering power dynamics; trust in relationships; and surviving and thriving. Aspects of the prison environment and staff behavior were experienced as triggering and traumatizing, while peer relationships provided some mitigation of these difficulties. These findings have implications for the design of women's prisons, improvements in staff recruitment and training, and the implementation of trauma-informed care for individuals in women's prisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are an estimated 1.6 million transgender individuals in the United States. Yet the nation's prison systems have retained their traditional binary structure, separating male and female inmates. The federal Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) became effective in 2012, outlining best practices for the housing of transgender inmates. In recent years, there have been several court decisions that have directly and indirectly increased the protections available to transgender inmates. Many states have also passed legislation updating their prison policies to address these issues, but these measures have not been uniform. Some states have not yet adopted the PREA recommendations while others have gone beyond the federal proposals. Some advocates believe that PREA itself is an insufficient response to the issues facing transgender inmates and propose alternative solutions. This Note argues that prison housing reform must carefully balance the safety of transgender inmates with that of cisgender inmates. It proposes that the case-by-case approach found in PREA--if implemented with appropriate limitations--is the most realistic, immediate, and effective way of ensuring the greatest protection of all inmates. It concludes that a uniform prison housing policy for transgender inmates, heightened judicial review of these policies, and a factored evaluation of individual inmates will progress the United States prison system beyond its current binary bounds while upholding the fundamental safety goals of the carceral system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, university archives have initiated efforts to document mass incarceration in the United States. As they engage in this work, it is important to examine how archivists are responding to the ethical challenges presented by collecting and stewarding records related to incarceration. This article addresses that need by reporting on the findings of qualitative interviews with archivists working at academic repositories with major collections focused on incarceration. This study's focus on university archives reflects their prominence in undertaking such work, which is likely to continue given these insti tutions' comparative autonomy and access to resources. Evaluating this work is urgent because of the vulnerable position of those most impacted by the prison system. Three major themes emerged from the interview data collected in this research: (1) financial and intellectual resources available at universities to support incarceration-related archiving; (2) the university context can provoke ethical anxiety for archivists working with incarceration-related collections; and (3) obtaining meaningful consent is a particularly difficult challenge for archives that steward incarceration materials. Placing these findings within the context of the academy's carceral entanglements and in dialogue with critical prison studies and critical archival studies scholarship, I argue that ethical incarceration archiving demands a liberatory approach. This approach begins by asking if and how incarceration archiving can help get people free. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate at which women experience incarceration has increased substantially over the last four decades. Justice-involved women are often the primary caretakers of children and suffer more often from mental health, substance use, and other issues at higher rates than justice-involved males. Previous research has noted the need for gender-responsive programming, but less research has explored women inmate perceptions of the programming within women correctional facilities. This qualitative study examined 545 incarcerated women across multiple institutions in a large Southern prison system. We asked incarcerated women about their perceptions of accessibility, needs, benefits, and problems in correctional programming. Findings indicate that women's programming may still not adequately address gender-based needs. Additionally, women among the sample identified several programming-related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a dataset that compiles records of Black inmates sent to the Tennessee State Penitentiary from 1850-1870. The dataset sheds light on the relationship between the state and national apparatus and the challenges faced by Black Civil War veterans during the Civil War and Reconstruction. It reveals the rapid expansion of Black incarceration during this time period, particularly after the war ended, and highlights the racially disproportionate nature of the prison population and its connection to discriminatory practices in Tennessee. The dataset also explores crimes related to race and slavery that led to incarceration. The article discusses the treatment of Black individuals in the Tennessee State Penitentiary during and after the Civil War, including lack of payment for labor, overcrowded and unsanitary conditions, and the use of convict leasing. The dataset focuses on the experiences of Black prisoners in the Tennessee State Penitentiary from 1850-1870 and reveals the connection between the convict leasing system and the rise of industrial capitalism in the post-Civil War South. It also sheds light on prisoners' efforts to negotiate freedom and resist control, gender dynamics and family networks within the prison system, and the historical significance of Nashville's Fort Negley. The dataset is based on the book "Tennessee Convicts: Early Records of the State Penitentiary 1850-1870" by Chuck Sherrill and includes detailed information about prisoners' names, convictions, release details, and additional notes about their experiences. The dataset is organized into spreads [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Turvalisuskompass is the property of Estonian Academy of Security Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Between 1769 and 1789, the warden of the prison workhouse at Christianshavn wrote around 300 statements to accompany petitions made for inmates' release. Drawing on the theories of Arlie Russell Hochschild, this article argues that the statements detail the feeling rules of the prison workhouse and provide evidence that the inmates 'worked the system' by performing emotional labour in accordance with said feeling rules. Thus, the article uncovers and connects practices and tactics of coercion and autonomy in the prison workhouse, examining how inmates navigated the authorities' expectations as a tactic of escape from imprisonment and labour coercion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of normalisation has gained more prominence in international prison law, with both the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules (UN SMR) and the European Prison Rules (EPR) promoting normalisation to the guiding principles. In general terms, normalisation refers to shaping life in prison in resemblance to life outside prison. However, it largely remains unclear what this principle entails for prison policy. The general formulation in the UN SMR and EPR leave much discretionary room to national prison authorities. By conducting a (comparative) policy analysis, this article aims to uncover the normative standards derived from the UN SMR and EPR and how the principle translates into national laws and policies of Norway and the Netherlands. The analysis shows that although the main provision is generally formulated, some detailed norms are provided in other provisions on how elements of life in prison should be shaped, including limits and restrictions. In Norway and the Netherlands, normalisation is not explicitly mentioned in law, but is (to a varied extent) incorporated in policy. It is shown that, in practice, normalisation is closely tied to reintegration, which has important implications for the principle itself and the norms that are taken as point of reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, a body of critical scholarship has emerged accentuating the social and cultural importance of food in prison. This article employs a tripartite conceptual framework for contemplating and demarcating food's different valuations in prison. We draw from our interviews with over 500 incarcerated individuals to demonstrate how acquiring, trading, and preparing food is inscribed with use, exchange, and sign values. In doing so, we provide illustrative examples of how food informs processes of stratification, distinction, and violence in prison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identity-driven theories of desistance provide a useful model for understanding change in a carceral context. However, these theories often are not grounded in specific programmes or practices that might catalyze identity shift, and tend to focus narrowly on recidivism as the sole outcome of interest. In this study, we examine the role of prison higher education in identity-driven change through the process of transformative learning. Using administrative information on college-level course completion and an original longitudinal survey of prison college students, we show evidence of both between- and within-subjects shifts in individuals' sense of self-efficacy, as well as their broader civic orientation. We further explore the role of identity using a survey experiment that randomly assigns individuals to a "student" versus "prisoner" identity label. We find that identity labelling has significant effects on both confidence in accomplishing one's goals and perceived likelihood of recidivism. We supplement these quantitative findings with qualitative interviews of prison college alumni. Our study suggests that access to higher education can be consequential for those in prison, and provides a broader framework through which to analyze the effects of prison programming that extends beyond recidivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most incarceration settings around the world are governed by strong cisnormative policies, architectures, and social expectations that segregate according to a person's legal gender (i.e. male or female). This paper draws on the lived experiences of 24 formerly incarcerated trans women in Australia and the U.S. to elucidate the way in which the prison functions according to Lucas Crawford's theory of trans architecture, alongside Jacques Derrida's notion of archive fever. The paper displays how the cisnormative archive of the justice system and its architectural constructs impact trans women in men's incarceration settings, including how trans women entering the incarceration setting are able to embody gender in a way that is not reified by the insistences of those normative structures. In light of this, this paper advances a theoretical understanding of the prison as an archive and as an architectural construct, providing a new means of understanding how incarcerated trans persons may use and perform gender to survive carceral violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Polish prison system in the first years after the end of World War II was considered part of the criminal apparatus of the security organs of the People’s Republic of Poland. Documented cases of drastic violations of the rights of convicts, the detention of political prisoners, torture, and inhumane conditions of confinement caused penitentiary units at the time to become deservedly infamous. The political thaw that began in October 1956 and the transition of the penitentiary system to the Ministry of Justice created an opportunity to restore the rule of law in penitentiaries and create humane conditions of imprisonment. This publication puts forward the thesis that the reforms undertaken by the new departmental authorities in the first decade since the transition of prisons to the jurisdiction of the Minister of Justice were in line with the spirit of modern penitentiary thought and the standards for prisoners’ rights adopted by the international community. Areas where these changes were most progressive and were given the greatest momentum were identified. The practice, to the extent necessary, was also reconstructed. It was also pointed out that already at the threshold of the reform undertaken, the limits and barriers to the initiated changes were clearly outlined. Their source was mainly the political context, but also the financial and material limitations of the Polish state. A not insignificant obstacle was also the change in the mentality of the staff of penitentiary units. The paper uses the method of historical-legal and dogmatic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the concept of "hauntology" within the context of prison life writings, examining how the experiences of those enmeshed in the carceral system embody both historical ghosts and their own identities within the prison space. The analysis explores the interconnectedness of identities through intersubjectivity, subverting linear narratives and challenging personal responsibility narratives.

The article discusses Banksy's mural depicting Oscar Wilde on the walls of Reading prison, highlighting the intersection of art and prison, and then focuses on how Wilde's prison narrative, "De Profundis," challenges the conventional view that his incarceration marked a departure from his aestheticism. It examines how Wilde's narrative, written during his imprisonment, is a form of artistic self-release.

The article explores the phenomenon of prison narratives as a literary sub-genre that documents and reflects upon life in prison. It raises questions about why prison experiences have emerged as a distinct genre despite their autobiographical nature, and discusses the relationship between power, knowledge, and the concept of imprisonment.

Times of crisis within prison settings either at a system-wide level during times of riots or during pandemics or at more personal levels during time in segregation can be particularly challenging times when the prison can feel more "total" than other times. Goffman's influential work outlines a particular interpretation of the parameters of the total institution, of which prisons were one manifestation. In the years following its publication, a wide range of research has sought to subvert the notion that prisons are total institutions, suggesting a greater permeability of contemporary prison walls. This article calls for a re-consideration of this dismissal, and a reconnection and critical engagement with Goffman's original parameters within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown. The response to COVID-19 in prison settings, resulted in may prison jurisdictions rolling back on policies that, to an extent, had subverted prisons looking and feeling "total", through the increased "porosity" of prison wall. Through the analysis of 19 letters received from 8 people in custody in one Scottish prison, there emerges a reframed and reconsidered permeability of prison walls. For the participants in this study, the experiences of the COVID-19 lockdown complicate much of the recent critique of the relevance of the total institution as a theoretical frame to analyse contemporary prisons. Ultimately this paper argues, that through analysing the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is possible to observe a more essential and "total" characteristic of contemporary imprisonment. This has been obscured through decades of penal reform, but the total parameters of prison spaces emerges more clearly during times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme forms of custody represent the boundary points of state power. The configuration of the most restrictive corners of prison systems, and what goes on within them, is highly instructive in exposing the objectives, limits, and implications of state coercion at its most severe. Based on data collected in England & Wales and Norway, this article has two main aims. The first is to explore the degree to which "deep‐end" confinement differs between jurisdictions with different penal philosophies. The second is to understand how the most extreme form of confinement in each jurisdiction differs from the more typical carceral experiences within each system and its overall penal ethos. Empirically, then, the article seeks to shine light into the deepest dominions of both prison systems, illuminating the experiential texture of extreme forms of imprisonment. It concludes by asking what can be inferred about Nordic exceptionalism, and about deep‐end confinement more generally, by analyzing these domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a survey administered in 13 prisons in England & Wales and Norway, as part of a research programme with explicitly comparative aims, this article seeks to address both the relative and absolute dimensions of the Nordic penal exceptionalism thesis. It outlines the consistently more positive results in Norway compared to England & Wales, explaining them primarily with reference to the former's much higher quality and use of open prisons. At the same time, it emphasizes that, even in an unusually humane prison system, prisoners report considerable pain and frustration. The article also makes the case that comparative analysis should strive to be systematic, but that such comparisons are always imperfect, making methodological transparency all the more essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In her teatro-cabaret piece Los caballeros las prefieren presas, Minerva Valenzuela offers a searing critique of the inconceivably cruel abuses women suffer in Mexico's prison system. She does so by way of the charming protagonist Marilynares. Taking center stage with platinum blonde hair, red lipstick, a white body suit, and black heels, she channels the glamour of Marilyn Monroe. However, Marilynares is not an actress, but an inmate at the fictional Santa Martha Lamitas prison, hence the blue smock she wears over her form-fitting outfit. She is also contestant No. 10, competing for her freedom on the metatheatrical reality show "Hoy se decide mi vida." Coached and directed by an invisible voz en off belonging to Mr. Destino, the show's producer and host, Marilynares is instructed to share the most intimate details related to prison life by way of confessional addresses and musical numbers. However, when our protagonist realizes she is being exploited, she decidedly rejects and subverts central tenets of the neoliberal gameshow model: stark individualism and the sought-after "money shot." In refusing to play by someone else's rules, Marilynares hopes her audience will find compassion not just for her, but also for the thousands of women locked away across Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence and effectiveness of imprisonment in changing the behavior of convicts is quite interesting to study, considering the facts that exist show that imprisonment through the correctional system has not been able to change the behavior of convicts significantly. The problems in this study are regarding the existence of imprisonment and prison conditions as a place for implementing coaching for convicts, regarding coaching and its influence on the behavior of convicts while serving their sentences in Correctional Institutions and the effectiveness of imprisonment as the implementation of criminal sanctions and at the same time a means to change the behavior of convicts. This type of research is empirical juridical research, using a statute approach and a conceptual approach. This research uses field studies and literature studies that aim to collect primary and secondary data. The data analysis used is qualitative data analysis. Based on the results of research and discussion, imprisonment is still quite effective in changing the behavior of convicts. This is in accordance with the objectives of the penitentiary system regulated in the penitentiary law and there is also a change in the behavior of some inmates who have undergone the coaching process. The conclusion of this study is that the existence of imprisonment as a means of implementing coaching for convicts is still quite relevant to be applied in the criminal justice system in Indonesia. Considering that the implementation of imprisonment in Indonesia is not only a form of retaliation (punishment) against perpetrators, but also aims to restore the situation, namely to rehabilitate perpetrators and at the same time protect society from the perpetrator's actions to repeat his crime. Coaching carried out by Correctional Institutions has an influence on changes in the behavior of convicts. Although in the implementation of the coaching there are still various weaknesses that indicate the failure of the coaching process. Imprisonment as the implementation of criminal sanctions and at the same time a means to change the behavior of convicts is still quite effective, although it cannot be said that it is a very effective means to change the behavior of convicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the study of penal changes throughout history is central to punishment studies, the field has taken little from historical institutionalists' theories of institutional change. One of the most relevant such theories is path dependence. This article outlines path dependence frameworks' most fruitful elements for studying penal change. Drawing on foundational political science and historical sociology texts, as well as several punishment scholars' works, this article highlights the advantages of thinking through stasis and change, mechanisms of inertia such as feedback effects, and exogenous shocks. While path dependence offers a powerful framework, it can also be an unsatisfying explanation at times, particularly when path dependence is itself a seemingly uphill battle, when apparent stasis hides ongoing change, or when institutions survive hypothesized mechanisms of change. This paper closes by discussing some ways in which punishment scholars can strengthen the path dependence framework by blending it with recent theoretical developments in the punishment studies field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the creation of the artwork "A Stitch in Time," inspired by the experiences of the artist working with incarcerated individuals and homeless populations. Topics include the impact of incarceration on individuals' lives, the use of textile art as a medium to explore prison environments, and the examination of themes such as surveillance, language, and rules within the prison system.

Copyright of Reflexão & Ação is the property of Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nigerian playwright Femi Euba utilizes the Yoruba trickster tale in his one-act play Tortoise! to satirize the imprisonment of Wole Soyinka during the Nigerian civil war of the 1960s. This essay draws parallels between Euba's play and Soyinka's play, The Detainee, which critiques the imprisonment of Chief Obafemi Awolowo by the Nigerian federal government a few years before Soyinka himself fell victim to the same alleged crime of treason. This essay argues that Euba's use of the trickster tale as a logical genre in theater is grounded in the communal space of Yoruba belief systems that encourage a collective response to social and political crises. The essay also traces modernity's fraught challenges in the guise of neo-colonial structures, such as the prison system, and the ways in which traditional modes of story-telling become avenues for apprehending, addressing, and contesting global forces at work through the legacies of colonialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Monatsschrift fuer Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The idea of granting the Simple Police Courts the authority to arrest dates back to the times of the Duchy of Warsaw, when in response to the postulates published in penitentiary journals, an attempt was made to create a more extensive system of detention centers. Precise definition of the role of these units in the penitentiary system of the Kingdom of Poland is not easy, due to terminological and practical problems, in contrast with detention and police arrests. Initially, these centers were intended for detainees under an elementary investigation. Although this was their basic role throughout the existence of the Kingdom of Poland, over the years, either by decisions of governmental bodies, or as a result of developed practice, they began to perform additional functions. First of all, people sentenced to short-term imprisonment were allowed to be placed in detention facilities, which was mainly due to the need to reduce both costs and the overcrowding of domestic prisons. From 1837, people arrested or sentenced during transport were placed in detention centers, due to the lack of suitable premises for organizing separate transport stations. The difficult reality faced by lower-level administrative authorities meant that, despite the lack of appropriate regulations, persons subject to extradition or hiding from the military census, and even insolvent debtors, were placed in detention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1965 Voting Rights Act (VRA) fundamentally changed the distribution of electoral power in the US South. We examine the consequences of this mass enfranchisement of Black people for the use of the carceral state—police, the courts, and the prison system. We study the extent to which white communities in the US South responded to the end of Jim Crow by increasing the incarceration of Black people. We test this with new historical data on state and county prison intake data by race (~1940–1985) in a series of difference-in-differences designs. We find that states covered by Section 5 of the VRA experienced a differential increase in Black prison admissions relative to those that were not covered and that incarceration varied systematically in proportion to the electoral threat posed by Black voters. Our findings indicate the potentially perverse consequences of enfranchisement when establishment power seeks—and finds—other outlets of social and political control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how should critical thought respond to the ructions and turmoil, the clamour and confusion that have characterized Brazilian political life. Topics include combined prosecutorial, congressional and media assault upon her in 20I6, the government of unelectables under Michel Temer (on a 7 per cent approval rating) and the imprisonment of Lula then cleared the path for the rise of Bolsonaro, the chaos of the pandemic.

The article compares criminality and the imprisonment policies of the U.S. and Europe. Topics include the need for criminal justice reform in the U.S. amid the death of African American George Floyd and the national outcry for racial justice, a definition of criminality and its role in the criminal justice system, the primary justifications of human imprisonment, and the human rights issues involved in the way nations treat incarcerated individuals and the policies that are in place.

Background: HIV disproportionately impacts criminal justice--involved individuals, including men who experience incarceration. Men make up the vast majority of those experiencing incarceration as well as those newly diagnosed with HIV infection. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective biomedical intervention that significantly reduces the risk of HIV acquisition. However, implementation in criminal justice systems is limited. Little is known about effective PrEP implementation and use in this unique public health context. Objective: The aim of this study is to characterize the experience of implementing PrEP clinical care in a criminal justice setting for men vulnerable to HIV acquisition. Methods: This article describes a PrEP care continuum for men experiencing incarceration who are at increased risk of HIV acquisition, which can help conceptualize approaches to evaluating PrEP implementation. Results: The outlined study will enroll 100 men experiencing incarceration at high risk for HIV acquisition prior to release into the community. The goal is to initiate PrEP prior to release and link individuals to PrEP providers in the community, capturing barriers and facilitators to PrEP use during this uniquely vulnerable time period for HIV acquisition. Conclusions: Based on the proposed care continuum and what is known about HIV risk and prevention efforts in the criminal justice context, we outline key future research efforts to better understand effective approaches to preventing HIV infection among this vulnerable population. The described approach presents a powerful public health opportunity to help end the HIV epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work seeks to present and problematize the idea of resocialization and reintegration from a conceptual debate. For this, it goes through its presence, as a background, in the policies for the Brazilian prison system until its sociological problematization. It attests that while other countries point out a decline in the rehabilitative ideal, together with the exponential growth of the incarcerated population, in Brazil, despite its punitive character and high incarceration rates, this discourse is relatively new and ascending. The methodological course has a bibliographic review on the literature related to the topic and a review of legal regulations on official websites from a qualitative approach. With this, it questions the way in which the prison population is conceived, as well as the entry of certain rights and benefits in Brazilian prisons and the justifications for the existence and historical permanence of prisons that, albeit indirectly, contribute to the legitimacy of the institution itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite concerns and debates about the policy of using extended solitary confinement for managing individuals deemed to be too violent or disruptive to be controlled any other way—for the broader goal of system order and safety—empirical assessments of disparities in placements into this form of incarceration are limited. Prior studies typically have not compared extended solitary management (ESM) populations to general prison populations or dimensions along which disparities in ESM placements may arise. This paper identifies groups that may be more likely to be placed in ESM and policy concerns unique to each. Drawing on a study of one large state prison system, we examine disparities in ESM placement, including multiple, early, and longer duration placements. Implications of these disparities and the possibility that there may be differential experiences in and effects of ESM are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to growing concerns about habitual criminality and its impact upon the fabric of society, the Prevention of Crime Act 1908 stipulated that when the courts passed a sentence of penal servitude upon repeat offenders, they could additionally pass a sentence of preventive detention if it was deemed expedient for the protection of the public. Reflecting upon the commentaries of those who worked within the preventive detention institution at Camp Hill, this article explores the rationale underpinning the regime and examines the management of the historic question facing the prison system, namely how prisoners should be 'doing time' and how prisons should be using this 'time'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the need of Venezuela's prison system for reform, particularly to restore prisoners' physical, mental and moral integrity. Topics discussed include ways in which gross human violations that have been threatening the lives of Venezuelan prisoners; Norway's unique restorative justice-focused approach to incarceration.

Based on a large, comparative study of prisoner experiences in England & Wales and Norway, this article explores the concept of the 'depth of imprisonment' – put most simply, the degree of control, isolation and difference from the outside world – in two stages. First, it sets out the various factors that contribute to 'depth' i.e. its core components. Second, it outlines the most frequent metaphors used to communicate depth, highlighting the ways in which these metaphors bring into focus a range of ways in which the basic fact of imprisonment – the deprivation of liberty, and the removal of the individual from the community – is experienced. In doing so, the article also makes a case for the adoption of conceptual metaphors as a means of describing prison systems and regimes, and thereby attending to the ways in which prisoners experience some of the most fundamental elements of incarceration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to deepen and broaden our US- and UK-centric theories and histories of late 20th-century penal transformation. Using oral history interviews with civil servants, archival research and analysis of published documents, this article investigates Ireland's delayed progressive penal transformation in the 1970s. It challenges the dominant narrative that Irish penal policy was stagnant or merely pragmatic during this period and provides cultural, social and political explanations for Ireland's changing penal culture. These findings also show the limitations of penal welfarism for sufficiently capturing the character of Ireland's progressive penal ideas and intentions. The article outlines the concept of pastoral penality as an alternative kind of progressive penal politics. Pastoral penality focuses on the problems of the prison, rather than the problems of the prisoner, who is not viewed as inherently criminal and in need of treatment. Instead they require support in coping with the harms of imprisonment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]