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Recently, we observed a 15% decrease in the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Australian 0-4-year-old children following the introduction of RV vaccination [[2], [3]], suggesting that RV vaccination could contribute to the primary prevention of this autoimmune disease. Australian surveillance data [[11]] show that the prevalence of RV G3 strains increased slightly along with an increase in strain diversity in the post-RV vaccine era, but G3 remains a minor component of disease-causing RV strains. RV was prevalent in nurseries, and the change to rooming-in would have altered the timing of exposure to RV, delaying it until later in the first year of life when, based on NOD mouse studies [[17]-[19]], RV might promote rather than retard development of diabetes. [Extracted from the article]

Moreover, nonvaccine serotypes and NESp prevalence have markedly increased since the introduction of pneumococcal vaccines [[5],[6]]. Altogether, the current risk of NESp-associated invasive disease is minimal, with only 1% to 15% of IPD cases associated with NESp depending on the region, but selective pressures and NESp persistence are slowly establishing a suitable environment for a devastating rise in invasive disease [[8]]. Reductions in vaccine serotypes cause propagation of nonvaccine serotypes (pink and purple) and nonencapsulated pneumococci (blue and green). Teal = vaccine serotypes; purple = antibiotic-susceptible nonvaccine serotypes; pink = antibiotic-resistant nonvaccine serotypes; green = antibiotic-susceptible NESp; blue = antibiotic-resistant NESp. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a study concerning blood brain barrier disruption in cerebral malaria. It discusses how do pericytes and astrocytes regulate blood brain barrier permeability under steady-state conditions. It mentions the how does Plasmodium-induced vascular activation lead to breakdown of the blood brain barrier, along with information on the available models can be used to study the blood brain barrier.

The article offers information about the Microbiota-mediated disease resistance in plants. Topics discussed Microbiota is a pathogenic microorganisms found in and on all multicellular organisms; mentions the microbial products and inoculants for plant protection; and highlights the plant pathogens as constant threat to global food production.

The article discusses the asthma a common respiratory illness characterized by symptoms of wheeze, cough, and shortness of breath caused by environmental antigen. Topics discussed include allergic T cells which triggers eosinophilic inflammation, healthy environmental microbial communities influence the immune function, microbial community dynamics promotes allergy and microbial community composition in the upper airway a risk factor for asthma.

The article offers information emergence of fungal pathogen, Candida auris. Topics discussed include views on high resistance to drug classes, and invasive disease carries an astonishingly high mortality rate; threat to public health as its ability to readily colonize skin, spread rapidly among patients, and cause severe disease; and views on target sites of pathogen involves bloodstream with isolation from the urinary or respiratory tract close behind.

The article examines whether the unique camouflage strategy of the fungal genus Pneumocystis is associated with its particular niche within host lungs. Topics discussed include the eight different gene families encoding major surface glycoproteins (Msg) in Pneumocystis species, the structure of the genes belonging to the different Msg families, and the surface structure of Pneumocystis cells.

The article discusses the role of cluster of differentiation (CD)8 T-cells in T-cell impairment or respiratory virus infection. Topics include the role of other inhibitory receptors in apoptosis, the viruses that inhibit T-cell dysfunction, the importance of cell immunity in clearing out viral infections and the strategies in reversing T-cell impairment to restore lung function.

The article examines the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in damaging inflammatory responses during acute viral infections. Topics discussed include the ligands of TLR4, activation of viruses that induce an inflammatory response during acute infection through TLR4, and the therapeutic potential of TLR4. The role of over-stimulation of TLR4 in excessive inflammatory response that is damaging to the host and its benefits to the host by establishing a protective immune response are explained.

The article offers information on the innate immune system is always general, or nonspecific, meaning anything that is identified as foreign or non-self is a target for the innate immune response. It is mentioned that the skin's innate immune system allows the skin layers to fight against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The article also adds that antimicrobial immunity of the skin helps create a defense against pathogens.

The article examines the role of bacteriophages within the context of mammalian microbiota. It discusses how uncovering the influence of bacteriophages on complicated microbial communities could determine future of microbiota research concerning human health as well as diseases. Information is given on how intestinal bacterial communities may be influenced by bacteriophages.

The article presents information on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and its impact on central nervous system and production of amyloid precursor proteins. HIV-1 does not affect neurons in a direct way. However, secretion of host proteins and viral proteins from brain-resident HIV-1 infected cells is believed to result in inflammation which in turn may cause neuronal dysfunction and even death.

The article focuses on celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals exposed to dietary gluten. It mentions that treatment with type 1 interferons alpha can lead to CD. It informs that immune tolerance selects against B and T cells that express receptors that recognize self-antigen and thus could harm the host.

The article focuses on the role of noncanonical placental Fc receptors in modulating transplacental transfer of maternal Immunoglobulin G (IgG). Topics discussed include role of IgG in protecting fetus against infectious diseases, identification of Fc region amino acid after mutational analyses, and production of maternal IgG-based therapeutics and vaccines.

The article discusses the transmission of communicable cancers in Tasmanian devils and mentions the use of genomics to study the evolutionary responses to the diseases. The prevalence of facial tumor disease among the devils is also discussed. The use of immunology and transcriptomes studies to track the origins of the cancer is mentioned.

The article discusses the immune response during health and helminth infection on the gastrointestinal vascular system. It explains the role of the gastrointestinal tract and its complex ecosystem that host microbial interactions beyond extraction of dietary nutrients and waste removal. It suggests that blood flow for metabolic and host defense signals must ensure proper organ function and immunosurveillance in the intestinal gut.

The article offers the author's insights on the effectors, cell that acts in response to a stimulus, of plant-colonizing fungi. Topics mentioned include the effector gene expression, the effects of abiotic stresses on the host plant, and the functions of effectors in pathogenic microorganisms prevention. Also mentioned was the inhibitory activities of effectors on immune-related proteases and peroxidases.

The article discusses discoveries learned from studies of bacteriophages. Topics include examples of contributions made by bacteriophage research, insights from phase capsid protein structures and assembly, and factors which made phages ideal vehicles for vaccine development. Insights based on phage tail machinery are also offered.

The Adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene delivery system is ushering in a new and exciting era in the United States; following the first approved gene therapy (Glybera) in Europe, the FDA has approved a second therapy, Luxturna []. However, challenges to this system remain. In viral gene therapy, the surface of the capsid is an important determinant of tissue tropism, impacts gene transfer efficiency, and is targeted by the human immune system. Preexisting immunity is a significant challenge to this approach, and the ability to visualize areas of antibody binding (“footprints”) can inform efforts to improve the efficacy of viral vectors. Atomic resolution, smaller proteins, and asymmetric structures are the goals to attain in cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction (cryo-EM) as of late. The versatility of the technique and the ability to vitrify a wide range of heterogeneous molecules in solution allow structural biologists to characterize a variety of protein–DNA and protein–protein interactions at lower resolution. Cryo-EM has served as an important means to study key surface areas of the AAV gene delivery vehicle—specifically, those involved with binding neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) [–]. This method offers a unique opportunity for visualizing antibody binding “hotspots” on the surface of these and other viral vectors. When combined with mutagenesis, one can eliminate these hotspots to create viral vectors with the ability to avoid preexisting host immune recognition during gene delivery and genetic defect correction in disease treatment. Here, we discuss the use of structure-guided site-directed mutagenesis and directed evolution to create “stealth” AAV vectors with modified surface amino acid sequences that allow NAb avoidance while maintaining natural capsid functions or gaining desired novel tropisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the involvement of nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) as immune response cell mediators. Topics discussed include an overview of nucleated RBCs, the induced pattern-recognition receptor signaling through pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and the diversity in immune responses against viral aggression.

The article focuses on a research on disabling of lymphocyte immune response by Ebola virus. Topics discussed include association of lymphopenia with Ebola Virus Disease outcome; systemic release of inflammatory mediators cytokine during Ebola Virus infection; and role of Ebola virus glycoprotein in impairment of T-cell response.

The article focuses on use of Polyvalent vaccines. It states that development of polyvalent vaccines poses several significant challenges, such as production of bulk lots of monovalent antigens and combination during the manufacture, and mentions development of a polyvalent vaccine for dengue, a flaviviral infection caused by four dengue virus serotypes. It cites example of high valency Pneumococcal vaccines.

The article provides information on Pneumocystis, fungal infection and its interaction with host immune receptors. Topics discussed include involvement of pathways for major surface glycoprotein and cellular activation; role of macrophages in binding and phagocytosis; and signaling pathway involving Mincle.

The article discusses the decoy mechanisms in the interaction of host-pathogen. Topics mention including the antagonistic interactions between the pathogens and the hosts, different types of decoys with classification and examples and the term decoy in the host-pathogen interactions which describes the molecules.

The article focuses on the role of tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins, which are characterized by the presence of an N-terminal Really Interesting New Gene (RING) domain, in virus-induced autophagy. It highlights a series of studies which found an intricate interconnection between autophagy and antiviral cytokine responses.

The article offers information on the microorganisms living in oral cavity and the ecological balance important for maintaining a healthy oral microbiome. Topics discussed include the interactions within mixed-species microbial communities in oral cavity, the lack of research in mycobiome or fungal microbiome, and the favorable niche provided for many microbial species by the oral mucosa.

The article reports that Opportunistic fungal infections are a major complication of organ transplantation, with a yearly incidence of certain percentage of invasive fungal disease in the first few years after transplantation in large prospective studies.

Bacterial pathogens that compromise phagosomal membranes stimulate inflammasome assembly in the cytosol, but the molecular mechanisms by which membrane dynamics regulate inflammasome activity are poorly characterized. We show that in murine dendritic cells (DCs), the endosomal adaptor protein AP-3 –which optimizes toll-like receptor signaling from phagosomes–sustains inflammasome activation by particulate stimuli. AP-3 independently regulates inflammasome positioning and autophagy induction, together resulting in delayed inflammasome inactivation by autophagy in response to Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) and other particulate stimuli specifically in DCs. AP-3-deficient DCs, but not macrophages, hyposecrete IL-1β and IL-18 in response to particulate stimuli in vitro, but caspase-1 and IL-1β levels are restored by silencing autophagy. Concomitantly, AP-3-deficient mice exhibit higher mortality and produce less IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-17 than controls upon oral STm infection. Our data identify a novel link between phagocytosis, inflammasome activity and autophagy in DCs, potentially explaining impaired antibacterial immunity in AP-3-deficient patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a study regarding the function of phagocytes as Trojan horses which cause brain infections. Topics discussed include the immune cells located in brain, the transportation of Trojan horse in the brain through blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the intracellular pathogens that causes bacterial meningitis.

The article reports on the administration of host metabolism by pathogens. It mentions its aim in promoting and progressing infection and transmission as part of its strategy of immune evasion. An overview of the pathogens Plasmodium falciparum, Bordetella pertussis and Trypanosoma cruzi which are known of inducing malaria, whooping cough and Chagas disease is also presented.

The article focuses on a pathogen recognized as foreign by dendritic cells (DCs) and alarm signals provided by DCs in the form of inflammatory cytokines. Topics discussed include function of cytotoxic T cells which is to recognize and kill infected cells, inducing of inflammatory cytokines counter the invading pathogen and to alarm the immune system after infection, and beginning of antiviral immune response by detection of viral RNA.

The article offers information on "Hallmarks of Cancer" proposed by Hanahan and Weinburg, which proposes how a normal cell progresses to a tumorigenic state within a complex neoplastic environment. Topics discussed include changes that occur within the tissue microenvironment during cancer development; impact of microbiota on cellular proliferation and host cellular energetics; and a table depicting members of the intestinal microbiota associated with cancer development and resistance.

The article examines the unique biology of the bottle-shaped protozoan Toxoplasma gondii and its role in cancer therapy. Topics covered include the effectiveness of the microbe when engineered into a safe nonreplicating vaccine in breaking tumor control over the immune system, how it can promote survival and preventing cancer recurrence by unleashing potent immunity against already established cancer, and the interrelation of cancer, inflammation, and microbial infection.

The article focuses on a study conducted to establish the first in vitro model of a complete cycle of uropathogenic Escherichia coli infections using a microfluidic platform with continuous urine flow over a monolayer of human bladder epithelium. The study found that human bladder cells are invaded by the bacteria which replicate intracellularly, a known occurrence in urinary tract infections.

The article focuses on L-type lectin receptor kinases in plant immunity which possess an expanded arsenal of cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to perceive microbe- and damage-associated molecular patterns (M/DAMPs). It mentions flagellin sensing 2 (FLS2) andelongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) receptor (EFR) and ectodomains that initiate defense upon recognition of bacterial flagellin and EF-Tu. It also mentions C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) to initiate innate immunity.

The article discusses a research on Helminth pathogens infection-induced malignancy. It mentions how infection with helminths leads to cholangiocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. It also mentions impact of ingestion of undercooked freshwater fish infected with the metacercaria stage of species of liver flukes. It mentions Cancer occur in the DNA of the genome of the target cell, while the mutations lead to uncontrolled cellular proliferation and metastasis.

The article focuses on cytopathic virus infections and their impact on cell populations. Topics discussed include cell death after infection with cytolytic viruses; cells that survive cytopathic influenza A virus (IAV) infection and mRNA profiles of survivor cells; and rapid growth rates of immortalized cell culture lines.

The article discusses plants' defense against the fungi's invasion. Also included are details on fungi's decision of keeping the plant alive or dead post-invasion, approaches for suppressing plant immunity, and oomycete and fungi's strategies for targeting phytohormones. Details related to fungus' production and secretion of phytohormone analog for modulating the plant's immunity, communication between fungi and plants, and details on metabolism and fungal development are also included.

The article discusses the role of Cryptococcus neoformans in the spread of cryptococcal meningitis (CM) among HIV patients in sub-Saharan Africa. It mentions that 20% of the deaths of HIV patients are caused by CM, which is a type of infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It cites the individuals with impaired cell-mediated immunity as the kind of patients more susceptible to cryptococcal meningitis.

The article focuses on mechanisms of Toxoplasma clearance by human cells such as autophagy and cell death and human immune response. Topics discussed include cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ) induces multiple toxoplasmacidal mechanisms, Toll-like receptors 11/12 (TLR11/12) found in mice that bind to the Toxoplasma protein profilin and trigger a signaling cascade leading to the production of interleukin 12 and humans also lack the multitude of murine immunity-related GTPases (IRGs).

The article discusses the attributes of Candida albicans as a contributor to virulence. It mentions that Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that can cause both invasive and mucosal infections and can adopt well to the changing environment of the host. It discusses the method by which Candida albicans sense nutrients on its hosts.

The article discusses the role of cellular syncytium on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection's pathogenesis and replication. The peturbation of syncytia determine its importance to the dissemination of HIV. The nonlentiviral retroviruses and RNA viruses which induce syncytia and are relevant to an infection's pathology are also mentioned.

The article discusses the impact of the Gut Microbiota on humoral immunity to the Pathogens and the vaccination in early infancy and mentions that intestinal bacteria could drive early B cell proliferation and the survival in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Gut microbiota also helps in development of immune system and induction of protective antibody responses.

The article talks about Aspartyl Proteinases of Eukaryotic Microbial Pathogens. Pathogen–host relationship are represented by plasmepsins of P. falciparum which are major agent of malaria. Secretory Aspartyl Proteinases are produced in a secretory form by many fungal organisms and includes both primary and opportunistic pathogens.

The article offers information about the effect of trypanosomes leishmania on the macrophage membrane fusion machinery, for the establishment of infection and to manupulate host immune responses. Topics discusses include manipulation of membrane fusion and vesicle trafficking to by pathogens to cause disease; reduction of fusogenicity towards endosomes and lysosomes; and therapeutic interventions of membrane fusion in infectious and inflammatory diseases.

The article discusses classification and biochemical processes of protein ADP-ribosylation. Topics discussed include similarities and differences of ADP-ribosylation in plants and animals; roles of ADP-ribosylation in plant immunity and bacterial pathogenicity and line of plant immune system which depends on pattern-recognition receptors that recognize conserved pathogen or microbe-associated molecular patterns and induce pattern-triggered immunity.

The article offers information related to the benefits offered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body. It mentions that ROS could modulate innate immune response of bacterial and fungal pathogens such as Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). It discusses various studies about ROS involving mechanisms on the production of ROS through BLI-3 and other sources of ROS that provide protection during infection.