1. Leave no one behind: response to new evidence and guidelines for the management of cryptococcal meningitis in low-income and middle-income countries
- Author
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Muirgen Stack, Nathan Ford, Shabbar Jaffar, Robert S. Heyderman, Sinata Koulla-Shiro, Adrienne K. Chan, Yacouba Njankouo Mapoure, Conrad Muzoora, Peter Mwaba, Duncan Chanda, Joep J. van Oosterhout, Rita O. Oladele, Cecilia Kanyama, Thomas S. Harrison, David R. Boulware, Chase Perfect, Angela Ramadhani, Newton Kalata, Megan Doherty, Sokoine Lesikari, Sani H Aliyu, Jeffrey D. Klausner, Angela Loyse, Elvis Temfack, Mina C. Hosseinipour, Isabela Ribeiro, Meshack Shimwela, Françoise Dromer, Lilian Gondwe-Chunda, Janneth Mghamba, Marcio L. Rodrigues, Jonathon Ngoma, Sayoki Mfinanga, Nelesh P. Govender, Shabir Lakhi, Isabelle Andrieux-Meyer, Charlotte Schutz, Charles Kouanfack, Thuy Le, Síle F. Molloy, David W. Denning, Rose Nyirenda, Jennifer Cohn, David G. Lalloo, Douglas Wilson, Tom Chiller, Olivier Lortholary, Amir Shroufi, Chantal Migone, Charles van der Horst, Jessica Burry, Tihana Bicanic, Joseph N Jarvis, Jeremy N. Day, and Victor Sini
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Antifungal Agents ,030106 microbiology ,Flucytosine ,Guidelines as Topic ,HIV Infections ,Meningitis, Cryptococcal ,Drug Administration Schedule ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pharmacotherapy ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Developing Countries ,Fluconazole ,Cryptococcus neoformans ,biology ,business.industry ,Coinfection ,Disease Management ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Survival Analysis ,Infectious Diseases ,Cryptococcosis ,Africa ,Income ,Drug Therapy, Combination ,business ,Meningitis ,medicine.drug - Abstract
In 2018, WHO issued guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of HIV-related cryptococcal disease. Two strategies are recommended to reduce the high mortality associated with HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs): optimised combination therapies for confirmed meningitis cases and cryptococcal antigen screening programmes for ambulatory people living with HIV who access care. WHO's preferred therapy for the treatment of HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis in LMICs is 1 week of amphotericin B plus flucytosine, and the alternative therapy is 2 weeks of fluconazole plus flucytosine. In the ACTA trial, 1-week (short course) amphotericin B plus flucytosine resulted in a 10-week mortality of 24% (95% CI -16 to 32) and 2 weeks of fluconazole and flucytosine resulted in a 10-week mortality of 35% (95% CI -29 to 41). However, with widely used fluconazole monotherapy, mortality because of HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis is approximately 70% in many African LMIC settings. Therefore, the potential to transform the management of HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis in resource-limited settings is substantial. Sustainable access to essential medicines, including flucytosine and amphotericin B, in LMICs is paramount and the focus of this Personal View.
- Published
- 2018
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