Search

Research in Asian cultures regarding the association between employment status and health has been limited. The current study investigated the association between depression and employment status in Korea, moderated by gender.Data from the 2014, 2016, and 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were analysed. In total, 11,157 participants aged ≥ 19 years responded to the survey. The Korean version of the PHQ-9 was utilised in addition to questions assessing employment status.Precarious employment indicated a greater prevalence of depression in comparison to permanent employment (14.9% vs 10.8%, p0.001; 22.6% vs 20.2%, p0.001). Precariously employed men were 1.40 times more likely to have depression (adjusted Odds Ratio (OR): 1.40; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.15-1.70; p= 0.001) while no such association existed among women (adjusted OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.89-1.27; p= 0.493). The subgroup analyses revealed that men working day shifts in a precarious employment were 1.48 times more likely to be depressed than those with permanent employment. In contrast, precarious employed women working night shifts were 2.13 times more likely to be depressed than those permanently employed counterparts.Current research did not investigate the causality of the variables hence was unable to identify whether employment instability from precarious engagements preceded the onset of depression.These findings suggest gender can independently modify the relationship between employment stability and depression, as well as in association with additional variables - including work shift type and income.

Background: Frailty, one of serious global health problems in the elderly, is a growing concern in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) because of its high prevalence in AD and its impact on the prognosis. Objective: To investigate the quantitative association between white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and frailty in AD. Methods: A total of 144 outpatients were included. All subjects were evaluated by using Korean version of the CERAD assessment battery and diagnosed very mild to moderate AD. WMH volume was calculated using automated segmentation analysis from the 3D MRI image and further partitioned according to the distance from the ventricular surface. Using the Korean Frailty Index, prefrailty was defined by the scores of 3 and 4 and frailty by the score of 5 and higher. Results: In total, 23.6%were frailty, 32.6%were pre-frailty, and 43.8%were classified as a robust group. The frailty group had higher WMH volume compared to the robust group (p = 0.02), and these trends remained significant after linear regression analyses. According to the subclassification of WMH, using the robust group as a reference, total WMH (OR = 6.297, p = 0.013, 95%CI = 1.463–27.114), juxtaventricular WMH (OR = 12.955, p = 0.014, 95%CI = 1.687–99.509), and periventricular WMH (OR = 3.382, p = 0.025, 95%CI = 1.163–9.8531) volumes were associated with frailty, but deep WMH volume was not. Conclusions: A quarter of patients with very mild to moderate AD is suffering from frailty. Our study provides the evidence of a cross-sectional relationship between WMH volume and frailty, and there is a difference in the association between the subclassification of WMH volume and frailty.

In this study, we defined obsessive thoughts (OT) as bothersome, unpleasant thoughts about oneself that keep entering the mind against one's will, and compulsive behavior (CB) as behavior that a person repeats against his or her wishes. The study included 12,532 adults selected randomly through a one-person-per-household method. Each subject selected underwent a face-to-face interview using the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview with a questionnaire that examines lifetime suicide attempts (LSAs). Among the participants, 341 (2.74%) had OT and 639 (5.14%) had CB. The highest LSA rate was in subjects with both OT and CB, followed by those with either OT or CB; subjects with neither OT nor CB had the lowest LSA rate. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis of OT and CB, OT, ordering, and rituals of repeating words were significantly associated with LSAs. In subjects with OT and CB, those with MDD had a significantly higher risk of LSAs compared with those without, and MDD with both OT and CB showed odds of approximately 27-fold (adjusted odds ratio, 27.24; 13.29-55.82; p < 0.0001) compared with those without MDD, OT, or CB. OT and CB were associated with increased risk of LSAs, and comorbid MDD further increased LSAs.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine psychometric properties of the Disturbing Dream and Nightmare Severity Index (DDNSI) in individuals aged between 18 and 39. METHODS: All participants (n = 674) were asked to complete the DDNSI, including the modified Nightmare Effects Survey. Additionally, 109 participants were tested for test-retest reliability after 3 months. Among our sample, 229 (33.9%) reported having at least 1 nightmare per month. RESULTS: Internal consistency was evaluated for the total sample (Cronbach’s α = .920) and separately for individuals reporting more than once per month (Cronbach’s α = .755). Test-retest reliability after 3 months was .705. Convergent validity of the DDNSI with Nightmare Effects Survey was also satisfactory (r = .638, P < .001). Finally, exploratory factor analysis was conducted to explore the construct of the DDNSI, and results indicated that it consisted of 2 factors, nightmare frequency and nightmare distress [χ(2)(df) = 2.241(1) ∆χ(2) (∆df) = 155.575(4), Tucker-Lewis incremental fit index = .980, root mean square error of approximation (90% confidence interval) = .074 (0, .208), standardized root-mean-square residual = .011]. CONCLUSIONS: The DDNSI is a reliable measure of nightmare severity that can be used in various settings. CITATION: Lee R, Krakow B, Suh S. Psychometric properties of the Disturbing Dream and Nightmare Severity Index–Korean version. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(3):471–477.

The World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Older Adults Module (WHOQOL-OLD) is a scale that measures quality of life (QoL) based on the characteristics of older adults. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the WHOQOL-OLD. It was administered to 273 older adults by convenience sampling in Jeonbuk, South Korea. The six-factor model was validated by confirmatory factor analysis (χ2=462.52 [p

Background/Aims: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is associated with a wide range of gastrointestinal (GI) changes. The University of California–Los Angeles Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium Gastrointestinal Tract (UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0) instrument is a self-administered GI assessment instrument for patients with SSc. We developed a Korean version of the UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0 instrument and evaluated its reliability and internal consistency.Methods: The participants were 37 Korean patients with SSc. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0 were performed according to international standardized guidelines. We evaluated reproducibility by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients and assessed the internal consistency of the Korean version of the UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0. We assessed its construct validity by evaluating its correlations with the Short Form Health Survey version 2 and EQ-5D scores by means of Spearman correlation analyses.Results: Patients with SSc were mostly women (89.19%) with a mean age of 52.2 years, median disease duration of 24 months, and median modified Rodnan total skin score of 4. The median total GIT score on the UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0 was 0.3. The UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0 Korean version showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α of total GIT score = 0.863). Most domains of the ULCA SCTC GIT 2.0 were correlated with those of the EuroQol (EQ)-5D score.Conclusions: The Korean version of the UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0 has acceptable internal consistency, reliability, and validity. Therefore, it can be used to assess GIT involvement in Korean patients with SSc.

This study investigated the association between parental age at birth and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in their children. A total of 30,552 children aged 6–12 years participated in the study. ADHD symptoms were rated using the Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) by parents. K-ARS scores and odds ratio (OR) for children with high-risk ADHD presented a U-shape curve depending on the age of both parents at birth. The total K-ARS scores and OR for high-risk ADHD were highest in children of fathers and mothers belonging to the youngest age group (aged ≤20) (K-ARS = 12.33, OR = 2.89 vs K-ARS = 10.98, OR = 2.63) and second highest in children whose father's or mother's age at birth was the oldest (K-ARS = 9.63, OR = 1.65 vs K-ARS = 9.95, OR = 1.95). Our study identified that both spectrums of age—young and old of either parent—were associated with ADHD in children. These are new findings considering that old age of parents as the correlates of offspring ADHD is the inconsistent finding with previous studies and warrant future studies in other cultures that include more detailed information on ADHD symptoms of children and their parents are needed to confirm the present findings.

The main objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (K-IGDS9-SF), a brief self-report instrument developed to assess Internet gaming disorder (IGD) in accordance with the

Purpose: Because there are no new and validated tools that assess knowledge of kidney transplant (KT), we aimed to construct the Korean version of the Kidney Transplant Understanding Tool (K-TUT) and to validate it. Methods: The Korean version of the K-TUT was established based on a translation and cultural adaptation process. A total of 69 items were reviewed by eight experts in KT for content validity, and a quantitative analysis was used to assess convergent and criterion validity (correlation coefficients), internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson 20, KR-20), test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC), item difficulty, and item discrimination for 29 KT candidates and 91 KT recipients. Results: The content validity of the Korean version of the K-TUT proved to be excellent as all items; the scale-level content validity index (S-CVI) in universal average was .86 and the S-CVI in average was .98. A positive association between the scores assessed by the Korean version of the K-TUT and knowledge level of KT (r = .74 for KT candidates and r = .57 for KT recipients, both p

Most patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) complain of olfactory and/or taste dysfunctions. However, olfactory and taste dysfunctions depending on the subtype of CRS, classified as eosinophilic CRS (ECRS) and non-eosinophilic CRS (NCRS), have not been clearly reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical features in olfactory and taste functions according to the subtype classified as ECRS and NCRS.We retrospectively analyzed the electronic medical records of patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery and were diagnosed with CRS. The patients were divided into ECRS and NCRS groups, according to their Japanese Epidemiological Survey of Refractory Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis (JESREC) scores. We analyzed demographic characteristics, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test findings, Lund-Mackay score, and the results of previously-validated tests, including the Korean Version of Sniffin' Stick test and chemical gustatory function test.Patients with ECRS and NCRS had decreased olfactory and taste functions compared to the control group. In particular, the olfactory score of ECRS patients was lower than that of NCRS patients (18.1 ± 9.5 vs 23.7 ± 8.5, respectively, p0.001). On the other hand, taste scores of ECRS patients were not statistically different compared to NCRS patients (19.1 ± 4.7 vs. 18.3 ± 4.7, respectively, p = 0.166). Olfactory score decreased with increase in JESREC score (r=-0.203, p = 0.002), but it had no correlation with taste score (r = 0.072, p = 0.276).We found a difference in olfactory function but no difference in taste function between patients in ECRS and NCRS groups. These results may provide valuable clinical features in terms of olfactory and taste functions according to the subtypes of CRS.

This study aimed to explore the factor structure, reliability, and validity of a Korean translation of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ). The PRFQ consists of three subscales: prementalizing modes, certainty about mental states, and interest and curiosity in mental states. A convenience sample of 163 Korean parents completed the K-PRFQ. Exploratory factor analysis showed three factors mapped on to the original PRFQ factors, but items from the original prementalizing modes subscale clustered into two additional factors. Data from a subsample (n = 67) showed that the certainty about mental states and interest and curiosity in mental states subscales correlated positively with more optimal self-reported parenting. We discuss the validity of using the PRFQ in collectivistic cultures.Este estudio se propuso explorar la estructura de factores, la confiabilidad y la validez de una traducción al coreano del Cuestionario de Funcionamiento de Reflexión del Progenitor (PRFO; Luyten, Mayes, Nijssens y Fonagy, 2017). El PRFQ consiste en tres escalas: Modos de Pre-mentalización, la Certeza acerca de estados mentales y el Interés y curiosidad por los estados mentales. Un conveniente grupo muestra de 163 progenitores coreanos completó el K-PRFQ. Los exploratorios análisis de factores mostraron tres factores identificados dentro de los factores del PRFQ original, sin embargo, temas de la sub-escala original de Modos de Pre-mentalización se agruparon en dos factores adicionales. Los datos provenientes de un sub-grupo muestra (n = 67) mostraron que la Certeza acerca de estados mentales y el Interés y curiosidad por los estados mentales se correlacionaron positivamente con una auto-reportada más óptima crianza. Discutimos la validez de usar el PRFQ en culturas colectivistas.Cette étude s'est donné pour but d'explorer le facteur structure, fiabilité et validité d'une traduction coréenne du Questionnaire de Fonctionnement Réflexif Parental (PRFQ; Luyten, Mayes, Nijssens,Fonagy, 2017). Le PRFQ consiste en trois sous-échelles: Modes pré-mentalisation, Certitude sur les états mentaux, et Intérêt et curiosité dans les états mentaux. Un échantillon de convenance de 163 parents coréens a rempli le K-PRFQ. Une analyse exploratoire de facteur a montré trois facteurs mappés sur les facteurs d'origine du PRFQl, mais des aspects de la sous-échelle des modes de pré-mentalisation se sont regroupés en deux facteurs de plus. Les données d'un sous-échantillon (n = 67) ont montré que la Certitude sur les états mentaux et les sous-échelles d'Intérêt et la curiosité dans les états mentaux étaient en corrélation positive avec un parentage auto-rapporté optimal. Nous avons discuté la validité de l'utilisation du PRFQ dans les cultures collectivistes.Übersetzung und erste Validierung einer koreanischen Version des Fragebogens zur elterlichen Reflexionsfähigkeit Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Faktorenstruktur, Reliabilität und Validität einer koreanischen Übersetzung des Fragebogens zur elterlichen Reflexionsfähigkeit (Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire; PRFQ, Luyten, Mayes, NijssensFonagy, 2017) zu untersuchen. Der PRFQ besteht aus drei Subskalen: „Prämentalisierungsmodi“, „Gewissheit über mentale Zustände“ sowie „Interesse und Neugier an mentalen Zuständen“. Eine anfallende Stichprobe von 163 koreanischen Eltern füllten den K-PRFQ aus. Die explorative Faktorenanalyse ergab drei Faktoren, die die ursprünglichen PRFQ-Faktoren abbildeten, aber außerdem gruppierten sich Elemente aus der ursprünglichen „Prämentalisierungsmodi“-Subskala in zwei zusätzliche Faktoren. Daten aus einer Teilstichprobe (n = 67) zeigten, dass die Subskalen „Gewissheit über mentale Zustände“ sowie „Interesse und Neugier in mentalen Zuständen“ positiv mit einer optimaleren selbstberichteten Elternkompetent korrelierten. Die Validität der Verwendung des PRFQ in kollektivistischen Kulturen wird diskutiert.養育内省機能質問紙の韓国語版の翻訳と予備検証 本研究は、養育内省機能質問紙(PRFQ; Luyten, Mayes, Nijssens,Fonagy, 2017)の韓国語版の因子構造、信頼性と有効性を研究することが目的である。 PRFQは 3つの下位尺度−「前メンタライジング状態」「精神状態についての確実 性」「精神状態に対する興味と好奇心」−からなっている。便宜的に抽出された 163人の韓国人の親はK-PRFQを行った。探索的因子分析は、原版PRFQの因子上に マッピングされる3つの因子を示したが、原版の下位尺度である前メンタライジ ング状態からの項目は、2つの追加因子に集まった。副次標本(n = 67)からのデー タは、下位尺度である精神状態についての確実性と精神状態における興味と好奇 心は、より最良の自己申告による育児 と正の相関があることを示していた。集 団文化において、 PRFQを使用することの有効性について考察する。.本研究旨在探讨韩语翻译的育儿反思功能问卷 (PRFQ; Luyten, Mayes, Nijssens,Fonagy, 2017) 的因子结构、信度和效度。PRFQ包括三个子量表:预心智化模式, 对心理状态的确定性, 以及对心理状态的兴趣和好奇心。对163位韩国父母进行了K-PRFQ测试。探索性因子分析显示, 三个因子映射到原始PRFQ因子, 但是原始“预心智化模式”子量表中的项目聚成了两个额外因子。来自子样本 (n = 67) 的数据显示, “对心理状态的确定性”和“对心理状态的兴趣和好奇心”子量表与自我报告的更理想的养育方式呈正相关。我们讨论了PRFQ在集体主义文化中的有效性。.الترجمة والتحقق المبدئي من النسخة الكورية من استبيان الأداء التأملي عند الوالدين هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى استكشاف بنية المتغيرات، وموثوقية وصلاحية الترجمة الكورية لاستبيان الأداء التأملي للوالدين (PRFQ)؛ لوين، مايز، نيجسينس، وفوياجي، 2017). يتكونPRFQ من ثلاثة مقاييس فرعية: حالات ما قبل التحليل الذهني ، واليقين حول الحالات النفسية ، والاهتمام والفضول في الحالات النفسية. وأكملت عينة متاحة من 163 من الآباء الكوريين مقياسPRFQ -K وأظهر تحليل العوامل الاستكشافية ثلاثة عوامل تم تحديدها على عواملPRFQ الأصلية، ولكن العناصر من حالات ما قبل التحليل الذهني الأصلية تجمعت حول املين إضافيين. أظهرت البيانات من عينة فرعية(n = 67) أن اليقين حول الحالات النفسية والاهتمام والفضول في المقاييس الفرعية الحالات النفسية يرتبط بشكل إيجابي مع الإبلاغ الذاتي الأمثل للرعاية الوالدية. ونناقش في الدراسة صلاحية استخدامPRFQ في الثقافات الجماعية.

Objective This study aimed to identify communication preferences for receiving a cancer diagnosis in South Korean patients and explore differences depending on cancer stage-with or without recurrence/metastasis. Methods A total of 312 patients from five cancer centers in South Korea completed the Korean version of the Measure of Patients' Preferences questionnaire, Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale, Insomnia Severity Index, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results Among patients without recurrence/metastasis, four factors were indicated: "additional information," "medical information," "emotional support," and "supportive environment." Among patients with recurrence/metastasis, five factors were indicated: "medical information and explanation," "emotional support," "supportive environment," "additional information," and "informing family." In the group without recurrence/metastasis, a positive attitude was a significant predictor of the preference for all four factors and a lower anxiety level was a predictor of the preference for additional information. Patients who reported a high level of anxious preoccupation preferred supportive environments. In the group with recurrence/metastasis, patients who showed a high level of cognitive avoidance preferred to receive medical and additional information and emotional support. Conclusions Cancer patients' preferences for communication when receiving bad news differ whether recurrence/metastasis or not in South Korea. Especially, patients with recurrence/metastasis preferred a clear explanation of medical information, and physicians informing patients' families about their diagnosis and prognosis. Thus, physicians should take patients' medical and psychological characteristics into consideration when delivering the news regarding their condition.

Hospice volunteers are a high-risk group for anxiety and depression owing to their frequent exposure to patients at the end of life and their subsequent deaths. Resilience is known to be a powerful factor that affects the occurrence of anxiety and depression; however, research on this subject is scarce. We investigated the relationship of resilience with anxiety or depression in hospice volunteers. A total of 145 volunteers were included in the analysis. Participants completed self-reported scales, including the Korean version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Professional Quality of Life Scale version 5. Pearson correlation coefficients were analyzed to identify the relationship of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue with anxiety or depression. A PROCESS macro mediation analysis was used to investigate the mediation effects of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue on the relationship between resilience and anxiety or depression. There were significant associations of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue with anxiety and depression. The relationship between resilience and anxiety/depression was mediated by compassion fatigue, which had indirect effects on anxiety and depression. Efforts to reduce compassion fatigue and increase resilience could help prevent anxiety and depression in hospice volunteers.

Purpose: This study aimed at identifying the level of active aging in older adults and the influence of the individual and community levels of community capacity on active aging. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a stratified sample of 380 older adults living in 35 neighborhoods of five regions in Seoul, the capital of South Korea. The structured questionnaire included the Korean version of instruments that measure active aging and community capacity at the individual level. Secondary data including metropolitan statistical information, a public data portal, and a city plan were used to acquire community-capacity factors at the community level. Data were analyzed with multilevel models. Results: The overall active aging mean score was 3.00 ± 0.55 out of 5; the highest mean score was in the security domain (3.46 ± 0.65) and the lowest one was in the participation domain (2.71 ± 0.66). Individual factors associated with active aging included age, education, income, and community capacity at the individual level. At the community level, two community-capacity factors (senior leisure welfare facilities and cooperative unions) were significantly associated with active aging. In active aging, 6.4% and 4.1% of total variance could be explained by 35 neighborhoods, after considering individual and community level variables, respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that community capacity is important for active aging among older adults. Appropriate strategies that consider both individual and community factors, such as contextual indicators of community capacity, are necessary to improve active aging. Keywords: aging, community health nursing, multilevel analysis

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is any change in the empathy scores of third-year medical graduate students after they have taken a clerkship and have begun gaining more opportunities to meet patients through the clerkship. Methods The participants were 109 third-year students in 2014 and 110 fourth-year students in 2015 at Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine. The author measured empathy using a modified and expanded version of the Korean version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy of Physician Empathy-Student version and used the Holland-III aptitude test-S to assess vocational aptitude. Results As a results, male students in their third year exhibited higher scores, but there was no significant difference in the fourth year. The empathy score increased slightly when third-year students became fourth-year students, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was no statistically significant change in the scores of both male and female students between the 2 years. The results of the vocational aptitude test showed that students who preferred person-oriented specialties had higher empathy scores when they entered their fourth academic year compared to objectively-oriented students. Conclusion In this study, male students showed higher empathy scores than female students, an atypical finding that was inconsistent with the results of previous studies. However, the distribution of scores among male students was wider than that of female students, a finding consistent with previous studies. As such, individual differences need to be considered when developing curriculum in order to improve the empathy of medical students.

Purpose: This study aimed to validate the psychometric properties of the CRAFFT (Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Family/Friends, Trouble) by using item response theory (IRT) and further examine gender differences in item-level responses. Methods: This study used the 13th (2017) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey data conducted by the Korean Centers for Disease and Prevention and analyzed data of 8,568 students who reported drinking alcohol in the previous 30 days. IRT assumptions including unidimensionality, local independence, and monotonicity were tested. A one-factor two-parameter IRT model was fitted for item parameterization (M2 = 76.92, 20 df, p

Purpose The Functional Status Score for the Intensive Care Unit (FSS-ICU) evaluates the physical function of ICU patients. The objective of the study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the FSS-ICU into Korean and assess its reliability and validity. Methods An expert committee supervised the forward and backward translation process and the final translated version. Experienced physiotherapists assessed patients (n= 31) from a medical ICU using the Korean version of FSS-ICU. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman's plots were used to evaluate reliability, and Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency. Construct validity was evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficients. Results Two physiotherapists in each of the two university hospitals independently assessed 31 medical ICU patients, with a mean FSS-ICU total score of 23 (range: 4-35). The FSS-ICU Korean version demonstrated excellent internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.897 for the total FSS-ICU score, and a range of 0.844-0.892 with deletion of each individual activity within the FSS-ICU. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were excellent for all of five FSS-ICU activities and the total score, with an ICC range of 0.930-0.993. Bland-Altman's plots revealed a mean difference in FSS-ICU total score of 0.2 (95% limits of agreement: -1.9 to 2.3) between two physiotherapists. The Korean version of FSS-ICU had good convergent and divergent validity with moderate to strong correlation with mobility and muscle strength measures, and poor correlation with unrelated measures. Conclusions The Korean version of the FSS-ICU showed excellent intra-rater and inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity for medical ICU patients. The results of this study, along with prior publications, support that the FSS-ICU Korean version is a valid and reliable assessment tool for the ICU environment.Implications for rehabilitationIntensive care unit patients usually experience decreased muscle strength and physical function.The Korean version of the Functional Status Score for the Intensive Care Unit (FSS-ICU) is suitable for use with Korean speakers and has a valid, reliable measurement tool for physical function of intensive care unit patients.A well-standardized training with videos and written materials is important to ensure correct implementation of the Korean version of the FSS-ICU.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors among the Korean population requires effective health surveillance and examination of the effects of preventative behaviors. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the relationships between the clustering of MetS and MVPA in a large sample of 36,987 Koreans ranging from 20 to 80 years of age. This study recruited a total of 36,987 adults (23,813 males and 13,174 females). All participants were assessed for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) using the Korean version short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The International Diabetes Federation and the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for blood pressure, hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and high triglycerides (TG) defined MetS. Waist circumference (WC) was determined by Asian-Pacific region populations. According to the 150-minute MVPA, there were differences in MetS risk factors in young adult males, and only three factors (WC, HDL-C, and TG) were different males in ≥ 70 years old. In females, there was a difference in MetS risk factors in the elderly, and only three factors (WC, blood pressure, and TG) were different females in ≤ 29 years old. The males who did not met the recommended MVPA had a 1.16 to 3.14 -times increase in the MetS risk factors. The females who did not met the recommended MVPA had a 1.18 to 2.57 -times increase in the MetS risk factors. Our study provides evidence that Korean adults who do not engage in recommended MVPA levels increase the odds ratio for each of the MetS risk factors when compared to those who meet the recommendations.

Dizziness is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. It is known that orthostatic hypotension (OH) is the main cause of such dizziness, but even without OH, quite a few PD patients complain of dizziness in the clinic. It can be regarded as non-specific because most of these patients have no neurological abnormalities. We hypothesized that this type of dizziness would be associated with vestibular function, although included patients did not have clinically confirmed vestibulopathy. We studied 84 patients without OH among 121 PD patients. Their clinical features and function were compared between patients with and without dizziness. Hoehn and Yahr stage (H&Y stage), the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III, the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), education years, disease duration, total levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), the presence of dizziness, the dizziness severity, and orthostatic hypotension were tested. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) were used to characterize vestibular function. Ocular (oVEMPs) and cervical (cVEMPs) were recorded. oVEMPs in the right side showed significantly reduced potentials (p = 0.016) in PD patients with dizziness, but cVEMPs did not (all ps > 0.2). Bilateral absent oVEMP responses were more common in PD patients with dizziness (p = 0.022), but the frequencies of bilateral absent cVEMP responses were not different between the dizzy and non-dizzy groups (p = 0.898). Dizziness in PD patients without orthostatic hypotension may be associated with vestibular hypofunction. Our results provide evidence that can aid clinicians when making a treatment plan for patients with dizziness. i.e., strategies to enhance reduced vestibular function may be helpful, but this suggestion remains to be evaluated.

Background This study investigated trends in the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) by sociodemographic factors in South Korea. Methods National samples of the general population aged 18 years or older collected from the nationwide Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys conducted in 2001 (n = 6,206), 2006 (n = 6,466), and 2011 (n = 5,986) were used. For MDD diagnosis, we conducted face-to-face interviews using the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. We performed logistic regression analyses stratified by gender, after adjusting for other sociodemographic variables, to calculate the 2006-to-2001 odds ratio (OR) and 2011-to-2001 OR by subgroups of sociodemographic factors to explore the association of MDD prevalence with sociodemographic factors over time. Results The prevalence of MDD in the general population of South Korea increased steadily from 2001, to 2006, and to 2011 (1.6%, 2.5%, and 3.1%, respectively). Among the men, the prevalence of MDD continued to increase significantly in 18–29 years of age group (2006: adjusted OR [AOR], 3.32; 2011: AOR, 7.42), at-risk drinking group (2006: AOR, 3.56; 2011: AOR, 4.77), and not living with a partner group (2006: AOR, 3.24; 2011: AOR, 3.25). Meanwhile, among the women, the prevalence of MDD continued to significantly increase in the below-average household income group (2006: AOR, 2.58; 2011: AOR, 2.59), at-risk drinking group (2006: AOR, 2.02; 2011: AOR, 2.47), and unemployed group (2006: AOR, 1.48; 2011: AOR, 2.04). Conclusion This study may provide significant information for public policymakers to allocate sufficient health resources on MDD to vulnerable groups, particularly, men aged 18–29 years and women living in households with below-average income, and for clinicians to develop appropriate screening and treatment modalities for MDD., Graphical Abstract

Background: Power wheelchair joysticks are often available as standardized ready-made products for patients with severe hand dysfunction. However, standardized joysticks have limitations in accommodating the individualized features of hand dysfunctions. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has facilitated active research on the development of joysticks that can overcome such limitations. Methods: Four subjects participated in the study to evaluate driving abilities and satisfaction after using the customized joystick for two weeks. Modified power-mobility indoor driving assessment (PIDA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration task load index (NASA-TLX), and psychosocial impact of assistive devices scale (PIADS, Korean version) were employed for evaluation. Results: In patients 1–3, the modified PIDA scores had the highest values in the pre-test and post-test. In patient 4, the modified PIDA score had a higher value in the post-test (mean value = 4) compared to the pre-test (mean value = 3.33). In all patients, the modified PIDA time was lower in the post-test compared to the pre-test. The NASA-TLX and PIADS values indicate that greater satisfaction was achieved through the usage of customized joysticks in the post-test. Conclusions: All patients can improve their power wheelchair driving abilities and achieve greater satisfaction. Clinical Relevance: Three-dimensional printed customized power wheelchair joysticks can offer enhanced driving abilities and satisfaction to patients with limited hand function owing to severe spinal cord injury.

Background Sound therapy is generally considered as an effective method for relieving tinnitus. There have been various reports on the effects of tinnitus interventions involving sound therapy as a component; however, there have been only a small number of reports on the effects of sound therapy itself on tinnitus.Purpose The aim of the study is to elucidate whether sound therapy significantly improves tinnitus as determined by subjective measurements.Research Design Prospective study involves within-subject (baseline, 3-month, 6-month) measurements.Study Sample This includes 16 adults with subjective and sensorineural tinnitus.Intervention Participants undertook sound therapy for 3 hours a day for 6 months. The level of stimulus for sound therapy was set to the mixing point of each participant. No counseling was provided.Data Collection and Analysis Participants rated the visual analog scale for loudness and annoyance using a numeric 0 to 100 point scale and completed the Korean version of the Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire at the baseline, 3-month, and 6-month time points.Results Sound therapy led to significant improvements of tinnitus in participants in all subjective measurements. Significant effects were found not only between the baseline and 3-month but also between the 3-month and 6-month follow-ups.Conclusion Results of the present study showed that the sound therapy alone led to significant improvements of tinnitus in participants as assessed by subjective measurements. To improve the effects of sound therapy, consistent sound therapy may be required for a certain period of time such as 3 hours a day over a 6-month period.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI). The study was conducted as a multicenter cross-sectional survey for caregivers caring for patients with disabilities in outpatient or inpatient rehabilitation clinics. Sociodemographic characteristics and health-related quality of life were collected via questionnaires. The CBI and Burden Interview (BI) were administered, after which internal consistency and factor analysis of the CBI and correlation between the CBI and BI were explored. A total of 151 caregivers participated. The mean age of caregivers was 53.7 ± 12.4 years, and 80.8 % were women. The majority of caregivers were the main caregivers of stroke, spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury. The factor analysis confirmed its five factorial structure. The time-dependence and physical burden scores of CBI were higher than those of other factors. All five-dimensional and total scores of CBI showed high internal consistency and were well correlated with BI. In conclusion, the CBI has proven its reliability, construct validity and concurrent validity for caregivers of disabled people and has shown its advantage as a multidimensional measure.

Geriatric nursing activities are closely related to patient safety, therefore, nurses’ efforts to improve patient safety in geriatric hospitals are important. In the present study, we investigated the relationships between person-centered care practice, patient safety competence, and patient safety during nursing activities in geriatric hospitals. We used the following tools to investigate the factors affecting patient safety during nursing activities: (a) the Korean version of the Person-Centered Care Assessment Tool (P-CAT), (b) the Patient Safety Competence Assessment Tool for Nurses, and (c) the Patient Safety Nursing Activities Assessment Tool for geriatric nurses. The questionnaire survey was completed by 186 geriatric nurses in 12 geriatric hospitals from 1 August to 31 August 2018. We analyzed the survey data using a t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. We identified patient safety skills (β = 0.417, p &lt, 0.001) and age (β = 0.209, p = 0.035) as key factors that influence patient safety during nursing activities. Therefore, to improve the quality of patient safety during nursing activities conducted by geriatric nurses, it is necessary to develop strategies to improve patient safety skills and expand the pool of competent nurses with clinical experience.

Rationale: Dopamine replacement is currently the standard treatment for restless leg syndrome (RLS); however, various adverse effects are associated with long-term therapy, and the benefits disappear upon discontinuation. To overcome these limitations, interest in traditional East Asian medicine has increased. Patient concerns: A 72-year-old Asian woman originally admitted for an intracerebral hemorrhage presented with complaints of an unpleasant sensation throughout the body that appeared at night. Diagnoses: The patient was diagnosed with chronic persistent RLS based on the 2012 Revised International Restless Leg Syndrome Study Group Diagnostic Criteria. Interventions: The patient was treated with extracts of the traditional herbal medicines Dangguijakyak-san (DS) and Shihogyeji-tang (ST). After 47 days of therapy, all herbal medicines were discontinued, and symptoms had not returned by the last follow-up 244 days after the initial treatment. Outcomes: One week after initiating herbal treatment with DS and ST, the RLS symptoms began to improve, and the total hours of sleep had increased from 2 to 9 hours by day 21, with a Korean version of the international restless legs scale score of 11 points. On day 36, ST was discontinued, given the continued improvement of symptoms. On day 47, symptoms had disappeared (Korean version of the international restless legs scale score: 0), and sleep disturbances caused by RLS had completely resolved. After day 47, DS was also discontinued. There were no adverse effects associated with the administration of DS and ST, and the symptoms had not recurred by the last follow-up on day 244. Lessons: In this case, RLS related symptoms, which had been present for approximately 60 years, were improved using only the traditional herbal medicines DS and ST (without dopamine replacement), and no symptoms recurred for 244 days. This case suggests that if replacement therapy is difficult or not desired, herbal medicinal therapies may be an effective alternative. This also suggests that the effect of herbal medicine on RLS might be semi-permanent. Further investigations, including clinical trials, are needed to confirm these effects.

Research regarding the association between depression and exercise has been limited regarding precariously employed individuals. The current study investigated the association between exercise variations and depressive symptoms among precarious employees in South Korea. Data from the 2014, 2016, and 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were analyzed. In total, 13,080 participants aged ≥ 19 years responded to the survey. The Korean version of the PHQ-9 was utilized in addition to questions assessing regular exercise. Precariously employed men engaging in two or more variations of exercise each week were significantly less likely to report depressive symptoms (adjusted (OR): 0.78; 95% CI 0.62–0.97; p = 0.025), and the likelihood of depression was also lower for women who engaged in one or more forms of exercise (adjusted OR: 0.82; 95% CI 0.71–0.94; p = 0.006). These findings support the association between depression and exercise and suggest that greater variations in regular exercise are associated with a reduction in depression for men whereas any form of exercise reduces the risk of depression in women.

AIM Recently, the revised 2016 version of the 2010/2011 fibromyalgia (FM) criteria was released. No study has yet assessed whether the 2016 criteria perform better than the previous criteria. Therefore, we validated a Korean version of the revised FM criteria and explored whether they were better than the previous criteria in terms of diagnostic accuracy. METHODS We enrolled 86 FM patients and 89 patients with various rheumatological disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, osteoarthritis, and myofascial pain syndrome. All patients were invited to complete a questionnaire that included the revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D), and the Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MD-HAQ). RESULTS The test-retest reliability of the revised criteria was assessed in 30 patients after 2 weeks; the Spearman coefficient ranged from 0.616 to 0.910 and the Cronbach's alpha was 0.942 (95% CI: 0.930-0.964). The revised criteria correlated significantly with the revised FIQ score (P

Introduction and objectives There are several approaches for double disc herniation consisting of an intracanal and foraminal lesion. Of several approaches, we introduced extreme lateral and interlaminar approach (ELIA). And we aimed to compare the approach with the conventional combined interlaminar and paraisthmic approach (CIPA). Patients and methods The authors reviewed the medical charts of patients who underwent a procedure for a double disc herniation at the lumbosacral level between March 2012 and February 2016 and patients who underwent CIPA or ELIA were selected. For preoperative testing, simple X-ray, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were performed. For postoperative outcomes, the Korean version of the Oswestry Disability Index (K-ODI) and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) at one, two, and three months post-operation were checked. Results Eleven patients were given ELIA and twenty-four patients were involved in CIPA. The mean pre K-ODI was 34.1 (±13.9) and 32.4 (±4.0) at each group. 1st, 2nd and 3rd month post-operative K-ODI was 8.2 (±4.1), 6.4 (±2.1) and 5.3 (±2.4) in ELIA and 8.1 (±3.2), 7.1 (±3.5) and 8.4 (±6.4) in CIPA. Post-operative 3rd month K-ODI showed significant difference between two groups (p: 0.005). The mean pre NRS was 8 (±0.9) and 8.6 (±1.0). 1st, 2nd and 3rd month post-operative NRS was 2.4 (±1.5), 2.2 (±1.5) and 2.0 (±0.9) in ELIA and 3.3 (±1.4), 3.3 (±1.6) and 3.7 (±1.9). Post-operative 3rd month NRS showed significant difference between two groups as well (p: 0.001). There were four (19.0%) recurrence cases in CIPA patients group, otherwise there was no recurrence case in ELIA group. Conclusions In the treatment of L5-S1 double disc herniation, the ELIA surgical approach showed better outcomes than the CIPA surgical approach did with respect to pain and K-ODI during a mid-term follow-up examination conducted three months post-operation.

OBJECTIVES Delirium is highly prevalent in patients with advanced cancer. This study aimed to investigate delirium rates and potential associated factors such as mortality in patients admitted to an acute palliative care unit (APCU). Our second aim was to validate the Korean version of the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (K-MDAS). METHODS A total of 102 patients with advanced cancer, and who were admitted to the APCU, were assessed. Demographic data were collected alongside clinical diagnosis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, clinical symptoms according to the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System, history of smoking, alcohol use, hypnotic use, and daily dose of morphine were collected. The Confusion Assessment Method, the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised 98, and the K-MDAS were measured at admission and 1 week later. RESULTS Twenty-four patients (23.52%) were diagnosed with delirium, and associated factors were old age (P = 0.007), higher ECOG (P = 0.011), and drowsiness (P

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Patient Knowledge Questionnaire-Osteoarthritis (PKQ-OA-K). A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 157 adults with osteoarthritis from the outpatient clinic at a university hospital in Korea. The overall correct answer rate for the PKQ-OA-K was 60.4%; notably, the drug therapy subscale had the lowest median score percentage (42.9%). For structural validity, exploratory factor analysis identified the PKQ-OA-K as two-dimensional, explaining 52.4% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor model adequately fit the data. The PKQ-OA-K was positively correlated with education level ( r = 0.24) and osteoarthritis outcomes ( r = 0.17), thus verifying the hypotheses of construct validity. The intraclass correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability was 0.52; alpha was 0.44. The PKQ-OA-K has excellent validity but imperfect reliability for adults with osteoarthritis. This study recommends cautious use of the PKQ-OA-K to assess Korean patients’ knowledge of osteoarthritis.

This study was a psychometric validation of a Korean version of the Anticipated Turnover Scale (ATS) involving translation, transcultural adaptation, and validation. We used data from a cross-sectional online survey of 287 Korean practicing nurses in hospitals. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed the validity of the one-factor structure that was hypothesized in the original version. We removed any items that did not enhance the scale's reliability and validity. Test and retest reliability was performed on 206 of the nurses who completed the survey again two weeks later. The mean age of the 287 nurses was 33 years, and 278 (97%) of them were female. The final 6-item Korean version of the ATS demonstrated a satisfactory model fit in the CFA (χ2 = 22.67; degree of freedom = 9; goodness-of-fit index= 0.97; comparative fit index = 0.98; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.97; root mean square error of approximation = 0.07; and standard root mean residual = 0.03). The intraclass correlation coefficient with the test-retest reliability for the 2-week interval was 0.81, with a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85; McDonald's omega coefficient reliability = 0.92). The 6-item revised ATS is a reliable and valid scale to assess the turnover intention of Korean nurses who work in hospitals. It can be used in an acute setting and predict the anticipated turnover rate for monitoring purposes.

Objective To identify differences in patient-reported outcome questionnaires and spatiotemporal gait parameters during walking between individuals with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI) and to identify relationships between patient-oriented outcome and spatiotemporal gait parameters. Participants Twenty-four individuals with CAI and 24 controls were included in this study. Main outcome measures All participants completed the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure including the Activities of Daily Living and Sport Subscales, the Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the Lower Extremity Functional Scale, and the Korean version of the EuroQol 5-Dimension (KEQ-5D). Participants walked in a laboratory setting to collect spatiotemporal gait parameter data. Results All questionnaire scores from the male CAI group were lower than those from the control group. The female group yielded lower questionnaire scores than the controls, with an exception for KEQ-5D. The differences between the female CAI and female control groups in temporal gait parameters were significant. Correlations were observed between the WOMAC scores of the male participants and spatiotemporal gait parameters. In females, there were correlations between the patient-reported outcomes and spatiotemporal gait parameters. Conclusions CAI patients need treatment not only for ankle function but also lower extremity function and gait performance.

PurposeThis study investigated the influence of patient-centeredness on patient safety perception among inpatients, with particular focus on the relationships between subfactors of patient-centeredness and patient safety perception.MethodsData were collected from 122 inpatients in a university hospital from September 24 to October 8, 2019. Patient-centeredness was evaluated using the Patient-Centeredness Assessment Scale; patient safety perception was evaluated using the Korean version of the Patient Safety Perception Scale. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted using SPSS for Windows 24.0.ResultsAverage patient-centeredness score among inpatients was 77.14 ± 12.64 (range 0–100), and average patient safety perception score was 99.24 ± 15.90 (range 24–120). Patient-centeredness influenced patient safety perception (R2= 70%, F = 27.75,p< .001). With respect to subfactors of patient safety perception, the medical team’s activities to ensure safety was affected by the general treatment process and overall evaluation of patient-centeredness (R2= 54%, F = 13.14,p< .001); patient safety practice was influenced only by the general treatment process (R2= 39%, F = 7.02,p< .001); and trust in the medical system was affected by nurses’ service, the general treatment process, and the hospital environment (R2= 44%, F = 8.49,p< .001).ConclusionsTo enhance patient safety perception, strategies should seek to strengthen patient-centeredness and its related subfactors, particularly the general treatment process, the hospital environment, and nurses’ service.

Background Frailty is a multidimensional syndrome that leads to an increase in vulnerability. Previous studies have suggested that frailty is associated with poor health-related outcomes. For frailty screening, the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is a simple tool that is widely used in various translated versions. We aimed to translate the CSF into Korean and evaluated its contents and concurrent validity. Methods Translations and back-translations of the CFS were conducted independently. A multidisciplinary team decided the final CFS-K. Between August 2019 and April 2020, a total of 100 outpatient and inpatient participants aged ≥65 years were enrolled prospectively. The clinical characteristics were evaluated using the CFS-K. The CFS-K scores were compared with those of other frailty screening tools using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Spearman’s rank correlation. The area under curve (AUC) for identifying the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) grade 3 or more was calculated for the CFS-K and other screening tools. Results The mean age of the participants was 76.5 years (standard deviation [SD], 7.0), and 63 (63%) participants were male. The mean CFS-K was 4.8 (SD, 2.5). Low body mass index (p = 0.013) and low score on the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with high CFS-K scores, except for those assigned to scale 9 (terminally ill). The CFS-K showed a significant correlation with other frailty screening tools (R = 0.7742–0.9190; p < 0.01), except in the case of those assigned to scale 9 (terminally ill). In comparison with other scales, the CFS-K identified ECOG PS grade 3 or more with the best performance (AUC = 0.99). Patients assigned to scale 9 on the CFS-K (terminally ill) had similar frailty scores to those assigned to scale 4 (vulnerable) or 5 (mildly frail). Conclusions In conclusion, the CFS-K is a valid scale for measuring frailty in older Korean patients. The CFS-K scores were significantly correlated with the scores of other scales. To evaluate the predictive and prognostic value of this scale, further larger-scale studies in various clinical settings are warranted.

Aim The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Illness Cognition Questionnaire. Methods A total of 237 adolescent Participants ages 13–20 years were collected from two hospitals for purposes of the study. The participants were diagnosed with blood cancer, congenital heart disease, paediatric rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Results The Illness Cognition Questionnaire is composed of three subscales and 18 items. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed for all 18 items. The data used in the exploratory factor analysis were obtained from 126 adolescents with blood cancer. The data used for confirmatory factor analysis were obtained from 111 adolescents who had chronic diseases. The three‐factor model of 18 items showed general fitness close to the standard but not a very good fit. Conclusions This study indicated that the Korean version of the Illness Cognition Questionnaire is reasonable to use for Korean adolescents with chronic illness. The authors recommend that the meaning of Item 10 be clarified from ‘I have learned to accept the limitations imposed by my illness’ to ‘I have learned to positively accept the limitations imposed by my illness’., SUMMARY STATEMENT What is already known about this topic? Illness cognition is the process of evaluating the meaning of a negative event.Illness cognition has a significant impact on patients' quality of life because it is inherently involved in long‐term stresses caused by chronic or serious illnesses. What this paper adds? The Korean version of the Illness Cognition Questionnaire is reliable and valid.The Korean version of Illness Cognition Questionnaire consisted of three categories of disease awareness: acceptance, helplessness and perceived benefitsThe meaning of Item 10 in the Illness Cognition Questionnaire Korean version needs to be clarified as ‘I have learned to positively accept the limitations imposed by my illness’. The implications of this paper: The Korean version of the Illness Cognition Questionnaire can be used for adolescent participants experiencing serious or chronic illnesses.The Korean version of the Illness Cognition Questionnaire can be used in developing the psychological intervention for adolescents with chronic illness.

Backgroud The Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) is a newly developed patient-reported outcome measure designed to evaluate clinical outcome after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The FJS is known as a sensitive test with a low ceiling effect. It has been recently translated into many languages. However, no study has reported the validity or reliability of a Korean version of the FJS (K-FJS). Thus, the purpose of this study was to address this issue. Methods According to guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation, translation of the English version of the FJS was performed. After obtaining a license from the original developer, 150 patients who had undergone TKA at more than 1 year to less than 5 years ago completed the K-FJS, visual analog scale, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC), and the 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) health survey. To measure test-retest reliability, the K-FJS was completed twice by telephone survey for 100 patients. Responsiveness was retrospectively calculated based on a survey of 50 patients at 3 months and 1 year after surgery. Results The K-FJS exhibited an excellent reliability (Cronbach's α, 0.967; intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.958; 95% confidence interval, 0.930–0.974). The ceiling effect of the K-FJS was 8.7% (n = 13), which was lower than the WOMAC's ceiling effect (10%). There was no floor effect. The correlation coefficients with WOMAC and SF-36 (physical function) were 0.708 and 0.682, respectively, indicating good construct validity. However, its correlation with mental health subscale of SF-36 was low (r = 0.143). At 3 to 12 months after TKA, the standardized response mean (SRM) was 0.67, which was lower than the SRM of WOMAC (1.03) obtained in the same period. The K-FJS demonstrated strong measurement properties in terms of good construct validity and reliability. Conclusions This study suggests that the K-FJS is an excellent instrument that can be used to monitor clinical outcomes after TKA. Using this standardized K-FJS, it would be possible for medical institutions to share more accurate clinical results.

The association between longest-held lifetime occupation and late-life cognitive impairment: Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006&ndash, 2016). Backgrounds: Our study hypothesized that occupation in adulthood may be one of the modifiable factors in cognitive performance. This follow-up study aimed to examine whether there was an association between the longest-held occupation in a lifetime and cognitive impairment. Methods: This study used data from the 2006, 2012, and 2016 waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, and a total of 1733 subjects aged over 65 were included. Longest-held occupation in a lifetime was classified into blue-collar, pink-collar, and white-collar. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Results: In males, no significant associations were observed. In females, on the contrary, risk of cognitive impairment in the blue-collar occupation was consistently higher than in the white-collar occupation over the 10-year follow-up (2006, OR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.05&ndash, 5.88, 2016, OR = 2.17, 95% CI 1.02&minus, 4.65). Conclusions: Lifetime occupation should be taken into consideration in the process of screening for cognitive decline in the elderly, especially females. This study needs to be interpreted cautiously in view of inherent data and methodological limitations.

Dual-task interference (DTI) is a decreased performance when conducting 2 tasks simultaneously, such as cognitive and motor tasks. This study aimed to identify the DTI-related factors with individually computerized interference and analyze the relative implications of decreasing DTI in healthy farmers. It followed 3 computerized experiments: (1) cognitive task (CT): release button 1 (BT1) as rapidly as possible when the word and color matched, (2) motor task (MT): release BT1 and then tap button 2 (BT2) 10 times as rapidly as possible when “O” was presented, and (3) dual tasks (DT): combination of CT and MT elements. The reaction time of correct releases (CRT) of BT1 in all tasks was measured, and the CRT ratios of DT were divided by the CRT values from CT and MT to obtain the DTI value. CRT during CT and MT was decreased compared to that during DT. The interference by CT (CRT of DT/CRT of MT × 100, CTI) was increased compared to the interference by MT (CRT of DT/CRT of CT×100, MTI). Additionally, comprehensive baseline characteristics, body composition, psycho-cognitive, and physical factors were assessed. Of a total of 54 participants, 16 are males (67.2 ± 8.9 years) and 38 females (62.5 ± 6.6 years). CTI showed significant correlations with age (r = 0.436, P

Our study examined the association between chronotype, daily physical activity, and the estimated risk of dementia in 170 community-dwelling older adults. Chronotype was assessed with the Horne&ndash, &Ouml, stberg Morningness&ndash, Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Daily physical activity (of over 3 METs) was measured with a tri-axial accelerometer. The Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) was used to measure the estimated risk of dementia. The evening chronotype, low daily physical activity, and dementia were positively associated with each other. The participants with low physical activity alongside evening preference had 3.05 to 3.67 times higher estimated risk of developing dementia, and participants with low physical activity and morning preference had 1.95 to 2.26 times higher estimated risk than those with high physical activity and morning preference. Our study design does not infer causation. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that chronotype and daily physical activity are predictors of the risk of having dementia in older adults aged 70 years and above.

Objectives: In the study, we explored whether sleep chronotypes are associated with asthma in adolescents. Methods: We analyzed 24,655 physician-diagnosed adolescent asthmatic patients and 253,775 non-asthmatic adolescent patients from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS). Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors factors, psychological factors, and sleep parameters were assessed using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). Logistic regression after adjusting for multiple confounders was used to explore the association between sleep chronotype and asthma. Results: The asthmatic adolescent group slept less (&le, 5 h: 24.3% vs. 23.2%) than the non-asthmatic adolescent group. Mean sleep duration (430.6 &plusmn, 95.6 vs. 433.5 &plusmn, 93.6 min), midpoint of sleep on school-free days (MSF, 255.9 &plusmn, 75.9 vs. 258.3 &plusmn, 73.6 min), midpoint of sleep on school days (MSW, 199.1 &plusmn, 49.1 vs. 200.1 &plusmn, 48.4 min), sleep duration on school days (SDW, 398.2 &plusmn, 98.1 vs. 400.2 &plusmn, 96.8 min), and sleep duration on school-free days (SDF, 511.8 &plusmn, 151.9 vs. 516.7 &plusmn, 147.2 min) were significantly lower, sleep satisfaction was significantly poorer (low sleep satisfaction: 41.3% vs. 37.5%), and late chronotype was significantly higher in the asthmatic adolescent (21.1% vs. 20.0%). After adjusting for multiple confounders, late chronotype was significantly associated with an increased frequency of adolescent asthma (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01&ndash, 1.09) compared to intermediate chronotypes. Conclusions: Although our study shows a very modest association (OR of 1.05 in the fully adjusted model), we show that the late sleep chronotype is associated with asthma in adolescents in South Korea.

This study examined the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the anesthesia surrendering instrument (ASI), which was originally developed to measure anesthesia surrendering in Swedish adults. The study population consisted of 306 patients who received general anesthesia for abdominal, breast, knee, hip, lower back, or shoulder surgery in ten hospitals across five regions of Korea from June to September 2019. The validity of the content, construct, and criterion used, and the reliability of the ASI were assessed. The results showed that the instrument had appropriate content validity, the item-level content validity index ranged between 0.80 and 1.00, and the scale-level content validity index was 0.90. The construct validity test results confirmed four sub-categories with a total of 26 items, and the internal consistency reliability tests showed Cronbach&rsquo, s alpha values ranging between 0.71 and 0.88. The study findings confirmed the applicability of this instrument for measuring anesthesia surrendering in Korean adults. These results provide a foundation for future studies on anesthesia surrendering in Korean adult patients.

Background The digits-in-noise (DiN) test is a speech-in-noise test to measure speech recognition threshold in noise adaptively. Herein, we aimed to develop the Korean version of the DiN test to provide a useful hearing screening tool for clinical as well as research purposes. Method Spoken monosyllabic digits from 0 to 9 were recorded by a female speaker. The test list was constructed such that each digit was placed in three different positions. An optimization procedure was conducted to equate the audibility of each digit. After the optimization, the smartphone application for the Korean DiN (K-DiN) test was developed. For the adaptive measurement procedure, 180 new DiN triplets separated into six lists of 30 were created. Mean speech recognition threshold values for each list and session were measured to examine the test-retest and training effects of the test materials. In addition, speech recognition threshold values measured by different devices were compared to determine whether the speech recognition threshold levels differed. Results Optimization results showed that the mean speech recognition threshold and slope were −11.55 dB signal-to-noise ratio and 10.21%/dB, respectively, which are comparable to levels shown in different-language versions of the DiN test. The results of the test-retest and training effects revealed no significant differences among the test sessions and lists. Additionally, the mean speech recognition threshold values measured by four different devices were not different, indicating the reliability of the test materials. Conclusion We believe this study is the first to attempt to develop a K-DiN test. Our results indicate that this test can be used as a potentially reliable hearing screening tool., Graphical Abstract

Trauma nurses are exposed to suffering, death and dying, and vicarious trauma, which may result in nurses experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aims to investigate the extent of PTSD and the effect of the frequency of traumatic events, coping strategies, and social support on PTSD in South Korean trauma nurses. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Participants were 145 trauma nurses recruited from 6 regional trauma centers in Korea. The data were collected through convenience sampling using self-administered questionnaires, including the Korean version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-K), the frequency of traumatic events, coping strategies, and social support. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t test, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression. The prevalence of IES-R-K score of 25 or more (indicating a high risk of PTSD) was detected in 57.2% of the trauma nurses. The frequency of traumatic events, work at traumatic emergency units, dysfunctional coping, emotion-focused coping, and social support were found to be significantly associated with PTSD. Therefore, it is necessary to develop PTSD management programs in order to provide effective coping strategies and social support for relieving PTSD symptoms. At the same time, efforts to improve the working environment are needed.

OBJECTIVE Given the lack of a Korean version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III (KSCIM-III) that accurately reflects the contextual and cultural aspect of the assessment tool, the aims of the study were to develop a new Korean version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III and to investigate its reliability and validity. DESIGN Forty (N = 40) consecutive patients with spinal cord injury were included in this prospective study. Backward and forward translation of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III was performed by fluent speakers in both languages. To measure the validity of Korean version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III, the scores were compared with the Modified Barthel Index. Each patient was examined by two occupational therapists. For test-retest reliability assessment, follow-up evaluation was repeated 1 mo after the initial assessment by the same evaluator. RESULTS Reliability between the Korean version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III evaluators showed values of 0.710-1.000, and test-retest reliability showed high values ranging from 0.295 to 0.664. The validity of Korean version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III was confirmed by the close correlation with Modified Barthel Index (r = 0.953, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed high interrater and substantial test-retest reliability. The Korean version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III is an appropriate tool to assess the activities of daily living in terms of independence for patients with spinal cord injury.

The Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) is a valid instrument for the assessment of depressive symptoms in youth, but this measure is yet to be validated in Korea. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the validity of the Korean version of the CDRS-R and to determine its factor structures.This study included 66 youths between 12 and 17 years of age who participated as part of an ongoing study investigating biomarkers of the antidepressant response and suicidal events in depressed youth. At baseline, the participants were assessed using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL), CDRS-R, Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S), Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Based on their diagnosis, each participant was assessed either five (major depressive disorder [MDD], n = 36) or two (non-MDD, n = 30) more times with the CDRS-R, CDI, BDI, CGI-S, and CGAS; thus, 306 assessments were included in the final analyses of the present study. Pearson's r and Cronbach's α values were used to determine validity and internal consistency, and exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine the factor structures of the Korean version of the CDRS-R.The CDRS-R score was significantly correlated with scores on the K-SADS-PL depression subscale (r = 0.93, p 0.01), CDI (r = 0.86, p 0.01), BDI (r = 0.85, p 0.01), CGI-S (r = 0.84, p 0.01), and CGAS (r = -0.86, p 0.01), indicating that this measure has strong criterion validity. In addition, the high correlation of the CDRS-R with the depression subscale of the CBCL (r = 0.67, p 0.01) and lower correlations with the subscales of the CBCL that assess delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior, and externalizing problem support the discriminant validity of this instrument (rThis study of the Korean version of the CDRS-R provides initial promising data regarding its criterion validity, discriminant validity, internal consistency, and factor structures. These properties were significantly strong, which suggests that the Korean version of the CDRS-R is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of depressive symptoms in youth.

Objective: The current study investigated how adolescents perceive their own health risks and compare their own likelihood of health risks with that of others of the same age. Moreover, the study identified the differences in health risk perceptions between males and females. Methods: A total of 625 adolescents (314 males and 311 females) from the Nowon district, geographically located in northern Seoul, voluntarily participated. In order to measure health risk perceptions a Korean version of self-other risk judgments profile was used. Results: The findings indicated that study participants, regardless of gender and age, tend to underestimate their vulnerability to majority of health risk events. Furthermore, there were significant gender and age differences in health risk perception and perception bias in all health risk domains. Conclusion: The present study suggests that further research is needed to identify realistic and unrealistic perception mechanism for a large number of people from different demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds.

The Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) assesses actual sleep-wake timing and has advantages compared to prior chronotype questionnaires in that it differentiates sleep-wake patterns between work days and free days and uses corrected mid-sleep time on free days after correcting for accumulated sleep debt over the week to categorize chronotype. The current study, we validated the Korean version of the MCTQ. In this study, 310 participants (mean age = 27.09 ± 5.64; 78.1% females) completed the Korean version of the MCTQ. MCTQ parameters were significantly correlated with MEQ (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire) scores (│r│ ≥ 0.48), and test-retest reliability was ≥ 0.72. Cutoff scores of 2.5%, which correlated to 2.36 and 8.57 mid-sleep times in our sample, showed the best convergence with MEQ when categorizing chronotype. Our study suggests that the MCTQ is a useful questionnaire in assessing chronotype in young adults.

Purpose The objective of this study was to validate the Korean version of the Quality of Life-Cancer Survivors (QOL-CS-K) in a sample of lymphoma survivors. Materials and methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of lymphoma survivors who had survived for at least 24 months since diagnosis. Participants were recruited at the outpatient clinics and at a hospital event in a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea. Survivors were asked to complete the QOL-CS-K and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) questionnaires. To determine test-retest reliability, a second questionnaire was sent to participants who completed the first questionnaire adequately. Exploratory factor analysis and Pearson's correlations were used for evaluating reliability and validity of the QOL-CS-K. Results Among 257 survivors, 245 (95.3%) completed all questionnaires and had no missing data. The mean age of study participants was 52.2 years, 54.9% were men, and the mean time since diagnosis was 4.0±1.6 years. The Cronbach's α for the overall QOL-CS-K was 0.90, and the α coefficients for each subscale ranged from 0.73 to 0.83. The test and retest reliability was 0.88. Moderate correlations were found between comparable subscales of the QOL-CS-K and subscales of the EORTC QLQ-C30 (r=0.51-0.55) except for the spiritual well-being subscale of the QOL-CS-K, which did not correlate with any of the EORTC QLQ-C30 subscales (-0.08 to 0.16). Conclusion The QOL-CS-K is a reliable and valid scale for measuring the QOL in long-term lymphoma survivors.

Introduction. A nonspecific symptom, fatigue accompanies a variety of diseases, including cancer, and can have a grave impact on patients’ quality of life. As for multidimensional instruments, one of the most widely used is the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI). This study aims to verify the reliability and validity of the MFI Korean (MFI-K) version. Materials and Method. This study was performed at four university hospitals in the Republic of Korea. Among outpatients visiting the Department of Family Medicine, those complaining of fatigue or visiting a chronic care clinic were enrolled in this study. A total of 595 participants were included, and the mean age was 42.2 years. Results. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the MFI-K was 0.88. The MFI-K had good convergent validity. Most subscales of the MFI-K were significantly correlated with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). In particular, general and physical fatigue had the greatest correlation with the VAS and FSS. Although the English version of MFI had five subscales, the factor analysis led to four subscales in the Korean version. Conclusion. This study demonstrated the clinical usefulness of MFI-K instrument, particularly in assessing the degree of fatigue and performing a multidimensional assessment of fatigue.

Background Evidence-based practice (EBP) competence is essential for healthcare professionals. Before undergraduate nursing students become research producers, they should first be competent research consumers. Objective To assess the level of students' readiness for EBP and explore their learning experiences after a modified research methodology course integrated with an EBP model. Design A mixed-method study using a one-group posttest-only design was utilized. Participants and setting Participants were 146 third-year students of a nursing school in South Korea. Methods A 15-week research methodology course was modified based on the Star Model of Knowledge Transformation. The course consisted of lectures, group discussions, group reports, and student presentations. EBP readiness was measured using a Korean version of the EBP Readiness Inventory, and the students' reflective logs were analyzed. Results Most students reported that EBP education was necessary. The average scores of students' EBP self-efficacy and knowledge were 4.36 out of 6 and 7.65 out of 15, respectively. Of the students, 73% rated their own EBP knowledge at a beginner level. Analysis of the reflective logs revealed that students regarded evidence appraisal as the most critical content (26.3%), additional learning was necessary (21.1%), and evidence-based practice was perceived as difficult (49.4%). Conclusion Through the integrated research methodology course, nursing students gained EBP self-efficacy while recognizing its importance. However, acquiring sufficient knowledge in a single course was difficult, and the students remarked on the difficulty of the course. Therefore, integrating EBP concepts and applications in core nursing courses should be considered, and various innovative learning strategies are required to improve students' knowledge and competencies.