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BackgroundArthroplasty is one of the most commonly performed procedures in the USA with projections of continuous growth. As this field undergoes continuous changes, the goal of this study was to provide an analysis of patient-related and healthcare system-related trends. This is important as it allows practitioners, administrators and policy makers to allocate needed resources appropriately.MethodsThe study included total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) procedures from 2006 to 2016. Demographic information, comorbidities and complications were extracted and analyzed from the Premier Healthcare database.ResultsThe surgical volume increased annually over the observation period by an average of 5.54% for TKA and 7.02% for THA, respectively. The average age of the patient population and the types of anesthesia used remained relatively consistent over time. Comorbidity burden increased, especially for obesity (16.52% in 2006 and 29.77% in 2016 for TKA, 11.15% in 2006 and 20.92% in 2016 for THA), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (6.82% in 2006 and 17.03% in 2016 for TKA, 4.69% in 2006 and 12.72% in 2016 for THA) and renal insufficiency (2.81% in 2006 and 7.01% in 2016 for TKA, 2.78% in 2006 and 6.43% in 2016 for THA). Minor trends of increases were also observed in the prevalence of liver disease, depression and hypothyroidism. All postoperative complications were trending lower except for acute renal failure, where an increase was noted (4.39% in 2006 and 8.10% in 2016 for TKA, 4.99% in 2006 and 8.42% in 2016 for THA).DiscussionSignificant trends in the care of patients who undergo TKA and THA were identified. Individuals undergoing these procedures presented with a higher prevalence of comorbidities. Despite these trajectories, complications declined over time. These data can be used to inform future research and to allocate resources to address changes in populations cared for and complications encountered.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is an uncommon infection of cardiac valves associated with bacteremia. It increasingly affects elderly patients with chronic disease and artificial cardiac devices. The presentation, however, remains subtle and varied, with nonspecific symptoms ranging from those resembling a mild viral infection to septic shock and multiorgan failure. IE carries potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality through its impact on cardiac function and from embolic complications. Blood cultures prior to antibiotics and obtaining prompt echocardiography are key diagnostic steps, followed by proper selection of empiric antibiotics and, in many cases, collaboration with infectious disease, cardiology, and cardiothoracic surgery specialists.

Voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) of excitable tissues are emerging as targets likely involved in both the therapeutic and toxic effects of inhaled and intravenous general anesthetics. Whereas sevoflurane and propofol inhibit voltage-gated Na

Femoral and axillary cannulation for arterial inflow in acute type A aortic dissection are the most commonly used cannulation strategies in current practice. More recently, our group and others have successfully used a central cannulation technique with excellent results. Although this approach has been described, specific technical details have not been clearly defined. In addition, the ideal anatomic characteristics of different types of aortic dissections amenable to central cannulation have not been delineated. The purpose of this brief communication is to describe the technical and procedural details specific to cannulation of the dissected ascending aorta and to propose a classification scheme of ascending aortic dissection anatomy based on difficulty of central cannulation.

Compare treatment persistence, healthcare utilisation and costs for patients treated with escitalopram versus other SSRI/SNRIs in a real-world setting.Patients with a diagnosis for major depressive disorder (MDD) and at least one prescription for an SSRI or SNRI were identified from the Ingenix Impact Database (2002-2005). The baseline and study observation periods were defined as the 6 months before and after the index date (first date for an SSRI /SNRI pharmacy claim). Comparisons were made between patients initiated on escitalopram versus other SSRI/SNRIs using descriptive statistics and multivariate regressions.Escitalopram patients (n=10,465) had better treatment persistence compared to patients initiated on other SSRI/SNRIs (n=28,310): the hazard ratio of all discontinuation was 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.94-0.99) for the escitalopram therapy (p=0.003), and the hazard ratio of switching to another second-generation antidepressant was 0.91 (95% CI=0.87-0.94) for the escitalopram therapy (p0.001). Escitalopram patients also had fewer inpatient service and emergency room visits. Adjusted average total all-cause healthcare costs and inpatient services costs were $839 and $405 lower in the escitalopram group (both p0.05).Escitalopram may be associated with lower healthcare utilisation and costs among adult MDD patients compared to other SSRI/SNRIs.

To assess treatment persistence, hospitalization outcomes and mean healthcare costs of geriatric major depressive disorder (MDD) patients treated with escitalopram compared to other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).Patients agedor = 65 years with at least one inpatient claim or two independent claims associated with MDD diagnosis were identified in the IHCIS National Managed Care Database (2003-2005). Patients were continuously enrolled for at leastor = 12 months, filled at least one prescription for an SSRI/SNRI and did not use any second-generation antidepressant during the 6 months pre-index date. Unadjusted and multivariate analyses adjusting for baseline characteristics were conducted.Treatment persistence, hospitalization utilization, and average prescription drug, medical, and total healthcare costs were compared between patients initiated on escitalopram versus other SSRI/SNRIs.Escitalopram-treated patients (N = 459) were less likely to discontinue treatment (HR = 0.85, p = 0.012) or switch to another second-generation antidepressant (HR = 0.76, p = 0.006) compared to patients treated with other SSRI/SNRIs (N = 1517). Escitalopram-treated patients had 39% fewer hospitalization days (p = 0.004). Both groups had similar mean prescription drug costs ($1659 vs. $1630, p = 0.687). After controlling for baseline characteristics, escitalopram-treated patients had lower mean total medical service costs ($9425 vs. $12,703, p0.001) and mean total healthcare costs ($11,043 vs. $14,163, p0.001).This study's limitations include its small sample size, short observational periods and exclusivity of indirect costs.Geriatric patients treated with escitalopram had higher treatment persistence, fewer hospitalization days and lower total healthcare costs than patients on other SSRI/SNRIs after controlling for baseline characteristics. Most of the cost savings were due to reductions in hospitalizations.

To compare escitalopram versus citalopram for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in geriatric patients.Administrative claims data (2003-2005) were analyzed for patients agedor =65 years with at least one inpatient claim or two independent medical claims associated with MDD diagnosis. Patients were continuously enrolled for at least 12 months, filled at least one prescription for citalopram or escitalopram and had no second generation antidepressant use during the 6-month pre-index date. Contingency table analysis and survival analysis were used to compare outcomes between the two treatment groups.Treatment persistence, hospitalization utilization, and prescription drug, medical, and total healthcare costs were analyzed. Outcomes were compared between patients initiated on escitalopram and those initiated on citalopram both descriptively and using multivariate analysis adjusting for baseline characteristics.Among 691 geriatric patients, escitalopram-treated patients (n=459) were less likely to discontinue treatment (hazard ratio [HR]=0.83, p=0.049) or switch to another second generation antidepressant (HR=0.62, p=0.001) compared to patients treated with citalopram (n=232). Patients treated with escitalopram had a significantly lower hospitalization rate (31.2% vs. 38.8%, p=0.045) and 66% fewer hospitalization days based on negative binomial regression (p0.001). While escitalopram patients had comparable prescription drug costs, they had lower total medical service costs (regression: $9748 vs. $19,208, p0.001) and lower total healthcare costs (regression: $11,434 vs. $20,601, p0.001).This study's limitations include its small sample size, short observational periods and exclusivity of indirect costs.Geriatric patients treated with escitalopram had better treatment persistence, fewer hospitalizations, and lower medical and total healthcare costs than patients treated with citalopram. Most of the cost reduction was attributable to significantly lower hospitalizations and total medical costs.

To describe dosing patterns for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists in patients with rheumatoid arthritis from health care provider and payer point of interest.Using privately insured US claims data from 31 large employers covering 31 companies across the US, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were identified and three cohorts were defined based on first TNF-antagonist treatment (adalimumab, etanercept, or infliximab) administered after January 1, 2003. Dosage-adjustment patterns were assessed during the following 12-month period. Changes in dosage (both increases and decreases) and maintenance of a stable dosage were evaluated. For the health care provider point of interest, a new algorithm was developed to assess treatment patterns with chronic injectable therapies that incorporated the potential inconsistency between days of supply and prescription-gap data, thus providing the actual use of TNF-antagonist treatment. For the payer, usage data addressed whether the TNF antagonist was used at a greater dosage than recommended. Differences in baseline characteristics and dosage change rates between cohorts were tested using Chi-Square tests for categorical variables and Wilcoxon tests for continuous variables.From the health care provider point of interest, 83.4% of adalimumab-treated patients (n = 205) initially received the recommended dosage, 10.2% received less, and 6.3% received more; 87.7% of etanercept-treated patients (n = 455) initially received the recommended dosage, 11.2% received less, and 1.1% received more; and 83.8% of infliximab-treated patients (n = 148) started with 2-4 vials (the recommended dosage is based on the weight of the patient, not total milligrams). All treatments had similar dosage decrease and discontinuation rates. Maintenance of stable dosage was lower for infliximab (20.9%) than adalimumab (37.1%) and etanercept (39.1%); both p0.01. The infliximab dosage-increase rate (35.1%) was greater than adalimumab (3.9%) and etanercept (0); both p0.01. From the payer point of interest, dosage-increase rate was greater for infliximab (28.3%) than adalimumab (8.7%) and etanercept (6.9%), both p0.01.Infliximab had greater dosage-increase rates than adalimumab and etanercept. Adalimumab and etanercept had similar dosage-increase rates. All treatments had similar dosage-decrease and discontinuation rates. Maintenance of stable dosage was lower for infliximab than for adalimumab and etanercept. The study has the usual limitation of claims data analysis in that clinical details might be insufficient to draw causal inference.

To compare the cost of care for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept.RA patients were identified from a privately insured database. Three mutually exclusive treatment cohorts were formed based on the date of first tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist treatment (index date) after January 1, 2003. Baseline characteristics were assessed in the 3-month pretreatment period. Healthcare (i.e., medical service and prescription medications) utilization and cost were assessed for the following 12 months. RA-related medical cost included the total cost for medical service associated with RA diagnosis. RA-related healthcare cost included RA-related medical and drug cost. Uneven distribution of baseline characteristics were adjusted with the propensity score method. Cost was compared between treatment cohorts.Twelve-month TNF-antagonist therapy cost ($12 853 vs. 17 299, p = 0.002), total RA-related drug cost ($13 794 vs. 17 647, p = 0.006), total RA-related medical cost ($971 vs. 2920, p0.001), total RA-related healthcare cost ($14 764 vs. 20 566, p = 0.002), and total drug cost ($16 210 vs. 19 769, p = 0.028) were significantly less for adalimumab (n = 217) than infliximab (n = 234). Twelve-month healthcare cost for adalimumab was comparable to etanercept (n = 546).Annual healthcare cost for adalimumab patients was significantly less than for infliximab patients and was comparable to etanercept patients. This analysis is subject to the usual limitation of claims data analyses in that few clinical details are available and causal inference conclusions are limited.

Dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, although exactly which of the many plasma lipids contribute to this remains unclear. We therefore investigated whether lipid profiling can inform diabetes prediction by performing liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based lipid profiling in 189 individuals who developed type 2 diabetes and 189 matched disease-free individuals, with over 12 years of follow up in the Framingham Heart Study. We found that lipids of lower carbon number and double bond content were associated with an increased risk of diabetes, whereas lipids of higher carbon number and double bond content were associated with decreased risk. This pattern was strongest for triacylglycerols (TAGs) and persisted after multivariable adjustment for age, sex, BMI, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, total triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol. A combination of 2 TAGs further improved diabetes prediction. To explore potential mechanisms that modulate the distribution of plasma lipids, we performed lipid profiling during oral glucose tolerance testing, pharmacologic interventions, and acute exercise testing. Levels of TAGs associated with increased risk for diabetes decreased in response to insulin action and were elevated in the setting of insulin resistance. Conversely, levels of TAGs associated with decreased diabetes risk rose in response to insulin and were poorly correlated with insulin resistance. These studies identify a relationship between lipid acyl chain content and diabetes risk and demonstrate how lipid profiling could aid in clinical risk assessment.

Exercise provides numerous salutary effects, but our understanding of how these occur is limited. To gain a clearer picture of exercise-induced metabolic responses, we have developed comprehensive plasma metabolite signatures by using mass spectrometry to measure >200 metabolites before and after exercise. We identified plasma indicators of glycogenolysis (glucose-6-phosphate), tricarboxylic acid cycle span 2 expansion (succinate, malate, and fumarate), and lipolysis (glycerol), as well as modulators of insulin sensitivity (niacinamide) and fatty acid oxidation (pantothenic acid). Metabolites that were highly correlated with fitness parameters were found in subjects undergoing acute exercise testing and marathon running and in 302 subjects from a longitudinal cohort study. Exercise-induced increases in glycerol were strongly related to fitness levels in normal individuals and were attenuated in subjects with myocardial ischemia. A combination of metabolites that increased in plasma in response to exercise (glycerol, niacinamide, glucose-6-phosphate, pantothenate, and succinate) up-regulated the expression of nur77, a transcriptional regulator of glucose utilization and lipid metabolism genes in skeletal muscle in vitro. Plasma metabolic profiles obtained during exercise provide signatures of exercise performance and cardiovascular disease susceptibility, in addition to highlighting molecular pathways that may modulate the salutary effects of exercise.

Emerging metabolomic tools have created the opportunity to establish metabolic signatures of myocardial injury. We applied a mass spectrometry–based metabolite profiling platform to 36 patients undergoing alco-hol septal ablation treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, a human model of planned myo-cardial infarction (PMI). Serial blood samples were obtained before and at various intervals after PMI, with patients undergoing elective diagnostic coronary angiography and patients with spontaneous myocardial infarction (SMI) serving as negative and positive controls, respectively. We identified changes in circulating levels of metabolites participating in pyrimidine metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and its upstream con-tributors, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Alterations in levels of multiple metabolites were detected as early as 10 minutes after PMI in an initial derivation group and were validated in a second, independent group of PMI patients. A PMI-derived metabolic signature consisting of aconitic acid, hypoxanthine, trimethylamine N-oxide, and threonine differentiated patients with SMI from those undergoing diagnostic coronary angiogra-phy with high accuracy, and coronary sinus sampling distinguished cardiac-derived from peripheral metabolic changes. Our results identify a role for metabolic profiling in the early detection of myocardial injury and sug-gest that similar approaches may be used for detection or prediction of other disease states.

Many therapies exist for treating adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), also referred to as attention-deficit disorder (ADD), but there is no research regarding cost differences associated with initiating alternative ADD/ADHD drug therapies in adults.To compare from the perspective of a large self-insured employer the risk-adjusted direct health care costs associated with 3 alternative drug therapies for ADD in newly treated patients: extended-release methylphenidate (osmotic release oral system-MPH), mixed amphetamine salts extended release (MAS-XR), or atomoxetine.We analyzed data from a US claims database of 5 million beneficiaries from 31 large self-insured employers (1999-2004). Analysis was restricted to adults aged 18 to 64 years with at least 1 diagnosis of ADD/ADHD (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM] codes 314.0x--attention deficit disorder; 314.00--attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity; or 314.01--attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity) and at least 1 pharmacy claim for OROS-MPH, MAS-XR, or atomoxetine identified using National Drug Codes. In preliminary analysis, we calculated the duration of index ADHD drug therapy as time from index therapy initiation to a minimum 60-day gap. Because the median duration of index ADHD drug therapy was found to be approximately 90 days, the primary measures were total direct medical plus drug costs and medical-only costs computed over 6 months following therapy initiation. Adults were required to have continuous eligibility 6 months before and 6 months after their latest drug therapy initiation and no ADHD therapy during the previous 6 months. Cost was measured as the payment amount made by the health plan to the provider rather than billed charges, and it excluded patient copayments and deductibles. Medical costs included costs incurred for all-cause inpatient and outpatient/other services. Costs were adjusted for inflation to 2004 U.S. dollars using the consumer price index for medical care. T tests were used for descriptive cost comparisons. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were used to compare costs of adults receiving alternative therapies, adjusting for demographic characteristics, substance abuse, depression, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index.Of the 4,569 patients who received 1 of these 3 drug therapies for ADHD, 31.8% received OROS-MPH for a median duration of 99 days of therapy, 34.0% received MAS-XR for a median 128 days, and 34.2% received atomoxetine for a median 86 days. In the 6-month follow-up period, the mean (standard deviation) total medical and drug costs were $2,008 ($3,231) for OROS-MPH, $2,169 ($4,828) for MAS-XR, and $2,540 ($4,269) for atomoxetine-treated adults. The GLM for patient characteristics suggested that 6-month, risk-adjusted mean medical costs, excluding drug costs, for adults treated with OROS-MPH were $142 less (10.4%, $1,220 vs. $1,362) compared with MAS-XR (P =0.022) and $132 less (9.8%, $1,220 vs. $1,352) compared with atomoxetine (P =0.033); risk-adjusted mean medical costs were not significantly different between MAS-XR and atomoxetine. The GLM comparison of risk-adjusted total direct costs, including drug cost, was on average $156 less (8.0%, $1,782 vs. $1,938) for OROS-MPH compared with MAS-XR (P = 0.017) and $226 less (11.3%, $1,782 vs. $2,008) compared with atomoxetine (P0.001); the risk-adjusted total direct costs were not significantly different between MAS-XR and atomoxetine. Two high-cost outliers (greater than 99.96th percentile, 1 each for OROS-MPH and atomoxetine) accounted for $47 (30%) of the $156 cost difference between OROS-MPH and MAS-XR and $11 (5%) of the $226 cost difference between OROS-MPH and atomoxetine, and the medical diagnoses for the highest-cost claims for these 2 outlier patients were unrelated to ADHD.After adjusting for patient characteristics including substance abuse, depression, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index, adults treated with OROS-MPH had, on average, slightly lower medical and total medical and drug costs than those treated with MAS-XR or atomoxetine over the 6-month period after drug therapy initiation. Approximately 30% of the cost difference compared with MAS-XR was attributable to 1 high-cost outlier with medical diagnoses for the highest-cost claim that were unrelated to ADHD.

Obesity is highly prevalent among patients with type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, weight gain may also be a consequence of some antidiabetic medications. Although clinical benefits of weight loss have been established, the economic consequence of weight change among patients with type 2 diabetes is unclear.The objective was to measure 1-year total and diabetes-related health care costs associated with weight change during the preceding 6-month period among type 2 diabetic patients on antidiabetic therapy.Administrative claims, electronic laboratory data and medical chart information were abstracted for continuously enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes from an health maintenance organization (HMO) for the period from July 1, 1997 through October 31, 2005. To assess the economic impact of weight change, three regression models were applied to estimate the following: (1) the effect of weight change in general (one-slope model); (2) the different effects of weight gain and no weight gain (two-slope model); and (3) the different effects of weight gain and no weight gain (i.e., no change or weight loss) among obese and non-obese patients (four-slope model). Patients included in the study had a baseline weight measurement and a second weight measurement approximately 6 months later. They were also required to be on at least one antidiabetic drug therapy within 1 month around the baseline weight measurement date (index date). Based on the measured weight change, patients were classified into two groups--weight gainers and non-weight gainer. Total health care cost and diabetes-related cost were measured during the 1-year period following the second weight measurement and were adjusted to 2004 dollars by the medical component of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Generalized linear models with log link function and gamma distribution were applied to assess the impacts of weight change on the 1-year total health care cost as well as 1-year diabetes-related cost. All models controlled for patients' baseline demographics, comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and prior resource utilization.The study included 458 patients, of whom 224 (48.9%) experienced minimum weight gain of 1 pound between the two weight measurements. The average 1-year total health care cost following the second weight measure was $6382 and the diabetes-related cost was $2002. The mean total health care cost was $7260 for the weight-gainers and $5541 for the non-weight gainers (p = 0.046), and the mean diabetes-related cost, respectively, was $2141 and $1869 (p = 0.006). Results from the models showed that one percentage point of weight change was positively associated with a 3.1% ($213, p0.01) change in total health care cost. When weight gain and no gain were modeled separately, one percentage point of weight loss was associated with a 3.6% ($256, p0.05) decrease in total health care cost and a 5.8% ($131, p0.01) decrease in diabetes-related cost. However, one percentage point of weight gain was not associated with significant increase in either total health care or diabetes-related cost. Further, results from the model with interactions between weight change and obesity status revealed that the economic benefit of weight loss was more pronounced in the obese group (BMIor = 30). Log likelihood ratio tests showed that the one-slope model for total health care cost and the two-slope model for diabetes-related cost are the appropriate models of choice.Weight loss significantly reduced diabetes-related costs. Controlling for baseline factors in the regression model, the 1-year total health care cost following 1% weight loss (or gain) was $213 cost decrease (or increase). Diabetes-related cost did not appear to be associated with weight gain. Economic benefit of weight loss was evident among type 2 diabetic patients on antidiabetic therapy, especially among obese patients.

Focal muscle contracture in the limb following sytemic administration of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents have been demonstrated experimentally with transection or crush injury of the nerve, but has rarely been observed clinically in patients with partial peripheral nerve injury. Three cases of spastic response in the hand and wrist are described in patients with subclinical chronic, subacute, and acute nerve injury, to document the occurrence of this phenomenon under various circumstances.

Forty patients (A.S.A. class I or II), 18 to 75 years of age, who were undergoing elective surgery were studied to determine the clinical and subclinical neuromuscular blocking effects of two antibiotics, tobramycin and gentamicin and to compare these effects with those produced by cefazolin, an aminoglycoside not known to produce paralysis. Patients were prospectively and randomly assigned in approximately equal numbers to one of four groups: group A received 1 mg/kg of tobramycin; group B, 1 mg/kg of gentamicin; group C, 500 mg of cefazolin; or group D, control (no antibiotic). Antibiotics were administered intravenously 45 minutes immediately preceding the study. The ulnar nerve was stimulated supramaximally and neuromuscular function was measured electromyographically. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental, 4 mg/kg IV, and maintained with endotracheal enflurane 1.0% to 1.5% (inspired) and N2O-O2 (2 L:1 L) after intubation. Succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) was administered after induction of anesthesia and the magnitude and duration of neuromuscular block monitored. d-Tubocurarine (0.1 mg/kg) was given 5 to 10 minutes after full recovery from succinylcholine and repeated as required. At the end of the operation, atropine, 0.02 mg/kg, and neostigmine, 0.4 mg/kg, were used to reverse the block. Base line neuromuscular data, duration of block of succinylcholine, and potency, duration of block, recovery rate, train-of-four fade, tetanic trend, response to double stimuli, post-tetanic effect, and reversibility of the subsequent d--tubocurarine-induced neuromuscular block were not significantly different (p less than 0.01) between any two groups. Tobramycin, gentamicin, and cefazolin, in recommended single doses, lack clinical neuromuscular blocking and subclinical relaxant-potentiating effects.

The neuromuscular sensitivity of 71 patients (A.S.A. class I or II) was tested by scoring on a scale from 1 to 6 the ability to lift the upper eyelid 2 minutes after pretreatment with 1 mg of pancuronium. Subsequently, each patient also received an additional "intubation dose" pancuronium (in milligrams) equal to the eye-opening test score (group I), or either 1 mg (group II) or 2 mg (group III) in excess. The resultant depression of the neurally evoked muscle response of the little finger was quantified by another score (the response score) which allowed for assessment of neuromuscular block beyond the limit of 100% depression of the twitch. The criteria for the response score, in the response score, in the order of increasing magnitude of block, were: (1) visible twitch responses to all 4 of the train-of-four stimulation remained; (2) part of the train-of-four twitches was eliminated; (3) all twitches were eliminated; (4) tetanus was eliminated; (5) post-tetanic twitch following a 5-second 50 Hz tetanus was also eliminated; and (6) not even the post-tetanic twitch became elicitable again in 30 minutes. It was found that 1 mg of pancuronium depressed the eye-opening score to 4.0 +/- 0.2, from 5.1 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SEM, p < 0.01). Following the additional "intubation dose" of pancuronium, patients in group I had an average response score of 2.2 +/- 0.3, those in group II a score of 3.4 +/- 0.2, and those in group III, a score of 4.8 +/- 0.6. Each additional 1 mg of pancuronium (increasing from group I to III) linearly increased the average response score. In terms of frequency response, patients in group I had more than a 50% change of being scored 1, while those in group II had a greater than 50% chance of being scored 3, 4, or 5, and those in group III had more than a 50% chance of being scored 6. It is concluded that sensitivity to pancuronium can be quantified by the ptotic response to a 1-mg test dose of pancuronium, and that a sensitivity-adjusted additional "intubation dose" of pancuronium can be predetermined in individual patients.