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BACKGROUND: Severe acetabular bone loss in revision total hip arthroplasty (RTHA), both with or without pelvic discontinuity, remains a great challenge in orthopaedic surgery. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors for failure of custom-made acetabular implants in RTHA. METHODS: Seventy patients with severe acetabular bone loss (Paprosky Type III) and pelvic discontinuity, who required RTHA, were included in our study. All prostheses were constructed based on a thin-layer computed-tomography (CT) scan of the pelvis. The treatment was considered unsuccessful in the event of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) or aseptic loosening (AL) with need for explantation of the custom-made acetabular implant. RESULTS: The average follow-up was 41.9 ± 34.8 months (range 1.5–120). Implant survival at last follow-up was 75.7% (53 of 70). Explantation was necessary in 17 cases (15 PJI; 2 AL). Previous PJI as reason for RTHA (p= 0.025; OR 3.56 (95% CI: 1.14; 11.21)), additional revision of femoral components (p= 0.003; OR 8.4 (95% CI: 1.75; 40.42)), rheumatoid disease (p= 0.039; OR 3.43 (95% CI: 1.01; 11.40)), elevated preoperative CRP > 15.2 mg/l (p= 0.015; AUC: 0.7) and preoperative haemoglobin < 10.05 (p= 0.022; AUC: 0.69) were statistically significant risk factors associated with treatment failure. Age and BMI were not statistically significant contributing to implant failure. CONCLUSION: Risk factors for treatment failure were a previous PJI, additional revision of femoral component, rheumatoid disease, elevated preoperative CRP and low preoperative haemoglobin. Awareness of these risk factors will help to improve future treatment standards.

Background There are different procedures for both, the diagnosis and the therapy of a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), however, national or international guidelines for a standardised treatment regime are still lacking. The present paper evaluates the use of the predominant treatment protocols for PJI in certified total joint replacement centres (EPZ) in Germany based on an EndoCert questionnaire. Materials and methods The questionnaire was developed in cooperation with the EndoCert Certification Commission to survey the treatment protocols for septic revision arthroplasties in EPZ. Questions targeted the various treatment options including prosthesis preserving procedures (DAIR - Debridement, antibiotics, irrigation, and retention of the prosthesis), one-stage revision, two-stage revision, removal of the endoprosthesis and diagnostic sampling prior to re-implantation. All certified EPZ participated (n = 504) and the results from the current survey in 2020 were compared to data from a previous analysis in 2015. Results The number of centres that performed DAIR up to a maximum of 4 weeks and more than 10 weeks after index surgery decreased since 2015, while the number of centres that provided a one-stage revision as a treatment option increased (hip: + 6.3%; knee: + 6.6%). The majority of the centres (73.2%) indicated a 4–8 week period as the preferred interval between prosthesis removal and re-implantation in two-stage revision in hip as well as knee revisions. Centres with a higher number of revision surgeries (> 200 revisions/year), opted even more often for the 4–8 week period (92.3%). In two-stage revision the use of metal-based spacers with/without reinforcement with antibiotic-containing cement as an interim placeholder was significantly reduced in 2020 compared to 2015. There was also a clear preference for cemented anchoring in two-stage revision arthroplasty in the knee in 2020, whereas the majority of hip replacements was cementless. Additionally, in 2020 the number of samples for microbiological testing during the removal of the infected endoprosthesis increased and 72% of the centres took five or more samples. Overall, the number of EPZ with a standardised protocol for the procedure expanded from 2015 to 2020. Conclusion While there was a trend towards standardised therapeutic algorithms for PJI with more uniform choices among the centres in 2020 compared to 2015, the treatment often remains an individual decision. However, since a consistent treatment regime is of vital importance with an expected rise of total numbers of revision arthroplasties, uniform definitions with regard to comparability and standardisation are necessary for the further development of the EndoCert system.

Background Rising surgery rates have raised questions about the indications for spinal surgery. The study investigated patient-level and regional factors associated with spinal surgery for patients with spinal diseases. Methods We undertook a cohort study based on routine healthcare data from Germany of 18.4 million patients within 60.9 million episodes of two patient-years before a possible spinal surgery in the time period 2008 to 2016. Using a Poisson model, the effects of a broad range of patient-related (sociodemographic, morbidity, social status), disease- and healthcare-related (physicians’ specialty, conservative treatments) and regional variables were analyzed. Results There was substantial regional heterogeneity in the occurrence of spinal surgery which decreased by only one quarter when controlling for the various determinants assessed. Previous musculoskeletal and mental health disorders as well as physical therapy were associated with a lower probability of surgery in the fully-adjusted model. Prescriptions for pain medication and consultations of specialists were associated with a higher probability of surgery. However, the specific severity of the vertebral diseases could not be taken into account in the analysis. Furthermore, a substantial proportion of patients with surgery did not receive a consultation with an outpatient specialist (29.5%), preoperative diagnostics (37.0%) or physical therapy (48.3%) before hospital admission. Conclusion This large study on spinal diseases in Germany highlights important patterns in medical care of spinal diseases and their association with the probability of spinal surgery. However, only a relatively small proportion of the regional heterogeneity in spinal surgery could be explained by the extensive consideration of confounders, which suggests the relevance of other unmeasured factors like physicians’ preferences.

Preoperative optimization of the therapeutic regime of comorbidities can lead to an improvement of the postoperative outcome and has the potential to reduce the financial burden on the health care system in revision hip arthroplasty. Patient-related factors and an increasing incidence of comorbidities lead to a higher risk of implant failure and revision for all causes. Important and potentially modifiable risk factors like preoperative anemia, coagulopathy, infectious disease (dental status, urinary tract infections, colonization with staphylococcus), metabolic conditions (obesity, malnutrition, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis), and smoking need to be addressed. To achieve an optimal preoperative condition a multidisciplinary approach should be applied.Eine Optimierung der Behandlung von Komorbiditäten vor endoprothetischen Wechseleingriffen am Hüftgelenk hat das Potenzial für eine Verbesserung der Ergebnisse und eine Reduzierung der Kosten für das Gesundheitssystem. Nichtimplantatbezogene Einflussfaktoren, wie z. B. Adipositas, führen mit steigender Inzidenz zu einer deutlichen Erhöhung der Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit. Wichtige und potenziell beeinflussbare Komorbiditäten sind hierbei die präoperative Anämie, Koagulopathien, infektiologische Erkrankungen (sanierungsbedürftiger Zahnstatus, Harnwegsinfekte, Besiedelung mit Staphylokokken), Stoffwechselerkrankungen (Adipositas, Malnutrition, Diabetes mellitus, Osteoporose) und Nikotinabusus. Zur zielführenden Optimierung bedarf es in der Regel eines interdisziplinären Therapieansatzes, um den maximalen Erfolg zu generieren.

Video consultations could support patient care in hand surgery during social distancing in the COVID-19 era. According to the literature, images of hand and fingers can support telediagnosis in hand emergencies. We present this feasibility study on online video consultation in hand surgery.A structured examination was designed to query the medical history and examine motor skills, sensitivity, strength and function tests of the hand. Thirty examinations on both hands were carried out by online video consultation, then in direct contact and compared with each other.With 4560 evaluated range of movement of the hand and finger joints, there was a high correlation between the measurement methods of R = 0.995 (p 0.0001, confidence interval 0.9946 - 0.9954). In the video-based examination, 84.6% of the measured values showed a deviation of less than 5° compared to the direct examination, 92.8% less than 10° deviation. Good accordance was also found in the patient's medical history. An estimating examination of sensitivity, function and strength during video examination is feasible with simple auxiliary aids. Deficits are evident in the detection of scars, in function tests and the absence of haptic findings.Online video consultation allows hand examination with sufficient documentation of hand and finger movements (range of motion) and proper evaluation of symptoms. It cannot replace direct examination but complement patient care in hand surgery even beyond the current COVID-19 pandemic.Videosprechstunden können bei Social Distancing in der COVID-19-Pandemie die Patientenversorgung unterstützen. Während zur Einholung handchirurgischer Fach- und Zweitmeinungen über Bildbefunde eine gute Literaturlage vorliegt, fehlt diese für die Videosprechstunde. Dies soll mit der vorliegenden Machbarkeitsstudie zur handchirurgischen Befunderhebung per Video nachgeholt werden.Ein strukturierter Untersuchungsbogen wurde entworfen zur Abfrage der Anamnese und Untersuchung von Motorik, Sensibilität, Kraft sowie spezifischer Funktionstests an der Hand. 30 Untersuchungen an jeweils beiden Händen wurden per Videosprechstunde und nachfolgend in direktem Kontakt durchgeführt und miteinander verglichen.Bei 4560 Bewegungsumfängen an der Hand zeigte sich eine hohe Korrelation zwischen den Messmethoden von R = 0,995 (p 0,0001, Konfidenzintervall 0,9946 – 0,9954). Dabei zeigten bei der videobasierten Untersuchung 84,6% der Messwerte eine Abweichung von weniger als 5° im Vergleich mit der direkten Untersuchung, 92,8% weniger als 10° Abweichung. Eine gute Übereinstimmung zeigte sich auch bei der Anamnese. Die orientierende Untersuchung von Sensibilität, Funktion und Kraft ist mit einfachen Hilfsmitteln gut möglich in der Videosprechstunde. Defizite zeigen sich bei der Erkennung von Narben, bei differenzierten Funktionstests sowie durch das Fehlen haptischer Befunde.Die Untersuchung der Hand in der Videosprechstunde erlaubt eine sehr gute Untersuchung des Bewegungsumfanges an den Gelenken der Hand, die Aufnahme der Beschwerden und eine Eingrenzung der Befunde. Sie kann die traditionelle Fachsprechstunde mit direktem Kontakt nicht vollständig ersetzen, stellt jedoch eine sinnvolle Ergänzung dar und besitzt eine Berechtigung über die aktuelle COVID-19-Pandemie hinaus.

Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, the German Health Ministry has issued restrictions applying to the field of orthopaedics and trauma surgery. Besides postponement of elective surgeries, outpatient consultations have been drastically reduced. Parallel to these developments, an increase in telemedical consultations has reflected efforts to provide sufficient patient care. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of a clinical examination of the hip joint and pelvis by way of a telemedical consultation.Twenty-nine patients of a German university clinic were recruited and assessed in both telemedical and conventional examinations. Agreement between the two examinations was then assessed, and connections between the observed agreement and patient-specific factors such as age, BMI and ASA classification were investigated.The inspections agreed closely with a mean Cohen's kappa of 0.76 ± 0.37. Palpation showed adequate agreement with a mean Cohen's kappa of 0.38 ± 0.19. Function showed good agreement with a mean Cohen's kappa of 0.61 ± 0.26 and range of motion showed adequate agreement with a mean Cohen's kappa of 0.36 ± 0.19. A significant positive correlation was observed between the number of deviations in the different examinations and age (p = 0.05), and a significant positive correlation was shown between the number of non-feasible examinations and age (p 0.01), BMI (p 0.01) and ASA classification score (p 0.01).Inspection and function can be reliably evaluated, whereas the significance of palpation, provocation and measurement of range of motion is limited. The small sample size puts limitations on the significance of a statistically relevant correlation between patient-specific factors such as age, BMI and ASA classification score and valid and successful implementation of a telemedical examination. The authors recommend targeted patient selection. If, however, patients are being evaluated who are very old ( 75 years), obese (BMI 30) or with multiple comorbidities (ASA 3 and above), caution is advised. Large, prospective studies are needed in the future to fully validate telemedical consultations in the fields of orthopaedics and trauma surgery.A telemedical examination of the hip joint and pelvis can be performed with certain limitations. Patient-specific factors such as age, BMI, and extent of comorbidities appear to have a relevant impact on validity and execution of the examination. Patients with multiple comorbidities (ASA 3 and above), advanced age ( 75 years) or obesity (BMI 30) should, whenever possible, be examined in a conventional outpatient setting.Aufgrund der aktuellen COVID-19-Pandemie erfolgten Einschränkungen im Fach der Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie durch das Gesundheitsamt. Neben der Verlegung von elektiven operativen Eingriffen erfolgte auch die drastische Reduktion der Sprechstunden. Hierdurch kam es zu einem deutlichen Anstieg von telemedizinisch durchgeführten Sprechstunden zur Gewährleistung der Patientenversorgung. Die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit ist, die Umsetzbarkeit einer klinisch-orthopädischen Untersuchung der Hüfte und des Beckens durch telemedizinische Verfahren im Rahmen einer Videosprechstunde zu untersuchen.Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Auswertung wurden 29 stationäre Patienten eines deutschen Universitätsklinikums rekrutiert und im Rahmen einer Videosprechstunde und konventionell untersucht. Anschließend wurde die Übereinstimmung der erhobenen Befunde ausgewertet und Zusammenhänge mit patientenspezifischen Daten wie Alter, BMI und ASA-Klassifikation untersucht.Es zeigte sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der Inspektion mit einem durchschnittlichen Cohens Kappa von 0,76 ± 0,37, eine angemessene Übereinstimmung der Palpation mit einem durchschnittlichen Cohens Kappa von 0,38 ± 0,19, eine gute Übereinstimmung der Funktion mit einem durchschnittlichen Cohens Kappa von 0,61 ± 0,26 und eine angemessene Übereinstimmung der Bewegungsausmaße mit einem Cohens Kappa von 0,36 ± 0,19. Es zeigte sich ein signifikanter positiver Zusammenhang zwischen Anzahl der Abweichungen der verschiedenen Untersuchungen und Alter (p = 0,05) und ein positiver signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Anzahl der nicht durchführbaren Untersuchungen und Alter (p 0,01), BMI (p 0,01) und ASA-Klassifikationswert (p 0,01).Vor allem die Inspektion und Funktion sind gut untersuchbare Parameter während Palpation, Provokation und die Erfassung der Bewegungsausmaße eine limitierte Aussagekraft zeigen. Bei begrenzter Anzahl der Probanden ist die Aussagekraft eines statistisch relevanten Zusammenhangs zwischen patientenspezifischen Faktoren wie Alter, BMI und ASA-Klassifikationswert und der validen und erfolgreichen Durchführung einer telemedizinischen Untersuchung limitiert. Die Autoren sprechen sich für eine gezielte Patientenselektion aus. Sollten dennoch sehr alte ( 75 Jahren), adipöse (BMI 30) oder stark vorerkrankte Patienten (ab ASA 3) untersucht werden, ist Vorsicht geboten. Es bedarf in der Zukunft weiterer großangelegter, prospektiver Studien, um eine ausreichende Validierung einer telemedizinischen Untersuchung in der Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie zu erreichen.Die telemedizinische Untersuchung von Hüftgelenk und Becken ist mit Einschränkungen möglich. Patientenspezifische Faktoren wie Alter, BMI und Grad der Vorerkrankungen scheinen einen relevanten Einfluss auf die Validität und die Durchführung zu haben. Patienten, die stark vorerkrankt (ab ASA 3) sind, ein hohes Lebensalter haben ( 75 Jahre) und/oder adipös sind (BMI 30), sollten, wenn möglich, in eine herkömmliche Sprechstunde einbestellt werden.

In times of a pandemic threat, such as COVID-19, and the need for reduced direct doctor-patient contact, internet-based telemedicine has attracted more and more attention as a surrogate service. Suspending the diagnosis and treatment of non-virus related diseases for longer periods of time is not a viable option since this would only exacerbate problems on the patient and national level. The need for alternative treatment modalities increased rather quickly. So far, telemedical applications have mainly focused on teleradiological diagnosis, follow-up and monitoring of psychiatric and internal diseases, as well as geriatric patient care. As far as these authors are aware, orthopaedic physical examination of the knee joint, including trauma work-up, has not been the subject of any studies to date. This feasibility study explores how video consultation can be designed and implemented in the context of history taking and physical examination in knee joint complaints.21 patient actors (PA) with simulated complaints of the knee joint were examined individually for each diagnosis, first via video consultation and then directly by a specialist (SP). One PA group has a medical background, the other was made up of laypersons. The time was measured for both types of consultation. The physician documented the detected symptoms, the quality of implementation of the self-examination steps, and the derived diagnosis on an assessment form. After completion of both consultation sessions, the PAs were handed a questionnaire on the respective examination modality.With the video consultation the examination lasted 8.63 (± 2.5) minutes on average and with the regular consultation in person 5.63 (± 1.7) minutes (p 0.001). For the group with medical background the examination lasted 7.67 (± 1.4) minutes on average, while for the lay group the video consultation took 9.7 (± 3.1) minutes (p = 0.049). With increased age, the video consultation was prolonged (p = 0.032; r = 0.47). The mean value for self-examination of leg axis, gait pattern and degrees of freedom was 9.32 (± 0.4) of 10 points. The following functional tests resulted in lower mean values (points): Payr 7.2 (± 2.3), Merke 5.9 (± 2.8), no-touch Lachmann 6.4 (± 2.7), gravity sign-recurvatum 6.7 (± 2.4). The mean grade by the PAs for the feasibility of self-examination was 2.43 (± 0.98) out of 5 points.The video consultation for musculoskeletal complaints of the knee joint allows exploratory remote examination and helps to minimise the number of patients in hospitals and practices. It takes longer for the physician to perform and does not permit functional testing for ligament injuries of the knee joint. In its present form, telemedical examination is not able to fully replace personal consultation.In Zeiten einer pandemischen Bedrohungslage, wie bei COVID-19, und der Notwendigkeit reduzierter direkter Arzt-Patienten-Kontakte rückte die internetbasierte Videotelefonie mehr und mehr als Ersatzserviceleistung in den Fokus. Um individuellen oder gesamtwirtschaftlichen Problemen entgegenzuwirken, darf die Erkennung und Behandlung anderer Erkrankungen keine längerfristige Unterbrechung erfahren. In kurzer Zeit stieg der Bedarf alternativer Methoden zur Patientenbetreuung. Bisherige telemedizinische Einsatzgebiete lagen vor allem im Bereich der radiologischen Befundung, der Nachsorge und des Monitorings psychiatrischer und internistischer Erkrankungen sowie geriatrischer Patientenbetreuung. Studien zur Einsatzmöglichkeit für eine orthopädisch-unfallchirurgische Untersuchung des Kniegelenks existieren nach Autoreninformationen bislang nicht. Wie sich der Einsatz einer Videosprechstunde in der speziellen Anwendung für die Anamnese und Untersuchung bei Beschwerden des Kniegelenks konzipieren und umsetzen lässt, soll im Rahmen dieser Machbarkeitsstudie erarbeitet werden.21 Schauspielpatienten (SP) mit simulierten Beschwerden des Kniegelenks wurden für jede Diagnose einzeln zunächst über Videotelefonie und anschließend im direkten Kontakt durch einen Facharzt (FA) untersucht. Eine Gruppe der SP war medizinisch vorgebildet, die andere bestand aus Laien. Von beiden Untersuchungseinheiten wurde die Zeit gemessen. Die erkannten Symptome, die patientenseitige Durchführungsqualität der Eigenuntersuchungsschritte und die abgeleitete Diagnose wurde auf einem Bewertungsbogen durch den Arzt dokumentiert. Die SPs erhielten zum Abschluss beider Untersuchungseinheiten einen Bewertungsbogen zur jeweiligen Untersuchungsmethodik.Die Untersuchungseinheit der Videosprechstunde dauerte im Mittel 8,63 (± 2,5) min, die der normalen Sprechstunde 5,63 (± 1,7) min (p 0,001). Die Dauer der Videountersuchung zeigte für die Gruppe mit medizinischem Vorwissen einen Wert von 7,67 (± 1,4) min, wohingegen die Untersuchung der Laiengruppe im Mittel 9,7 (± 3,1) min dauerte (p = 0,049). Ein höheres Alter verlängerte die Dauer der Videountersuchung (p = 0,032; r = 0,47). Im Mittel wurden 9,32 (± 0,4) von 10 Punkten für die Eigenuntersuchungen der Beinachse, des Gangbildes und der Freiheitsgrade erreicht. Niedrigere Mittelwerte erreichten die Funktionstests: Payr-Test 7,2 (± 2,3) Punkte, Merke-Test 5,9 (± 2,8) Punkte, No-touch-Lachmann-Test 6,4 (± 2,7) Punkte, Gravity-Sign-Recurvatum-Test 6,7 (± 2,4) Punkte. Die Durchführbarkeit der Eigenuntersuchungen bewerteten die SP im Mittel mit 2,43 (± 0,98) von 5 Punkten.Die Videosprechstunde für muskuloskelettale Beschwerden des Kniegelenks ermöglicht eine orientierende Fernuntersuchung und hilft, das Patientenaufkommen in Kliniken und Praxen zu minimieren. Sie geht mit einem zeitlichen Mehraufwand für den Arzt einher und findet ihre Limitierung in den Funktionstests der Kniebinnenstrukturen. Die telemedizinische Untersuchung ersetzt in der heutigen Form keine persönliche Sprechstunde.

Cartilage regeneration with cell-free matrices has developed from matrix-associated autologous cartilage cell transplantation (MACT) over ten years ago. Adjustments to the legal framework and higher hurdles for cell therapy have led to the procedures being established as an independent alternative to MACT. These procedures, which can be classified as matrix-induced autologous cartilage regeneration (MACR), all rely on the chemotactic stimulus of a cross-linked matrix, which mostly consists of collagens. Given the example of a commercially available type I collagen hydrogel, the physicochemical properties of such a matrix are explained and the available experimental data highlighted in more detail. The interaction between different cell types and the chemotactic properties of the collagen has been investigated extensively and, from a clinical point of view, today offers various reference points for a smart modification of the described method to further improve clinical outcomes. Since the origin of the cells in the ultimately formed repair tissue is still unrevealed, further investigations to clarify the exact mechanism are crucially needed.Die Knorpelregeneration mit zellfreien Matrices hat sich vor mittlerweile über 10 Jahren aus der matrixassoziierten autologen Knorpelzelltransplantation (MACT) entwickelt. Anpassungen der rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen und höhere Hürden für die Zelltherapie haben dazu geführt, dass sich die Verfahren als eigenständige Alternative zur MACT etabliert haben. Die als matrixinduzierte autologe Knorpelregeneration (MACR) einzuordnenden Verfahren setzen sämtlich auf den chemotaktischen Reiz einer vernetzten Matrix, die zumeist aus Kollagenen besteht. Am Beispiel eines marktüblichen Kollagen-Typ-I-Hydrogels werden die physikochemischen Eigenschaften einer solchen Matrix erläutert und die hierzu vorliegenden experimentellen Daten näher beleuchtet. Das Zusammenspiel zwischen verschiedenen Zelltypen und den chemotaktischen Eigenschaften des Kollagens wurde umfangreich untersucht und bietet aus klinischer Sicht heute unterschiedliche Anknüpfungspunkte zur sinnvollen Modifikation des Verfahrens zur Verbesserung des klinischen Outcomes. Da der Ursprung der Zellen im letztlich gebildeten Regeneratgewebe nach wie vor ungeklärt ist, sind weitere Untersuchungen zur Aufklärung des genauen Wirkmechanismus jedoch zwingend erforderlich.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Musculature affected during spondylodesis surgery may benefit and recover faster if supported by spine orthosis postoperatively. METHODS: This prospective study included 50 consecutive patients undergoing one- or two-level spondylodesis. The intervention group received a lumbar spine orthosis (n= 23), while the control group remained without orthosis (n= 27). Patients were assessed for pain (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS), Oswestry Disability index (ODI) as well as the use of analgesics. RESULTS: Patients wearing an orthosis postoperatively reported a higher degree of subjective stability. However, both intervention as well as control group did not show any significant differences for each of the follow-up points regarding VAS, ODI or the use of analgesics. CONCLUSION: Wearing an orthosis has neither impact on subjective pain, the need for analgesics nor for postoperative functionality. However, patients reported that they profited from wearing the orthosis by feeling more stable, thereby nicely improving their postoperative mobility. Thus, novel patient reported outcome measures have to be developed to assess these features in future studies.

Infection is one of the most challenging complications after total joint arthroplasties affecting up to 30,000 patients in the US per year. This study investigates the psycho-social burden induced by the two-stage intervention in infected hip or knee replacements. All patients were treated with a two-stage exchange and were assessed at three different timepoints regarding their psychological conditions. Our findings suggest that psychological sequelae after treatment of periprosthetic joint infection are clearly underestimated in the literature and psychological correlates and side effects should be further highlighted during the training process of young surgeons.

Numerous studies have shown that geriatric cooperation models in traumatology lead to significantly reduced morbidity and mortality rates. Even though national and international orthopedic and trauma societies recommend expanding these concepts to include nontrauma-related musculoskeletal diseases, unfortunately, to date only a few of these projects have been implemented. The present article deals with the necessary personnel and infrastructural implementation of a so-called orthogeriatric concept and puts the special features of this new type of treatment in direct comparison with known traumatological cotreatment concepts.Zahlreiche Studien konnten belegen, dass geriatrische Kooperationsmodelle in der Traumatologie zu einer signifikant reduzierten Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätsrate führen. Auch wenn nationale und internationale Fachgesellschaften seit Jahren eine Ausweitung dieser Konzepte auch auf andere, nichttraumabedingte muskuloskelettale Erkrankungen fordern, sind bisher wenige derartige Projekte umgesetzt worden. Der vorliegende Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der personellen, inhaltlichen und infrastrukturellen Umsetzung eines sog. orthogeriatrischen Konzeptes und stellt die Besonderheiten dieser neuartigen Therapieform in direktem Vergleich zu den bekannten traumatologischen Co-Behandlungskonzepten. Essenziell ist dabei die Möglichkeit, orthogeriatrische Patienten oft lange im Vorfeld einer Operation präoperativ vorbereiten zu können und so das postoperative Outcome zu verbessern. Die stationären als auch poststationären Konzepte halten sich eng an die Vorgaben der zertifizierten Traumazentren Alterstrauma-Zentren (ATZ) der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie (DGU) und können überwiegend in orthogeriatrische Behandlungskonzepte übernommen werden.

BACKGROUND Ankle arthropathy is a frequent complication of haemophilia, reducing the patients' quality of life. Despite intensive conservative therapy, end-stage arthropathy requires surgical treatment, either by ankle fusion (AF) or total ankle replacement (TAR). METHODS Eleven consecutive AFs were performed in nine patients and 11 TARs were implemented in 10 patients. Outcomes were assessed clinically by AOFAS score and radiologically by the Pettersson and Gilbert scores. RESULTS The mean age of the patients in these groups were 35.7 years and 49.4 years, respectively. Of the 11 ankles that underwent fusion, 10 showed bony consolidation not later than 12 weeks after surgery, whereas one still showed non-union after 6 months. VAS pain scores decreased significantly in both groups. Mean AOFAS scores also improved significantly, from 28.1 before to 80.3 after AF and from 21.5 before to 68.0 after ankle replacement. No perioperative complications were observed in either group. Late deep infection was observed in two patients that underwent TAR, which required removal of the implant. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that both AF and TAR result in significantly reduced pain in patients with haemophilia with end-stage haemophilic arthropathy. While TAR is associated with a higher risk of deep infection and minimal persistent pain, it preserves the pre-operative range of motion. AF on the other hand is associated with the risk of non-union and a longer post-operative recovery period but results in greater pain reduction.

Aseptic prosthetic loosening and periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) are among the most frequent complications after total knee/hip joint arthroplasty (TJA). Current research efforts focus on understanding the involvement of the immune system in these frequent complications. Different immune cell types have already been implicated in aseptic prosthetic loosening and PJI. The aim of this study was to systematically analyze aspirates from knee and hip joints, evaluating the qualitative and quantitative composition of soluble immunoregulatory markers, with a focus on co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory markers. It has been shown that these molecules play important roles in immune regulation in cancer and chronic infectious diseases, but they have not been investigated in the context of joint replacement. For this purpose, aspirates from control joints (i.e., native joints without implanted prostheses), joints with TJA (no signs of infection or aseptic loosening), joints with aseptic implant failure (AIF; i.e., aseptic loosening), and joints with PJI were collected. Fourteen soluble immunoregulatory markers were assessed using bead-based multiplex assays. In this study, it could be shown that the concentrations of the analyzed immunoregulatory molecules vary between control, TJA, AIF, and PJI joints. Comparing TJA patients to CO patients, sCD80 was significantly elevated. The marker sBTLA was significantly elevated in AIF joints compared to TJA joints. In addition, a significant difference for eight markers could be shown when comparing the AIF and CO groups (sCD27, sCTLA-4, sCD137, sCD80, sCD28, sTIM-3, sPD-1, sBTLA). A significant difference was also reached for nine soluble markers when the PJI and CO groups were compared (sLAG-3, sCTLA-4, sCD27, sCD80, sCD28, sTIM-3, sPD-1, IDO, sBTLA). In summary, the analyzed immunoregulatory markers could be useful for diagnostic purposes as well as to develop new therapeutic approaches for AIF and PJI.

Olecranon fractures are common injuries that can occur in patients of any age. To assess the postoperative outcome, multiple scoring systems like the DASH, MEPS und Morrey Score have been described. The goal of this paper is to compare the subjective elbow value (SEV) to these commonly used scoring systems. We hypothesized that the SEV would have a high correlation and practicability for the evaluation of elbow function after isolated olecranon injury.Clinical data of 40 patients were collected and retrospectively analysed. All patients suffered an isolated olecranon fracture and were surgically treated by tension band wiring or plate fixation. In the follow-up examinations the Mayo Score, DASH Score, Morrey Score and SEV were measured for correlation purposes.The mean follow-up time was 70.5 ± 45.6 months. The median DASH Score was 9.9 (4.1 - 20.4) and 100 (85 - 100) for the MEPS. The median Morrey Score was 98 (92 - 100). The median SEV was 90% (80 - 95%). The Pearson correlation between the DASH and SEV was -0.85 and 0.80 between the MEPS and the SEV.The SEV shows a high correlation to the most commonly used scoring systems for outcome evaluation after elbow injury. It is easy to use and can be seen as a valuable tool to assess patients after olecranon fractures.Olekranonfrakturen sind häufige Verletzungen bei Patienten aller Altersgruppen. Für die Beurteilung des postoperativen Ergebnisses werden in der Literatur verschiedene, teils komplexe Scoring-Systeme beschrieben wie DASH-Score, MEPS und Morrey-Score. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist ein Vergleich der subjektiven Ellenbogenfunktion (SEF) mit gängigen Scoring-Systemen unter der Hypothese einer hohen Korrelation und der praktikablen klinischen Anwendung der SEF.Klinische Daten von 40 Patienten nach operativer Versorgung von Olekranonfrakturen wurden erhoben und retrospektiv ausgewertet. Die Patienten wurden zwischen 2010 und 2017 mittels Plattenosteosynthese oder Zuggurtungsosteosynthese operativ therapiert. In der klinischen und funktionellen Nachuntersuchung wurden der Mayo-, DASH-, Morrey-Score sowie die subjektive Ellenbogenfunktion erfasst und die Pearson-Korrelation für alle möglichen Kombinationen der Scores berechnet.Der mittlere Nachuntersuchungszeitraum lag bei 70,5 ± 45,6 Monaten. Der Median des DASH-Scores lag bei 9,9 (4,1 – 20,4) und bei 100 (85 – 100) für den MEPS. Der Median des Morrey-Scores betrug 98 (92 – 100). Der Median der subjektiven Ellenbogenfunktion betrug 90% (80 – 95%). Die Pearson-Korrelation zwischen dem DASH und der SEF lag bei −0,85 und zwischen dem MEPS und der SEF bei 0,80.Die SEF zeigt eine hohe Korrelation mit den beiden am meisten verwendeten Scoring-Systemen. In der klinischen Praxis ist die Anwendung und Dokumentation der SEF daher als ein wertvoller Parameter in der Qualitäts- und Verlaufskontrolle nach operativ versorgter Olekranonfraktur anzusehen.

Shoulder stiffness is a condition of restricted glenohumeral range of motion, which can arise spontaneously or as consequence of a known cause, including surgical procedures on the shoulder. Several approaches to shoulder stiffness have been proposed and high-level evidence is available to analyze and discuss their results. The aim of this review was to summarize the current concepts on conservative and operative treatment of shoulder stiffness and discuss the results of the available studies with a high level of evidence, which should be considered to guide clinical practice. Treatment of shoulder stiffness should be tailored to the patient's clinical situation and the stage of its shoulder pathology and should aim at pain reduction, restoration of range of motion, functional regain and shortening of symptoms duration. When possible, known risk factors for primary shoulder stiffness and causes of secondary shoulder stiffness should be addressed to avoid relapse. Conservative therapy is the mainstay of treatment for shoulder stiffness and should include a multimodal and activity-oriented program. Intra-articular injection of a low dose of corticosteroid is safe and effective, provides immediate benefits, and is recommended in combination to an appropriate rehabilitation protocol. In conservative refractory cases, arthrolysis and capsular release can be performed with an arthroscopic approach.Die Schultersteife ist charakterisiert durch einen eingeschränkten glenohumeralen Bewegungsumfang mit schmerzhaftem Funktionsverlust in der aktiven und passiven Beweglichkeit. Entsprechend der Ätiologie lassen sich primäre und sekundäre Formen unterscheiden. Verschiedene Therapien der Schultersteife wurden vorgeschlagen, die bei Vorhandensein umfassender Evidenz in ihren Ergebnissen kritisch analysiert und diskutiert werden müssen. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, die aktuellen Konzepte in der konservativen und operativen Behandlung der Schultersteife zusammenzufassen, die Ergebnisse der verfügbaren Studien mit hohem Evidenzgrad zu diskutieren und dadurch einen Therapiealgorithmus für die klinische Praxis abzuleiten. Die Behandlung der Schultersteife sollte auf die Situation des Patienten und das Stadium seiner Schulterpathologie zugeschnitten sein und auf eine Schmerzreduktion, Wiederherstellung des Bewegungsumfanges sowie eine funktionelle Wiederherstellung und Verkürzung der Symptomdauer abzielen. Wenn möglich, sollten bekannte Risikofaktoren für die primäre Schultersteife und Ursachen der sekundären Schultersteife berücksichtigt werden, um Rückfälle zu vermeiden. Die konservative Therapie ist der wesentliche Pfeiler in der Behandlung der Schultersteife und sollte einen stadiengerechten, multimodalen und aktivitätsorientierten Ansatz beinhalten. Die intraartikuläre Injektion niedrig dosierter Kortikosteroide ist sicher und wirksam, bietet unmittelbare Vorteile und wird in Kombination mit einem geeigneten Rehabilitationsprotokoll in der „Freezing“-Phase empfohlen. In therapierefraktären Fällen kann eine, trotz adäquater konservativer Therapie, an die Bewegungseinschränkung angepasste, arthroskopische Arthrolyse mit Kapselrelease durchgeführt werden.

Background Postoperative complications are the main consumers of technical, medical, and human resources. Especially in the field of elective joint replacement surgery, a specialized, easy-to-obtain, and cost-efficient preoperative stratification and risk-estimation model is missing. Methods With preoperatively surveyed patient parameters, we identified the most relevant parameters to predict postoperative medical complications. We devised a prospective risk model, measuring the individual probability for intermediate care unit (IMC) or intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The study includes all patients (n = 649) treated with primary or revision total knee arthroplasty in our clinic from 2008 to 2012. Results The association between general comorbidity scores and mortality risk is well known. Among different comorbidity scores, the Charlson Comorbidity Index is not only relevant for overall postoperative complications (odds ratios [OR] = 2.20) but also predictive of specific complications such as the postoperative need for blood transfusion (OR = 1.94) and unexpected adverse events (OR = 1.74). Considering adverse events, c-reactive protein and leukocyte levels are also highly relevant. Upon predicting a necessary postoperative transfer to an IMC or ICU, the preoperative hemoglobin level, the Charlson Comorbidity Index, and the Index of Coexistent Disease stood out. The latter indicates an increased rate for an IMC/ICU stay by 341% per point. Condensing the most influential predictors, the probability for postoperative IMC/ICU transfer can be calculated for each individual patient. Using the routinely assessed patient's variables, no steadier prediction is possible. Conclusion The introduced risk-estimation model offers a specialized preoperative resource-stratification method in knee joint replacement surgery. It condenses the most influential, individual risk factors to avoid clinical test redundancy and improve resource efficiency and presurgical care planning. A prospective follow-up study could help validating the risk model in clinical routine.

The discipline of orthopedics and trauma surgery strives for constant improvement of the quality of results in arthroplasty; however, in order to enable targeted alterations to the establish standard operating procedures, dedicated documentation of the current quality of results is necessary. This can be achieved by so-called external quality assurance, evaluation of routine data of healthcare providers, analysis of clinical studies and the consultation of registry data. To achieve further improvement of the quality of results, legislature has been passed setting requirements for minimum quantities and by the specialist society (German Society for Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, DGOOC) the adherence to certain process and structural guidelines within the framework of the certification system EndoCert®. A valid score for risk adjustment for assessment of the level of difficulty of orthopedic surgical interventions is so far lacking. As a future direction, the application of risk stratification concerning patient-specific anatomy should be developed. Through the combination of dedicated certification systems, the recording and evaluation of external inpatient quality assurance data, further quality assurance through routinely collected data and the development of adequate minimum quantity regulations, sustainable improvement of the quality of results can be achieved.Im Fachgebiet der Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie besteht ein ständiges Bestreben, die Ergebnisqualität in der Endoprothetik zu verbessern. Um jedoch zielführende Änderungen eruieren zu können, bedarf es einer dezidierten Dokumentation der aktuellen Ergebnisqualität. Hierzu dienen die sog. externe Qualitätssicherung, die Auswertung von Routinedaten der Krankenkassen, die Analyse klinischer Studien und der Blick in nationale Register. Um zusätzlich eine Verbesserung der Versorgungsqualität zu erreichen, wurden eine gesetzliche Vorgabe von Mindestmengen und von Seiten der Fachgesellschaft (Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie e. V., DGOOC) die Einhaltung von Prozess- und Strukturmerkmalen im Rahmen des Zertifizierungssystems EndoCert® eingeführt. Zur Bewertung der Schwere des orthopädisch-chirurgischen Eingriffs fehlt bisher ein valider Score zur Risikoadjustierung. Diesen gilt es, künftig bezogen auf die patientenspezifische Anatomie zu entwickeln. Durch die Kombination von Zertifizierungsprozessen, der Erfassung und Auswertung externer, stationärer Qualitätssicherungsdaten und Qualitätssicherung mit Routinedaten und der Weiterentwicklung adäquater Mindestmengenregelungen kann es gelingen, die Ergebnisqualität weiter nachhaltig zu verbessern.

INTRODUCTION Haemophilic arthropathy results in a restricted range of motion and pain that often affects gait. The effect of these gait changes on spinal posture has not been studied. AIM To evaluate whether the altered joint situation in patients with haemophilia (PwH) leads to compensatory mechanisms evident in the trunk and spine, considering static and dynamic conditions. METHODS PwH and healthy controls (20-65 years) were examined using rasterstereography in a controlled cohort study. Analysis was performed in static and dynamic conditions in regard to gait phases. Joint status was determined using the Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS). RESULTS Static measurements showed no group differences in PwH (n = 40) compared to healthy controls (n = 40) except pelvic torsion (median [25%-quartile;75%-quartile]: -1.9[-3.2;.9]° vs. .5[-1.1;1.9]°; P = .007). In contrast, under dynamic conditions PwH showed significantly higher trunk inclination and lower apex lumbar lordosis in all gait phases. Additionally, pelvic torsion was increased in mid stance and terminal swing. Considering joint status, PwH had a higher global HJHS (23.5[13.0;30.0] vs. 3.0[1.0;5.0]; P

Background In recent literature, the increasing number of medical litigations, both in terms of the number of cases being filed and the substantive costs associated with lawsuits, has been described. This study aims to provide an overview of the profile of litigation for orthopedic and trauma surgery to describe the differences and the development of the number of cases over time. Patients and Materials A retrospective review of all litigations between 2000 and 2017 was conducted using the institutional legal database. The causes of litigation were documented and classified into seven major categories. In addition to plaintiff characteristics, the litigation outcomes and the differences between emergency and elective surgery were analyzed. Results A total of 230 cases were evaluated. The mean age of the plaintiffs was 44.6 ± 20.1 years, and 56.8% were female. The main reasons for litigation were claimed inappropriate management (46.1%), misdiagnosis (22.6), and poor nursing care (8.3%). Significantly more litigations were filed against surgeons of the orthopedic subspecialty compared with trauma surgeons (78%; p ≤ 0.0001). There were significantly fewer litigations per 1000 cases filed overall in 2009–2017 (65% less; p = 0.003) than in 2000–2008. Conclusion Our results could not confirm the often-stated trend of having more litigations against orthopedic and trauma surgeons. Although the absolute numbers increased, the number of litigations per 1000 patients treated declined. Patients who underwent elective surgery were more likely to file complaints than emergency patients.

During the current COVID-19 pandemic video consultations are increasingly common in order to minimize the risk of infection for staff and patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a spine examination via video.A total of 43 patients were recruited. Each participant underwent a video-based (VB) and a conventional face-to-face (FTF) spine examination. Pain intensity, active range of motion, inspection, a neurophysiologic basic exam and provocations tests were evaluated using video-based and face-to-face methods.The intra-rater reliability (IRR) was measured between both examinations. Good to very good IRR values were obtained in inspection (Kappa between 0,752 und 0,944), active range of motion and basic neurophysiological examination (Kappa between 0,659 und 0,969). Only moderate matches were found in specific provocation tests (Kappa between 0,407 und 0,938). A video-based spine examination is a reliable tool for measuring pain intensity, active range of motion and a basic neurophysiologic exam.A basic spine examination during a video consultation is possible. A good agreement of the test results between video-based and face-to-face examination could be found.Während der aktuellen COVID-19-Pandemie sind Videosprechstunden zur Kontaktvermeidung zunehmend verbreitet. Die vorliegende Studie soll die Machbarkeit einer Wirbelsäulenuntersuchung im Rahmen einer Videosprechstunde evaluieren.Es wurden 43 Patienten in unserer Klinikambulanz untersucht. Die Patienten wurden zunächst videogestützt und unmittelbar später mit direkten Arzt-Patienten-Kontakt untersucht. Zur Strukturierung der Untersuchungsergebnisse wurde bei allen Untersuchungen ein systematischer Frage- und Untersuchungsbogen verwendet. Gemessen wurde die Intrarater-Reliabilität (IRR) zwischen beiden Untersuchungsdurchgängen.Gute bis sehr gute IRR-Werte ergaben sich bei Inspektion (Kappa zwischen 0,752 und 0,944), Bewegungsausmaßen und neurophysiologischer Basisuntersuchung (Kappa zwischen 0,659 und 0,969). Nur moderate Übereinstimmungen konnten bei spezifischen Provokationstests (Kappa zwischen 0,407 und 0,938) gefunden werden.Eine Basisuntersuchung der Wirbelsäule ist im Rahmen einer Videosprechstunde möglich. Es konnte eine gute Übereinstimmung der Testergebnisse zwischen videogestützter und direkter Arztuntersuchung gefunden werden.

Successful treatment of foot and ankle diseases requires an accurate diagnosis. In addition to differentiated history taking, clinical examination is the most important component in the diagnosis of foot and ankle diseases. The present video explains the common provocation tests and functional tests that are used in the basic clinical examination of the foot and ankle complex. In addition to general inspection and palpation, the focus is on different diagnostic tests and clinical signs that improve diagnostic accuracy. The present basic clinical examination methods allow a structured approach to clinical issues and can be a good basis, if supplemented by further specific and individual tests.Eine fundierte, klinische Basisuntersuchung ist neben einer zielgerichteten Anamneseerhebung und Bilddiagnostik die Grundvoraussetzung, um die verschiedenen Beschwerde- und Erkrankungsbilder am Fuß und am Sprunggelenk sicher zu diagnostizieren und erfolgreich zu therapieren. Nur wenn vom Untersucher entsprechende klinische Untersuchungstechniken sicher erlernt und beherrscht werden, erlauben diese auch reproduzierbare Befunderhebungen und damit differenzialdiagnostische Rückschlüsse auf vorliegende Pathologien. Eine standardisierte und strukturierte Herangehensweise ist im Rahmen der körperlichen Untersuchung unerlässlich und stellt für den ärztlichen Behandler das wichtigste Diagnostikum für eine zielgerichtete Diagnosestellung und die Grundlage für einen richtigen Behandlungsansatz dar. Das vorliegende Video demonstriert neben Instruktionen zur systematischen Inspektion und Palpation, vor allem die wichtigsten Untersuchungstechniken in der Funktions- und Beweglichkeitsprüfung sowie Durchführung von Provokationstests des Fußes und des Sprunggelenkes, die im Rahmen einer klinischen Basisuntersuchung zur Anwendung kommen sollten. Die demonstrierte Untersuchungsabfolge stellt eine solide und systematische Anleitung für eine standardisierte und strukturierte körperliche Untersuchung des Fußes und des Sprunggelenkes dar. Diese bildet die Grundlage für eine klinische Basisdiagnostik in der Erkennung und Behandlung von Erkrankungsbildern des Fußes und Sprunggelenkes.

Implantation of custom-made acetabular components (CMAC) with load transmission onto the remaining bone stock and reconstruction of the "center of rotation" (COR) in cases of severe periacetabular bone defects.Severe periacetabular bone loss (Paprosky type IIIA/B) with or without pelvic discontinuity after septic or aseptic loosening with inadequate load capacity of the dorsal pillar and/or large supraacetabular defects.Acute or local infections, lack of compliance, taking into account the risks and complications: missing or limited expected postoperative functional gain, multimorbid patients with potential inoperability during the first and/or second intervention.Lateral transgluteal or posterolateral approach while protecting neurovascular and muscular structures. Preparation of the implant site based on preoperative planning with augmentation of bone defects as far as possible. Primarily stable anchoring with 2 angle-stable pole screws in the ilium, an optional pole screw in the pubic bone for determination of COR, and stabilization screws in the iliac wing (optionally angle-stable). Use of dual mobility cup according to the soft tissue tension and intraoperative stability.For the first 6 weeks postoperative partial weight-bearing (20 kg), followed by a gradual increase of the load (10 kg per week).Between 2008 and 2018, 47 patients with a Paprosky type III defect underwent implantation of a monoflanged CMAC. Main complication was a periprosthetic joint infection with subsequent need for implant removal in 9 of 10 cases. Harris Hip Score improved from 21.1 to 61.5 points. X‑ray imaging displayed an angle of inclination of 42.3 ± 5.3°, an anteversion of 16.8 ± 6.2°, a ∆ H of 0.5 ± 0.2 mm and a ∆ V of 17.7 ± 1.1 mm according to Roessler et al.OPERATIONSZIEL: Implantation von „custom-made acetabular components“ (CMAC) mit direkter Kraftübertragung auf den verbliebenen Knochen in der Hauptbelastungszone und Rekonstruktion des „center of rotation“ (COR) zur Wiederherstellung der Gelenkbiomechanik bei ausgeprägten periazetabulären Knochenverlusten.Azetabuläre Knochendefekte (Typ Paprosky IIIA/B) mit und ohne begleitende Beckendiskontinuität mit fehlender Tragfähigkeit des dorsalen Pfeilers und/oder großen supraazetabulären Defekten.Lokale oder systemische Infektionen, mangelnde Compliance, in Abwägung der eingriffsspezifischen Risiken und Komplikationen fehlender oder eingeschränkt zu erwartender postoperativer Funktionsgewinn, multimorbide Patienten mit potenzieller Inoperabilität beim Erst- und/oder Zweiteingriff.Eingehen über einen lateralen oder posterolateralen Zugang unter Schonung neurovaskulärer sowie muskulärer Strukturen. Vorbereitung des Implantatlagers anhand der präoperativen Planung und biologische Defektaugmentation kavitärer Defekte. Primärstabile Verankerung mit 2 Pfahlschrauben im Os ilium, optional Pfahlschraube ins Os pubis zur Bestimmung des COR und Laschenschrauben (optional winkelstabil). Optional Verwendung von zementierten Dual-Mobility-Pfannen in Anbetracht der Weichteilspannung und der intraoperativen Stabilität, insbesondere bei insuffizienter pelvitrochantärer Muskulatur.Für 6 Wochen postoperativ Teilbelastung mit 20 kg Körpergewicht, anschließend Aufbelastung mit 10 kg Körpergewicht pro Woche.Zwischen 2008 und 2018 wurde bei 47 Patienten ein CMAC mit einer großflächig aufliegenden Iliumlasche (Monoflange) bei einem Paprosky-Typ-III-Defekt implantiert. Als Hauptkomplikation ist die periprothetische Protheseninfektion (PPI) zu nennen, welche in 9 von 10 Fällen (90 %) ursächlich für die Explantation war. Der HHS bei letzter Vorstellung verbesserte sich von 21,1 auf 61,5 Punkte. Nativradiologisch zeigten sich ein Inklinationswinkel von 42,3 ± 5,3°, eine Anteversion von 16,8 ± 6,2° sowie ein ∆ H von 0,5 ± 0,2 mm bei einem ∆ V von 17,7 ± 1,1 mm nach Roessler et al.

Background: Failed reconstruction in cases of severe acetabular bone loss, with or without pelvic discontinuity, in revision total hip arthroplasty (rTHA) remains a great challenge in orthopaedic surgery. The aim of this study was to describe the outcome of a “second” rTHA with “custom-made acetabular components (CMACs)” after a previously failed reconstruction with CMACs. Methods: 4 patients with severe acetabular bone loss (Paprosky Type IIIB), who required a second rTHA after a previously failed reconstruction with CMAC, due to prosthetic joint infection (PJI), were included in our retrospective study. All prostheses had been constructed on the basis of thin-layer computed-tomography scans of the pelvis. The second rTHA was considered unsuccessful in the event of PJI or aseptic loosening (AL) with need for renewed CMAC explantation. Results: The treatment success rate after second rTHA with a CMAC was 50% (2 of 4). In the successful cases, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score and Harris Hip Score (HHS) after the second rTHA (VAS range 2–4; HHS range 45–58 points) did not differ from those after the first rTHA, before onset of symptoms (VAS: range 2–4; HHS: range 47–55 points). In the failed cases, the second CMACs needed to be explanted due to PJI, with renewed detection of previous pathogens. Patients with treatment failure of the second CMAC had required a higher number of revision surgeries after explantation of the first CMAC than patients with a successful outcome. Conclusions: In patients with severe acetabular bone loss and previously failed rTHA with CMACs, repeat rTHA with a CMAC may be a solid treatment option for patients with an “uncomplicated” multi-stage procedure, i.e., without persisting infection after explantation of the original CMAC. While the outcome in terms of clinical function does not appear negatively affected by such a “second attempt,” the complication rate and risk of reinfection, nonetheless, is high.

Surgeons working in orthopedics and trauma surgery are frequently exposed to repetitive actions and non-ergonomic positions in their operative activities with the regular use of lead aprons. Musculoskeletal complaints of the neck and back among surgeons are reported in the literature as up to 80%. In this study, the effects of lead aprons on the posture of surgeons are examined using videorasterstereography, foot pressure measurement and questionnaires.All subjects (n = 31) were examined before and after exposure to wearing lead aprons during surgery using videorasterstereography and pedography. In addition, a survey with a separately created questionnaire and the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ) was carried out.An average duration of lead apron use of 102.6 min showed an increase in forefoot load (p = 0.002) especially in the elderly subjects and thoracic kyphosis (p 0.001) especially in the younger doctors with a significant lateral deviation (p = 0.006). In addition, the lateral deviation was shown to correlate with an increasing body size or a shorter period of employment (p = 0.008; r = 0.51/p = 0.026; r = - 0.44). Significantly fewer surgeons experienced back complaints on working days without lead apron use in the operating room compared to days in the OR (p = 0.011).The impact of wearing front covered lead aprons during operations in the field of orthopaedics and trauma surgery leads to more frequent back complaints, even among young and healthy doctors. Under an average duration of surgery of 102 min a temporary postural deviation occurs that can be demonstrated by means of videorasterstereography and foot pressure measurement. The subjects showed a shifted weight distribution on the forefoot, a gain in thoracic kyphosis and an increase in lateral deviation, which also correlated with an increasing height and shorter length of employment.Orthopädisch-unfallchirurgisch tätige Ärzte sind in ihrer operativen Tätigkeit häufig repetitiven Bewegungen und unergonomischen Positionen unter regelmäßigem Einsatz von Röntgenschürzen ausgesetzt. Muskuloskelettale Beschwerden des Nackens und Rückens unter Chirurgen werden in der Literatur mit bis zu 80% angegeben. Wie sich der Einfluss der Frontröntgenschürzen auf die Haltung der Ärzte auswirkt, wird in dieser Studie mittels Videorasterstereografie, Fußdruckmessung und Fragebögen untersucht.Alle Probanden (n = 31) wurden vor und nach Belastung durch das Tragen von Röntgenschürzen bei operativen Eingriffen mittels Videorasterstereografie und Pedografie untersucht. Zusätzlich erfolgte die Durchführung einer Fragebogenanalyse zur Prävalenz von Rückenbeschwerden u. a. mit dem Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ).Unter einer mittleren Belastungszeit von 102,6 min zeigt sich eine Zunahme der Vorfußbelastung (p = 0,002) vor allem bei älteren Probanden und der thorakalen Kyphose (p 0,001) vor allem bei den jüngeren Ärzten bei einer generellen Lotabweichung (p = 0,006). Zudem zeigte sich die Lotabweichung abhängig von einer zunehmenden Körpergröße oder einer kürzeren Beschäftigungsdauer (p = 0,008; r = 0,51/p = 0,026; r = − 0,44). Signifikant weniger Probanden verspüren Rückenbeschwerden an Arbeitstagen ohne Einsatz im Operationssaal im Vergleich zu OP-Tagen (p = 0,011).Die Belastung durch das Tragen von Frontröntgenschürzen während operativer Eingriffe im Fach Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie führt zu häufigeren Rückenbeschwerden auch bereits bei jungen gesunden Ärzten. So kann bei einer mittleren Operationsdauer von 102 min eine videorasterstereografisch und pedografisch nachweisbare temporäre Haltungsabweichung mit Mehrbelastung des Vorfußes, Lotabweichung und Zunahme der thorakalen Kyphose nachgewiesen werden, die zudem mit zunehmender Körpergröße und kürzerer Beschäftigungsdauer korrelieren.

Tantalum (Ta) is gaining attention as a biomaterial in bone tissue engineering. Although the clinical advantage of Ta-based implants for primary and revision total joint replacement (TJA) has been well documented, few studies investigated the effect of wear products of Ta implants on peri-implant cells, and their potential contribution to aseptic implant loosening. This study is aimed at examining the cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory potential of Ta and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on macrophages in vitro. NPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and energy-dispersive X-ray. To test the NP-mediated cellular response in macrophages, THP-1-derived macrophages were challenged with both NPs, and cytotoxicity was analyzed using CCK-8 and LDH assays. Flow cytometry was used to investigate particle uptake and their internalization routes. NP-mediated oxidative stress was investigated by measuring the production of reactive oxygen species, and their proinflammatory potential was determined by quantifying the production of TNFα and IL-1β in cell culture supernatants using ELISA. We found that both Ta and TiO2 NPs were taken up through actin-dependent phagocytosis, although TiO2 NPs did also show some involvement of macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Ta NPs caused no apparent toxicity, while TiO2 NPs demonstrated significant cytotoxicity at a concentration of over 100μg/mL at 24 h. Ta NPs induced negligible ROS generation and proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β) in macrophages. In contrast, TiO2 NPs markedly induced these effects in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings indicate that Ta NPs are inert, nontoxic, and noninflammatory. Therefore, Ta could be considered an excellent biomaterial in primary and revision joint arthroplasty implants.

Background Conventional radiography (CR) is the imaging method of choice in monitoring bone remodelling and other stability parameters after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Quantitative roentgen- or computed-tomography-based methods to determine bone density are prone to metal artifacts and often very costly, which is why they are not used as standard in a clinical setting. Since subjective assessment of bone remodelling in CR also has a certain susceptibility to errors, semi-quantitative methods have been developed to help approximate periprosthetic bone density development via CR to open up an additional tool for documentation of radiographic THA follow-up. Objective Proof-of-principle of a newly designed imaging-software-aided method to measure relative bone density around the femoral stem in a series of conventional radiographs following THA. Methods Eighty-six patients with hip modular tapered, fluted titanium stems were selected from the clinical database and series of baseline and postoperative follow-up radiographs were obtained after 24 and 48 weeks. Relative bone densities were measured per Gruen zones G1-7 with the use of an open-source image analysis package (ImageJ) by means of greyscale histograms. In addition, subjective evaluation of selected cases was performed by three independent, blinded orthopedic surgeons. Besides descriptive and nonparametric analyses, intra-class correlation (ICC) was performed and objective and subjective results were compared by linear regression analysis. Results Two individual cases are presented as a proof-of-principle. Increase or decrease of bone density could be measured correctly over time in each case. In a collective analysis there were no significant differences in mean relative bone densities between groups after 24 and 48 weeks, although a positive tendency was visible towards increased bone formation over time. Individual analyses by Gruen zones revealed that some zones, namely the proximal ones (e.g. G6), exhibit a broader scattering than others over time. This could be explained by the design of the evaluated tapered revision stem that achieves distal fixation and allows for proximal micromotion. Correlation analysis with subjective ratings (inter-rater reliability ICC = 0.71) showed a positive correlation with objective results, suggesting a feasibility of the method for clinical use. Conclusions In conclusion the presented method is an easy and accessible tool to quantify relative bone density changes during THA follow-up. It shows a positive correlation to established subjective assessment of bone remodelling and may therefore serve as a quantitative supplement in clinical documentation.

The second part of this review deals with the several options for the surgical therapy of bone metastases according to their anatomical site and the patient's individual prognosis. Although metastases to the bone - with few exceptions - are normally given palliative therapy, patients nowadays reach survival times of several months to years, depending on the underlying tumour entity. Scoring systems are suitable to estimate the patient's prognosis and fracture risk. The indication for operation has to be adapted to these parameters. In order to preserve a high quality of life, a limb saving procedure has to be aimed at. The options include the resection of the metastasis with stabilisation, the sole stabilisation of the affected bone, and wide resection with limb reconstruction using a modular tumor endoprosthesis. With today's anaesthesiological peri- and intraoperative care, a vast number of surgical implants and bone augmentations are available. However, what is important is not the practicability of the procedure, but the oncological justification and patient-adapted selection of surgical therapy.Der vorliegende 2. Teil dieser Übersichtsarbeit befasst sich mit den unterschiedlichen operativen Therapiemöglichkeiten von Skelettmetastasen in Abhängigkeit von deren Lokalisation und der individuellen Prognose des Patienten. Obwohl im Falle der ossären Metastasierung mit wenigen Ausnahmen von einem palliativen Therapieschema ausgegangen wird, erreichen die Patienten dennoch Überlebensraten von mehreren Monaten bis Jahren in Abhängigkeit von der zugrunde liegenden Tumorentität. Zur Abschätzung der Prognose und Frakturgefährdung stehen verschiedene Scores zur Verfügung. Die Operationsindikation ist immer im Zusammenhang mit der Prognose und patientenindividuell zu stellen. Im Sinne des Erhaltens einer hohen Lebensqualität ist prinzipiell eine extremitätenerhaltende Therapie anzustreben. Diese lässt sich unterteilen in eine Resektion der Metastase mit Stabilisierung der Extremität, der alleinigen Stabilisierung sowie der weiten Resektion mit ossärer und funktioneller Defektrekonstruktion mittels einer Tumorendoprothese. Mit den heutigen Möglichkeiten der intra- und perioperativen Patientenversorgung ist eine Vielzahl von Implantaten und Möglichkeiten der Augmentation von metastatischen Knochendefekten verfügbar. Im Vordergrund steht jedoch nicht die chirurgische Durchführbarkeit, sondern die onkologisch sinnvolle und patientengerechte Wahl der Therapie und des operativen Vorgehens.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) harvested in different tissues from the same donor exhibit different phenotypes. Each phenotype is not only characterized by a certain pattern of cell surface markers, but also different cellular functionalities. Only recently were different harvesting and processing techniques found to contribute to this phenomenon as well. This study was therefore set up to investigate proteomic and functional properties of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBM-MSC). These were taken from the same tissue and donor site but harvested either as aspirate or bone chip cultures. Both MSC populations were profiled for MSC markers defined by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT), MSC markers currently under discussion and markers of particular interest. While classic ISCT MSC markers did not show any significant difference between aspirate and outgrowth hBM-MSCs, our additional characterization panel revealed distinct patterns of differentially expressed markers. Furthermore, hBM-MSCs from aspirate cultures demonstrated a significantly higher osteogenic differentiation potential than outgrowth MSCs, which could be confirmed using a transcriptional approach. Our comparison of MSC phenotypes obtained by different harvesting techniques suggests the need of future standardized harvesting, processing and phenotyping procedures in order to gain better comparability in the MSC field.

PD-1 as an immune checkpoint molecule down-regulates T cell activity during immune responses in order to prevent autoimmune tissue damage. In chronic infections or tumors, lasting antigen-exposure leads to permanent PD-1 expression that can limit immune-mediated clearance of patho-gens or degenerated cells. Blocking PD-1 can enhance T cell function; in cancer treatment PD-1 blockade is already used as a successful therapy. However, the role of PD-1 expression and block-ing in the context of acute and chronic infections is less defined. Building on its success in cancer therapy leads to the hypothesis that blocking PD-1 in infectious diseases is also beneficial in acute or chronic infections. This review will focus on the role of PD-1 expression in acute and chronic infections with virus, bacteria and parasites, with a particular focus on recent studies regarding PD-1 blockade in infectious diseases.

Acetabular revision of failed total hip arthroplasty (THA) is often associated with severe bone loss. Therefore, a variety of revision implant systems has been developed during recent years, with the augment-and-modular-cage system being one of the newest additions to this portfolio. Together with biologic downsizing by means of impaction bone grafting, this uncemented system promises a high modularity and versatility to treat all acetabular defects up to Paprosky types IIIa and IIIb without pelvic discontinuity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate first short-term results of its clinical application, both clinical functional and patient-reported as well as radiographic. Forty-four patients (28 female, 16 male, mean age 70.9 ± 11.5 years) could be followed for a mean of 26 ± 10 months after acetabular revision with a novel augment-and-modular-cage system. Indications for revision included aseptic loosening (68%), septic loosening (16%), or others (16%) with bone loss Paprosky IIa up to IIIb without discontinuity. The modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) served as a primary outcome parameter. In addition, a number of patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs) were collected including the Short Form 36 (SF-36), Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS), and Visual Analogue Scale for Hip Pain (VAS Hip) as well as overall satisfaction. Radiographic changes between the pre- and postoperative center of rotation (COR) and various criteria of implant failure served as secondary outcome parameters. No patients were lost to follow-up. Two implant-associated complications (partial flange breakage) without a need for revision surgery were detected, which represent a failure rate of 4.5%. Functional outcome as measured by mHHS increased from 49.4 ± 2.9 pre-operatively to 74.4 ± 3.1 at the latest follow-up (p

Patellar resurfacing (PR) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is still one of the major controversies in orthopaedic surgery today. The aim of the present retrospective case-control study was to identify predictors for secondary patellar resurfacing (SPR) after initial TKA to create a rationale for surgeons to decide which patients to resurface primarily. It was hypothesized that proper TKA implantation and component positioning as well as a maintained physiological patellar geometry will lead to a reduced risk of SPR. Overmore, it was hypothesized that intrinsic factors like overweight might also have an influence on the need for SPR. After identification of suitable patients and age/sex matching in a 1:2 fashion, 29 cases (TKA/SPR) and 58 controls (TKA) were included and screened for available clinical and epidemiological data as well as for radiographic data after primary TKA. Pearson’s correlation analysis as well as logistic regression modeling was performed to identify possible predictors for SPR following TKA. Binary logistic regression was able to correctly classify 88.5% of patients into case or control groups. It indicated that patella tilt, patella height, and thickness as well as the delta angle were significant predictors of a need for SPR following primary TKA. An increase in patellar width by 1 mm will increase the risk of SPR, while an increase in patellar thickness by 1 mm will reduce it. An increase in patellar tilt by 1° will also increase the risk of SPR. Finally, an increase in delta angle by 1° will again reduce the risk of SPR. Easy and accessible radiographic measurements have been identified as possible predictors of SPR following primary TKA. Although indication for primary PR may still remain a controversial topic, a rationale has been proposed in this study to support surgeons in objectively estimating an individual patient’s risk for SPR prior to primary TKA measuring the patella tilt, width, and thickness. Overmore, regarding surgical aspects of TKA, tibial component positioning has also been shown to be of importance to reduce the risk of SPR.

Failed total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with significant bone loss and compromised soft-tissues is challenging and the final results are often inferior to patient’s expectation. The objective of this study was to present a comparison of outcomes in patients with failed infected TKA treated with two-stage revision TKA or knee arthrodesis and to assess clinical and functional results, implant survival and infection recurrence. The hypothesis was that an arthrodesis may result in beneficial effects on patients’ outcome. Clinical data of 81 patients with periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the knee joint were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Between 2008 and 2014, a total of 36 patients had been treated within a two-stage exchange procedure and reimplantation of a modular intramedullary arthodesis nail and 45 patients with revision TKA. Patients were treated according to the same structured treatment algorithm. Clinical and functional evaluation was performed using the Oxford knee score (OKS) and the visual analogue scale (VAS). The mean follow-up was 32.9 ± 14.0 months. The rate of definitely free of infection at last follow-up in the arthrodesis group was 32 of 36 (88.9%) and 36 of 45 (80.0%) in the revision TKA group (p = 0.272). Mean VAS for pain in the arthrodesis group was 3.1 ± 1.4 compared to 3.2 ± 1.6 in the revision TKA group (p = 0.636). The OKS in the arthrodesis group was 38.7 ± 8.9 and 36.5 ± 8.9 (p = 0.246) in patients with revision TKA. Rate of revisions in the revision-TKA group was 2.8 ± 3.7 compared to 1.2 ± 2.4 in the arthrodesis group (p = 0.021). Treatment of PJI needs a distinct therapy with possible fallback strategies in case of failure. A knee arthrodesis is a limb salvage procedure that showed no significant benefits on the considered outcome factors compared to revision TKA but is associated with significantly lower revision rate. After exhausted treatment modalities, a knee arthrodesis should be considered as an option in selected patients. Level III, retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND Low vitamin D is a major risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. Evidence also suggests correlation between deficiency and musculoskeletal pain. OBJECTIVE Non-interventional study in patients undergoing spine surgery to investigate links between vitamin D levels and clinical features. METHODS 25-OH vitamin D levels were assessed in two cohorts: Cohort 1 (vertebral fractures; VF) and Cohort 2 (other spinal issues; excluding VF). Lab values as well as painDETECT questionnaires, VAS and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were recorded. Follow-up visits were conducted a few days and 6 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS One hundred and nine patients were enrolled. Mean VAS measured 72 mm in Cohort 1 and 55 mm in Cohort 2. Mean vitamin D concentrations were 16.8 ± 11 ng/ml in Cohort 1 and 18.3 ± 11 ng/ml in Cohort 2. VAS and ODI significantly correlated with vitamin D levels. Median painDETECT scores were 9 in Cohort 1 and 16 in Cohort 2. Six weeks postoperatively mean VAS was 31.4 ± 28 mm in Cohort 1 and 23.3 ± 21 mm in Cohort 2. Median painDETECT scores were 5 in both cohorts. CONCLUSION Interactions are apparent between neuropathic pain and vitamin D serum levels. Consequently, vitamin D should be monitored in all patients requiring spinal surgery.

The use of Ceramic-on-Ceramic (CoC) bearings in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) is increasing and has been intensively analysed. This bearing plays a particularly relevant role in young, active patients and shows advantages over other bearings in biocompatibility, wear rate and lubrication properties. On the contrary, CoC bearings in revision THA are seldom used and scarcely analysed. The aim of this study is to systematically review the available literature on CoC bearings in revision THA.A systematic research in the English literature was performed to identify all studies reporting results of THA revisions using ceramic-on-ceramic bearing. The initial search strategy revealed 555 articles for consideration. On the basis of eligibility criteria, 26 studies were included in this review.Twenty-six studies, accounting for 1846 procedures, were eligible and included in the review. No studies of Level I were identified. Eighteen studies reported on revisions of CoC implants for various reasons, performed either with CoC or different bearings. In 111 patients a CoC bearing was used for the revision. Six studies consistently reported outcome measures for CoC bearing THA revisions, so that a quantitative synthesis of the data was possible. The range of follow-up across the six studies varied between 2.1 and 19 years, with a cumulative avearage follow-up of 9.3 years. A good functional result was documented, with a cumulative weighted mean for postoperative Harris Hip Score (HHS) of 87 points. The rate of dislocation in this group was 3.45% and the risk of fracture of an alumina ceramic head was 0.35% (1 study). Squeaking was reported as complication of CoC bearing THA revisions in three studies, with a calculated incidence of 0.52%.Modern CoC bearings show advantages in preclinical and retrospective studies over other bearings also in revision cases and are therefore to be considered a promising alternative for this kind of operation. Reasonable indications for CoC bearing in revision THA are revisions for aseptic loosening or recurrent dislocation in young patients, fractures of ceramic components, large acetabular defects or in patients that are allergic to bone cement components. Nevertheless, prospectively designed or randomized studies are lacking and needed to confirm CoC as optimal solution for revision THA cases.Die Anwendung von modernen Keramik-Keramik-Gleitpaarungen (Ceramic-on-Ceramic, CoC) in der primären Hüftendoprothetik ist zunehmend und gut dokumentiert. Sie hat ihren Stellenwert insbesondere bei jungen und aktiven Patienten und zeigt Vorteile hinsichtlich Biokompatibilität, Abriebrate und Lubrikationseigenschaft. Dagegen ist die Gleitpaarung in der Revisionsendoprothetik seltener genutzt und unzureichend untersucht. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist eine Analyse der vorliegenden Literatur zu CoC-Gleitpaarungen in der Revisionsendoprothetik des Hüftgelenks.Es erfolgte eine systematische Literaturrecherche der MEDLINE-Datenbank, wobei ausschließlich Artikel in englischer Sprache eingeschlossen wurden. Die initiale Suche ergab 555 Artikel, die nach Analyse definierter Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien auf 26 reduziert wurden und zur Metaanalyse dieser Arbeit eingeschlossen werden konnten.In den analysierten Studien wurden insgesamt 1846 Operationen eingeschlossen, wobei keine Level-I-Studie identifiziert werden konnte. In 18 Studien wurde auf Revisionen mit Verwendung von CoC-Gleitpaarungen bei 111 Patienten aufgrund unterschiedlicher Indikationen eingegangen. Bei insgesamt 6 dieser Studien wurden Outcome-Parameter mittels Harris Hip Score (HHS) oder eines anderen Scoring-Systems erhoben, sodass hier eine quantitative Datenanalyse durchgeführt werden konnte. Die Zeitspanne des Follow-ups lag bei 2,1 – 19 Jahren mit einer mittleren Nachuntersuchungsdauer von 9,3 Jahren. Es zeigte sich ein gutes funktionelles Ergebnis, mit einem kumulativen Mittelwert für den HHS von 87 Punkten. Die Luxationsrate lag bei 3,45% und das Risiko eines Keramikbruchs des Aluminiumoxidkopfes bei 0,35% (1 Studie). Squeaking wurde als Komplikation der CoC-Gleitpaarung bei Revisionen in 3 Studien berichtet, mit einer kalkulierten Inzidenz von 0,52%.Moderne CoC-Gleitpaarungen zeigen in präklinischen und retrospektiven Studien im Revisionsfall Vorteile und sind eine vielversprechende Alternative zu herkömmlichen Verfahren. Dies gilt insbesondere für jüngere Patienten und Wechselsituationen mit erhöhtem Luxationsrisiko, Zementallergien, Protheseninfektion und stattgehabten Keramikbrüchen. Es fehlen randomisierte kontrollierte Studien, die Gleitpaarungen hinsichtlich Luxationsraten, Materialversagen oder klinischem Outcome vergleichen, um eine optimale Lösung im Revisionsfall empfehlen zu können.

Background Periprosthetic joint infection is a serious complication and reconstruction after failed revision total knee arthroplasty with significant bone loss and compromised soft-tissues can be challenging. Objective of this study was to assess clinical and functional results, implant survival and infection recurrence rates in patients treated with two-stage arthrodesis after failed revision TKA with extensor mechanism deficiencies due to PJI, and to identify the factors that affect outcomes after surgery. Methods Thirty seven patients with PJI treated within a two-stage exchange and reimplantation of an arthrodesis nail between 2008 and 2014 were included. Systemic and local risk factors were graded preoperatively according to McPherson et al. All patients were treated according to a structured treatment algorithm. Clinical and functional evaluation was performed using the Oxford Knee Score and the Visual Analogue Scale. Results Thirty two of 37 patients (86.5%) were graded as free of infection. Five patients (13.5%) had recurrent infection after arthrodesis with the need of revision surgery. Mean leg-length discrepancy was 2.2 cm. The mean VAS for pain was three, the mean Oxford Knee Score was 38 ± 9. Total implant survival at a 74 month follow-up was 74.3% (95% CI: 45.4 to 91.1%), as determined by Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Local McPherson Score, as well as number of revisions was found to be of significant influence to the survival rate. Conclusions Septic failure of revision knee arthroplasty can be effectively treated with two-stage arthrodesis using a modular intramedullary nail, providing a stable and painless limb with satisfactory functional results and acceptable infection eradication rates.

Background Vertebral compression fractures (VCF) change the natural spinal alignment and inevitably lead to a decreased quality of life. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in pulmonary function after VCF were treated by radiofrequency kyphoplasty (RF-TVA). Methods Twenty-five patients were treated with RF-TVA and analyzed in 3 subgroups taking into account the spinal location of the VCF. Pain as measured by visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry-Disability-Index (ODI), vertebral height, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were assessed before, directly after and 30 days after RF-TVA. Results The mean vertebral height was improved in all subgroups, with a minor reduction from one to 30 days postoperatively. The mean VAS and ODI significantly decreased in the main and upper diaphragm groups from baseline to the follow-up after 30 days. Patients treated below the main diaphragm region showed a significant improvement of ODI and a clear trend to significant improvements of VAS. PEF and FEV1 were significantly improved in the main diaphragm group. FEV1 also increased significantly in the upper diaphragm group with a clear trend to significance in the lower diaphragm group. Conclusions Results indicate that RF-TVA may improve pulmonary function especially in cases where fractures are located in the main spinal region of the diaphragm.

Background 30% of myeloma patients suffer from vertebral compression fractures (VCF). Consequently, augmentation often becomes inevitable to prevent further problems. This study evaluated the interaction of radiation therapy (RT) and radiofrequency kyphoplasty (RFK) in the treatment of myeloma associated VCF. Methods Eighty-six myeloma patients with VCF were treated with RFK followed by radiation therapy (RFK group) or vice versa (RT group). Visual analgoue scale (VAS), Oswestry-Disability-Index (ODI), vertebral height and kyphosis angle were assessed preoperatively, 3-4 days, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Adverse events like cement leakage or additional fractures were documented. Results Both groups achieved comparable outcomes, but the course of VAS and kyphosis angle differed. Early postoperative kyphosis angles improved significantly in the RFK group, but significantly worsened afterwards. The RT group showed a trend towards significantly improvement postoperatively and minor worsening afterwards. VAS remained constant in the RT group and worsened in the RFK group after 6 months. More cement leakages and additional fractures were noted in the RT group. Conclusions RFK is an effective method for treating VCF in myeloma patients independent of treatment order with regard to radiation therapy. However, RT should be conducted after RFK to minimize risks of cement extrusion and additional fractures.

Background Stimulating bone regeneration is a central aim in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. Although the replacement of bone with artificial materials like cement or apatite helps to keep up bone stability, new bone often cannot be regenerated. Increasing research efforts have led to the clinical application of growth factors stimulating bone growth (e.g. bone morphogenic protein, BMP) and inhibitors preventing bone consumption (e.g. RANKL blocking antibodies). These factors mostly concentrate on stimulating osteoblast or preventing osteoclast activity. Current Situation It is widely accepted that osteoblasts and osteoclasts are central players in bone regeneration. This concept assumes that osteoblasts are responsible for bone growth while osteoclasts cause bone consumption by secreting matrix-degrading enzymes such as cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). However, according to new research results, bone growth or consumption are not regulated by single cell types. It is rather the interaction of various cell types that regulates bone metabolism. While factors secreted by osteoblasts are essential for osteoclast differentiation and activation, factors secreted by activated osteoclasts are essential for osteoblast activity. In addition, recent research results imply that the influence of the immune system on bone metabolism has long been neglected. Factors secreted by macrophages or T cells strongly influence bone growth or degradation, depending on the bone microenvironment. Infections, sterile inflammation or tumour metastases not only affect bone cells directly, but also influence immune cells such as T cells indirectly. Furthermore, immune cells and bone are mechanistically regulated by similar factors such as cytokines, chemokines and transcription factors, suggesting that the definition of bone and immune cells has to be thought over. Outlook Bone and the immune system are regulated by similar mechanisms. These newly identified similarities between bone and the immune system imply that medication developed for tumour and autoimmune patients could also be applied in bone diseases.

STUDY DESIGN A retrospective study. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was the evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of radiofrequency-targeted vertebral augmentation (RF-TVA) in comparison with balloon kyphoplasty (BK) for the treatment of acute painful vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) on the basis of matched pairs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND Vertebroplasty and BK are the common surgical interventions for the treatment of VCF. Both are effective and safe but pose some risks such as adjacent fractures and cement leakage. In 2009, RF-TVA was introduced as an innovative augmentation procedure for the treatment of VCF. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 192 patients (116 female; 51-90 y) with VCF (n=303) at 1 to 3 levels were treated with RF-TVA or BK. Functionality (Oswestry Disability Index), pain (visual analogue scale), vertebral height (anterior, middle), and kyphotic angle were evaluated over a 2-year period (postoperatively, 3-4 d, 3, 6, 12, and 24 mo). In addition, operating time and occurrence of cement leakage were recorded. RESULTS Pain and functionality were significantly improved after both treatments. In both groups, there was an increase in the vertebral height and a decrease in the kyphotic angle, which remained relatively consistent during 24 months. The incidence of cement leakage was 9.4% (n=9) in the RF-TVA group and 24.0% (n=25) in the BK group. The mean operating time with radiofrequency kyphoplasty was 25.9±9.9 minutes, and with balloon kyphoplasty 48.0±18.4 minutes. CONCLUSIONS RF-TVA is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures when compared with BK. Improvement in pain and functional scores after RF-TVA are durable through 24 months postprocedure and remained better than those after BK at long-term follow-up. Operating time for RF-TVA is shorter and the risk of cement leakage is lower. Both procedures provided similar results in vertebral height restoration and reduction in the kyphotic angle.

INTRODUCTION PMMA-augmentation of pedicle screws strengthens the bone-screw-interface reducing cut-out risk. Injection of fluid cement bears a higher risk of extravasation, with difficulty of application because of inconsistent viscosity and limited injection time. OBJECTIVE To test a new method of cement augmentation of pedicle screws using radiofrequency-activated PMMA, which is suspected to be easier to apply and have less extravasations. METHODS Twenty-seven fresh-frozen human cadaver lumbar spines were divided into 18 osteoporotic (BMD ≤ 0.8 g/cm2) and 9 non-osteoporotic (BMD > 0.8 g/cm2) vertebral bodies. Bipedicular cannulated pedicle screws were implanted into the vertebral bodies; right screws were augmented with ultra-high viscosity PMMA, whereas un-cemented left pedicle screws served as negative controls. Cement distribution was controlled with fluoroscopy and CT scans. Axial pullout forces of the screws were measured with a material testing machine, and results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS Fluoroscopy and CT scans showed that in all cases an adequately big cement depot with homogenous form and no signs of extravasation was injected. Pullout forces showed significant differences (p < 0.001) between the augmented and non-augmented pedicle screws for bone densities below 0.8 g/cm2 (661.9 N ± 439) and over 0.8 g/cm2 (744.9 N ± 415). CONCLUSIONS Pullout-forces were significantly increased in osteoporotic as well as in non-osteoporotic vertebral bodies without a significant difference between these groups using this standardized, simple procedure with increased control and less complications like extravasation.

BACKGROUND Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) syndrome can cause various symptoms and may also be one reason for persistent low back pain, especially in patients with prior spinal fusions. If conservative treatments fail to improve symptoms, arthrodesis surgery can be considered. Minimally invasive approaches have emerged recently providing a good alternative to conventional methods. A novel triangular implant system (iFuse) can achieve an arthrodesis of the SIJ without the use of additional screws or bone material. OBJECTIVE Aim of the present study was an evaluation of short-term safety and efficacy of the implant system. METHODS Twenty-four patients were included in the study and treated with the iFuse system. In addition to demographic data, pain intensity (visual analogue scale) and functional impairment (Oswestry-disability index) were assessed prior to surgery and 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months and 24 months thereafter. During surgery and the follow up period all adverse events were documented and the correct implant position was controlled via plain radiographs. RESULTS VAS scores and ODI improved significantly directly after surgery from 84.3 ± 9.2 mm to 40.7 ± 9.2 mm and from 76.8 ± 9.2% to 40.7 ± 9.2 % (p < 0.001). The ODI improved further to 31 ± 5.4% after 24 months whereas the VAS improved until the 3 months examination and ten stayed constant between 27.7 mm and 26.5 mm to 27 ± 6.6 mm at 24 months. No adverse events, intraoperative complications, implant malpositioning or loosening could be recorded at any time. CONCLUSIONS The iFuse system is an effective and safe treatment for minimally invasive surgical arthrodesis of the SIJ. Pain and functional impairment can be significantly improved. However, in addition to this case series, further controlled studies are necessary, particularly in terms of a previous spinal fusion history.

Immunology, already a discipline in its own right, has become a major part of many different medical fields. However, its relationship to orthopedics and trauma surgery has unfortunately, and perhaps unjustly, been developing rather slowly. Discoveries in recent years have emphasized the immense breadth of communication and connection between both systems and, importantly, the highly promising therapeutic opportunities. Recent discoveries of factors originally assigned to the immune system have now also been shown to have a significant impact on bone health and disease, which has greatly changed how we approach treatment of bone pathologies. In case of bone fracture, immune cells, especially macrophages, are present throughout the whole healing process, assure defense against pathogens and discharge a complex variety of effectors to regulate bone modeling. In rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis, the immune system contributes to the formation of the pathological and chronic conditions. Fascinatingly, prosthesis failure is not at all solely a mechanical problem of improper strain but works in conjunction with an active contribution of the immune system as a reaction to irritant debris from material wear. Unraveling conjoined mechanisms of the immune and osseous systems heralds therapeutic possibilities for ailments of both. Contemplation of the bone as merely an unchanging support pillar is outdated and obsolete. Instead it is mandatory that this highly diverse network be incorporated in our understanding of the immune system and hematopoiesis.

The number of hip and knee arthroplasty replacement surgeries is increasing steadily. In combination with demographic aging and the number of periprosthetic complications, this development has lead to the phenomenon where the need for revision surgery is rising. The problem is, that, while implantation procedures of hip arthroplasties are more or less standardized, explantation is a non-standardized task for experienced specialists, due to the unpredictability of the adequate loosening method. The surgeon often only gets to decide on which tools and methods may be applied to detach the prosthesis, only after getting access to the operation site. The time taken to detach the prosthesis is hardly predictable and mainly depends on the surgeons’ skills. To gain objective data on the mechanics of explantation, new measurement methods are required. One technical base for studies on revision procedures are standard force plates, available in biomechanics laboratories.

Background Research shows disparities in cancer outcomes by ethnicity or socio-economic status. Therefore, it is the aim of our study to perform a matched-pair analysis which compares the outcome of German and non-German (in the following described as ‘foreign’) cancer patients being treated at the Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Köln Bonn at the University Hospital of Bonn between January 2010 and June 2016. Methods During this time, 6314 well-documented patients received a diagnosis of cancer. Out of these patients, 219 patients with foreign nationality could be matched to German patients based on diagnostic and demographic criteria and were included in the study. All of these 438 patients were well characterized concerning survival data (Overall survival, Progression-free survival and Time to progression) and response to treatment. Results No significant differences regarding the patients’ survival and response rates were seen when all German and foreign patients were compared. A subgroup analysis of German and foreign patients with head and neck cancer revealed a significantly longer progression-free survival for the German patients. Differences in response to treatment could not be found in this subgroup analysis. Conclusions In summary, no major differences in survival and response rates of German and foreign cancer patients were revealed in this study. Nevertheless, the differences in progression-free survival, which could be found in the subgroup analysis of patients with head and neck cancer, should lead to further research, especially evaluating the role of infectious diseases like human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) on carcinogenesis and disease progression.

Approximately one in three patients has untreated preoperative anaemia, which in turn is associated with an increased need for transfusion of allogenic red blood cell concentrates (RBC) and complications in the context of a surgical intervention. Here, the prevalence of preoperative and postoperative anaemia as well as their effects on transfusion rate, hospital length of stay and hospital mortality in primary hip and knee arthroplasty has been analysed.From January 2012 to September 2018, 378,069 adult inpatients from 13 German hospitals were analysed on the basis of an anonymized registry. Of these, n = 10,017 patients had a hip and knee joint primary arthroplasty. The primary endpoint was the incidence of preoperative anaemia, which was analysed by the first available preoperative haemoglobin value according to the WHO definition. Secondary endpoints included in-hospital length of stay, number of patients with red blood cell concentrate transfusion, incidence of hospital-acquired anaemia, number of deceased patients, and postoperative complications.The preoperative anaemia rate was 14.8% for elective knee joint arthroplasty, 22.9% for elective hip joint arthroplasty and 45.0% for duo-prosthesis implantation. Preoperative anaemia led to a significantly higher transfusion rate (knee: 8.3 vs. 1.8%; hip: 34.5 vs. 8.1%; duo-prosthesis: 42.3 vs. 17.4%), an increased red blood cell concentrate consumption (knee: 256 ± 107 vs. 29 ± 5 RBC/1000 patients; hip: 929 ± 60 vs. 190 ± 16 RBC/1000 patients; duo-prosthesis: 1411 ± 98 vs. 453 ± 42 RBC/1000 patients). Pre-operative anaemia was associated with prolonged hospital stay (12.0 [10.0; 17.0] d vs. 11.0 [9.0; 13.0] d; p 0.001) and increased mortality (5.5% [4.6 - 6.5%] vs. 0.9% [0.7 - 1.2%]; Fisher p 0.001) compared to non-anaemic patients. In patients aged 80 years and older, the incidence of preoperative anaemia and thus the transfusion rate was almost twice as high as in patients under 80 years of age.Preoperative anaemia is common in knee and hip primary arthroplasty and was associated with a relevant increase in red blood cell concentrate consumption. In the context of patient blood management, a relevant potential arises, especially in elective orthopaedic surgery, to better prepare elective patients, to avoid unnecessary transfusions and thus to conserve the valuable resource blood.Präoperativ liegt bei etwa jedem 3. Patienten eine nicht therapierte Anämie vor, die wiederum im Kontext eines chirurgischen Eingriffs mit einem erhöhten Transfusionsbedarf von allogenen Erythrozytenkonzentraten (EK) sowie Komplikationen einhergeht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll die Prävalenz einer prä- und postoperativen Anämie und deren Einfluss auf den Transfusionsbedarf von EK, Krankenhausverweildauer sowie Krankenhaussterblichkeit in der primären Hüft- und Kniegelenkendoprothetik analysiert werden.Basierend auf einem anonymisierten Register wurden von Januar 2012 bis September 2018 378 069 erwachsene stationäre Patienten aus 13 deutschen Krankenhäusern analysiert, von denen n = 10 017 Patienten eine Hüft- und Kniegelenkprimärimplantation hatten. Der primäre Endpunkt war die Inzidenz einer präoperativen Anämie, die über den 1. präoperativ verfügbaren Hämoglobinwert entsprechend der WHO-Definition analysiert wurde. Zu den sekundären Endpunkten zählte die Krankenhausverweildauer, Anzahl Patienten mit EK-Transfusion, Inzidenz einer postoperativen krankenhauserworbenen Anämie, Anzahl verstorbener Patienten sowie verschiedene postoperative Komplikationen.Die präoperative Anämierate betrug bei elektiver Kniegelenkendoprothetik 14,8%, bei elektiver Hüftgelenkendoprothetik 22,9% und bei Duokopfprothesenimplantation sogar 45,0%. Eine präoperative Anämie führte zu einer signifikant höheren EK-Transfusionsrate (Kniegelenkprothese: 8,3 vs. 1,8%; Hüftgelenksprothese: 34,5 vs. 8,1%; Duokopfprothese: 42,3 vs. 17,4%) sowie einem erhöhten EK-Verbrauch (Kniegelenk: 256 ± 107 vs. 29 ± 5 EK/1000 Patienten; Hüftgelenk: 929 ± 60 vs. 190 ± 16 EK/1000 Patienten; Duokopfprothese: 1411 ± 98 vs. 453 ± 42). Im Gesamtkollektiv war eine präoperative Anämie gegenüber nicht anämischen Patienten mit einer verlängerten Krankenhausverweildauer (12,0 [10,0; 17,0] d vs. 11,0 [9,0; 13,0] d; p 0,001) sowie einer erhöhten Sterblichkeit assoziiert (5,5% [4,6 – 6,5%] vs. 0,9% [0,7% – 1,2%]; Fisher p 0,001). Bei Patienten mit einem Alter von 80 Jahren und höher war die Inzidenz einer präoperativen Anämie und damit die Transfusionsrate nahezu doppelt so hoch wie bei den unter 80-Jährigen.Eine präoperative Anämie kommt bei Knie- und Hüftgelenkprimärimplantation häufig vor und ist mit einem relevant erhöhten EK-Verbrauch assoziiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund könnte sich in der Zukunft vor allem in der elektiven orthopädischen Chirurgie ein relevantes Potenzial ergeben, im Sinne von Patient Blood Management die elektiven Patienten besser vorzubereiten, um unnötige Transfusionen zu vermeiden und so die wertvolle Ressource Blut zu schonen.

Variations in the temperature of body and skin are symptoms of many pathological changes. Although joint replacement surgery of hip and knee has been very successful in recent decades, periprosthetic infection is a growing problem and the number one reason for revision. While many studies have investigated changes in blood levels, investigation of temperature has not been performed on a regular basis. The objective of this work is to determine whether reference literature exists for the infrared thermographic examination in knee and hip arthroplasty and if reference values can be derived for the methodology or if there is a peri- and postoperative benefit.By means of a systematic online database search and based on the Cochrane, PICOT and PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review retrieved 254 studies. All publications with thermographic examination in arthroplasty of the hip and knee were imbedded. 249 studies were excluded due to the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria and five studies with 251 patients have finally been included in the evaluation process. This was followed by an analysis and discussion of the methodology.Infrared thermography is a useful tool in the perioperative care of patients after arthroplasty of the knee and hip joint. The technology is portable, easy to use and non-invasive. Based only on these few publications, values can be derived, which provide a guidance for the thermographic aftercare in arthroplasty surgery.Veränderungen der Körper- und Hauttemperatur sind Symptom vieler pathologischer Veränderungen des Körpers. Obwohl der künstliche Gelenkersatz von Hüft- und Kniegelenk in den letzten Dekaden große Erfolge feiern konnte, ist die periprothetische Infektion ein zunehmendes Problem und Revisionsgrund Nummer 1. Während viele Arbeiten laborchemische Veränderungen untersuchten, ist die Temperaturdiagnostik bisher nicht in die Routine eingegangen. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob in der Literatur für die infratrothermografische Untersuchung von Knie- und Hüftgelenkendoprothetik Referenzbereiche existieren, sich Richtwerte für die Methodik ableiten lassen und ob diese Technik einen peri- und postoperativen Nutzen zeigt.Mittels einer systematischen Onlinerecherche und basierend auf den Cochrane-, PICOT- und PRISMA-Richtlinien, erfasst dieses systematische Review 254 Publikationen, von denen 5 mit 251 Patienten in die Auswertung eingegangen sind. Erfasst wurden alle Publikationen der Thematik einer thermografischen Untersuchung bei endoprothetischen Primäroperationen an Hüfte und Knie.Die Infrarotthermografie zeigt sich als nützliches Verfahren in der perioperativen Begleitung von Patienten nach endoprothetischem Ersatz von Knie- und Hüftgelenk. Die Technik ist mobil, einfach in der Anwendung und nicht invasiv. Bereits aus den wenigen zur Verfügung stehenden Arbeiten lassen sich Werte ableiten, welche für die eigenständige thermografische Nachsorge einer endoprothetisch tätigen Klinik oder Praxis eine Orientierung bieten.

Periprosthetic joint infection is among the most common and severe complications in total joint arthroplasty. Today, a combination of different methods is used for diagnosis because no single method with sufficient sensitivity and specificity is available. In this study, we explored the usability of single-molecule microscopy to characterize synovial fluid samples from periprosthetic joint infections. Patients (n = 27) that needed revision arthroplasty underwent the routine diagnostic procedures for periprosthetic joint infection of the University Hospital in Bonn. Additionally, the diffusion rate of two probes, dextran and hyaluronan, was measured in small volumes of periprosthetic synovial fluid samples using single-molecule microscopy. To evaluate the suitability of single-molecule microscopy to detect PJI the AUC for both markers was calculated. The diffusion rate of hyaluronan in periprosthetic synovial fluid from patients with septic loosening was faster than in samples from patients with aseptic loosening. Single-molecule microscopy showed excellent diagnostic performance, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.93, and allowed the detection of periprosthetic joint infection in patients that would be challenging to diagnose with current methods. For the first time, single-molecule microscopy was used to detect periprosthetic joint infection. Our results are encouraging to study the value of single-molecule microscopy in a larger patient cohort. The speed and accuracy of single-molecule microscopy can be used to further characterize synovial fluid, potentially allowing intraoperative diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections in the future.

BACKGROUND Several studies showed encouraging results after total disc replacement (TDR) in patients with cervical-brachial syndrome (CBS). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to supplement the existing documentation of results after total disc replacement and to underline the importance of the correct indication. METHODS The clinical and radiological outcome of 34 patients was evaluated in a 2-year follow-up by several parameters as the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and the Kellgren and Lawrence Score. RESULTS The median values for NDI changed from 65% (20-90) before surgery to 20% (0-86) 2 years after surgery (p< 0.0001). Pain intensity had an average rate of reduction from 8.4 ± 2 cm (VAS scale 0-10 cm) to 2.9 ± 2 cm (p< 0.0001). A median of 1 (0-3) was calculated for the Kellgren and Lawrence Score in the affected segment preoperatively. Due to loosening in five cases the TDR was removed and changed into anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF). In all of these five cases a preoperative Kellgren and Lawrence Score of 2 or 3 was calculated and five of five patients (100%) were smokers. CONCLUSION The use of TDR in nonsmoking patients with a low preoperative Kellgren and Lawrence Score of 0-1 lead to a clinically and radiologically successful outcome.

Background: Painful vertebral compression fractures (VCF) caused by osteoporosis are a common health problem in the elderly population. If conservative treatments are unsuccessful, surgical treatments like vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty are recommended. But the use of Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) bone cement for augmentation surgery is associated with risks. Objectives: Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of a newly developed silicon polymer (VK100) that can be used instead of PMMA bone cement for kyphoplasty treatments. Study Design: A retrospective study of 30 patients comparing the outcomes of kyphoplasty treatments conducted with PMMA and VK100. Setting: Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery Bonn, Germany. Methods: Thirty patients with one to 3 VCF were treated either with balloon kyphoplasty using VK100 or balloon kyphoplasty using PMMA bone cement. Data from both groups was compared by a matched pair analysis. The medial vertebral height was measured at each examination radiologically. The patients stated their pain intensity using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the patient’s functional impairment was evaluated with the Oswestry-Disability-Index (ODI). All data were assessed before surgery, and 3 days, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery. Intraoperative and postoperative adverse events were documented. Results: The patients’ functional impairment and pain improved significantly after surgery. The course of ODI and VAS was comparable in both treatment groups, but the improvement in the VK group was significantly ongoing until the 12 month follow-up. Vertebral height improvement was significant in both groups, but the PMMA group achieved a better absolute restoration. The vertebral height stayed constant during the follow-up in the VK group and worsened significantly in the PMMA group. There was no significant difference between groups concerning the occurrence of additional fractures; and no other types of complications or surgery-related adverse events were observed in either the PMMA group or in the VK group. Limitations: The study is only a matched pair analysis of 15 patients for each procedure and the amount of injected filling material was not recorded. Conclusion(s): The study results demonstrate that the clinical outcome of VAS and ODI of using the silicon polymer VK100 is comparable or slightly better than using PMMA. VK 100 shows a trend to minor additional fractures during the follow-up. However, height restoration is not satisfactory in comparison to PMMA, although vertebral height stayed more or less constant in the VK group. To address the augmentation success further, it would be necessary to study a larger patient group over a longer study period and to assess additional parameters such as bone density and injected amount of filling material. Key words: Vertebral compression fracture, kyphoplasty, augmentation, osteoporosis, back pain, VK 100, elastoplasty