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Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.), a unique traditional flower in China, is famous for its ornamental value, medical use, and edible oil production. Traditional propagation methods, such as sowing, dividing, and grafting do not allow the large-scale production of selected peony varieties. Therefore, the objective of our study is to evaluate an air-layering technique on the rooting success of three tree peony cultivars (‘Baoqing Hong’, ‘Quehao’, and ‘Xishi’). The experiments were established through consideration of the influence of the time of the year the rooting was performed (mid-May, mid-June, or mid-July) and the growth regulators (1-naphthaleneacetic acid-NAA and indole-3-butyric acid-IBA) applied at different concentrations (1000 mg/L, 1500 mg/L, 2000 mg/L). The results showed that the rooting rate was the highest when the air-layering time occurred in mid-June, and the rooting rate of ‘Quehao’ was found to be the most significant, reaching 100%. The rooting percentages of 82.86% and 77.14% were obtained for ‘Baoqing Hong’ and ‘Xishi’, respectively. The growth regulators affected the rooting performance of the three cultivars differently. The rooting parameters of ‘Quehao’ were negatively correlated with the concentration of NAA but positively correlated with IBA, whereas the ‘Baoqing Hong’ and ‘Xishi’ cultivars showed no dose dependence for the supplied growth regulators. Root number, root tip number, and maximum root length in ‘Quehao’ were higher than those of the other two cultivars. The conclusion of our study is that the air-layering technique is a suitable method for achieving satisfactory propagation of selected tree peony cultivars.

Brosimum alicastrum es una especie arbórea en México con amplio potencial para la alimentación animal y humana, que se distribuye de manera natural con nulo manejo silvícola, por lo que existe poca información sobre los métodos de propagación de la especie. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la producción científica reportada sobre B. alicastrum mediante minería de textos para conocer las técnicas que existen sobre su propagación; y evaluar en vivero la calidad de plántulas obtenidas por métodos de propagación sexual y asexual (estacas, acodos e injertos) mediante diseños experimentales. Se encontraron 550 artículos científicos sobre B. alicastrum, las disciplinas donde se publicaron fueron: Ecología (44,18%), Botánica (13,27%), Ciencias Forestales (11,27%, de los cuales el 2,54% trabajó propagación en vivero), Zoología (11,09%), Agricultura (9,64%), Antropología (5,45%) y otras (5,10%). Respecto al método de propagación por semilla, la mejor calidad de plántula se asoció con sustratos de baja porosidad (tierra de monte) y con contenedores con diámetros grandes (36 cm). Para el caso de la propagación asexual por acodos, cuando se empleó turba como sustrato se obtuvo 90% de sobrevivencia, y por injerto de enchape lateral se encontró 75% de prendimiento. En virtud de la poca investigación que existe sobre la propagación de la especie se recomienda que la selección de la técnica de propagación esté en función de la finalidad de la plántula. Las técnicas asexuales de injerto y acodo pueden ser más eficientes en caso de requerir acortar los ciclos de producción de la semilla de B. alicastrum.//Brosimum alicastrum is a tree species in Mexico with wide potential for animal and human food, which is distributed naturally with no silvicultural management, so there is little information on the propagation methods of the species. The objective of this work was to analyze the scientific research published on B. alicastrum, through literature review to know the techniques that exist on its propagation. In addition, the quality of the seedling obtained by sexual propagation and asexual methods (cuttings, layers and grafts) was evaluated in the nursery, by means of experimental designs. 550 scientific articles on B. alicastrum were found, the disciplines where they were published were: Ecology (44.18%), Botany (13.27%), Forest Sciences (11.27%, of which 2.54% worked propagation in the nursery), Zoology (11.09%), Agriculture (9.64%), Anthropology (5.45%) and others (5.10%). Regarding the seed propagation method, the best seedling quality was associated with low porosity substrates (bush soil) and containers with large diameters (36 cm). In the case of asexual propagation, with the layering method when peat was used as the substrate 90% survival was obtained, and by lateral grafting technique 75% yield was found. Due to the little research that exists on the propagation of the species, it is recommended that the selection of the propagation technique is based on the purpose of the seedling; if it is required to shorten the seed production cycles of B. alicastrum the asexual techniques grafting and layering can be more efficient.

Due to over exploitation, the population of Eusideroxylon zwageri is decreasing drastically. One simple technique to conserve the last remaining genetic resources of E. zwageri is by air layering. The experiment was divided into two. The experiment was conducted from July 2018 to February 2019. The first experiment was conducted using branches that grew from coppices while the second experiment using twigs that grew from normal adult trees. Randomized Block Design was applied with three replicates. The treatments were consisted of nine concentration of auxin namely 0 ppm of auxin; 1, 000 ppm; 1,500 ppm; 2,000 ppm and 2,500 ppm of IAA and 1,000 ppm; 2,000 ppm; 3,000 ppm and 4,000 ppm of IBA. The result of experiment shows that the IBA growth regulator seems to be more effective in regulating growth and rooting of E. zwageri air layering compared to IAA. Results for air layering which was taken from coppices revealed that 1,000 ppm of IBA obtained the best results. Air layering of branches taken from coppice is possible even without any additional growth regulator. While, air layering of twigs which was taken from normal trees revealed that the best treatment is 3,000 ppm of IBA.

The Myrtaceae family has representatives spread worldwide, and Jabuticaba tree is an important species native to Brazil, which is grown not only in the backyards and domestic orchards, but also in commercial orchards, landscaping projects and in several tropical and subtropical countries. The propagation of this species in a sexual form or by seeds is simple and efficient, being able to reach 100%. However, long juvenile phase and genetic segregation have led to the search for methods that allow the propagation of selected trees and guarantee through their standardized and productive clones, fruit quality and fruiting precocity. Protocols for asexual propagation are still scarce, but they show efficient methods, making possible the commercial use and valorization of this Brazilian fruit tree. Grafting methods have proven to be efficient in more than 70% of cases. Herbaceous cutting in Jabuticaba trees shows rooting around 10%. Air layering shows rooting rates above 80%. Other methods considered for domestic use have shown satisfactory results in the formation of young saplings through woody cuttings. New studies on micropropagation and better control of herbaceous stem cutting processes could stimulate and economically increase the propagation of this fruit tree for commercial crops to produce fruits for fresh consumption or processing. Air layering and grafting are the most currently indicated methods for propagation of jabuticaba tree. This review paper shows the results of other papers and their protocols for obtaining jabuticaba tree seedlings and clonal plants. Resumo Dentre a família Myrtaceae com representantes espalhados por todo o planeta, a jabuticabeira é uma importante espécie nativa do Brasil e que passou a ser apreciada não só nos limites de quintais e pomares domésticos, mas já pode ser encontrada em pomares comercias, projetos de paisagismo e em vários países com clima tropical e subtropical. A propagação desta espécie de forma sexuada ou via sementes é bastante simples e eficiente, podendo chegar a 100%. Porém, o longo período de juvenilidade e a segregação têm levado à busca por métodos que permitam propagar matrizes selecionadas e garantir, em seus clones, plantas padronizadas e produtivas, a qualidade dos frutos e a precocidade na frutificação. Os protocolos para propagação assexuada ainda são escassos, mas mostram métodos eficientes, viabilizando a exploração comercial e a valorização desta frutífera brasileira. O método de enxertia em garfagem têm-se mostrado eficiente em mais de 70% dos casos. A estaquia herbácea mostra enraizamento em torno de 10%. A alporquia com índices de enraizamento acima de 80%. Outros métodos considerados de uso doméstico têm mostrado resultados satisfatórios na formação de mudas de jabuticabeira através de estacas lenhosas. Novos estudos, como a micropropagação e melhor controle nos processos de estaquia herbácea, devem estimular e viabilizar economicamente a multiplicação desta frutífera para cultivos comerciais, seja para produção de frutos frescos, seja para processamento. A alporquia e a enxertia em garfagem são os métodos mais indicados atualmente para propagação de jabuticabeira. Neste artigo de revisão constam resultados de trabalhos e protocolos para obtenção de mudas de jabuticabeira.

The different propagation systems for litchis are reviewed. After examining the main morphological and developmental characteristics of the plant and the description of the structures and materials, including types of substrate required for the propagation of this species, the different methods for its propagation are discussed. Propagation by seeds is only used for breeding or research purposes or for raising rootstock for grafting. Although propagation by cuttings is done in many countries and stooling has been reported as highly successful in India, air layering is the most common commercial way of propagation for this species. Despite that the cambium activity varies from place to place around the stem with only 30% of the cambium being active at any one time grafting is of current use in China. Resumo Foram estudados os diferentes tipos de propagação da lichieira. Depois de examinar as principais características morfológicas e de desenvolvimento da planta e de uma descrição das estruturas de propagação, materiais e tipos de substrato necessários para esta espécie, descrevem-se os diferentes métodos de propagação desta frutifera. A propagação por semente usa-se apenas para melhoramento, pesquisa ou obtenção de porta-enxertos. Embora a propagação por estaquia seja usada em vários países e que a propagação seja por mergulhia é praticada na Índia com grande sucesso, a alporquia é o sistema de propagação comercial mais usado no mundo para esta espécie. Ainda que a atividade do meristema varie em torno do caule, e apenas 30% do mesmo esteja ativo, a enxertia é prática comum na China.

Nursery trees of stone fruits (Prunus spp.) are traditionally produced by union of two distinct genotypes - the rootstock and the scion - which, by grafting, form a composite plant that will be maintained throughout of all plant life. In Brazil, the rootstocks are predominantly seed propagated and therefore usually results in heterogeneous trees for vigor and edaphic adaptation. However, with advances in rootstock breeding programs that released cultivars and certification in several countries (notably in Europe), the system will come gradually evolving for vegetative propagation (cuttings and tissue culture) and use of seeds of selected rootstocks with specific characteristics and potted nursery trees production. For scion cultivar propagation, the budding system (with its many variations) has predominantly been adopted in major producing countries. This review had as objective to comment main propagation methods adopted for rootstocks and scion in peach, nectarine and plum, and recent technical progress obtained as well as the needs of improvement for nursery tree production. RESUMO Mudas de frutíferas de caroço (Prunus spp.) são tradicionalmente produzidas pela união de dois genótipos distintos - o porta-enxerto e a cultivar copa - que, por meio da enxertia, formam uma planta composta. No Brasil, os porta-enxertos são predominantemente obtidos de sementes, normalmente resultando em plantas com heterogeneidade de suas características. Com os avanços nos programas de melhoramento genético de porta-enxertos, lançamentos de cultivares e programas de certificação de mudas em diversos países (notadamente na Europa), o sistema vêm gradativamente evoluindo para a propagação vegetativa (estaquia e cultura de tecidos), uso de sementes de genótipos selecionados com características específicas e produção de mudas em embalagens. Para a propagação das cultivares copa, a enxertia (com suas diversas variações) têm sido predominantemente adotada nos principais países produtores. O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é abordar os principais métodos de propagação adotados para porta-enxertos e para copas em pessegueiro, nectarineira e ameixeira, e os avanços técnicos obtidos, bem como as necessidades de melhorias para a produção de mudas de qualidade.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the location and diameter of the branch in three genotypes of camu camu using the technique of air layering on rooting and sprouting. The mother plants were bent and then rooted branches were transplanted following the design of randomized complete block with three replications. At 3 months after transplantation was the assessment of the variables, finding the best values for the number of roots to the middle third, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 and the upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 with 28.67 and 28.33 roots, respectively, in the variable length of the upper third roots, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 showed the best results with 15.27 cm. Regarding the number of outbreaks upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-014 and the upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 achieved the best results with 13.00 and 12.67 outbreaks, respectively, in the length of shoots, the best treatment was the upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 with 30.73 cm, and finally in the variable number of leaves / shoot highlights the upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-014 and the upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 with 15.10 leaves per shoot and 14.83, respectively. The results allowed identifying the upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 as the best in terms of rooting and sprouting capacity.

The production of quality seedlings is important for the crop cycle and the main propagation type is by the air layering technique, which can be enhanced by using different substrates and plant growth regulators. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a biostimulant and substrate types in the propagation of litchi tree by air layering. The experiment was installed in a commercial area in the city of Mogi Mirim, SP, Brazil and conducted in a randomized block design with a 5x2 factorial with four replications. The treatments consisted of five Stimulate® biostimulant concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 ml L-1) and two substrate types (Plantmax® and earthworm humus). After 120 days, the root length (cm), number of roots, calloused and rooted layers percentage (%), root fresh and dry mass (g) and root volume (cm3) were evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that the concentrations of 6.1 and 6.9 ml L-1 promoted greater success in litchi tree propagation and that the layers can be produced on both evaluated substrates.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T18:55:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-01 The objective of the present research was to evaluate the effect of the IBA application and different kinds of substrates in the vegetative propagation of litchi by air layering technique. The air layering had been done in semi-hardwood, healthy and vigorous branches of cultivar Bengal, in stock plants of 12 years old. The branches had been ring-girdled, 1,5 cm of width, and the exposed wound treated with different IBA concentrations (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg.L-1), enclosed with three moistened substrates (plantmax®, humus and sphagnum moss), involved with transparent plastic and tied in the two extremities. After 84 days, it was evaluated the length of root (cm), number of root expressed in notes from 0 to 5, percentage of callus and rooting. The best results in the vegetative propagation of litchi, cultivar Bengal, by air layering technique were obtained using plantmax® and IBA between 2.166 and 2.430 mg.L-1. The use of humus combined with concentrations between 2.175 and 2.250 mg.L-1 of IBA, also gave good results in the development of air layering. The poor success independently of IBA concentration was gotten with the use of sphagnum moss. Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Rod. MS 306, km 06, Cep: 79540-000 - Cassilândia-MS Centro APTA Frutas/Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Av. Luiz Pereira dos Santos, 1500; CEP 13214-820; Jundiaí-SP Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Av. Brasil, 56, Centro, C.P. 31, Cep: 15385-000. Ilha Solteira-SP Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), BR 110 - km 47 Bairro Pres, Costa e Silva CEP 59625-900 Mossoró - RN Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Rua Pernambuco, 1777 Centro, Marechal Candido Rondon - CEP 85960-000 - PR Depto. de Produção Vegetal Universidade de São Paulo USP/ESALQ, Caixa Postal 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba-SP