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In the course of March 2020, the Netherlands, Flanders, and a large part of Europe were affected by the first wave of the COVID-19 virus. For four months, the population was in lockdown, and many issues had to be handled online. Social media became important to keep in touch with and to air opinions. Two folktale genres, namely the joke and the modern legend, were used to express frustrations, malicious pleasures, fears, and feelings of distrust. During the first wave, Theo Meder and Mathijs Kroon did some intensive collecting of jokes, memes, fake news, and conspiracy theories. It was expected by folktale researchers like Giselinde Kuipers and Theo Meder that, just like in former crises, jokes would contain plenty of morbid disaster humor, but that did not happen. Contemporary legends, on the other hand, were polarizing and toxic, and mistrust was mainly directed against the elite of politicians, scientists, doctors, and journalists. The corona crisis was seen as some kind of hoax in many ways, while most of the “sheeple” refused to wake up. The analysis of folktales during the pandemic provides an insight into the feelings and emotions in society. © 2021, FB and Media Group of Estonian Literary Museum. All rights reserved.

Using data gathered from an online survey of residents of the geographic Pacific Northwest (N = 1000) who are skeptical of climate change, we examine the nuances of the belief that climate change c...

This article alleges that two letters attributed to the philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) were forged in the twentieth century. The letters were first published in 1972 and 1973 by Michael Morrisroe, an assistant professor of English in the University of Illinois, Chicago Circle, after which they became monuments of conventional scholarship on Hume's life and writings. Both letters are cited without qualification by scholars of Hume's thought in dozens of publications, including Ernest Campbell Mossner's celebratedLife of David Hume(1980), and John Robertson's entry for Hume in theOxford Dictionary of National Biography(2004). This article reconstructs the history and transmission of Hume's extant letters and attempts to account for why the forgeries published by Morrisroe were accepted as genuine. It makes a systematic case against the authenticity of the letters, and focuses in particular on the question of whether Hume met the Jansenisthomme de lettresNoël-Antoine Pluche (1688–1761) and had access to his library, in Reims, in 1734. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the exposé for modern editorial scholarship and intellectual history.

This study aims to describe the form and use of euphemisms in hoax texts by meaning category. The data used is document entirely collect from the website cekfakta.com and turnbackhoax.id. The data was verified, classified and then analyzed and then was presented descriptively. The results of this study found as much as 18 forms of euphemisms, they are figurative expressions, metaphors, flippancy, remodeling, circumlocution, clippings, acronyms, abbreviations, omission, one word replacing one other word, general to specific, part to whole, hyperbole, meaning outside the statement, jargon, colloquial, borrowing, and foreign language forms. It is used in hoax for composing better speech, as if to convey facts with hyperbolic expressions, to tease or criticize others smoothly, in a political, religious, and health context.

A history of European Taiwan studies must mention a controversial man: George Psalmanazar. He not only claimed to be a native Formosan at meetings of the Royal Society but also published a book filled with his fictitious fantasy. This study suggests that Psalmanazar’s bold imposture encouraged the Royal Society to conduct a pioneering study of Formosa/Taiwan. Rather than rely on published travelogues to study remote places, the Royal Society found a qualified witness who had been to Formosa/Taiwan to offer reliable information. Based on Samuel Griffith’s testimony, the Royal Society agreed to reject Psalmanazar’s account. However, they remained silent in public and archived the conclusion against Psalmanazar. After the affair, Psalmanazar repented by providing correct information about Formosa/Taiwan in books that he was later involved with editing in the mid-eighteenth century. Thus, Psalmanazar was not only a catalyst of Formosa/Taiwan studies in Europe but also a researcher of the island.

This study aims at explore the construction of hoax circulation discourse that causes anxiety and emotions for individuals and community groups. This study was a qualitative analysis method that produced description data in the form of words, sentences, and ideas about nature, circumstances, symptoms, and motivations that arose from certain objects. Data sources for this research were news circulated online: (1) Artificial eggs from China, (2) A Mysterious lecturer in Yogyakarta, and (3) ‘Jengkol’ (Archidendron pauciflorum) is as an anticancer medicine. The study of hoax discourse construction is important to be conducted so that people do not easily believe in news related to sources and the validity that cannot be accounted for. This research found out that hoax created by: 1) using sensational and provocative titles, 2) using visual elements as an attraction, 3) using unpopular scientific diction, 4) sometimes threatening, 5) quoting invalid/credible sources, 6) not only sourced from blogs, but from official sites, but circulated in the readers’ column, 7) following the latest issues in the community.

From 2018–2019, the spectre of Momo haunted the internet. Momo is depicted as a gaunt Japanese woman with long black hair, an enlarged mouth, and bulbous, haunting eyes. Allegedly, Momo responds to those who text her phone with violent imagery and explicit threats. She also encourages children to self-harm and shows them triggering images of gore, sometimes interspersed amidst innocent cartoons. Of course, Momo is not real and no one has hurt themselves in response to her ‘challenges’. From the start, Momo was very clearly a novel urban legend whose influence was magnified in the popular press and by their deeply-held suspicion of internet predators, peer pressure, and an online world in which technology makes any kind of sinister attack possible. Momo is thus an important case study in establishing the recent history of online demon fear, which feeds into broader trends surrounding ‘Satanic panic’ gateways into the occult. This article positions Momo as the latest manifestation of a fear that children are especially susceptible to evil, and that parents must remain vigilant to the corrupting forces of the demonic.

In the era of information technology today, cyberspace comes as the second world for society. The One of negative effects of this is the occurrence of conflict because of hoax. Muslims are reminded to do not be easy to believe in the unbelievable news. This can be seen from an event known as Haditsul Ifki which occurred in the time of the prophet and enshrined in the Qur'an, Surah An-Nur verse 11-20. The method used in this research was a method of descriptive analysis with a library research by collecting data relating to the discussion. The results of this research were to find a way for a Muslim to avoid the negative effects of hoax. The conclusion is a Muslim must has a tawaqquf (refraining from directly accept or reject news), tabayyun (looking for proof or truth), tajannub al-zhann (avoiding prejudice), husnuz zhan (good prejudice) and avoiding hate speech to avoid the negative effects of hoax.

The paper examines the occurrences of fake, deepfake, and post-truth as destructive social phenomena from the linguistic point of view. The current situation with the amount of untruths said, euphemisms for lies used, facts withheld by those who do politics and write about it makes the study of the destructive social phenomena of special importance. The aim of the present study is to outline the linguistic factors influencing the process of fake news and deepfakes’ formation. The materials containing hoax information about Russia and its activities on the international arena serve as the research basis for the analysis. The rebuttal published on the site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation are also analysed in order to differentiate false information and true one. The methods of linguopragmatic, discursive and linguoculturological analysis, as well as contextual study of communicative situations are used. The authors present an extended typology of pragmatic and proper speech methods and means specific to text formation of fake news and deepfakes. The definition of fake news is given. Deepfakes are another mendacious genre form in the intercultural political space. The borderline is marked between fake news, deepfakes, and post-ruth. Some rules how to distinguish fake news (deepfake) from truth are given. The conclusion is made that the destructive social phenomena under study are not innocuous forms of entertainment, they represent a real social threat to anyone who is exposed to them, they do have political consequences, and they violate the main principle of journalism — “it’s impossible to show what doesn’t exist”

In 1583, Edward Kelley claimed to have made a number of archaeological discoveries on Northwick Hill in Worcestershire, including a forged document, the “Northwick scroll”, purportedly giving the l...

espanolEl estudio historico-cultural y etnografico de los pregones con que los vendedores ambulantes vociferan su mercancia, saca a la luz una original expresividad oral vinculada al ingenio, la agudeza y el humor, en el contexto de la cultura comica popular de raiz rabelaisiana. La focalizacion sobre el contexto andaluz permite identificar mas especificamente los codigos, topicos y sentidos de lo que en el sur de Espana se considera un singular arte de embaucar, asociado a juegos del lenguaje como la burla, la guasa o el camelo. Como deformacion performativa del lenguaje, los pregones jocosos pugnan por llevarse el gato al agua compitiendo con ocurrencias ingeniosas caracterizadas por la ironia, las metaforas graciosas, la libertad de palabra, la exageracion seductora, los equivocos eroticos cuando no obscenos, las tomaduras de pelo, las chanzas jactanciosas y la carnavalesca inversion del orden. El estudio vincula el verbo embaucador de los pregones a lo picaro, lo valiente, lo flamenco, y otros modelos y codigos de comportamiento que han arraigado singularmente en el sur de Espana, y que, en conjunto, ponen de relieve una mirada oblicua, burlona, sobre la realidad, la verdad y los valores de lo correcto como la honra y la honestidad. EnglishThe historical, cultural and ethnographic study of street cries, with which vendors advertise their products, shows an original oral expressiveness linked to wit, cleverness and humor, in the context of popular comic culture of Rabelaisian roots. The focus on the Andalusian context allows to identify. More specifically, the codes, topics and meanings of what is considered south of Spain "a unique art of trickery", related to language games, such as mockery, jokes and hoaxes (burla, guasa or camelo). As a performative deformation of language, the jocose street cries compete to get their way against others with ingenious occurrences characterized by irony, funny metaphors, freedom of speech, seductive exaggeration, erotic and even coarse equivocations, tricks, boastful jokes and carnivalesque inversion of order. This work links the verb of trickery in the street cries to the picaro, the valiente, the flamenco, and other models and codes of behavior that have singularly become ingrained in Southern Spain. These, as a whole, highlight an oblique, mocking outlook on reality, truth and values such as honor and honesty.

An Irish GP who refused to vaccinate his patients against SARS-CoV-2 and referred to media information about the pandemic as “propaganda” and a “hoax” has been suspended from the medical register by the High Court of Ireland. Ms Justice Mary Irvine, president of the High Court, temporarily suspended Gerard Waters, 71, pending a disciplinary hearing by the Medical Council of Ireland after a complaint by a patient. The patient alleged that he was told that the practice could not refer patients for covid-19 testing and that he found a photocopied document headed “No pandemic killing us” in the waiting room. He claimed that Waters suggested that his mask might be …

Simon Stevens, NHS chief executive, has publicly condemned undercover filming on camera phones inside NHS hospitals.1 Footage has been posted online in a twisted attempt to show that covid-19 pressures are exaggerated, fake news.2 Stevens, normally calm and unruffled, was visibly angry about the impact on NHS staff doing difficult jobs and the spread of disinformation. Many healthcare workers, whose morale is suffering at the hands of people who think covid is a hoax, were encouraged to hear him speak out so strongly. Since then the Times has published a story about organised groups of secret filmers claiming the pandemic to be a “hoax,”3 and Facebook has taken down one of their sites.4 In parallel, I’ve seen growing calls in social media to “let the cameras onto the …

From the belief that drinking tea will protect against COVID-19, to confusion with tragic outcomes, such as poisonings, misunderstanding and hoaxes are common in this time of uncertainty. From the belief that drinking tea will protect against COVID-19, to confusion with tragic outcomes, such as poisonings, misunderstanding and hoaxes are common in this time of uncertainty.

This article discusses how Chatterton’s and Macpherson’s hoaxes problematises the representational view of literature regarding theories of forgery. Perhaps the hardest thing of all to forge is provenance. A forger cannot alter the past as he can alter documents or material objects, and thus it is that forgeries often break down on provenance – the establishment of a chain of evidence (location, ownership, documentary record) that will lead securely back to the alleged source. Some discussions about the world of literature are among other things centred on the subject of artistic mimesis. This is meant in the sense that there is a close and special relationship between art and reality. This in turn quickly develops into a discussion about the role that authenticity and authorship have in the significance of a piece art or literature. This is done in a way that relies heavily on the reader’s knowledge of the world of literature and literary theory. It also highlights the narrative strategies and techniques of their works which result in demystifying the text’s meaning-granting process; hence, problematisation of reality.

Sholem Aleichem is one of the authors of modern Jewish literature in Yiddish, and most of his works are closely related to the realities of Eastern Europe. In his books the writer presents, among others, images of life of the Jewish community in pre- revolutionary Kiev. His novel, The Bloody Hoax, is particularly noteworthy in this case and it has become the main object of research in this paper. The story of the novel mostly takes place in an unnamed city, the prototype of which has become a historical Kiev. The Bloody Hoax, the plot of which is largely based on real events, shows the specificity of life of the Jewish community in the big city, and the problems its representative shave to face.

The tale of Mary Mink, the Black millionaire’s daughter sold into Southern slavery by her white husband and rescued, with great difficulty by her father, is one of the best-known tales of nineteenth-century Toronto. It appeared in contemporary newspapers, has been endlessly retold in scholarly and popular historical publications, and provided some of the subject matter for a made-for-TV movie—even though it is a complete hoax. The origins of the “Minnie” Mink legend are explored in order to understand the context that allowed this blatant falsehood to flourish, and suggest some reasons for its continued acceptance., L’histoire de Mary Mink – fille d’un millionnaire afro-canadien, vendue en esclavage dans le Sud des États-Unis par son mari blanc, et finalement sauvée par son père – est une des histoires les plus connues du XIXe siècle à Toronto. Même s’il s’agit d’un canular, cette histoire fait la une des journaux contemporains, elle est racontée maintes fois dans des articles de presse ainsi que des publications académiques et elle est source d’inspiration pour un film. Nous proposons d’explorer les origines de la légende de « Minnie » Mink afin de comprendre le contexte qui a permis à cette tromperie de se répandre, et nous avançons quelques raisons pour lesquelles elle continue à se propager.

Fake news is hardly new in journalism, and a sense of historical perspective is clarifying. A thumbnail history in Columbia Journalism Review pointed to some superficial similarities in hoaxing ove...

No ano de 1992 a comunidade carcerária brasileira ressentia o luto de 111 mortos – em sua maioria homens negros – perpetrados durante o massacre ocorrido na Casa de Detenção de São Paulo, o Carandiru. O maldito episódio promoveu cenas de terror as quais lançaram luzes sobre a situação dos presídios no Brasil, revelando, desse modo, as faces perversas do embuste programado pelo receituário político-econômico adotado nas últimas décadas do século XX no país.

The article presents a letter from Zygmunt Vogel (1764-1826), a future watercolorist, to King Stanislaw August, found in the collection of the National Archives in Cracow. The letter, written in 1786, is very interesting, because it provides a handful of new and unexpected facts to the biography of this important artist, it also indicates – as it seems – the key moment in his life. It turns out that at that time he suffered vision problems and asked the king for permission to leave the Castle Art Workshop, where he was educated, and incorporate him into the corps of the Crown Army engineers. Vogel’s interest in engineering issues stemmed from his previous contacts with Christian Gottfried Deybel von Hammerau, an officer in the pontooner corps, and Jan Ferdynand Nax, a royal builder, dealing with the navigability of Polish rivers, who appeared as teachers of civil and military architecture. The supplication was not acquiesced, because the monarch, appreciating his inherent talent and acquired painting skills, dissuaded him from doing so, supported him with a monthly salary, and soon – after his return from a trip to Kaniow in 1787 – hired him to preserve the architectural monuments of the national past in watercolor vedutas. Vogel did it perfectly and was appointed the royal “cabinet draftsman.” In the autobiography, written by the painter, an image of “the most important moment” in his life appeared – an accidental conversation with Stanislaw August who, giving his patronage to the young man, guided him. However, the published letter to the king proves a certain hoax perpetrated by Vogel. The monarch’s interest was not completely accidental, but was provoked by a petition addressed to him.

The discovery of a Norwegian Viking penny on 18 August 1957, at Naskeag Point, the prehistoric Native American settlement close to Blue Hill Bay, Brooklin, Hancock County, ME, USA (also known as the “Goddard site”), has long been regarded as material evidence for contact between the continents and cultures of North America and Europe during the Viking Age. More recently, however, the veracity and validity of this find have been called into question. To this end, this article considers the penny’s numismatic and archaeological context, and engages with the debate from a Norwegian perspective. There is little doubt that the coin is a genuine Viking penny, struck during the reign of Olaf the Peaceful (the epithet is Kyrre in Norwegian, 1067–1093); what is more complex, however, is whether the discovery constitutes a genuine find or an elaborate hoax. In assessing the evidence, this article considers the penny’s appearance and its relationship to other Norwegian coin finds, both registered and unregistered, and within Norway and further afield. Accounting for the remarkable and exceptional nature of the find, this article concludes that both the penny and its modern archaeological and numismatic context offer plausible evidence that this find is genuine.

Two years after the publication of Mungo Park’s Travels in the Interior of Africa (1799), the claim by a German cabinet maker/joiner, Christian Friedrich Damberger, to have crossed the African continent on foot over a period of 16 years, from the Cape of Good Hope to Morocco, made for an instant bestseller. After the narrative was unmasked as a hoax, however, critical reception was particularly vitriolic in Britain. This article analyses the reviews in order to determine why the hoax caused such outrage. It emerges that this narrative presents a direct challenge to Banksian notions of travel writing. Furthermore, its portrayal of Africa and its peoples tends to subvert contemporary attitudes concerning inter-racial relationships, the idea of ‘going native’, and, importantly, the slave trade. The article then asks what type of truth the narrative might be generating, if not a strictly factual one.

As the first territory and state where women voted in the U.S., and in fact the first place in the world where women exercised full enfranchisement, Wyoming’s past should raise pressing questions about the history of women’s suffrage. However, scholars typically explain the unusual event as a political hoax, a joke, or an effort to increase the population of the fledgling territory. At the heart of the scholarly treatment of Wyoming suffrage lies the controversial figure of Esther Hobart Morris. Upheld as the ‘mother of woman suffrage’ in local lore, and viewed as a false heroine by most historians, Morris embodies the contradictions of western suffrage. In this essay, I reinsert Morris into the history of suffrage in Wyoming and analyze how Wyomingites remember and commemorate the story of Morris from the 1890s to the 1970s. By taking the symbolic role of Esther Morris seriously, I argue that suffrage in Wyoming mattered, not only to the women who exercised the vote but also to the collective ide...

In 1635 the Dutch scholar Gerardus Vossius (1577–1649) published a work on the Art of Grammar where he makes reference to the circumstances in which Erasmus wrote his Dialogue on the Correct Way of Pronouncing Latin and Greek (1528). Vossius quotes an account from 1569 which explains how Erasmus fell foul of a practical joke by which he was fooled into thinking that a new and more correct pronunciation of Greek had been discovered, and, wanting to appear the inventor of the matter, Erasmus quickly composed and published his Dialogue, only to discover later that the whole story was in fact a hoax. This account of the origins of Erasmus’ Dialogue has largely been taken at face value by those concerned, but I argue that it is a most unlikely explanation with several serious flaws. Although the practical joke could have taken place, it seems that it was subsequently misconstrued as the incentive for Erasmus’ Dialogue. On the contrary, I argue that the Dialogue was intended as a sincere popularization of an ongoing academic inquiry, but that the hypothetical Greek pronunciation therein has been misunderstood as a cue to replace the traditional (native) pronunciation. This article shows that the so-called “Erasmian” pronunciation of Greek at large today is not only un-Greek, but also un-Erasmian, for it has little to do with Erasmus and contradicts his example and counsel.

Nowadays social media are widely used daily to access to news. Indeed, the social media network allows a fast and wide spread of news. Unfortunately these platforms used by millions of people are not immune to misinformation because everyone can be a source of information. Rumors of celebrities death on social media spread very widely in a short time and are hardly verifiable. These kinds of rumors can lead to worrying or stressful situations, and may also have economic or political repercussions. In this work, we have addressed the problem of death hoax diffusion on the social media Twitter. We have collected data related to 25 rumors (false and true) of the death of well-known celebrities on Twitter. Then, we have observed temporal differences and commonalities between true and false rumors in terms of diffusion dynamic, messages and user characteristics. From these empirical observations, we have trained several models to classify early true rumors and hoaxes. We have obtained a rate of correct classification of 0.9 from 20 minutes after the beginning of the diffusion.

Статья посвящена анализу явления постправды в современной политической коммуникации., Политическая лингвистика, Issue № 1 (73), Pages 50-56

This paper shows that the chance that an inverted yield curve correctly predicts recession is less than 3.9%, and is not even statistically significant. For instance, on March 22nd, 2019, an inversion occurred and the Dow lost 460 points, yet, after about a month the Dow reached an all-time high. But why then do investors still see a linkage between inverted curve and recession? The behavior psychology research demonstrates that, for the majority, bad events (such as the 2007 inversion event) register stronger and longer than good events, remaining vivid in investors’ memory. During the March 22nd inversion of a few months ago, investors forgot that the yield curve has inverted many times without a subsequent recession, instead, they remembered the 2007 inversion associated with the Great Recession. Finally, we show that the strongest and best predictor for recession is the current GDP growth rate. Quote by Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach: “Even a stopped clock is right twice a day”.

This article is a study of the critical potential and ethical implications of encounters between fictionalised characters and unsuspecting real people. Through the case studies of Borat, The Ambassador, and the Yes Men’s media hoaxes, I aim to show how the use of fictionality as a performative strategy creates a liminal interaction that possesses a critical force which cannot be created in either classical documentaries or fiction films. The article brings together theories of fictionality as a rhetorical strategy and theories of unruly documentary artivism to investigate to whom the guise of fictionality refers and to which risks they are exposed. It is argued that the practice of unruly artivism can be characterised as a specific type of metamodernist art, and that encounters between fictionalised characters and real people (which I term ‘unruly fictionalised encounters’) constitute a subgenre which is characterised by the ethically-complex deceit of the unsuspecting real people.

Group chat is the most widely used choice of various short information. Besides being easy to send messages, sharing short messages in group chat is considered effective compared to sending massively to several users. The ease of sending short messages in group chat is often used as the spread of fake news and untrue news or hoaxes, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, the information shared can be easily shared by anyone without seeing a valid source. The dissemination of information related to Covid-19 without a clear source is a dangerous act, because it can lead users into false information and endanger themselves. Fake message detectors have not been widely implemented in instant message applications, for this reason, there is a need for a detector and a machine to analyze activities in group chat and see whether the message is included in content containing fake news or not. If a group chat has a lot of fake news, you can be sure that the group chat is not good to follow. The use of the K-Nearest Neighbors algorithm is considered quite effective in classifying an object, the results can be determined whether it is included in fake news, miss-information news, or true news. The process of processing messages is carried out by the massive text processing method because the characteristics of the text are different for each user so that text processing can be maximized for later classification. As a result, group chat can be analyzed based on active time, user messages, user activity, and messages sent between users.

This paper aims to analyze QS al -N ū/24: 22, from text to context. Historically, the text of QS al -N ū/24: 22came down related to the occurrence of the ḥ adī ṡ al-ifkī, incident that hit 'Aisyah radiyallahu 'anha. That event predicted by historians took place after the Bani Musthaliq war around 5 or 6 H. Some of the social aspects of Islamic law which contained in this text are ethical principles in social interaction, individual attitudes in dealing with slander or hoaxes, and the legal consequences stipulated by the Shari'a against perpetrators and spreaders of fake news or hoaxes. Keywords: Asb ā b Nuz ū l, historical context, social law, hoax.

Social media is the most commonly accessed internet content by Indonesian netizens; 97.4 % Indonesians access social media while using the internet. In 2016, Facebook was the most commonly used social media format for Indonesian internet users. While many are benefited by the features offered by Facebook, many also use Facebook for things that they are not supposed to, such as sharing hoaxes, either intentionally or unintentionally. This clearly puts Facebook users at a disadvantage, considering the increasing trend of hoax-sharing nowadays. Therefore, this research aims to prevent the spread of hoax through Facebook by analyzing the pattern of how people use Facebook. This pattern is obtained from a survey on 200 samples that use Facebook, chosen by purposive sampling. Using the Support Vector Machine method, an application of the collaboration between mathematics and computer science, the acquired data is used to predict whether or not someone has the potential of spreading hoaxes. Simulation results show that the average of the prediction accuracy of this binary classification problem is 86 percent. Hence, it is hoped that Facebook could prevent the sharing of hoaxes by making use of the results from this research.

In the 1960s Jean Guiart bought fifteen « New Guinea » woodcarvings from Gene van Grecken in Sydney for the National Museum of the Arts of Africa and Oceania in Paris and published nine of them. Some authorities on New Guinea art considered them forgeries and two of these advised Guiart of this but he rejected their judgement. The issue was referred to only once in print very briefly in a Sotheby’s sales catalogue. In 1987, van Grecken offered a further seven « New Guinea » woodcarvings for sale at auction in Sydney. They are similar to those bought by Guiart and are also inauthentic. This essay illustrates twelve of the carvings van Grecken sold to Guiart in the 1960s and the seven carvings he offered for sale in 1987 and argues for the view that they are not forgeries but part of a hoax perpetrated by an Australian artist, who remains anonymous, perhaps to see whether experts on New Guinea art can tell genuine woodcarvings from pastiches.

In May 1911 a seemingly spectacular discovery from the ‘Devil's Cave’ near Steinau, east of Frankfurt caught the attention of German anthropologists. Soon a debate ensued whether the skull was prehistoric or of a rather more recent age. This controversy nearly exclusively unfolded in the newspapers. It was too brief to materialize in scholarly publications because after 2 months it was revealed that the skull had been ‘planted’ by a prankster. This case shows that the press served as a ‘meta-medium’ for scholarly disputes, but also points to the crucial material dimension of newspaper articles. The actors wrote many articles themselves but they also observed the press systematically, cut out articles, compiled them, cited them in their letters, glued them into their diaries and passed them on. The newspaper articles were the fuel of the debate and the raw material of knowledge in the making. In the Steinau hoax German anthropologists found themselves in a contradictory position: they were quick to dismiss the press as sensationalist, while at the same time they used the newspapers to voice their own interpretation of the discovery.

In Diary of an Ennuyee (1826), Anna Jameson notoriously combines what is otherwise a rather conventional travel narrative with the romantic tale of its languishing female narrator. The narrative concludes with the death of the narrator, and this overtly fictional element in what otherwise presents itself as a factual piece of writing has proved immensely troubling for readers of Jameson’s text from its initial publication until today. Variously read as a failed experiment and/or a hoax, Jameson’s work is instead, I argue, a parodic exploration of both the growing interest in health tourism, as well as a satiric engagement with the burgeoning genre of invalid travel literature. Diary of an Ennuyee is not a mistake, an aberration, or a hoax, but rather should be read as a lively, self-reflexive satire on the contemporary fashion for seeking health on foreign shores, and writing about it.

This essay examines the discourse of black authenticity in Margaret Seltzer's fake memoir Love and Consequences (2008) and the author's fraudulent public performance as her narrator as a function of white privilege. Seltzer's hoax exploits stereotypes to appeal to a white middlebrow readership, demonstrating the continuing market value of black trauma.

Covid-19 became the biggest non-natural disaster in the world in 2020. It first broke out in Wuhan, China, and then spread to other countries including Indonesia. The public is in uncertainty and receives a lot of information about Covid-19 through various media. This condition is exacerbated by the spread of hoax related to Covid-19 which is difficult to contain. The purpose of this study was to analyses society's behavior related to the spread of the Covid-19 hoax. This research uses a survey method with a quantitative approach. The results of the study concluded that respondents' knowledge about Covid-19 and hoax was very adequate. However, most respondents are hesitant and are in a position that can sometimes distinguish hoax, sometimes not because of the large amount of information obtained every day. The public panic at Covid-19 caused hoax to continue to be spread in the hope that the information could be useful in preventing and treating. While the respondents did not spread Covid's-19 hoax, because they considered the information to be incorrect, not useful, and harmful to the health of others, and they wanted to break the chain of hoax distribution to themselves.

News that is presented every day on social media dramatically affects the feelings, feelings, thoughts, or even actions of a person or group. Hoax News is one of them which is disturbing the public and raising noise in various fields, ranging from politics, culture, security, and order, to the economy. Inseparable from social media users. How every day, there is information on social media, which is not necessarily true so that people are provoked by hoax on social media. The news detection system in this study was designed using Unsupported Learning so that it does not require data training. The system was built using the Equation algorithm to calculate the validity of document similarity. Extraction results used to search for content related to user input using a detection engine, then the similarity value and the time needed to utilize hoax news are calculated. System validation testing by using a four text similarity algorithm called the Equation algorithm, the Levenshtein algorithm, the Smith-Waterman algorithm, the Damerau Levenshtein algorithm; this algorithm is used to find the best analytical solution of news hoaxes and submissions needed to find the news hoax password. The final results of the deception detection research using a script that has been done for Validation using an algorithm, get the value of accuracy in detection using the Smith-Waterman algorithm, which produces an accuracy value of text similarity of 99.29% and can be used a process of 6, 57 seconds, followed by the second sequence that is the similarity algorithm produces an accuracy of 75% and requires a processing time of 4.94 seconds, then the third sequence is the Levenshtein algorithm with an accuracy of 55.02% and requires a processing time of 5.49 seconds, and is used today is Damerau Levenshtein algorithm is 55.02% and requires a processing time of 7.54%. The results of research tests on this text can conclude the more text on the detection engine, the higher the verification value and the higher the time needed to process hoax news.

Hoax or fake news can spread easily through the internet like an epidemic. In Indonesia, hoaxes are common that it becomes a serious problem. We predicted the spread of hoaxes in Indonesia by using the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible (SIRS) epidemic model where the susceptible is the person who ignores the news, the infected is the person who shares the news without fact-checking it, and the recovered is the person who fact-checks the news. This paper uses data from the Indonesia Telematics Society (MASTEL) concerning the behavior of Indonesian people in 2017 and 2019 when receiving trending news. We also use data on the number of internet users in Indonesia obtained from the Indonesia Internet Service Providers Association (APJII). This model has a disease-free equilibrium which is unstable and an endemic equilibrium which is asymptotically stable. The basic reproduction number of this model, which is 5.614455426, shows that the spread of hoaxes in Indonesia will increase because the behavior of sharing the news without fact-checking it will spread in the society until it reaches endemic equilibrium.

The potential to reach out to large mass of people in considerably shorter periods of time, though resulted in acceleration of news production, it also paved way to a sudden boom in circulation of fake news. The attempt made here is to understand the various factors that influence the propagation of fake news. With the assistance of an online quantitative survey, the demographic factors, social media habits, news consumption habits and fake news exposure of 163 people are closely observed to identify any sort of patterns across it. Further, the thematic aspects of the fake news items that are come across by maximum number of respondents are put into discussion, to identify the elements that determine popularity. It concludes with stressing the need to have a more nuanced understanding of onlinecommunities for a comprehensive understanding of ‘fake news dynamics ’.