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In 105 BCE, the Roman consul Publius Rutilius Rufus employed gladiatorial training for his legionaries. This thesis examines the physiological and psychological consequences of this style of training on the human body in an effort to understand why these particular soldiers were so effective. I used experiential testing alongside primary and secondary source research to examine how this process better prepared Roman troops for engaging in actual combat.

L’installation de colons militaires, d’anciens soldats et de troupiers encore en activité dans l’ensemble de l’espace phrygien par les autorités perses, gréco-macédoniennes et romaines répondait à des objectifs stratégiques parfaitement identifiés. En premier lieu, il s’agissait de contrôler une zone essentielle pour les communications terrestres entre l’intérieur du plateau anatolien d’une part et l’Égée d’autre part, mais aussi entre cette même côte et la Cilicie, puis au-delà la Syrie. Ce ...

Au cœur d’un espace phrygien géographiquement mal défini dans l’Antiquité, l’installation de colons militaires, d’anciens soldats et de troupiers encore en activité, répondait à des objectifs stratégiques parfaitement identifiés pour les Achéménides, les monarques hellénistiques ou encore les Romains. Il s’agissait de contrôler un espace essentiel pour les communications terrestres entre l’intérieur du plateau anatolien d’une part et l’Égée d’autre part, mais aussi entre cette même côte et la Cilicie, puis au-delà la Syrie. Sur un plan tactique, cette présence militaire devait servir à protéger plateau et vallées phrygiens de la convoitise de populations voisines mal contrôlées comme les Pisidiens. S’appuyant sur de très nombreuses sources archéologiques, numismatiques et épigraphiques, examinant chaque communauté au cas par cas, cet ouvrage étudie les conséquences de l’installation de ces militaires sur la réalité locale, que ce soit au niveau économique, culturel, religieux ou social. Parcourant un temps long allant du IVe siècle avant J.-C. jusqu’à la fin de la dynastie des Sévères, il s’efforce de peser les évolutions liées à la présence de ces soldats allogènes. Entre la Phrygie achéménide et celle hellénistique puis romaine, le faciès de la région, essentiellement rurale au départ, a progressivement évolué : dès l’époque hellénistique, on observe un phénomène de poliadisation important, rendant le réseau de communication plus dense et le contrôle des populations locales plus complexe. At the heart of a geographically ill-defined Phrygian space during Antiquity, the installation of military settlers, former soldiers and troupiers still in operation, met perfectly identified strategic objectives fromthe Achaemenids, the Hellenistic monarchs or the Romans. It was to control a space essential for terrestrial communications between the interior of the Anatolian plateau on the one hand and the Aegean on the other, but also between this same coast and Cilicia, and then beyond Syria. On a tactical level, this military presence was to protect Phrygian plateau and valleys from the lust of poorly controlled neighboring populations like Pisidians. Basedon numerous archaeological, numismatic and epigraphic sources, examining each community on a case-by-case basis, this work studies the consequences of the installation of these soldiers on the local reality, whether at the economic level, cultural, religious or social. Covering a long period from the 4th century BC to the end of the Severan Dynasty, he endeavours to weigh the evolutions related to the presence of these alien soldiers. Between the Achemenid Phrygia and the Hellenistic and then Roman one, the aspect of the region, essentially rural at the outset, has gradually evolved: from the Hellenistic era, we observe an important phenomenon of poliadization, making the communication network more dense and the control of local populations more complex.

Le second volume de cet ouvrage se donne pour but de présenter au lecteur l’ensemble des très nombreux documents sur lesquels s’est basée cette réflexion historique. Il ne prétend point à l’exhaustivité mais cherche à fournir de la façon la plus aisée possible, c’est-à-dire communauté par communauté, toutes les données épigraphiques et numismatiques, très dispersées au départ, que l’auteur a pu rassembler. Une brève présentation au début de chaque corpus permettra de bien saisir le système de classification de ces textes et monnaies. The second volume of this book intends to present to the reader all the very many documents on which this historical reflection was based. It does not claim to be exhaustive but seeks to provide in the easiest way possible, that is, community by community, all the epigraphic and numismatic data, very scattered at the outset, that the author was able to gather. A brief presentation at the beginning of each corpus will help to understand the classification system of these texts and coins.

Les inscriptions ont été classées de façon alphabétique, cité par cité ou communauté par communauté. À l’intérieur de chacune de celles-ci, la répartition s’est effectuée de façon chronologique : d’abord les documents concernant des populations iraniennes, puis ceux relatifs à l’époque hellénistique ou à des groupes d’ascendance gréco-macédonienne (avec parfois des compléments concernant Thraces, Lyciens ou Gaulois), enfin ceux d’époque romaine. Au sein de ces sous-ensembles, et à l’exception...

Les monnaies ont été classées de façon alphabétique, cité par cité ou communauté par communauté. À l’intérieur de chacune de celles-ci, la répartition s’est effectuée de façon chronologique : d’abord les frappes en lien avec l’époque achéménide ou relatives à des personnes d’origine iranienne, puis celles concernant des populations d’ascendance gréco-macédonienne (avec parfois des compléments concernant des Thraces, des Lyciens ou des Gaulois), enfin celles en lien avec la présence romaine. A...

Après avoir tenté d’expliquer les choix qui ont présidé à l’installation de groupes de soldats ou de vétérans perses, gréco-macédoniens et romains au sein de l’espace phrygien, il s’agit à présent de montrer en quoi une approche par le biais de l’économie peut permettre d’éclairer ce que fut l’impact de ces nouveaux venus dans la région, ne serait-ce que parce que ces derniers investirent dans la société civile des compétences techniques ou de gestion qui leur étaient spécifiques, par exemple...

L’implantation de soldats et de vétérans dans l’espace phrygien entre la période achéménide et la fin du Haut-Empire ne put se faire sans que ceux-ci n’agissent sur la société préexistante. Certes, leur nombre n’est connu ni pour l’époque perse ni pour l’époque hellénistique, pas plus que pour l’époque romaine. Néanmoins, il est évident qu’ils amenèrent avec eux de nouvelles valeurs, tant dans le domaine des rapports sociaux que de la religion. La question cruciale est de savoir en quoi ces v...

espanolEl presente estudio analiza una serie de sucesos y testimonios historicos relacionados con Legio y la legio VII Gemina que buscan comprender como Legio llega a ser un centro urbano en el pleno sentido, alcanzando incluso el rango de civitas. Para ello, llevamos a cabo un estudio sobre la posible capitalidad de Legio en la Hispania Nova Citerior Antoniniana y, a causa de ello, tambien de dicha provincia. Asimismo, analizamos la importancia de las lapidas epigraficas AE 1967, 225 y AE 1992, 1003, como indicios de un probable otorgamiento del estatuto municipal. Sobre esta base, realizamos una reinterpretacion de la carta 67 de Cipriano de Cartago. EnglishThe present study analyses a series of events and evidences related to Legio and the legio VII Gemina that allow an understanding of how Legio became an urban centre in the strict sense, getting even the status of civitas. To that effect, we carry out a study about the possible capital status of Legio in Hispania Nova Citerior Antoniniana, and because of this, also about this province. In the same way, we analyse the importance of the tombstones AE 1967, 225 and AE 1992, 1003 as evidences of a probable granting of the civitas status. On this basis, we conduct a reinterpretation of the letter 67 of Cyprian of Carthage.

This article offers a fresh perspective about the role and evolution of one of the sections of the Roman army, the Frumentarii. Linked with the rank of principales, and with the supply and provisions, especially grain, as their name seems to indicate, this squad took at an early date a great deal of additional functions. Missions to drive and protect luxury stuff to Rome, «espionage», surveillance, police duties, murder, collecting taxes and provincial defense supervision, were some of the unalike but key functions carried by them until the end of Third Century. Although it seems as their infamous reputation fostered their disbandment, for long years they were the emperors' ears and eyes. We will try to explain their development and importance in the Roman society, highlighting the survival of their military skills. Este artículo ofrece una perspectiva poco explorada sobre las funciones y evolución de un cuerpo especial perteneciente al ejército romano, los frumentarii. Asociados a la categoría de principales, al abastecimiento y distribución de suministros, y especialmente de grano, como su nombre parece indicar, fueron prontamente encargados de una gran cantidad de actividades adicionales. Misiones para transportar materiales de lujo a Roma, «espionaje», vigilancia, servicio de policía, asesinatos, recogida de tributos y supervisión de la defensa en las provincias fueron algunos de los dispares, aunque esenciales, cometidos que la tropa llevó a cabo hasta finales del siglo III. Aunque al parecer su pésima reputación propició la disolución del cuerpo, durante muchos años fueron los ojos y oídos de los emperadores. Intentaremos explicar su desarrollo e importancia en la sociedad romana, haciendo hincapié en la pervivencia de sus habilidades militares.

In this paper I introduce a new inscription from the Eskişehir Archaeological Museum which houses a numerous collection of inscribed material from the main civic centres such as Pessinous, Midaion, Nakoleia and chiefly of course from Dorylaion. This inscription, carved on a marble slab was discovered in the county of Mihalıccık, ca. 100 km north-east of Eskişehir (ancient Dorylaion). According to the some previously published inscriptions, a large part of this county was called Choria Considiana in antiquity, which comprised seven villages and was incorporated into the patrimonium Caesaris as early as the reign of Hadrian. Given the find-spot and the expressions διὰ τῶν Καίσαρος χωρίων κωμῶν and ἐν ταῖς τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Καίσαρος κώμαις, it can be securely said that the imperial estate recorded in this new inscription is identical with that named Choria Considiana. The attestation of the “misthotai = leaseholders” in the estate demonstrate that it was not a compact estate run by an imperial slave (=oikonomos), without the supervision of a procurator, as had previously been suggested. The inscription in all likelihood concerns a letter issued by the imperial legate of the province of Galatia and it shows that the inhabitants of Choria Considiana experienced tough times due to the inappropriate and illegal behaviour of military men and some imperial staff such as freedmen of the emperor, tabellarii, presumably conspiring with the misthotai. This letter stipulates that the soldiers and other officials shall not be provided with free lodgings and hospitality and they are required to buy the remaining things (τὰ δὲ λοιπά) at a fixed/ an offering price (παρεχούσης τειμῆς) in each place (ἑκάστῳ τόπῳ) from the coloni (παρὰ τῶν παροίκων). The inscription offers a list of punishments whose details are not known due to the fragmentary condition of those parts of the stone, if these gubernatorial orders are not adhered to. We are not sure whether these became effective in the long term based on the fact that the Skaptopara inscription manifestly records it had become a habit after some time that the orders of the governors began to be ignored, although they may have been followed for a while. There is unfortunately no hint as to the date of the inscription, because the name of the emperor or the governor is not recorded. Considering the parallel texts which also contain the complaints of the villages to the emperors and the responses they receive and which are mostly found within specific time span, ranging from the end of the 2nd century to the first half of the 3rd century A.D., one can also propose a similar date for this new inscription, which is also supported by the lettering forms employed., Bu makalede, Pessinus, Midaion, Nakoleia ve elbette Dorylaion gibi yerleşim yerlerinden getirilen pek çok esere ev sahipliği yapan Eskişehir Arkeoloji Müzesi’nden yeni bir yazıt bilim dünyasına tanıtılmaktadır. Mermer bir levha üzerine kazınan yazıt müze yetkililerinin verdiği bilgiye göre Eskişehir il merkezinin yak. 100 km kuzeydoğusunda yer alan Mihalıççık ilçesinde bulunmuştur. Daha önceden yayımlanan yazıtlar, bu alanın önemli bir bölümünün Antik Dönem’de 7 köyden oluşarak en geç Hadrianus döneminde imparatorun patrimonium’una dahil edilen Choria Considiana adını taşıdığını ortaya koymaktadır. Yazıtın buluntu yeri ile içindeki διὰ τῶν Καίσαρος χωρίων κωμῶν / ἐν ταῖς τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Καίσαρος κώμαις gibi ifadeler göz önüne alındığında yazıtta adı geçen imparator arazilerinin Choria Considiana ile özdeş olduğu rahatlıkla söylenebilmektedir. Yazıt, çok büyük olasılıkla Galatia eyalet valisi tarafından kaleme alınmış olan bir edictum niteliğindedir ve Choria Considiana sakinlerinin askerlerin ve tabellarii gibi diğer görevlilerin yasal olmayan uygunsuz tutumları ve hareketleri dolayısıyla sıkıntılı zamanlar geçirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Yazıtta belirtilen düzenlemelere göre bundan böyle askerler ve görevliler artık bedava konaklamaya ve ağırlanmaya sahip olamayacaklar ve her bir yerde (ἑκάστῳ τόπῳ) geri kalan şeyleri (τὰ δὲ λοιπά) sabit bir fiyattan (παρεχούσης τειμῆς) çiftçilerden (παρὰ τῶν παροίκων) satın almak zorunda kalacaklardır. Yazıt, eyalet valisi tarafından konulan bu kurallara uymayanların detayları taşın ilgili bölümünün tam okunamaması nedeniyle bilinmeyen cezalara maruz kalacağını göstermektedir. Bu düzenlemelerin uzun vadede işe yarayıp yaramadığı belli değildir, çünkü Skaptopara yazıtının da gösterdiği gibi bir süre yürürlükte kalmasına rağmen bu emirlere riayet edilmediği ve aynı sorunların tekrar tekrar yaşandığı bilinmektedir. İmparatorun ya da eyalet valisinin ismi yazıtta geçmediğinden tarihleme yapabilmek için elimizde bir ipucu yoktur; ama köylülerin şikayetlerini bildirdiği dilekçeler ve buna Roma yetkililerin verdiği cevapları içeren benzer yazıtların çoğunlukla MS 2. yüzyılın sonu ile 3. yüzyılın ilk yarısına yoğunlaşmış olması, yeni yazıtı da aşağı yukarı bu dönemlere tarihlemek için uygun görünmektedir. Bu tarih aralığı yazıtın harf karakteri ile de uyum içindedir. Yazıtın Türkçe çevirisi ise şöyledir:İmparatorun çiftliklerinden geçen askerler, imparatorun ulakları, tanrısal imparatorun azatlıları, köleler, vicarius’lar … (köylerin kaynaklarını?) tüketmesin! Misthotai’lar için (= müstecirler?) bedava konaklamadan başka birşey sağlamak zorunlu değildir. Geri kalan şeyleri onların her bir yerde pazar fiyatı üzerinden çiftçilerden almaları zorunludur. Bu kurallara karşı gelen hem mülk sahipleri (?) hem de müstecirler benzer şekilde hesap vereceklerdir. --- Engellenmiştir ve tehlikelidir ----- Bunlar arasında hiçkimseye (?) ne azatlıların ne imparatorun kölelerinin ne de vicarii’nin payının (??) köylere dağıtılması (?) için müsaade olmadığını bildiklerinden ---- Eğer birisi mektupta yazılanlara karşı bir harekette bulunursa --- sadece --- aynı zamanda cezalandırılacak --- tanrısal imparatorumuzun (emirlerine ?) karşı olan ---- seçilmiş arkhonlar tarafından imparator efendimizin köylerinde zarar ziyana uğrayan sakinleri ---- ayakkabıcının ve kasabın ve diğerlerinin parasının ---- bilsinler ----- ne arkhon’a ne de --- herhangi bir şekilde

The cult of the goddess Fortuna has been attested on the territory of Roman provinces in the Central Balkans with numerous votive monuments, sculptures, votive reliefs, statuettes and on glyptics. The goddess was particularly popular among the army, but also venerated by administrative personnel, merchants, freedmen, slaves and women. The epithets of the goddess imply that she was honoured by her devotees as in other Roman provinces - mainly as the goddess of good luck and chance, but also as the protectress of transport, business, routes and perhaps in bathing facilities. Fortuna was usually worshipped alone, but her pairing with the Egyptian goddess Isis as the syncretistic deity Isis-Fortuna and her relationship with Genii, are confirmed in different Central Balkans localities. The goddess Fortuna?s sanctuaries can be presumed in the vicinity of Ulpiana, Nis, near Kumanovo and probably in Viminacium, while her cult lasted from the 2nd to the last decades of the 3rd century.

espanolEntre 2018 y 2020 hemos desarrollado, por iniciativa de la Junta de Castilla y Leon, el Proyecto de Investigacion Roma frente a Cantabros y Astures. Su finalidad fundamental ha sido generar un instrumento de gestion, conocimiento y proteccion que incluyese todos los establecimientos militares romanos localizados en Castilla y Leon y relacionados con este periodo historico. El desarrollo del proyecto ha conllevado la introduccion, en el catalogo general de yacimientos, de otros campamentos romanos hasta ahora ineditos. De hecho, las labores de prospeccion y teledeteccion que hemos llevado a cabo en las provincias de Palencia y Burgos han permitido incrementar en varias decenas el catalogo de recintos militares conocido. En este trabajo, en el que hemos prestado especial atencion a los conjuntos identificados alrededor de Herrera de Pisuerga y en la cuenca del Burejo, asi como a los presentes en el camino natural entre Sasamon y Abia de las Torres, presentamos un bloque notable. La identificacion de estos nuevos emplazamientos proporciona una base solida que permitira avanzar notablemente en el conocimiento de la presencia militar romana en esta region entre las guerras cantabras y los ss. I-II d. C. EnglishBetween 2018 and 2020 we have carried out, on the initiative of the Castilla y Leon Government, the Research Project Roma frente a Cantabros y Astures. Its main purpose has been to generate a management, knowledge and protection instrument that includes all the Roman military establishments located in Castilla y Leon and related to this historical period. The development of the project has led to the sum, in the general catalogue of sites, of other hitherto unpublished Roman camps. In fact, the prospecting and remote sensing work that we have carried out in the provinces of Palencia and Burgos has allowed us to increase the catalogue of known military sites by several tens. In this work, in which we have paid special attention to the sites identified around Herrera de Pisuerga and in the Burejo basin, as well as those along the natural route between Sasamon and Abia de las Torres, we present a remarkable block. The identification of these new sites provides a solid base that will allow us to make significant progress in our knowledge of the Roman military presence in this region between the Cantabrian wars and the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

Il y a, à l’université d’Avignon, à l’embranchement sans issue d’un dédale de couloirs menant au département des historiens, non loin de l’entrée et assez proche de la sortie, glacé l’hiver et chaud l’été, un bureau. Ce bureau est partagé par deux collègues : l’un spécialiste des mondes contemporains quoique peuplés de morts, l’autre d’un temps que l’on dit antique avec sa cohorte de langues mortes, d’armées disparues et de temples en ruines. Le territoire du premier, joyeux amoncellement de ...

There is quite a lot of legal provisions on travels and travelers in the Digest. These provisions deal mainly with technical aspects of traveling, but give also many informations about the types of travelers, the different means of transportations and the traveling risks., On trouve dans le Digeste beaucoup de textes de lois concernant le voyage et les voyageurs. Ces textes concernent essentiellement les aspects techniques du voyage, mais ils donnent également beaucoup d'informations concernant l'identité de ceux qui voyagent, les différents moyens de transport et les risques encourus par les voyageurs. L'ensemble de ces textes donne l'impression que le voyage faisait partie intégrante de la vie des gens à l'époque romaine.

Comment l’armée romaine s’est-elle donné les moyens de sa puissance ? La réponse est plus complexe qu’il n’y paraît : il a fallu apprendre à en recruter les hommes, à les former, à les éduquer et à leur enseigner ce qu’être soldat pouvait signifier. C’est un vrai enjeu de civilisation qu’explore ici Catherine Wolff, professeur émérite d’histoire romaine à l’université d’Avignon. Une histoire faite de réussites et d’échecs, qui montre aussi les limites de la « grandeur » militaire de Rome. Ce livre est tout à la fois un itinéraire qui touche aux fondamentaux de la civilisation romaine et un parcours retraçant plus de vingt ans de recherches. Ce volume est aussi un florilège en forme d’hommages provenant d’amis et de collègues qui disent leur bonheur d’avoir cheminé en compagnie de Catherine Wolff.

J'ai en commun avec Catherine d’avoir eu le même maître, Yann Le Bohec, qui n’est plus à présenter. Après sa thèse Les Brigands en Orient sous le Haut-Empire romain, Catherine a été recrutée en 1998 à l’université Jean Moulin-Lyon 3 où j’étais depuis quelques années. Elle a toujours été une collègue d’une loyauté à toute épreuve, parfaite dans son travail avec ses collègues et ses étudiants, mais aussi une grande chercheuse rigoureuse. Elle ne s’est jamais déchargée de son travail sur les aut...

L’œuvre de Catherine Wolff est riche et diversifiée : ses premiers travaux ont porté sur les brigands dans l’Orient romain et c’est par cette histoire largement « hors normes » que, forte de son excellente connaissance des sources littéraires, en particulier des romans grecs et latins, elle s’est fait connaître dans le monde scientifique : sa thèse sur Les Brigands dans l’Orient romain a connu une belle diffusion grâce à sa publication dans la prestigieuse collection de l’École française de R...

Une partie des articles qui précèdent aborde la question de l’enrôlement des troupes : modalités, identité des hommes mobilisés et composition de l’armée en particulier. Il s’agit d’une question particulièrement importante : avoir une armée, et une armée digne de ce nom, toutes les fois où le besoin s’en fait sentir est une nécessité absolue pour un État, quel qu’il soit. Les réponses romaines à cette question sont-elles originales par rapport à celles des civilisations dont il est question d...

Le cadre militaire est propice aux confiscations : le vainqueur ne confisque-t-il pas au vaincu tout ou partie de ses biens ? Mais il s’agit là de ce qu’une armée fait à une autre armée, ennemie de surcroît. Qu’en est-il de ce qui se passait au sein même de l’armée romaine ? À l’époque républicaine et pendant le règne d’Auguste, des citoyens romains furent eux aussi victimes de confiscations sur ordre d’autres citoyens romains. Ces cas sont cependant très rares et se produisirent, à deux exce...

Les attaques de brigands sont un fait courant dans le monde romain antique, ainsi que le prouvent les multiples témoignages que les Anciens en ont laissés : textes de loi, épitaphes, papyrus, témoignages d’historiens et récits de romanciers, tout concourt à nous donner cette impression, même si cette dernière doit être nuancée en fonction des régions et des périodes. Face au nombre des actes de brigandage, et pour tenter de les rendre moins fréquents, y a-t-il eu chez les Anciens une réflexio...

Mes années d’étudiante à l’université d’Avignon m’ont amenée à suivre les cours de Catherine Wolff. Lorsqu’elle entre dans l’amphithéâtre, le silence se fait en quelques secondes – on n’en attend pas moins d’une ancienne professeure du secondaire. Une fois le cours commencé, on se retrouve plongé dans un univers « antique » durant 1 h 30. Le cours est haletant et rempli d’humour. Catherine Wolff affuble les personnages historiques des meilleurs des surnoms : Cléopâtre VII devient « la vieille...

This article proposes the publication of a graffito on 4th century ceramics, from Tongeren in Germania secunda, in the name of Victurus, primicerius of the Tungrecani Seniores, which helps to clarify the history of roman military ranks and that of this elite troop from late antiquity., Cet article propose l’édition d’un graffito sur céramique du ive siècle, provenant de Tongres en Germania secunda, au nom de Victurus, primicier des Tungrecani Seniores, qui permet de préciser l’histoire des grades militaires romains et celle de cette troupe d’élite de l’Antiquité tardive., Schmidt Heidenreich Christophe, Raepsaet-Charlier Marie-Thérèse, Vanderhoeven Alain. Victurus, primicier des Tungrecani Seniores. À propos d’un graffito de Tongres. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 98, fasc. 1, 2020. Antiquité – Oudheid. pp. 129-147.

Na 136 nadgrobnih natpisa rimskih aktivnih vojnika ili veterana koji se datiraju u doba principata, a potječu iz Salone ili njezina okruženja, spominju se još po jedna ili više osoba. Analiza natpisa pokazala je da ih je najmanje 190, a povezane su s vojnicima i veteranima na različite načine. Najčešće su to njihove žene (coniunx, uxor) s kojima su imali djecu, zatim oslobođenice i oslobođenici koji su imenovani ili navedeni uobičajenom sintagmom (lib. libertaeque), roditelji, krvna braća i tzv. braća po oružju, sestre, hospite, suborci iz postrojbe, prijatelji, robovi, a u pojedinim primjerima punac, šurjak, šurjakinja, prijateljica. Neki su i nasljednici preminulih vojnika i veterana. Rijetki natpisi ne navode u kakvu su odnosu vojnik i druga osoba, ali se to ipak može pretpostaviti. Utvrđuje se tko je koga komemorirao, a analizom imena nastoji se odrediti podrijetlo ovih osoba. Sva tri elementa pomažu da se dokuči društveni status životnih suputnika rimskih vojnika u Saloni., The paper analyzes 136 soldiers’ inscriptions from Salona from the time of the principate, which, in addition to the name of a soldier or veteran, contain the name of one or more persons. At least 190 persons related to soldiers and veterans were mentioned in various contexts. Most often, it is their wives (coniunx, uxor) with whom they had children, then the freedmen and freedwoman named or by the usual syntagm (lib. libertabusque), parents, blood brothers, sisters, brothers in arms, friends, slaves, hospitae... Some of them are also listed as heirs of deceased soldiers and veterans. Only few inscriptions don’t indicate the character of the relationship between a soldier and a person, but it can still be assumed. An attempt was made to determine who commemorated whom, and the analysis of the names should make it possible to determine the origin of these persons and their social status.

La présence et l’action d’unités ethniques maures dans le cadre provincial des Maurétanies sont attestées par un certain nombre d’inscriptions. Celles-ci permettent de suivre l’évolution progressive de ces corps vers une intégration dans le dispositif de défense romain du ier au ive siècle. En outre, elles mettent en évidence la complexité des relations entre les Romains et les gentes : les auxilia recrutés dans les tribus de la province sont parfois engagés contre ces mêmes tribus insurgées. Some inscriptions show how ethnic units are present and play a part in military operations within the Mauretanian provinces. They allow to follow the progressive integration into the Roman defense system from the Ist to the IVth century. Moreover, they reveal the intricacy of the relations between Romans and gentes: the tribal auxilia recruited from provincial gentes must sometimes be brought in against rebels of these same gentes. يتجلى حظور الوحدات الإثنية الماورية ونشاطها داخل المقاطعات الموريطانية من خلال عدد من النقائش التي مكنت من تتبع التطور التدريجي لهذه الوحدات وإدماجها ضمن الهيكل الدفاعي الروماني من القرن الأول الى القرن الرابع. كما تبين مدى تعقد العلاقات بين الرومان و القبائل حيث أن المنتدبين الجدد يجدون أنفسهم في صراع مع نفس القبائل المتمردة.

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EnglishSites occupied by Roman soldiers during the second half of first century BC have been found between 2300 and 3100 m altitude in the Poenine Alps. After an introduction to the research program on these positions, a catalog presents the results of the investigations on the Valais sites. The confrontation of these discoveries with historical sources and, more particularly, with the events that led to the establishment of Roman hegemony over this region, as well as the reminder of the methodological reservations inherent to this exercise, serve as a conclusion. All this cast a new light over the late-republican period in this part of the Alps and presents a state of this ongoing research. francaisDes sites occupes par des militaires romains durant la seconde moitie du premier siecle avant J.-C. ont ete mis en evidence entre 2300 et 3100 m d’altitude dans les Alpes poenines. Apres une introduction au programme de recherche sur ces positions, un catalogue presente les resultats des investigations sur les sites valaisans. La confrontation de ces decouvertes aux sources historiques et plus particulierement aux evenements ayant amene a l’etablissement de l’hegemonie romaine sur cette region, ainsi que le rappel des reserves methodologiques inherentes a cet exercice font office de conclusion. L’ensemble amene un nouvel eclairage sur la periode tardo- republicaine dans cette partie des Alpes et presente un etat des lieux de cette recherche toujours en cours.

[ES]: Desde 2008 hemos desarrollado un amplio programa de investigación en la comarca del Odra-Pisuerga y tierras de Amaya que tiene como objetivo ahondar en los procesos fundamentales que nos permitan conocer el cambio cultural, político, social y económico producido en el paisaje entre la Segunda Edad del Hierro y el final de la época romana. Por su abrumadora riqueza arqueológica, hemos escogido como caso de estudio el área de Sasamón, donde nos encontramos con un oppidum prerromano, algunos indicios de presencia militar romana y una ciudad fundada a inicios del periodo imperial. Habida cuenta del potencial que esta región presentaba para la documentación de estructuras arqueológicas mediante fotografía aérea, llevamos a cabo una campaña de fotografiado y levantamiento fotogramétrico con UAV en primavera de 2019. Esta intervención nos ha permitido, entre otras cosas, incrementar nuestro conocimiento sobre la presencia militar romana en la zona, así como definir con mayor precisión el urbanismo romano de la ciudad de Segisamo., [EN]: The authors have developed an extensive research program in the Odra-Pisuerga and Amaya areas since 2008. This initiative aims to better understand the cultural, political, social and economic changes that took place in this landscape between the Late Iron Age and the end of the Roman world. Due to its rich archaeological heritage, we chose the area of Sasamón as a case study, where we can find an indigenous oppidum, evidence of Roman military presence and a city founded at the very beginning of the Roman Imperial periode. Given the potential of this region for the documentation of archaeological structures through aerial photography, we planned a systematic aerial coverage by using UAV in spring 2019. Among other issues, this archaeological intervention allowed us to increase our knowledge about the Roman military presence in the area, as well as to define more precisely the Roman urbanism of the city of Segisamo., Este trabajo se enmarca en los proyectos de investigación de la ciudad romana de Segisamo (Sasamón, Burgos) y Cerro de Castarreño (Olmillos de Sasamón), financiados por la Conserjería de Cultura y Turismo de la Junta de Castilla y León (n.º de expediente B2019/006043) y por la Diputación de Burgos a través de la «Convocatoria de subvenciones para la realización de proyectos de excavación, prospección y documentación del patrimonio arqueológico y paleontológico de la provincia de Burgos, 2018». Además, la redacción de este artículo ha tenido lugar en el marco de los proyectos Re-Rom, financiado por las «Ayudas destinadas a la atracción y retorno de talento investigador a Centros de I+D+i pertenecientes al Sistema Extremeño de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación» de la Junta de Extremadura (TA18060), y Expeditio, financiado por las «Ayudas de apoyo a la etapa de formación posdoctoral (Modalidad B)» de la Xunta de Galicia (ED481D 2019/006).

Fragments of a huge inscribed bronze tabula are presented here, which can be dated to the end of the year AD 14. The document contained regulations regarding the privileges of soldiers and veterans as well as the financing of the latter. These regulations were made after the mutinies of legions at the Rhine and Danube frontiers, which started after the death of Augustus., Bu makalede İ.S. 14 yılına tarihlenebilecek büyük bir bronz levha parçası sunulmaktadır. Belgenin muvazzaf askerler ile veteranların ayrıcalıklarına ve veteranların finansmanına yönelik düzenlemeler içerdiğini saptamak mümkündür. Bu düzenlemeler, Ren ve Tuna sınırlarındaki lejyonların Augustus‘un ölümünden sonrasında başlattıkları ayaklanmalardan sonra yapılmıştır. Çoğu yeri kırık olan yazıtın yaklaşık çevirisi: “Sex. Appuleius ve Sex. Pompeius’un konsüllükleri döneminde ... orduda hizmet eden (filan¬ca/lar) ... babam Augustus’a itaat etmişler .... Ti. Caesar Augustus’a da itaat edeceklerdir ve bu ... onlar ... yapmak için ... Ti. Caesar Augustus’un ... şükranları ... hatta çoğalmasından (sonra?) .... yeni (ya da iki?) vergi yürürlüğe kondu ... ...’nın miraslarından ... azledilmeleriyle birlikte ... ordu (konseyi?) bilgilendirildi ... ..TIRIS boylarından ... Roma Halkı...”.

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Vallori Márquez, Bartomeu; Bellón Ruíz, Juan Pedro y Rueda Galán, Carmen, Accampamenti, guarnigioni e assedi durante la Seconda Guerra Punica e la conquista romana (secoli III-I aC): prospettive archeologiche, Roma, Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon, 2019.Verhoeven, G.; Doneus, M.; Briese, Ch.; Vermeulen, F. “Mapping by matching: a computer vision-based approach to fast and accurate georeferencing of archaeological aerial photographs”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 39 (2012), págs. 2060-2070. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del estudio arqueológico realizado en 2017 en el yacimiento de A Penaparda, un recinto campamental en forma de naipe de aproximadamente 10 ha situado a caballo entre los municipios de A Fonsagrada (Lugo) y Santalla d’Ozcos (Asturias). Esta intervención contempló el reconocimiento integral de las estructuras arqueológicas tanto en superficie como con recurso a técnicas de teledetección, la prospección artefactual y por metalodetección de un sector del yacimiento y la apertura de un sondeo exploratorio para la caracterización y datación de su sistema defensivo. Dichos trabajos, financiados por el Concello da Fonsagrada, nos han permitido validar las hipótesis de partida y relacionar este recinto con otros localizados en el oriente galaico y occidente asturiano. Neste traballo preséntanse os resultados da intervención arqueolóxica realizada en 2017 no xacemento de A Penaparda, un recinto campamental en forma de naipe de aproximadamente 10 ha situado entre os concellos de A Fonsagrada (Lugo) e Santalla (Asturias). Partindo dunha prospección arqueolóxica previa das Serras de Ouroso-Penouta con recurso a teledetección, esta campaña contemplou o recoñecemento integral das estruturas arqueolóxicas tanto en superficie como por teledetección, a prospección artefactual e por metalodetección dun sector do sitio e a apertura dunha sondaxe exploratoria para a caracterización e datación do seu sistema defensivo. Estes traballos foron financiados polo Concello da Fonsagrada, e permitíronnos validar as hipóteses de partida e relacionar este recinto con outros localizados no oriente galaico e occidente asturiano This paper presents the results of the archaeological campaign carried out in 2017 at the archaeological site of A Penaparda, a playing-card shaped Roman camp (ca. 10 ha) located on the border between A Fonsagrada (Lugo) and Santalla (Asturias). Following a previous archaeological survey of the Ouroso-Penouta Mountains where remote sensing techniques were used, this campaign comprised the integral survey of the archaeological structures –both on the surface and using remote sensing tools–, the artefact and metal surveying of some sections of the site, and the excavation of an exploratory trench to better characterise and date the sites’ defences. These tasks, financed by the Concello da Fonsagrada, allowed us to validate our initial hypotheses about the site and to relate this enclosure with other camps located in Eastern Galicia and western Asturias SI

Nuevos trabajos han permitido en los últimos años completar nuestra visión sobre el desarrollo del fenómeno urbano en el Noreste peninsular, identificando la existencia de diversas fases de urbanización, desde los primeros establecimientos protourbanos del s. II a.C. hasta la eclosión de las definitivas ciudades en la primera mitad del s. I a.C. Se analiza este proceso en su doble vertiente: urbs y ager. In recent times new research has completed our vision about the development of the urban system in northeast Hispania, identifying several stages: from the earliest proto-urban settlements of 2nd c. BC. until the eclosion of consolidated cities in the 1st half of 1st c. BC. This process is analyzed in its dual identity, urbs and ager.

Większość autorów piszących o tzw. reformach Mariusza nie zadaje sobie trudu, aby prześledzić proces kształtowania się poświęconego im dyskursu. Tymczasem zwrócenie uwagi na sposób prezentowania tego zagadnienia przez dziewiętnastowiecznych badaczy dostarcza dodatkowych argumentów służących poparciu przekonania o błędności wizji zakorzenionej w literaturze tematu. Zważywszy na fakt, że żaden z antycznych autorów nie wspomniał o przeprowadzeniu reform przez Mariusza, teoria ta opiera się na twórczej interpretacji kilku passusów zaczerpniętych z zachowanych przekazów antycznych. Z czasem sugestywna wizja przedstawiona przez C.C.L. Langego została podniesiona dzięki autorytetowi jego epigonów (Wilhelm Rüstow, Hans Delbrück, Georg Veith) do rangi dogmatu i uznana za ostatecznie dowiedzioną, choć jej autor w pełni zdawał sobie sprawę ze spekulatywności własnych rozważań. Postępujący zanik znajomości języka niemieckiego dodatkowo przyczynił się do marginalizacji poglądów badaczy tworzących na przełomie XIX i XX w. Po zakończeniu II wojny światowej dokonano dekonstrukcji przekonania o istnieniu reform Mariusza, choć argumenty przedstawione przez jego krytyków wydają się dalece niepełne bez uwzględnienia jednej z najważniejszych przesłanek wynikającej z analizy historiograficznej, a mianowicie drogi prowadzącej do pojawienia się przekonania o istnieniu reform Mariusza w dziełach poświęconych dziejom starożytnego Rzymu.

This paper draws on recent advances in our knowledge (much of it owed to the proliferation of military diplomas) and a new analytical method to quantify the number of soldiers and their children who received Roman citizenship between 14 and 212c.e.Although significant uncertainties remain, these can be quantified and turn out to be small relative to the overall scale of enfranchisement. The paper begins by reviewing what is known about grants of citizenship to soldiers, with particular attention to the remaining uncertainties, before presenting a quantitative model of the phenomenon. The total number of beneficiaries was somewhere in the region 0.9–1.6 million — significantly lower than previous estimates have suggested. It also emerges that the rate of enfranchisement varied substantially over time, in line with significant changes in manpower, length of service (and hence the number of recruits and discharged veterans) and the rate of family formation among soldiers. The Supplementary Material available online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0075435819000662) contains a database of military diplomas (Supplementary Appendix 1), a mathematical model of enfranchisement implemented in MS Excel (Supplementary Appendix 2), a description of the model (Supplementary Appendix 3A) and a derivation of the model of attrition across service cohorts in Fig. 6 (Supplementary Appendix 3B).

Provisioning large concentrations of professional soldiers in Britain after the invasion in AD 43 was a major challenge for the Roman imperial administration. In a distant frontier province such as Britannia, it is generally believed that locally produced agricultural resources must have been vital in feeding and maintaining the occupying army, but direct evidence for this is limited. This study explores the potential for strontium isotope analysis (87Sr/86Sr) of faunal dental enamel to provide new insights for the provisioning of animals to the legionary fortress at Caerleon in South East Wales. Results from 37 domestic animals (cattle, caprines and pigs) from the recent excavation of a military store building in Caerleon are presented. Thirteen faunal dentine and modern plant samples were also analysed to characterise baseline signals for the local landscape. These results indicated an unexpectedly wide range of bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr in the local area, meaning identifying allochthonous individuals with confidence is difficult. The faunal dataset is also very wide ranging, but at least seven individuals can be identified as originating from beyond the local region, with some likely being brought from a substantial distance away. It is highly likely, however, that this underestimates the proportion of animals reared outside the fortress’ immediate hinterland and individuals that fall within the diverse local range could also have been from further afield. This has implications for understanding how the Roman legion was sustained, as well as the impact that provisioning the army had on the countryside, particularly around military sites.

International audience; Soldiers were - and are always - players, partly in order to pass the time. Is this statement true for all professional soldiers of the Roman army in the Imperial period? This article will gather as exhaustively as possible the literary and archaeological sources concerning the practices of games and play in the Roman army. On this base, we will examine the popularity of different games and question if some games were produced specifically for the soldiers. This paper will thus present for the first time the papyrological (and literary) evidence concerning toys and games in Greek and Roman Egypt, discuss the archaeological evidence for gaming in the forts and quarries in the Eastern desert, taking also into consideration the evidence from other Roman military sites all over the Roman empire, present the references to games and gaming materials invented in Greek and Roman Egypt.; Les soldats ont été - et sont toujours - des joueurs, en partie pour faire passer le temps. Est-ce vrai pour tous les soldats professionnels de l’armée romaine du Haut Empire ? Cet article réunit de manière aussi complète que possible les sources littéraires et archéologiques sur les jeux et les pratiques ludiques dans l’armée romaine. Nous examinerons la popularité des différents jeux en nous interrogeant sur la production de certains jeux spécifiquement pour les soldats. Cet article vise les trois objectifs suivants. Il entend présenter les témoignages papyrologiques (et littéraires) relatifs aux jouets et aux jeux dans l’Égypte durant les époques grecque et romaine, discuter les témoignages archéologiques en provenance des établissements militaires et des carrières du désert oriental en Égypte et les comparer avec les découvertes du même type provenant d’autres camps romains, présenter les références aux jeux et aux jouets inventés en Égypte au cours de ces époques.

Inspired by the catalyst papers, this essay traces the impact of displacement on existing and emerging identities of groups and individuals which were relocated to ‘frontier’ areas in the aftermath of conflict and conquest by Rome during the reign of emperor Trajan. The Dacian Wars, ending in 106 CE with the conquest of Dacia by Roman armies, not only resulted in the deliberate destruction of settlements and the society of the conquered, but also the removal of young Dacian men by forced recruitment into the Roman army, some serving the emperor in the Eastern Egyptian Desert. In turn, the wealth in gold and silver of the newly established Roman province of Dacia was exploited by mining communities arriving from Dalmatia. As a result of these ‘displacements’ caused by war and the shared experience of mining in the remote mountains of Dacia or guarding roads through the desert east of the Nile, we can trace the emergence of new senses of belonging alongside the retainment of fixed group identities.

This article reconsiders the accepted views on the annexation and ‘provincialisation’ of Galatia by expanding on the military-related factors involved. It is argued that the annexation helped provide Rome with the necessary resources, including manpower, to maintain Augustus’ ‘New Model’ Army as established between 30 and 25 BC, as well as providing land for the future discharge of legionary veterans. The achievements of the known governors of Galatia for 25 BC-AD 14 are reviewed also, noting how their senatorial status as pro-praetor or pro-consul had no bearing on the type of garrison they commanded. The process of establishing the Augustan coloniae ‘in Pisidia’ is then re-examined, as is the evidence for the character of Ancyra, Pessinus, and Tavium in the pre- and immediate post-annexation period. The data for the garrison of Augustan Galatia is then surveyed, concluding that the legiones V and VII took part in the annexation and probably remained there until AD 8, these legions being supported by auxiliary units that remained in the province after their departure. Finally, the evidence for the formation of the legio XXII Deiotariana is re-assessed, concluding it was indeed constituted under Augustus using the former Galatian Royal Army.

Modern cross-border studies generally pay scant attention to the frontier works themselves. Yet analysis of these can tell us much about the relationships between Rome and her neighbours. In spite of that, and their popularity with a wider public, Roman frontier studies have fallen out of favour in mainstream academic circles in the UK. This paper seeks to emphasise that the study of these frontiers is essential to a balanced understanding of the Roman Empire and its relationship with its neighbours. The importance of understanding the detail before creating the bigger picture is underlined, as is the necessity to examine other frontiers than those in Britain, both elsewhere in the Roman Empire and at other times.