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The term 'publicness' is a keyword to explain the creation of a people in the history of modern education in Korea in which the relationship between the ruled and the ruling power rapidly changed from the perspective of continuity and discontinuity. In Korea, the term has been commonly used in three different contexts, and its meanings have changed since the 1894 Gabo Reform, the first reform for the modernization of Korea. Even when the ruling power changed in 1910 with Japanese colonialism, the ruling class took the meaning of publicness as a governing institution (??? ???), which had a very weak sense of publicness as an ethical principle of fairness (Gong [?]) or as public benefit and opinion (Gong [?]). In contrast, the resisting power, which was fully established throughout the colonial era from 1910 to 1945, lacked the sense of publicness as a ruling institution, but embraced the two other concepts of publicness. This historical experience of the competing concepts of publicness materialized into the creation of a modern people through law and education even in the post-colonial period of modern Korea. Generally speaking though, the creation of a modern people in Korea has been strongly affected by the concept of publicness as a ruling institution through a nationalist education.

A major role of education is to socialise individuals into being responsible and productive citizens. It is aimed at preparing people for the workforce and for participating in the public life of the nation. Educational systems are complex bureaucracies based on particular educational and social theories and philosophies. This paper is concerned with one particular system, the Japanese education system, which emerged from many conflicting ideologies. Polar extremes of liberal and ultra-nationalism orientations were disseminated in its historical course and it remains in the early twenty-first century a system that retains many tensions. This paper seeks to elucidate these tensions while demonstrating that peace outcomes can still be achieved. It begins with three collected narratives of peace work and peace education work within a formally militaristic institution, Ritsumeikan University. Together with Kogakukan University in Mei and Kokushikan University in Tokyo Ritsumeikan was threatened with closure by General Douglas MacArthur for activities during the Second World War. Ritsumeikan has striven to develop a peace role post-war. By employing these experiential narratives together with a brief study of Ritsumeikan itself the paper demonstrates positive peace outcomes within an oft-perceived "rigid" education system: outcomes for promoting peaceful action found both at the institutional level and at the personal level. (Contains 41 notes.)

Framed within debates concerning national identification and English as a Foreign Language education within Japan, the current study explores the relationships between three specific attitudinal facets of Japanese national identification (internationalism, patriotism and nationalism), the perceived vitality of English-speaking nations, the intercultural appeal of English-speaking people, and attitudes toward learning English within a sample of 377 Japanese university students majoring in English at the undergraduate level. Based primarily on theoretical principles set forth by the author, a process of structural equation modelling was undertaken in order to test a proposed model of the various interactions and relationships. A number of important relationships were identified and are discussed from a socio-political and socio-educational perspective. (Contains 3 figures and 1 table.)

The Han sphere, including Vietnam, Korea, Japan, Taiwan and China, adopted Han characters and classical Han writing as the official written language before the 20th century. However, great changes came with the advent of the 20th century. After World War II, Han characters in Vietnam and Korea were officially replaced by the romanised "Chu Quoc Ngu" and phonemic Hangul, respectively. In Japan, the number of Han characters in use decreased, and the syllabic "Kana" system was promoted to a national status. In Taiwan, although Taiwanese romanisation was developed centuries ago, Han characters remain the dominant orthography in current Taiwanese society. This paper examines Taiwan's orthographic transition from the perspective of the Han sphere. Both internal and external factors have contributed to the different outcomes of orthographic reform in these countries. Internal factors include the general public's demand for literacy and anti-feudal hierarchy. External factors include the political relationships between these countries and the origin of Han characters (i.e. China). (Contains 5 notes.)

The most striking feature of the Japanese social studies curriculum at the elementary level is its role as the instructor of Japanese national values and attitudes. The social studies curriculum has gone through four major revisions since World War II. In the most recent revision, in the early 1980's, the focus has been on instituting new teaching strategies similar to those emphasized in American schools in the 1960's: experiential learning, individualized instruction, and pupil-centered approaches. The principal themes for elementary social studies in Japan are: community, family, work ethic, the interrelationship of society and nature, community cooperation, economic development, and national cultural and social heritage. (LP)

Japan’s early modern Tokugawa government (1603−1868) sponsored a series of projects of national mapping. The Matsumae family, ruling what is now Hokkaido, were loosely incorporated into these projects. It was only during the last of these, in the Tenpō era (1830−1848), that their lands were represented in the same manner as the rest of Japan because the central government made the final Matsumae-no-shima map. This article examines the production of this final official map of Japan’s north to argue that the Tokugawa’s institutional mapping made this region part of the nation through its own mapping framework, distinct from the cartographic forms with which national or imperial states are usually associated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses sexuality and prostitution as key elements in the emergence of postwar Japanese nationalism. It analyzes discursive practices, which Japan's authorities used to conceptualize the recreational facilities aimed at "comforting" the Allied occupiers during the still imaginary encounter of occupier and occupied in the immediate post-surrender period. The conceptualization of prostitution at the end of WWII is a pivotal example for the clash of competing empires, the disintegration of Japan's empire, and postwar imagination of the Japanese nation-state. Since the early twentieth century Japan's aggressive war and colonial rule in Asia exported sex workers as well as specific notions of sexuality-often mediated through further global entanglements with the West and its colonies-that had shaped the understanding of Japan's empire and Japanese imperial subjectivity. With defeat in 1945, Japan's imperial dreams shattered, but imperial experiences of sexuality and prostitution continued to shape ideas of Japanese belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the challenges faced by government experts in thought crimes as they attempted to combat radicalized nationalist organizations during the 1930s. The established system of containing subversive political movements, organized around the Peace Preservation Law (1925), was built on the premise that challenges to the government would come from the ideological left. The fact that activists were now attacking political and financial leaders in the name of patriotism presented ideological and procedural difficulties and reveals a destabilization in the discourse of nationalism enabled by the advent of patriotic terrorism that threatened the state's monopoly over the mantra of nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on thriving populism and populist nationalism and democracy in East Asia and its comparison with that in the West. It discusses the ignorance of populist governance in post-war East Asian countries such as Japan, Korea and China. It states that history of national humiliation and wartime record are condemned as part of international conspiracy in these countries. It discusses extreme nationalism under leadership of Ja­pan's Prime Minister Abe Shinzo, China's Xi Jinping, and Korea's Park Guen-hye.

The ambivalence between Westernization and nationalism is a major theme in modern Japanese history, the Meiji period (1868-1912) ranks as one of its most exhilarating epochs. For the government's major policies at the beginning of this new era, 'revival' and 'progress' were two sides of the same coin - the first was a principle for the country's new internal organization based on the spirit of ancient mysticism involving the reverential evocation of imperial ancestors of an 'unbroken' line reaching all the way to the Japanese kami or deities, whereas the other was a policy for adopting external culture in the spirit of modern pragmatism. In every respect, the early Meiji years were a time of rapid and major transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1950s and 1960s, the modern Japanese state employed overseas cultural promotion as a way to maximise its interests and image not only in international contexts but also at home. By juxtaposing the Takarazuka Revue’s performances in the United States and Japan during the postwar period, this paper argues that the overseas promotion of this Japanese theatre troupe both depended upon and reinforced the Japanese populace’s nationalistic pride in its culture. The paper also addresses the ways in which the Japanese government used Takarazuka’s theatrical presentations as a means of pursuing its domestic and diplomatic agendas: improving Japan’s international position by proposing shared aspects of popular culture with the US and increasing its sense of nationalism by propagating cultural pride. In doing so, the paper explicates the ways in which Japanese popular cultural considerations interfaced with political concerns in the shaping of postwar Japan’s national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An essay is presented which explores the history of preservation of the Grand Shrine of Ise architectural monument in Japan. The author reflects on the monument as a metaphor related to perceptions of antiquity in relation to modernity and national identity. Emphasis is given to topics such as the development of Japanese imperialism, global cultural heritage, and symbols of democratic nationalism following World War II.

Professionally trained teachers shifted an ideological debate to a discussion of how to increase their students' potential to navigate within new power structures of the Japanese nation and empire. While other scholars have described how many teachers opposed the idea of kokugo not least on the periphery of nation and empire, this essay analyzes concrete recommendations made by classroom teachers. I argue that teachers trained at the new normal schools authored articles for journals of the Teikoku Kyoiku Kai (Imperial Education Society) that fundamentally changed the central discourse on kokugo by introducing theoretical and pedagogical considerations tested and inspired by classroom experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last three decades, a considerable body of English-language academic work has shed much light on Japan's empire-building project in Greater China during the first half of the twentieth century. At the same time, Japanese-language studies of the country's pre-war financial history have also grown in leaps and bounds. Yet, to date, neither body of literature seems to have fully examined what might appear to the naked eye as one of the critical pre-war junctures, where Japanese financial history converged on imperial policy and Chinese nationalist responses thereto.1 This paper will therefore aim to fill part of the gap by examining how the Yokohama Specie Bank, arguably the backbone of Japanese finance in China Proper, was affected by Chinese anti-foreign boycotts throughout the pre-war era (1842–1937). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the 1964 Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan, notable as the first Olympic games held in a non-Western country, the first televised games, and the first to use computers to track sporting results. It explores how preparations for the Olympic were portrayed in mass media and the popular press, which created tension between traditional Japanese society and its embrace of modernization and cosmopolitanism. Topics considered include Japan's economic development in the post-World War II period, modernity, Japanese cultural identity, and the Cold War.

The essay discusses early post-World War II Sino-Japanese relations. Focus is given to Japan's relationship with Chinese Nationalists (KMT), who would come to rule Taiwan following the rise of China's Communist government, based on the Japanese military's and civil society's reaction to defeat in World War II. Also examined is how such dramatic international relations changes in East Asia impacted Japanese and Taiwanese nationalism and national identity in the post-war era.

This article highlights the important contribution made by Kamichika Ichiko to the interwar publishing scene by providing an overview of the literary journalFujin Bungeilaunched by her and an analysis of three stories it published from leading female writers of the era, Matsuda Tokiko, Hirabayashi Eiko and Asai Hanako.Fujin Bungeiwas a rare oppositional voice within the media that questioned the narrow nationalism sanctioned and promoted by the Japanese state when others had fallen silent or been silenced. Furthermore, its focus on writing by women provided a forum for passionate and provocative works which shed new light on the downfall of the Proletarian Literature Movement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Current historiography recognizes that modern Japanese cuisine is an expression of national identity and traces its origin to tea cuisine (kaiseki) said to have been perfected by Sen no Rikyū (1522-91). Yet, Rikyū's contributions to the development of kaiseki are not substantiated in the historical records. This article aims to clarify the role of Rikyū in the development of tea cuisine and to call for a broader investigation of the history of tea cuisine to consider more diffuse and diverse practices involving multiple actors over time rather than attribute foundational principles in national culture to individual genius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the wartime diaries of several Japanese soldiers and investigates their personal experiences of the Second Sino-Japanese War. It first considers the effects that mobilization strategies had in creating a sense of national unity and purpose, and then contrasts these tendencies with Japanese soldiers' actual battlefield experiences. Through the exploration of these personal writings, this essay demonstrates that those soldiers who had battlefield experience served as a major driving force behind the establishment of imperial fascism in addition to the military. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Often ideology is downplayed in the study of Japanese politics. The Seirankai is important because it was a clearly ideological right-wing group of politicians. The group and its former members certainly pushed forward the right-wing ideological agenda in the decades after its formation but assessing its impact is not straightforward. The Seirankai and the fate of its members demonstrate the tension between ideology and standard narratives of political success in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents an examination into the education system of Japan throughout the 20th century, highlighting its institutional role in assisting the process of "cosmopolitan nation-building." The political ideology surrounding a state's education system is discussed on a theoretical level. A historical overview of the Japanese system since World War II is presented, citing major thematic movements of cosmopolitanism and nationalism. Further commentary is offered regarding the collective identity of Japan in the 21st century and its conceptual challenges.

The promulgation of Japan's first modern constitution in 1889 was followed by a festival, which saw the inaugural cheering of banzai by crowds to greet the Meiji Emperor as he passed by. Respect for the imperial family had been gradually building during the previous decades, but for many of the Japanese people the Emperor remained a mysterious, distant being, when not simply an inconvenience. It was only in 1889, with the cheering of banzai, the singing of the national anthem and the dissemination of the imperial portrait, that the Emperor became a fully modern monarch. This article explores the significance of this moment for the relationship between Emperor and people and for the latter's development of their self-awareness as a nation. The constitution was problematic, in that many people were excluded from the electorate, but cheering banzai provided a moment when the Japanese people could experience a sense of unity with each other and their sovereign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the ceremonies surrounding the enthronement of Emperor Showa in 1928 and their implications for Japanese nationalism. The 1928 celebrations displayed the contours of official nationalism at the time and furthered national integration, principally because they took advantage of the great technological and cultural developments of the 1920s. Though official versions of nationalism were powerful, people participated in the celebrations for a variety of reasons. The enthronement events were intimately related to the mass culture and consumerism of the 1920s and were a reflection and expression of urban life in that decade, not a predictor of foreign aggression in the 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the strategic manipulation of national Red Cross Societies as markers of sovereignty during a period of heightened world nationalism in the early twentieth century. Using Chinese archival materials, it examines how in 1916, on China's much contested Shandong Peninsula, a Japanese delegation set up a Japanese Red Cross chapter and hospital in the Chinese port city of Longkou, in flagrant disregard of widely recognized principles of sovereignty and international law. Occurring just as the larger 'Shandong Question' was roiling the international legal community, this incident shows how the local practice of international legal statutes diverged from a more publicized, transnational discussion of those same principles. The article explores this disjuncture, and considers one instance of what I term the differentiated practice of international law: the early twentiethcentury Japanese 'double policy' - 'one policy for the East and another for the West.' Revealing much about the use of humanitarian activity and the laws of war to further national agendas, the Longkou Incident was later used by the Chinese Red Cross Society as precedent for checking further incursions into China's sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Sino-Japanese relations are quite stable presently, it was as recent as 2004–2005 that the two nations slid into the worst bilateral quagmire in decades. When in 2007 Japan was China’s third largest trading partner and China surpassed the US to become Japan’s largest trading partner, what is eating these two otherwise very pragmatic traders? History, nationalism and face, enabled by recent changes in the strategic environment, are the factors that have been most salient in bringing about the plunge in Sino-Japanese relations in 2004–05 and though Sino-Japanese relations have been much better since, these factors hang like a storm front over Sino-Japanese relations today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powerful collective memories—whether real or concocted— often lie at the root of conflicts, nationalism and cultural identities. In most societies, history textbooks are the "agents of memory" and function as a sort of "supreme historical court." This article reviews initially how controversies over history textbooks have become sources of conflict in East Asia and then examines the activities of a trilateral history textbook writing project between China, Japan and the Republic of Korea. It also aims to contribute to the theoretical discussion about why history textbooks are worth fighting over and how joint history textbook writing can be used as a means for peacebuilding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of the 1940 Tokyo Olympic Games in defining Japanese cultural nationalism and contributing to the legitimacy of the IOC in the tumultuous 1930s, a thorough history of the event has not been addressed in the English language. This study situates the 1940 Tokyo Games as key not only to the diplomatic history of Japan and the West, but also to the ideological production of 1930s Japan and to the crisis of the IOC's legitimacy in the aftermath of the 1936 Berlin Olympics. The history of modern sports in Japan and Japan in the Olympic Movement is also traced in order to showcase Japan's ability as a developed nation of Olympic sports and athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the second set of articles in the Transforming Anthropology series entitled "Interrogating Race and National Consciousness in the Diaspora." The three articles--Kosuzu Abe's "Identities and Racism of Puerto Rican Migrants in New York City: An Introductory Essay"; Hideaki Tobe's "Military Bases and Modernity: An Aspect of Americanization in Okinawa"; and Katsuyuki Murata's "Searching for a Framework for a Synthetic Understanding of Post-1965 Immigration from the Western Hemisphere"--presented in this issue of Transforming Anthropology originate from a research workshop hem at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Each of these articles shares an active engagement with critical history. My introductory article begins with a discussion of critical theory and the search for a more democratic history. After sketching out the dimensions of a critical historical practice. I highlight how each author uses an "island of history," local historical events, to elucidate larger themes such as globalization, identity, imperialism. nation, and race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the international education movement episode in the history of modern Japanese education that was not discussed in the literature on the country's nationalism. Correlation between education and nationalism; Period in the history of Japan in which this movement took place; How the principal supporters of the movement saw themselves.

There has been simultaneous emergence in many countries of the world of political disputes over aspects of national history in the 1990s. Geographical knowledge has political implications. Hence it is concerned with the formation of national identity as well as historical knowledge. This paper examines the relationships between Japanese modernisation and geographical thought, the characteristics of school textbooks and geopolitics in Japan during the Asia Pacific War, and recent disputes about views of history and the meaning of views of geography in the post-Cold War era. Consequently, it is shown that the view of geography promoted the formation of national identity in the same way as that of history through geographical education and geopolitics. Taking the roles of geography into consideration, it can be said that an imaginative geography based on an ethnocentric view plays an important role in the time of rethinking national history. We should be aware of such an ethnocentric view of geography and make an effort to overcome differences in views between nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]