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This thesis examines the relationship between India and Australia between 1858 and 1901. It draws upon a recent reinterpretation of India's role in the British empire that views it as a power centre. This approach is applied to an examination of the India-Australia relationship to consider how the Indian government and the Australian colonial governments communicated with and acted towards one another. This adds to our understanding of the workings of the British empire, India's role within it and shows Australia's imperial connections to be more complicated than a simple connection with London. Starting with the Indian Rebellion and the transfer of power from the East India Company to the Crown and ending with Australia's partial break with empire, Federation in 1901, this study will discuss a period in which the relationship has received only very limited attention. India's role in the empire was expanding and the administration in both colonies was stable. Material from around Australia is used, including parliamentary papers from New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, South Australia and Victoria, and archival material from South Australia and Tasmania. Four chapters focus on separate thematic issues that defined the India-Australia relationship: administrative cooperation, trade, military issues and Indian indentured labour. Previously unknown and unexamined ways in which India and Australia cooperated will be examined. We can conclude from the discussion of administrative cooperation that the relationship between India and Australia was deeper than has previously been acknowledged. The following three chapters continue with this argument, and reveal more details and nuances in the nature of the relationship. The manner of the relationship was extremely friendly ‚Äö- with symbolic gestures on both sides and extremely respectful dialogue. However, it also shows the relationship, as is implied by the conception of India as a major power centre, to be asymmetrical. When it was in her own best interests, India was willing and able to exert its will over Australia. The responses of the Australian colonies to India's ascendancy varied over time and between colonies.

Forestry has played a central role in the history of natural resource management in the New World. Its impact on the evolution of the forested landscape, the growth of the forest products industries, and the rise of the conservation movement, has been of particular interest to geographers who have portrayed these developments as part of the overall learning sequence by which societies have come to terms with their environment. This dissertation provides a comparative analysis to examine the evolution of public forestry policy in South Australia and Victoria between 1870 and 1939. The study period encompasses the 'custodial era' in which Australia's modern forest services were established to manage a complex system of forest reserves for a variety of purposes defined by the state. This thesis was scanned from the print manuscript for digital preservation and is copyright the author. Author requested conversion to open access 28 Apr 2023

The focus of this study is the experiences of mothers of children with Down syndrome (Ds) and the provision of social services for their children and their families. Children with Ds have a range of physical and intellectual differences. This study examined the living conditions and quality of life of children with Ds based on mothers' perceptions about social services and their experiences of having a child with Ds. A two-country comparison of the differences in the availability of resources such as social services was made. The areas of health and education were selected as primary social services. The nature of the problem prompted a qualitative, interpretive approach to the study through the use of case studies, interviews and survey methods to produce practical solutions to the problem. The sample consisted of 68 mothers of children with Ds, who experienced the difficulties of raising their children. Data were coded by NUDIST to produce the headings: family, services, mothers' perceptions, and satisfaction with services. Descriptive analysis indicated four main areas determining the living conditions of children with Ds and their unmet needs. The findings of the study revealed that there are major barriers preventing children with Ds from achieving a normal life. These barriers included the negative attitudes of health and education professionals; a lack of accurate information about Down syndrome; inappropriate social services; the current practices of informing mothers about their child's diagnosis; and difficulty in accessing information about Down syndrome and social services. As a result, it is suggested that there is a need for a new understanding about Ds, which requires re-education and up-to-date information for health and education professionals, mothers, and society in general. Clearly, the range and quality of social service programs offered by authorities in the Ministries of Health and Education in both Australia and Iran need to be reviewed. The conclusion drawn from the examination of experiences of mothers in Australia and Iran indicated that contrary to the literature, mothers' emotional problems are not natural feelings and could be prevented if professionals changed the traditional way of pointing out the negatives, and instead, emphasise the potential and possibilities of a child with Ds. The research generated a background report for the Australian and Iranian Ministries of Health and Education with the intention of contributing to an improved quality of life for children with Ds.

Prior to World War I, members of the Christian Brethren movement had usually avoided military involvement. This thesis examines their response to the demands of both World Wars, in the context of their teaching on relations with the state. It takes evidence from published material and responses to a questionnaire, and draws the conclusion that separation from worldly affairs was at least as strong a motivation as pacifism or the law of love, and that these were held in tension with the Biblical command to obey the powers that be.

Between 1977 and 1984, Grove City College engaged in a legal dispute with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare as to whether the college needed to sign federally mandated Title IX compliance forms for its students to receive federal funding. This project uses the culmination of the legal dispute, the Supreme Court case Grove City College v. Bell (1984) to engage with discussions about philanthropy’s role in shaping education, the political effects of that education, the politicization of interpretations of Supreme Court decisions, and the continued role of education in shaping a conservative intellectual elite. Throughout much of the twentieth century, oil magnate and conservative businessman J. Howard Pew funded Grove City College’s building projects and gave countless speeches at the college. By relying on his money, Pew steered the private college’s curriculum and student life to embrace Judeo-Christian norms, cultural conservatism, and libertarian economics. These values shaped the conservative response to federal regulations in the form of Title IX as Grove City College sought to defend those values. This sociolegal history of the case reveals the intellectual roots of Grove City College’s retaliation. Furthermore, this project bridges legal and political history as I show that Supreme Court decisions were shaped by activists and politicians. We must look beyond case law. The project connects grassroots activism and political decisions as both meted out the future of conservatism in the public square. By conflating popularity with democracy, Ronald Reagan and his Department of Justice tried to appease all sides in the legal conflict as he made overtures to the antifeminist New Right. This project then touches on the battle over minority rule and majoritarian democracy as Reagan was at odds with the New Right as he subscribed to the latter. My work on Grove City College v. Bell (1984) then pushes our discussion of political history beyond a red and blue dichotomy as Democrats and moderate Republicans formed a bipartisan coalition to legislatively overturn the Supreme Court’s decision. Grove City College’s conservative think tank acts as a new endeavor to inform the public square as to the values of conservatism. Long since passed away, Pew’s values live on in the Institute for Faith and Freedom. By observing the branding of the organization and its connection to the college’s history, this work shows the fluidity and adaptability of conservatism as it occurs on campus and how it intertwines with national conversations today with which conservatism is concerned.

Since the 1960s revisionist Australian histories have sought to redress the perceived imbalance of earlier accounts. These histories have predominantly argued that invasion and dispossession typify contact between Aborigines and settler Australians. Concerning contact between missionaries and Aborigines, missionaries are held to be largely responsible not only for the dispossession of Aboriginal spirituality, but for the current dysfunction at many former mission sites. Furthermore, much scholarly work and commentary over the last three decades assumes a crude binarism in respect to Aboriginal religious beliefs and Christianity. Traditional, or classical Aboriginal belief systems and adherence to the Christian faith are held to be antithetical. Implicitly more than explicitly, but apparent nevertheless, is the accompanying understanding that Christian beliefs displace Aboriginality. Aborigines, therefore, are either spiritually traditional or Christian, not both. That is, to be authentically Aboriginal one cannot be Christian and vice versa. While revisionist studies have been useful in contesting earlier assessments of the mission era, they have become established as yet another orthodoxy. Much evidence suggests that the interface between missions, Christianity and Aborigines is more nuanced than this new orthodoxy permits. Taking its cue from this evidence, this thesis investigates the premise that many Aboriginal people find Christianity important and that their belief in Christianity is a legitimate expression of Aboriginality. This thesis challenges the dominant reading of missionary impact through a case study of the contact between Presbyterian missionaries and Pitjantjatjara people at Ernabella Mission (1937 to 1974) in the far north-west of South Australia. A close reading of archival material from Ernabella and recollections of Pitjantjatjara people who associated with the mission reveal that missionaries at Ernabella attempted to preserve tribal life through a policy of minimal intervention, that the presence of the mission and its policy allowed Pitjantjatjara people to remain connected to their country, and that Pitjantjatjara people exercised agency in their relationships with missionaries and in their engagement with Christianity. This research found that at Ernabella (and elsewhere) those who are Elders of the church are most often those also responsible for upholding traditional Law. The alleged boundaries, therefore, and dislocation between Aborigines and Christianity, are not so clearly defined. Throughout the mission era Aboriginal people expressed Christianity in myriad and innovative ways and have continued to do so in the post-mission era. Recognising this, studies of other missions may also find histories which contest the established position.

This thesis explores the relationship between the senses and the contestation of power in Florence during the Savonarolan period (1494-1498). This thesis has demonstrated that historical actors in this period consciously produced sensory experiences as a means of structuring their social relationships and asserting dominance over others. Accordingly, this thesis has developed a new methodology for interpreting and analysing primary sources for actions conducive to the sensorial construction of physical and imagined environments. This has shed new light on the senses as an important yet overlooked facet of human agency in the realms of social and political behaviour.

Retired from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 2007, the Chief Illiniwek mascot remains a pervasive image throughout the Champaign-Urbana, Illinois area. This dissertation explores the concept of collective memory, particularly in memory’s role in forming a collective identity. Chief Illiniwek, for many in this community, symbolizes honor and loyalty. More broadly, the Chief is part of the community’s collective memory and discussing the Chief evokes feelings of pride and nostalgia for many community members. This work puts Native American sports mascots in conversation with other controversial objects such as monuments to Confederate soldiers and Christopher Columbus – both of which are images of great pride for some groups and hate and exclusion for others. This dissertation also explores the rise of the internet’s role in memory-making and preservation. I analyze the content posted in two Facebook groups dedicated to preserving the memory of Chief Illiniwek, and in some cases campaigning to reinstate him as the mascot/symbol of the university. Additionally, I analyze the material culture of Chief Illiniwek by exploring the current state of buying used and new Chief Illiniwek merchandise. I connect the current collecting of Chief merchandise to the historical practice of museums and academics collecting indigenous material culture and human remains. Both acts are predicated on the perceived need to preserve a group that no longer exists and alter narratives to fit within a white supremacist framework. I argue that the Chief maintains a presence within the Champaign-Urbana community due to the power of collective memory. More specifically, the Chief works as a way to memorialize a white supremacist culture. Efforts to rid Chief imagery are met with outrage and disgust by supporters and in these groups any supporters refer to those that are anti-Chief as outsiders or politically correct activists. I argue that the Chief debate extends far beyond the confines of the university and should be discusses as a community issue rather than a campus problem. As the university continues to distance itself from this racist imagery, many in the community still celebrates the Chief and the image continues to circulate and be displayed.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria Annual Conference, 23-24 July 2015, Melbourne.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria History Conference, 19 February 2016, Melbourne.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria Annual Conference, 26 July 2013, Melbourne.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Australia National Conference, 29 September-2 October 2015, Melbourne.

A note on the first line of P.Wisc. 1.31.

This thesis presents a thematic study of dynamic collaboration between the king and his nobility in late medieval Scotland, through the case study of Thomas Randolph, earl of Moray. It concludes that patronage, service, and successfully managing a network of affiliates and allies were critical to Randolph's rise in status and efficacy as Robert I's chief representative, culminating in his appointment as Guardian of Scotland in the minority of Robert's son, David II. Randolph's case sheds new light on Scottish medieval political life

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria History Conference, 21 February 2020, Melbourne.

The Angliss Hospital is an important regional health service on the eastern periphery of Melbourne. It had its origins as a Bush Nursing Hospital and was built in less than a year due to the efforts of the community on the eve of the Second World War. The project had languished during the dark days of the Great Depression of the 1930s but was revived by Gilbert Lawrence Chandler, Shire Councillor, Parliamentarian and agriculturalist, in 1937. The major benefactor was Sir William Angliss, the wealthy meat exporter, after whom the hospital is named. The Nicholas family of Aspro pharmaceutical fame who were living at their property at Burnham Beeches in the Dandenongs at that time also contributed to the establishment of the surgical wing of the Hospital.This research project tells the story from the 1930s to the present day, of how the hospital was severed from the Victorian Bush Nursing Association in I 945 in theknowledge that it was unable to be wholly supported by public funds in the urban expansion of post -World War 2. Subsequent State Government planning priorities to the east of Melbourne, were centred on the Box Hill Hospital causinga delay of ten years in the development of the modem hospital at Upper Femtree Gully.While the Angliss Hospital's origins, as a consequence of philanthropic and community desires, are the primary concern of this story, it also embraces contemporary philosophical issues in the definition and role of the hospital in the community.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria Annual Conference, 25 July 2019, Melbourne.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria History Conference, 26 February 2021, Melbourne.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria History Conference, 24 February 2017, Melbourne.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria History Conference, 23 February 2018, Melbourne.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria Annual Conference, 26 July 2019, Melbourne.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria Annual Conference, 24-25 July 2014, Melbourne.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria Annual Conference, 20-21 July 2017, Melbourne.

This thesis examines a collection of elite British women's albums dating between 1750 and 1830, with the aim of gaining new insight into the albums' function and into elite women's daily lives in this period. Through close contextual analysis, combined with a multi-disciplinary and thematic interpretive approach, this thesis demonstrates how albums can be used as legitimate historical sources to further our understanding of elite women’s role as mothers, their perspective of lineage and heritage, their participation in land ownership and their view of family landscape, and their close networks and relationships.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria History Conference, 20 February 2015, Melbourne.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria History Conference, 26 February 2021, Melbourne.

This thesis examines the audiovisual testimonies of female Holocaust survivors who recounted their memories of sexual violence experienced during the period of Nazi persecution. Drawing on practices of close reading, my thesis consistently analyses the linguistic and performative elements of testimonies through the conceptual lenses of trauma, agency, and empathy. I argue that by extending our focus from the events of the past and onto the events of its retelling in testimonies, it is possible to deepen our understanding of how women experienced and recalled sexual violence.

Presented at the History Teachers��� Association of Victoria Annual Conference, 26-27 July 2018, Melbourne.

This thesis explores the purpose of the miraculous in the convent Chronicle of Santissima Annunziata delle Murate. Scholarship has largely tended toward accepting miracles in this and other chronicles as trope of female monastic history writing in the sixteenth century. I argue instead that miracles are a central mechanism by which the Chronicle seeks to achieve its communicative aims and serve at least two purposes: to reinforce the divinely approved nature of the community, and as a means of teaching nuns ways to live virtuously.

This thesis was scanned from the print manuscript for digital preservation and is copyright the author. Researchers can access this thesis by asking their local university, institution or public library to make a request on their behalf. Monash staff and postgraduate students can use the link in the References field.

This thesis uses life story interviews recorded by the Australian Generations Oral History Project between 2011 and 2015 to examine experiences and memories of youth migration to postwar Australia between 1946 and 1973. It argues that age, and specifically the life stage of youth, crucially shaped experiences of postwar migration to Australia—and that migration altered experiences of youth. It also shows that examining young migrants’ experiences outside of Australia, and treating their whole lives as relevant to Australian history, can radically transform understandings of what constitutes Australian history.

This thesis seeks to write a history of “pipels”: the phenomenon whereby young men and adolescent boys were routinely sexually abused or coerced by prisoner-functionaries in the Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust, using written and video survivor testimonies

The Icelandic sagas describe Icelanders travelling throughout the medieval world. But their stories were also written down during a time of unrest, when Icelandic society was under great pressure from Norwegian political influence. The images of these far-travellers – like the men who went east to serve foreign kings, and the men and women who sailed the dangerous seas to the west, to discover and colonise new lands – can reveal aspects of author intent and values. This thesis explains how stories of far-travellers and journeys provide a literary response by their authors, articulating their sense of an emerging Icelandic identity.

This thesis examines Australia’s diplomacy in the 1960s and 1970s that sought to maximise Australian sovereignty over energy-rich areas of the Timor Sea. It challenges claims by Australian diplomats and politicians that energy reserves in disputed areas of the Timor Sea did not factor in Australia’s support for Indonesia’s invasion of East Timor in December 1975. The thesis demonstrates that Australia’s decision to recognise Indonesia’s sovereignty in East Timor in 1978 was primarily driven by Australia’s economic interest in negotiating a Timor Sea boundary with Indonesia, and not by humanitarian objectives as claimed by the Australian government at the time.

This thesis examines two embassies sent from Lisbon to Qing China in the eighteenth century and evaluates their importance in the endurance of Portuguese Macau. Using Portuguese language accounts, the thesis looks at an under-examined phase in Portuguese imperial history and finds that in this period, the empire’s administrators were capable of innovation and improvement, supporting recent viewpoints that the Portuguese empire was undergoing revision and revival long after the onset of its decline.

This thesis investigates the inclusive and multi-ethnic conception of nationhood held by the Peranakan Chinese community of the Straits Settlements of Penang, Malacca, and Singapore. Tracing the community's political activities from the end of World War II in 1945 to independence in 1957, it restores the political agency of the Peranakan and reconceptualises Malaysian history by challenging the teleological narratives that argue for the inevitability of the communal Malayan nation-state that achieved independence in 1957. By examining the stories of groups like the Peranakan that ‘lost’ in the process of decolonisation this thesis generates new insights on the complications of creating a representative nation-state in the transition between colony and nation.

The movement for the Higher Education of women in Victoria grew from the efforts of a few men who had been educated at one or other of the liberal institutions of Great Britain and Ireland. These men, with the help of a very few women, endeavoured to achieve for the movement in Victoria, the same objectives that had been gained in Britain.

Utilising the work of Bernard Lewis and John Esposito, this research is a comparative theoretical study of Islam in the 21st century. The study of Islam is often approached from two sides. The first, as explored in Lewis’ writing, polarises society through the fear garnered by terror threats in the name of Islam and prohibits the integration of religious practice in the public domain. By contrast, Esposito offers an apologetic approach to the social and mystical practice of Islam that promotes tolerance. Both perspectives, however, filter public understanding of Islam through a predominantly Western lens, failing to identify the ground shared by these opposing sides. This research offers a new avenue into the position of Islam in the 21st century, where a balanced approach to the study of Islam is prioritised.

The thesis has two interrelated aims. The first is to provide full, up-to-date, annotated translations into English of imperial Chinese texts concerning Cambodia from the third to the thirteenth century, that is, in the millennium before and during the Angkor era. The second aim of the thesis is to analyse the contributions these texts make to our understanding of early Cambodian history, their gaps and omissions, and the imperial Chinese attitudes that inform them.

Invited presentation. Carlo Rindi Nuzzolo: "The CRAFT project: the point of view of a successful applicant"The info day “Starting your career in Heritage Science at ISPC-CNR: Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions”, taking place online on the 4th of June 2021 at 10 AM, was addressed to postdoctoral researchers of any nationality who are interested in the important chances offered by the MSCA-PF under the new Horizon Europe programme.The mission of this interdisciplinary institute consisted in pursuing scientific excellence and in encouraging innovation in knowledge, conservation and use of cultural heritage through collaborative research involving humanities, experimental sciences and technological applications.The info day allowed researchers in the field of cultural heritage to get to know more about one of the most interesting training opportunities offered by the main European research programme, Horizon Europe, as well as several outstanding research lines of our institute, including prehistoric and Phoenician archaeology, Raman spectroscopy, remote sensing and landscape archaeology.Thanks to the participation of some of the main experts on project management and the CNR ISPC supervisors, the event facilitated understanding the new call, help to implement research project proposal idea, choosing suitable supervisors, providing researchers with all the crucial information necessary to apply for funding and to learn how innovative ideas will achieve impact.

This thesis explores Australia’s encounter with the culture of ancient Egypt through a case study of the coffin of Nytamenkhamun, an ancient Egyptian coffin currently in the collections of Museums Victoria. This thesis first identifies the main elements of the iconography and surveys the inscriptions on the coffin. Following this, it employs an Object Biography approach to the artefact and explores the role of this coffin in various collections and curatorial narratives over the last century. The study of Nytamenkhamun’s coffin provides an entry point to delve into an analysis of the enduring popularity of ancient Egypt in Australia.

The course explores Caribbean history, power relations, trade, society, culture, traditions of thought, literature and the regional influence of great powers. Various forms of philosophical expression from the Caribbean region are analyzed during the course. The course investigates matters of identity, religion, subordination and post-colonial thought. Both historical themes and contemporary literature and politics are explored. The course also studies the Caribbean from the perspective of its most important linguistic and cultural fields, namely, Spanish, English and French. The presentation corresponds to the second seminar on the History of Haiti in the Caribbean space of a course at the ground level which is delivered at Stockholm University from the autumn 2020 on.

This thesis explores the interests of Rome's Italian allies and their motivations for compliance or resistance to Rome in the Third and Second centuries BCE. In order to address such a question, I apply the Sociologist Dennis Wrong’s typology of power to identify what forms of power influenced allied decision making. The results support the widespread modern acknowledgment that fear and rewards had a strong impact on maintaining allied compliance and, more importantly, the results suggest that many allies came to consider Roman control as legitimate.

This dissertation examines the preservation of the Church of England in Interregnum England. It incorporates a microhistorical analysis of parish life in four Puritanical counties located in East Anglia, namely Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex. In the current historiography on the Church of England, scholars of religious history have traditionally associated both Puritan and sectarian activity with the political upheaval, religious reform, and the collapse of cultural norms that accompanied the English Interregnum. Absent from this scholarship, however, are the voices and actions of those devoted parishioners who refused to abandon their parish church after its disestablishment in 1649. These followers, henceforth called “Conformists,” both fostered and maintained a shared cultural system that stabilized their communal interaction in a period exemplified by politico-religious chaos. In a period characterized by bloody conflicts, their instruments were not swords, but sermons. Thus, this project reveals that the perseverance of Conformists amid the persecution of Cromwellian England was not arbitrary, but a disciplined reaction in which spiritual guidance was actively sought and developed. Central to this response were the actions of sequestered Conformist ministers who guided their displaced congregations by administering forbidden sacraments and emboldening communal engagement.

There were two-way and non-governmental communications between China and the United States in the field of agriculture throughout twentieth century. During the late nineteenth century, Chinese intellectuals already recognized the importance of western agricultural science and technology, and they began actively to court modern agricultural knowledge from western countries. The Plant Improvement Project (PIP) conducted by Cornell University and the University of Nanking from 1925 to 1931 was the groundbreaking agricultural cooperation in agricultural science and technology between the United States and China. Although most of the activities of this project were non-governmental, organized by two universities, and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, the PIP broke new ground. In 1925, Professor H. H. Love of Cornell University was invited to the University of Nanking to lead a five-year cooperative program of crop improvement, which was called the PIP. From 1925 to 1931, Love along with C. H. Myers and R. G. Wiggans of Cornell University went to China to implement PIP. With the joint efforts of specialists from Cornell University and the University of Nanking, many high-yielding crop varieties were bred and distributed to farmers to improve yields and fight hunger; at the same time they trained a professional group of crop breeders and extension workers to continue crop breeding and distribution. PIP sought a new model for China’s application of the American concept of the integration of agricultural research, education, and extension, which resulted in both success and failure. PIP, however, exerted profound influence on the follow-up work not only at Cornell and Nanking but also for the governments of United States and Nationalist China. Following the PIP, in 1934, aiming to increase the well-being of rural populations, the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) trustee committee approved its first comprehensive program (China Program) for rural reconstruction in China. The RF established the North China Council for Rural Reconstruction (NCCRR) in 1936. By studying the policy, hopes, and outcomes of the NCCRR, this chapter provides a specific example of the problem western civil organizations faced in reshaping non-western rural societies. The NCCRR developed techniques for modernizing rural Chinese society; however, constant warfare, political instability, and funding shortages hindered the success of this endeavor. Its impact on China’s rural development remained after the termination of the China Program in 1944.Then, to promote China’s post-World War II economic reconstruction and hunger relief, the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry developed their transnational cooperation with the International Harvester Company from 1945 to 1948. In 1945, the Agricultural Engineering Program for China was proposed by Dr. P. W. Tsou, then a member of the Executive Committee of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the resident representative of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Nationalist government in the U.S., to the International Harvester Company. This initiative was supported by International Harvester Company to help China quickly achieve agricultural mechanization. This program was composed with Harvester Fellowships to sponsor Chinese students to learn agricultural engineering in the U.S. and from the committee’s field investigations, demonstrations, and teaching in China. The Chinese Ministry of Education selected ten students who had graduated from agricultural universities and ten students who had graduated from the engineering universities with two to three years of practical work experience. In total twenty students went to the U.S. to study agricultural engineering. Those from engineering universities were sent to the University of Minnesota while those from agricultural universities received admission into master’s program of Iowa State College (later Iowa State University). In two years’ time, they took engineering courses and completed the master’s degree in agricultural engineering. Then, they received a one-year internship at local farms to practice. In September 1948, the first student group returned to China. These twenty students were the first group of Chinese graduate students to study agricultural engineering in the United States. After they returned home, most of them became China’s leading agricultural engineering experts for the People’s Republic of China. In addition, four experienced agricultural engineers (Edwin L. Hansen, Howard F. McColly, Archie A. Stone, and J. Brownlee Davidson) in the United States formed the Committee on Agricultural Engineering to conducted extensive field investigations in China from January 1947 to December 1948 until political and military conditions were not suitable for them to stay in China.Except for the cooperation with the private sectors in the U.S., the Nationalist government also proposed to the U.S. government cooperation to organize a joint program to provide economic and technical assistance to China’s agricultural industry. In June 1946, the China-United States Agricultural Mission initiated its work. The committee members from the U.S. included Claude B. Hutchison as the head of the U.S. delegation and Raymond T. Moyer as deputy head. Committee members from China included Zou Binwen as the head of the Chinese delegation and Shen Zonghan as the deputy head. After the investigation of fifteen provinces, delegation members provided their findings and suggestions on the reconstruction of Chinese agriculture in their reports. In 1947, the Report of China-United States Agricultural Mission was released by the two governments. This report is a comprehensive agenda for agricultural construction which put forward feasible and systematic plans for agricultural management, crop improvement, and rural education. This plan did not get adopted in mainland China, but it incubated an organizational structure for the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction and provided a blueprint for agricultural reform in Taiwan. This mission had a profound effect on later cooperation in the field of agricultural science and technology between the two countries, which merits scholarly attention. Final success of this transnational agricultural communication and cooperation was in Taiwan under the direction of the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction from 1948 to 1979. This program, funded by the U.S. government, had a distinct success in agricultural development in Taiwan, but it eventually ended after the Carter Administration withdrew diplomatic recognition from Taiwan in 1979. Later this commission became part of the Council of Agriculture in the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China (ROC). This agricultural communication and interaction between China and the U.S. made long-term impacts to China, the U.S., and the rest of the world. For the ROC and the PRC, these organized programs and cooperation gradually developed agricultural science and technology, increased agricultural production, and cultivated agricultural experts. These programs did not achieve their pre-set purpose to prevent communism from expanding in rural China, however, both the Nationalist government and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) enjoyed those rewards. The ROC directly benefitted from this assistance while PRC also indirectly obtained agricultural science and technology through those trained experts who chose to stay in the mainland after the revolution.For the United States, these attempts in China helped Americans to expand and reevaluate their global assistance and development projects and governmental agencies, including the Marshall Plan, the Technical Cooperation Administration (TCA), the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), and later the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). For the rest of the world, new global agricultural cooperation, such as Green Revolution agricultural science, eradicated starvation and famine in many developing countries such as India, Mexico, and the Philippines. Meanwhile, global agricultural cooperation generated new problems including environmental degradation and pesticide contamination. Further international cooperation and agricultural development can be tracked back to the U.S.-China agricultural cooperative experience.

The California Land Act sought to remake landholding in early California. Though bound by promises to uphold existing ownership in the treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo, the United States attempted to use the law to fundamentally change who held land in California and the exploitation of its resources. Analysis of archival materials demonstrates that the California Land Act intended to transform California from a ranching-based economy dominated by large landholders of Spanish descent into an agrarian economy dependent on small scale farming modeled on the traditional land use of the eastern United States. This intrinsic policy characterized the legislative formation of the act, and years later influenced North American settlement policies of formerly French and Imperial Mexican territories. As such, this study focuses on a little understood agent of change: the administrative law. A careful examination of the crafting and implementation of the California Land Act reveals that land law legislation and its extra-judicial commission, alongside other more traditional markers of American occupation, occupied a prominent place in the continued colonization California.

This dissertation investigates the beginning and evolution of Central Asian Studies in the United States. I look at travel accounts, diplomatic missions, popular representations, and scholarly studies of Central Asia primarily for the period between 1860s and 1960s. My main argument is that American understanding and representation of Central Asian politics, history, and culture have almost always been tied to American relations to Russia. How Americans interpreted Central Asia was contingent upon the current American attitudes towards Russia. American attitudes toward the Orient also influenced how Central Asia was viewed and understood in the United States. In addition, I argue that while American understanding of Central Asia generally depended on the political climate and intellectual trends existing at a given time, independent research and scholarship on Central Asian Studies existed since the early Cold War era. As an example, I discuss the development of Central Asian Studies at Indiana University – Bloomington.

For African Americans, literacy has historically been rooted in passion, collaboration, and social justice. This study explores two distinct sites of historical African American literacy development: literary societies of the 1800s and print culture of the Harlem Renaissance. Notably, literacy and culture were fundamentally intertwined during these times, creating an urgency and inspiration for literary pursuits not often seen today. In an effort to rekindle this reverence and utility for literacy in classrooms today, a culturally sustaining pedagogy is called for. Culturally sustaining pedagogy seeks to leverage students’ cultural knowledge and skills. By culturally aligning curriculum and instruction, educators position students to experience the transformative power of literacy—a transformative power that was evident in African American literary societies and through the Harlem Renaissance print culture. This study seeks to merge historical and contemporary approaches to literacy development to reconceptualize literacy education and engagement for all students.

The paper takes as its starting point the relationship between the 'New English', a curriculum movement commonly associated with the 1960s and 1970s, and the New Education, an influential general educational reform movement of the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. It inquires into the discursive-ideological (dis)continuities between these two moments in educational history, with a view to positing that developments and debates in English teaching always need to be understood historically, within the larger context of the history of education and schooling and the politics of nation and empire. Its immediate reference-points being Britain and Australia, but with implications more broadly for the curriculum history of post-Imperial, Anglophone countries more generally as well as the history of educational ideas, the paper seeks to explore why it was that 'English' was installed at the heart of the modern(ist) school curriculum. Refereed/Peer-reviewed