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In the article, unique formulations of biodegradable, non-toxic, edible oil-based release oils were developed and tested on architectural concrete. The produced agents have physicochemical properties similar to diesel fuel, but at the same time, are renewable and biodegradable products. An ultrasound was used to properly combine the liquid phase of edible oil and the liquid phase of glyceryl trioleate and/or water. Based on the PN-B-19305 standard, seven-component configurations were designed and then tested. The wettability of the concrete was determined by contact angle (CA) analysis. After the application of the formulations produced, the architectural concrete still had good wettability. The vapor permeability test showed that the tested release agents did not inhibit water vapor diffusion from the tested samples. The O65G35 (65% unique edible oil formula and 35% glyceryl trioleate) concrete had the best absorption. In this case, the CA was 56° after oil application and 46° before. The new agents did not impair the adhesion of the plaster to concrete. The O90W10 concrete showed the best adhesion of plasters made with it—51.9 kN/m2. The study also showed that the concrete surface had excellent paint absorption despite the use of release agents. The architectural concrete was evenly covered with paint without any problem. There were no difficulties in applying it, e.g., greasy places preventing the concrete from being coated with emulsion. The suitability of the produced release oils for lightweight architectural concrete structures intended for facades was confirmed. The best results were obtained after using formulations O65T35 and O90W10.

Profiles of triacylglycerols, fatty acids and tocopherols of fourteen Turkish hazelnut varieties harvested in the years of 2013 and 2014 were identified. Glyceryl trioleate (000) was found to be the most dominant triacylglycerol in hazelnut varieties that ranged between 45.1-59.6 and 39.3-60.2% in 2013 and 2014, respectively. However, 1,2-dioleoyl-3-linoleoyl-glycerol (OOL) was in higher amounts in few varieties. 1-Stearoyl-2,3-dioleoyl-glycerol (SOO) was found to contribute least to the triacylglycerol content of hazelnut varieties, while glyceryl trilinoleate (LLL) was in lesser amounts in few varieties. The percentages of fatty acids in hazelnut varieties were in the following order; oleic acid (18:1n9) > linoleic acid (18:2n6) > palmitic acid (16:0) > stearic acid (18:0) independently of the harvest years. All hazelnut varieties were found to contain alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tocopherol, but not delta-tocopherol. The contents of alpha-tocopherol, the most abundant form of tocopherols, ranged between 16.5 mg/100 g oil (Man) and 36.3 mg/100 g oil (Tombul) in 2013, and between 9.56 mg/100 g oil (Sivri) and 17.3 mg/100 g oil (Kalinkara) in 2014, respectively. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The phase behavior of the system β-carotene–glyceryl trioleate–CO2 has been investigated using a variable-volume high-pressure cell. The mass fraction of β-carotene in the initial mixture with glyceryl trioleate was 0.1. The gas rich phase was sampled in the pressure range from (25 to 60) MPa at temperatures of (313, 323, and 333) K. The solubilities in dense CO2 under the investigated conditions were in the range from (4.51·10–7 to 1.22·10–5) mol·mol–1 for β-carotene and from (0.38·10–3 to 1.91·10–3) mol·mol–1 for glyceryl trioleate. The results were compared with those found in the literature. The experimental data were correlated using a density based model proposed by Chrastil.

Our laboratory has identified nearly 2000 patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and conducted therapeutic trials in groups of patients who represent the major phenotypes. We report recent results of dietary therapy with a mixture of glyceryl trioleate and glyceryl trierucate oil, also referred to as Lorenzo's Oil, in the asymptomatic and childhood cerebral phenotypes. Fifty-three patients started this therapy at a mean age of 7.5 years at a time when they were free of neurological symptoms. Although analysis of data is hampered by the lack of a concurrent control group, follow-up studies after 39 months of therapy suggest that subsequent neurological involvement was less frequent and less severe than anticipated from historical controls. Retrospective analysis of the effect of the oil in patients with the severe childhood cerebral phenotype indicates that there was a slight but statistically significant slowing of clinical progression and delay of death.

In this study, we demonstrate a new strategy to image biomolecular events through interactions between liquid crystals (LCs) and oil-in-water emulsions. The optical response had a dark appearance when a nematic LC, 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (5CB), is in contact with emulsion droplets of glyceryl trioleate (GT). In contrast, the optical response had a bright appearance when 5CB is in contact with GT emulsions decorated with surfactants such as sodium oleate. Since lipase can hydrolyze GT and produce oleic acid, the optical response also displays a bright appearance after 5CB has been in contact with a mixture of lipase and GT emulsions. These results indicate the feasibility of monitoring biomolecular events through interactions between LCs and oil-in-water emulsions.

The transport of absorbed long acyl chain lipids in the portal vein of rats has been shown to be 39% when the duodenal input rate is 135 mumol/h glyceryl trioleate (TO) [C. M. Mansbach II, R. F. Dowell, and D. Pritchett, Am. J. Physiol. 255 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 18): G530-G539, 1991]. These calculations were based on a new experimental model in which portal flux is calculated from the knowledge of portal flow and the concentration of the lipids in excess in the portal vein vs. the carotid artery. To test this model, rats were infused for 6 h with a low rate of [3H]TO (27 mumol/h) with or without phosphatidylcholine (9 mumol/h) or with [3H]TO (135 mumol/h) plus phosphatidylcholine (9 mumol/h) or with [3H]TO (135 mumol/h) plus phosphatidylcholine (9 mumol/h). In all three cases, portal flux was expected to be less. Portal transport was 16.5% of the input rate in the low-dose group, 1.4% in the high-dose group given phosphatidylcholine, and 0.5% in the low-dose plus phosphatidylcholine group. There was no net transport of fatty acid in the portal vein in any of the three cases. These data show that portal lipid transport is dependent on the lipid load and that it is greatly reduced at high loads by including phosphatidylcholine in the lipid infusion.

A 10-year-old boy with adrenoleukodystrophy was treated with gammaglobulin in conjunction with a mixture of glyceryl trioleate and glyceryl trierucate. With a high dose of gammaglobulin, clinical improvement, including the reduction of visual field defects, was noted. On magnetic resonance imaging, attenuation of the enhancement of the rim with gadolinium was observed, suggesting repair of the blood-brain barrier. When auditory agnosia developed later, a temporary improvement was again obtained with gammaglobulin. Although the progress of the disease could not be arrested permanently, gammaglobulin therapy seemed to have been associated with temporary improvement of the clinical symptoms in this patient with adrenoleukodystrophy.

Van Geel et al in this issue (pp290–9)1 provide a thorough multidisciplinary analysis of the clinical progression of 22 patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) who were treated with Lorenzo’s oil (a 4:1 mixture of glyceryl trioleate and glyceryl trierucate). Four patients remained unchanged. One patient improved, 13 worsened, and in five some indices improved and others worsened. Mild to moderate worsening was the most frequent finding and confirms previous reports. The introduction of Lorenzo’s oil therapy 10 years ago raised high expectations, heightened by the motion picture of the same name. The expectations were based mainly on …

A 5-year-old boy with adrenoleukodystrophy, with clinical symptoms of visual, mental and motor disturbances which progressed rapidly, was treated with Lorenzo's oil consisting 1 volume of glyceryl trierucate and 4 volumes of glyceryl trioleate. Five months after initiation of this therapy, ability to swallow was enhanced and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed regression of high intensity area of the parieto-occipital white matter.

Epoxidized glyceryl trioleate has been used as a model compound to extend previous studies on the mode of action of epoxides in the stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Sheets of PVC containing 3% expoxidized glyceryl tri[1-14C]oleate were prepared on a hydraulic press and subsequently heated in an oven for various times to simulate heat processing. After separation of the polymer from the low molecular weight components by steric exclusion chromatography, there was only a negligible amount (max. 2%) of bonding to the polymer and progressive loss from 15 to 90% of epoxide function occurred with heat processing over the period from 0.2 to 40 min. The concentration of the chlorohydrin transformation product was estimated by high performance steric exclusion chromatography after formation of a suitable u.v. detectable derivative, but the levels found did not fully account for the overall loss of epoxide. To assess the potential of both epoxide and chlorohydrin for migration from plastic packaging into foods, sheets individually containing the epoxide and the corresponding chlorohydrin were placed in contact with a range of solvents, orange squash and edible oil. No migration was measurable at a limit of detection of 0.1 ppm (orange squash limit 0.5 ppm) after 10 days contact at 40, with the exception of edible oil where a level of 1.0 ppm was detectable.

When a fresh flour dough containing a model fat prepared from pure saturated and unsaturated triglycerides was supplemented with pure oleic or linoleic acids in amounts sufficient to raise the level of unesterified fatty acids to that obtained with a flour badly deteriorated by age, the acids were equally detrimental to loaf volume. Margaric acid added at the same level was not deleterious. Lipid binding studies showed that both unsaturated fatty acids behaved similarly during doughmixing, not only becoming largely ‘bound’ themselves, but also causing increased binding of glyceryl trioleate and flour lipids. Conversely, margaric acid remained largely ‘free’ and did not affect the binding of other dough lipid constituents.

Die Selektivitat, mit der ein ungesattigtes Ol gehartet werden kann, wird u. a. durch die Struktur des Katalysators bestimmt. Enthalt der Katalysator viele enge Poren, so wird dieser im allgemeinen eine niedrige Selektivitat aufweisen, die durch Transportbeschrankungen von Triglyceriden in den Katalysatorteilchen verursacht wird. Diese Transportbeschrankung last sich eindeutig nachweisen an Hand der Verteilung der Stellungsisomeren, die wahrend der Hartung von Modellsubstanzen wie z. B. Methyloleat und Glyceryltrioleat entstehen. Bei den Untersuchungen wurde auserdem festgestellt, das die Wanderungsgeschwindigkeit der Doppelbindung sehr stark von der Konfiguration abhangt. Die Doppelbindungsmigration aus der trans-Position verlauft erheblich schneller als aus der cis-Position. Auf Grund der Ergebnisse wurde ein Reaktionsmechanismus aufgestellt, der als Basis fur die Berechnung der Komposition teilweise geharteter Fette, unter gleichzeitiger Berucksichtigung der Katalysatorstruktur, dienen kann. Dies wird erlautert an Hand experimenteller Resultate der Hartung von Methyllinoleat und Glyceryltrilinoleat mit verschiedenen Nickel-Silica-Katalysatoren unterschiedlicher Struktur. Influence of the Catalyst Structure on the Kinetics of Hydrogenation and Isomerization The selectivity with which an unsaturated oil can be hardened is determined, among other things, by the structure of the catalyst. A catalyst with many narrow pores will generally have a lower selectivity which is caused by transport limitations involving the triglycerides in the catalyst particles. This transport limitation is clearly shown by the distribution of the positional isomers which are formed during the hydrogenation of model substances such as methyl oleate and glyceryl trioleate. We also found that the rate of migration of the double bond strongly depends on the configuration. The migration of the double bond from the trans position proceeds much more rapidly than that from the cis position. The results obtained enable us to draw up a reaction scheme which may serve as a basis for calculating the composition of partially hardened fats while taking into account the structure of the catalyst. This is illustrated with experimental results of hydrogenations of methyl linoleate and glyceryl trilinoleate on various nickel-silica catalysts of different structure.

The diffusivities of hydrogen and glyceryl trioleate in cottonseed oil were determined at different iodine values. The diffusivity of hydrogen was shown to be ca. 100 times as great as that of the glyceryl trioleate. The diffusivities were shown to be dependent upon the iodine values. This influence could be explained, at least in the case of the glyceryl trioleate diffusion, by the difference of the viscosity of the oil. A separate determination of the solubility of hydrogen in the oil was a necessary part of the diffusivity determination.

The partition coefficients of n-hexane, benzene and carbon tetrachloride between glyceryl trioleate and water have been derived from vapour pressure measurements. Within the accuracy of about ±50%, they are independent of temperature from 20°–37°C, and are all about two or three times larger than literature values for octanol and water. This lends support to the proposition that octanol-water partition coefficients, for which there are extensive literature tabulations,are a useful substitute for lipid-water partition coefficients needed in bioaccumulation studies.

Serial intracutaneous injections of chemically pure, synthetic glyceryl trioleate (triolein) lead to the same allergic reactions as vegetable oils. The sensitization by natural vegetable oils can be attributed to fatty acid triglycerides and not to impurities. This sensitization is not accompanied by a rise of the blood eosinophils. The absence of eosinophilia fits in with the known fact that eosinophilia is far from constant in allergy and with our finding that large amounts of oil are needed to produce a resorption eosinophilia.

Among the many substances that stimulate reticuloendothelial function, one of the most convenient experimentally is glyceryl trioleate [1]. This substance has been shown to have an effect on individual RE cells. After exposure to it in vitro a population of peritoneal cells had increased phagocytic activity toward bacteria [2], probably due to an increase in the number of active cells [3]. The cellular mechanism of this effect is obscure.

The conventional thermodynamic deviation for ideal solid–liquid solubilities is modified by substituting the Flory–Huggins model for Raoult's law. A comparison of published data for eleven solides in glyceryl trioleate with the predictions of the conventional and modified equations shows that the significantly higher athermal solubilities from the modified equation are in much better agreement with the experimental data. This suggests that discrepancies between the data and the predictions of the conventional model for ideal systems result from the inappropriate use of Raoult's law for systems with significant solute–solvent size disparity rather than from specific interactions.