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The negative implications for weeds encourage the finding of novel sources of phytotoxic agents for sustainable management. While traditional herbicides are effective, especially at large scales, the environmental impact and proliferation of resistant biotypes present major challenges that natural sources could mitigate. In this study, the potential of ginger metabolites as phytotoxic agents has been investigated for the first time. Root extracts, prepared via various extraction techniques, showed phytotoxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Burgos) coleoptile bioassays at 800–100 ppm, and the most active extract (prepared by sonication with ethyl acetate) was purified by chromatographic methods, yielding seven compounds: five phenolic metabolites with gingerol and shogaol structures, β-sitosterol, and linoleic acid. Some of the major phenolic metabolites, especially [6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol, exerted phytotoxicity on wheat coleoptiles, Plantago lanceolata and Portulaca oleracea (broadleaf dicotyledon weeds). This promoted the study of a collection of derivatives, revealing that the 5-methoxy, oxime, and acetylated derivatives of [6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol had interesting phytotoxicities, providing clues for improving the stability of the isolated structures. Ginger roots have been demonstrated to be a promising source of bioactive metabolites for weed control, offering novel materials with potential for the development of agrochemicals based on natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammatory joint pathology leading to the degradation of articular bone and cartilage, primarily triggered by synovial inflammation, resulting in joint discomfort. The metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints are predominantly affected. Treatment typically involves a combination of biological and synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DAMARDs) alongside steroid therapy. The application of nanomedicine has been instrumental in enhancing treatment efficacy by facilitating controlled release of pharmacologically active compounds, thus augmenting bioavailability and enabling targeted drug delivery. Gingerol, a constituent of ginger, possesses multifaceted properties. including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antidiabetic, and antipyretic effects. In this study, gingerol-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs), coated with chitosan, were administered orally to rats over a period of 21 days to address RA induced by complete Freund adjuvant (CFA). The rats were segregated into four experimental groups. Upon completion of the treatment regimen, blood samples were collected for the assessment of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), RA factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Subsequent gene expression analysis was conducted to evaluate the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-17a (IL-17a), IL-6, interferon-gamma (INF-γ), TNF-α, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Statistical analyses utilizing one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey tests were applied to the data. The gene expression profiling revealed significant disparities in mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, IL-17a, RANKL, INF-γ, and TNF-α between the CFA-induced arthritis group and the control group. Consequently, it was inferred that gingerol-loaded PLGA NPs coated with chitosan exhibited heightened therapeutic efficacy in addressing CFA-induced arthritis in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nausea and vomiting are common conditions experienced by almost all pregnant women. Most antiemetic drugs are not approved to be given to pregnant women as they are said to cause side effects to both mother and fetus. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the alternative therapies known for its antiemetic properties. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on the frequency of hyperemesis gravidarum and identify active compounds and mechanisms of action involved in reducing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. The research design used was Literature Review by searching on Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Pubmed. Articles were selected based on inclusion criteria (publishing period of 10 years, i.e. from 2014 - 2024, using English or Bahasa Indonesia, and are research articles. The research protocol was made based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses). The results showed that ginger (Zingiber officinale) and the bioactive compounds it contains, including gingerol, shogaol, paradol, and zingerone, proved effective in reducing the frequency of nausea and vomiting in hyperemesis gravidarum. The mechanism of action involved is modulation of serotonin (5-HT3) receptors, increased nitric oxide (NO) production, and protection of the gastric mucosa. There is a variety of preparations used ranging from tablets, pills, capsules, fresh ginger with a dose range of 250 mg - 2.5 g. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) can be used as an effective natural supplement to reduce the frequency of hyperemesis gravidarum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is the most widely used medicinal herb of the ancient "Ayurveda" and "Unani" system of medicine due to bioactive compounds present in its rhizomes, i.e., volatile oils (terpenoids), diarylheptanoids (curcuminoids), and gingerols (phenols), which serve as an important panacea for treating arthritis, heart diseases, cancer, diarrhea, and respiratory disorders. It is a vegetatively propagated crop through underground rhizomes and its production is hampered by various soil-borne pathogens which predominantly include Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi. During the preceding research, the technique of in vitro mutagenesis and selection was employed in ginger cv. Himgiri for the development of Fusarium tolerant lines, resulting in mutant Himgiri-17.5, which displayed improved accumulation of gingerol and demonstrated enhanced tolerance to Fusarium wilt. The present study reveals the first-ever transcriptome data of in vitro-raised Himgiri-17.5 to unravel the role of gingerol biosynthesis and MAPK-dependent hormonal signaling pathways in imparting tolerance to Fusarium wilt as compared to conventionally propagated Himgiri. Through transcriptome analysis, a total of 13.84 GB data was generated encoding 57,939 genes, out of which 3745 were differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both the samples with 351 upregulated and 3394 downregulated. The expression patterns of genes in Himgiri-17.5 linked to antioxidant activity and MAPK-dependent hormonal signaling exhibited notable upregulation suggesting their possible participation in mediating plant defense response. Additionally, the investigation provided insights into volatile oil, diarylheptanoids, and gingerol biosynthetic pathway in ginger governed by crucial regulatory genes, namely DCS, CURS2, and ClPKS10. The examination also revealed the presence of 165 upregulated transcription factors primarily belonging to the ERF, bHLH, MYB, NAC, and bZIP families which exhibited a strong correlation with the biosynthesis of gingerol and MAPK-mediated hormonal signaling pathway, contributing to stress tolerance. The discovery of these DEGs related to antioxidant activity, MAPK-mediated hormonal signaling, and the biosynthetic pathway of gingerol holds a promise for the development of improved varieties of ginger through molecular approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Obesity increases reactive oxygen species production and alters adipokines levels, resulting in a low-grade chronic inflammation state, which contributes to tissue metabolic dysfunction. 10-gingerol, a phenol present in ginger, has shown potential anti-obesogenic effects in vitro. However, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of 10-gingerol have not been approached. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10-gingerol on antioxidant enzymes' expression and adipokine production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Methods: 10-gingerol antioxidant capacity was assessed through Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) , Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and radical scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated and stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPSs. Then, 15 µg/mL 10-gingerol was added for 48 h. The mRNA expression and protein abundance of antioxidant enzymes were evaluated by qPCR and Western blot, respectively. Adipokine levels were determined by ELISA. Results: 10-gingerol showed low FRAP and DPPH values but a moderate ORAC value. Moreover, 10-gingerol increased Gpx1 and Sod1 but downregulated Cat expression. Additionally, 10-gingerol significantly increased CAT and GPx1 levels but not SOD-1. Finally, adiponectin and leptin concentrations were increased while resistin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were decreased by 10-gingerol. Conclusions: 10-gingerol presented antioxidant potential by increasing antioxidant enzymes and attenuated LPS-induced inflammation by modulating adipokines in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Ginger extacts contain 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol that are known to increase energy expenditure by acting on TRPV1 and promoting adrenaline secretion from the adrenal medulla via adrenal sympathetic nerves. This study aimed to examine the effects of a supplement product containing ginger extract powder E on the inhibition of visceral fat accumulation. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted in 68 participants. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either the test product containing lOOmg ginger extract powder E or placebo daily for 12 weeks. We evaluated the inhibition of visceral fat accumulation by measuring abdominal visceral fat area. Results: The abdominal visceral fat area was significantly improved in the test group compered with the placebo group at 12 weeks. Conclusions: The result suggested that ginger extract ingestion inhibits visceral fat accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the most well-known spices and medicinal plants worldwide that has been used since ancient times to treat a plethora of diseases including cold, gastrointestinal complaints, nausea, and migraine. Beyond that, a growing body of literature demonstrates that ginger exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer and neuroprotective actions as well. The beneficial effects of ginger can be attributed to the biologically active compounds of its rhizome such as gingerols, shogaols, zingerone and paradols. Among these compounds, gingerols are the most abundant in fresh roots, and shogaols are the major phenolic compounds of dried ginger. Over the last two decades numerous in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the major ginger phenolics are able to influence the function of various immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and T cells. Although the mechanism of action of these compounds is not fully elucidated yet, some studies provide a mechanistic insight into their anti-inflammatory effects by showing that ginger constituents are able to target multiple signaling pathways. In the first part of this review, we summarized the current literature about the immunomodulatory actions of the major ginger compounds, and in the second part, we focused on the possible molecular mechanisms that may underlie their anti-inflammatory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides an extensive summary of the most current expansions on the therapeutic potential of ginger bioactive compounds in the context of cancer management. We delve into the individual components of ginger and their distinct anti-cancer properties, highlighting their diverse mechanisms of action, including the modulation of signalling pathways and cellular processes. Additionally, we explore the synergistic effects that ginger bioactive compounds exhibit when combined with conventional cancer treatments. Despite their promising potential, the review also addresses challenges and considerations in the practical application of these compounds in cancer therapy. This paper aims to synthesize current knowledge, offering insights into the multifaceted roles of ginger components in cancer treatment and paving the way for future research and therapeutic development. The findings underscore the promising role of ginger bioactive compounds as potential chemotherapeutic agents against cancer, offering insights into novel avenues for cancer treatment and therapeutic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of 6-gingerol, active component of Zingiber officinale (Shēngjiāng), on sepsis-induced inflammation, oxidative injury, and organ damage in vivo. Methods: 6-gingerol was extracted from ginger, and its identity was confirmed with 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and TLC. Sepsis was induced via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in all groups except for sham. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham, CLP alone, 6-gingerol, ginger extract, hydrocortisone, and solvent. Treatments were administered intraperitoneally with a dose of 25 mg/kg. Biomarkers for inflammation, oxidative injury, and organ damage were assessed. Furthermore, heart and liver organs were stained with hematoxylin-eosin to determine the extent of sepsis-induced organ damage. Results: 6-gingerol with 98.9 % purity was extracted. Compared with CLP-alone, biomarker analyses indicated that 6-gingerol significantly attenuated sepsis-induced inflammation by decreasing the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and nuclear factor-κB. Furthermore, this bioactive constituent markedly reduced oxidative stress during sepsis by replenishing the levels of glutathione, increasing catalase, and decreasing malondialdehyde and superoxide. Moreover, organ damage assays showed that 6-gingerol substantially reduced the levels of cardiac troponin I, alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, showing protective effects against cardiac and hepatic dysfunction. Similarly, rats treated with 6-gingerol had normal hepatic lobules, fewer Kupffer cells in minor regions of the liver, and lower necrosis and apoptosis in the myocardium. Discussion: 6-gingerol protects both heart and liver organs through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in septic rats.

Background:Gingerol is extracted from the rhizomes of ginger. It showed a clear effect on the bacteria and the Candida isolation from the vagina, and the highest effect was at a concentration of 30 mg/mL. The positive bacteria are more responsive to gingerol than the negative bacteria; gingerol is a great inhibitory activity compared to antibiotics on bacteria.Objectives:The aim of the article is to test the sensitivity of bacteria and Candida to gingerol and some antibiotics.Materials and Methods:In this study, we detected the presence of the phytochemical compounds present in the Zingiber officinale and the process of extraction of gingerol from ginger by HPLC technology, and tested different concentrations of gingerol for their effect on bacteria and fungi isolated from the vagina. Some antibiotics such as (tobramycin and kanamycin) on Staphylococcus aureus and ciprofloxacin and doxycycline on Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli and antifungal itraconazole and nystatin on Candida species.Results:Gingerol showed a clear effect on bacteria and Candida isolation from the vagina, and the highest effect was at a concentration of 30 mg/mL. Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus is more sensitive to gingerol than the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and Klebsiella. Gingerol has a great inhibitory activity compared to antibiotics on bacteria and the highest effect on Candida albicans more than Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei.Conclusion:Through the results, ginger contains many pharaohs and the most important of these is an active compound gingerol that has anti-inflammatory properties through its ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria and Candida and had more impact on microorganisms than antibiotics.

Ginger has been widely used for different purposes, such as condiment, functional food, drugs, and cosmetics. Gingerols, the main pungent component in ginger, possess a variety of bioactivities. To fully understand the significance of gingerols in the food and pharmaceutical industry, this paper first recaps the composition and physiochemical properties of gingerols, and the major extraction and synthesis methods. Furthermore, the pungency and bioactivity of gingerols are reviewed. In addition, the food application of gingerols and future perspectives are discussed. Gingerols, characterized by a 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl moiety, are divided into gingerols, shogaols, paradols, zingerone, gingerdiones and gingerdiols. At present, gingerols are extracted by conventional, innovative, and integrated extraction methods, and synthesized by chemical, biological and in vitro cell synthesis methods. Gingerols can activate transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and induce signal transduction, thereby exhibiting its pungent properties and bioactivity. By targeted mediation of various cell signaling pathways, gingerols display potential anticancer, antibacterial, blood glucose regulatory, hepato- and renal-protective, gastrointestinal regulatory, nerve regulatory, and cardiovascular protective effects. This review contributes to the application of gingerols as functional ingredients in the food and pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the most well-known spices and medicinal plants worldwide that has been used since ancient times to treat a plethora of diseases including cold, gastrointestinal complaints, nausea, and migraine. Beyond that, a growing body of literature demonstrates that ginger exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer and neuroprotective actions as well. The beneficial effects of ginger can be attributed to the biologically active compounds of its rhizome such as gingerols, shogaols, zingerone and paradols. Among these compounds, gingerols are the most abundant in fresh roots, and shogaols are the major phenolic compounds of dried ginger. Over the last two decades numerous in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the major ginger phenolics are able to influence the function of various immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and T cells. Although the mechanism of action of these compounds is not fully elucidated yet, some studies provide a mechanistic insight into their anti-inflammatory effects by showing that ginger constituents are able to target multiple signaling pathways. In the first part of this review, we summarized the current literature about the immunomodulatory actions of the major ginger compounds, and in the second part, we focused on the possible molecular mechanisms that may underlie their anti-inflammatory effects.

The negative implications for weeds encourage the finding of novel sources of phytotoxic agents for sustainable management. While traditional herbicides are effective, especially at large scales, the environmental impact and proliferation of resistant biotypes present major challenges that natural sources could mitigate. In this study, the potential of ginger metabolites as phytotoxic agents has been investigated for the first time. Root extracts, prepared via various extraction techniques, showed phytotoxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Burgos) coleoptile bioassays at 800–100 ppm, and the most active extract (prepared by sonication with ethyl acetate) was purified by chromatographic methods, yielding seven compounds: five phenolic metabolites with gingerol and shogaol structures, β-sitosterol, and linoleic acid. Some of the major phenolic metabolites, especially [6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol, exerted phytotoxicity on wheat coleoptiles, Plantago lanceolata and Portulaca oleracea (broadleaf dicotyledon weeds). This promoted the study of a collection of derivatives, revealing that the 5-methoxy, oxime, and acetylated derivatives of [6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol had interesting phytotoxicities, providing clues for improving the stability of the isolated structures. Ginger roots have been demonstrated to be a promising source of bioactive metabolites for weed control, offering novel materials with potential for the development of agrochemicals based on natural products.

Background: Obesity increases reactive oxygen species production and alters adipokines levels, resulting in a low-grade chronic inflammation state, which contributes to tissue metabolic dysfunction. 10-gingerol, a phenol present in ginger, has shown potential anti-obesogenic effects in vitro. However, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of 10-gingerol have not been approached. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10-gingerol on antioxidant enzymes’ expression and adipokine production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Methods: 10-gingerol antioxidant capacity was assessed through Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) , Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and radical scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated and stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPSs. Then, 15 µg/mL 10-gingerol was added for 48 h. The mRNA expression and protein abundance of antioxidant enzymes were evaluated by qPCR and Western blot, respectively. Adipokine levels were determined by ELISA. Results: 10-gingerol showed low FRAP and DPPH values but a moderate ORAC value. Moreover, 10-gingerol increased Gpx1 and Sod1 but downregulated Cat expression. Additionally, 10-gingerol significantly increased CAT and GPx1 levels but not SOD-1. Finally, adiponectin and leptin concentrations were increased while resistin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were decreased by 10-gingerol. Conclusions: 10-gingerol presented antioxidant potential by increasing antioxidant enzymes and attenuated LPS-induced inflammation by modulating adipokines in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

In order to prepare bacteriostic and heating function viscose fiber, gingerol viscose fiber was prepared by microcapsules coated with β-cyclodextrin, then microcapsules were added to the viscose spinning solution through pre-spinning blending and wet spinning. The structures and properties of gingerol viscose fiber and viscose fiber were characterized and analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and single fiber strength meter, heating property of the knitted fabric were tested. The results showed that the median particle size D50 of the prepared gingerol viscose fiber was 0.599 μm and 90% particle size was below 1.293 μm. The microstructure was similar to that of viscose fiber, but the longitudinal grooves were increased. The benzene ring skeleton vibration peak of gingerol viscose fiber was different from that of viscose fiber near 1 450 cm-1. Compared with viscose fiber, the breaking elongation and dry & wet breaking tenacity of gingerol viscose fiber were decreased to a certain extent, but still meet the requirements of the first class standard. The antibacterial rate of gingerol viscose fiber knitted fabrics was reached AAA standard. The maximum temperature rise within 30 min after moisture absorption of the fabric was 11 °C, and the average temperature was 5.1 °C, which met the requirements of technical standards. Compared with viscose fiber, the temperature of gingerol viscose fiber knitted fabric was increased 0.8 °C and 1.4 °C respectively after 50 times and 100 times of friction, which had better heating function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger (Gin) has numerous therapeutic properties. One of Gin's most potent components is 6-gingerol, a naturally occurring phenol. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic impact of gingerol and/or sorafenib on the ATG4/CASP3 and COIIV/COX-2/NF-B Expression as a potential therapy for DAB-induced HCC. Gin was administered to HCC mice induced by p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB) alone or combined with sorafenib (Sor). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and oxidative stress malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as biochemical markers including AST, ALT, ALP, Albumin, and Bilirubin, were examined. The expression of oncogenes (COIIV, COX-2, NF-κB, and survivin) and tumor suppressor genes (ATG4 and CASP3) was evaluated using qPCR. According to the results, the levels of MDA have been markedly decreased, while SOD and CAT have been increased. Further, the expression levels of tumor suppressor genes were upregulated, whereas the expression levels of oncogene genes were downregulated. Furthermore, in a dose-dependent manner, gingerol has shown the potential to alleviate hepatic portal vein (PV) dilatation and could offer a reliable therapy for HCC. This suggests combining the two compounds may be more effective than alone and that Gin could be a promising therapeutic option for HCC. The binding of Gin and Sor to the active sites of the target genes prevents them from functioning normally, which in turn stops the pathways from carrying out their oncogenic functions. Additionally, COX-2 inhibition reduces the production of certain pro-inflammatory compounds, which further averts oncogenesis. Conclusively, this study indicated that Gin has cytoprotective properties and anti-cancer activity that may be related to controlling oxidative stress. This effect may be achieved by suppressing the COIIV/COX-2/NF-κB pathway and upregulating the ATG4 /CASP3 pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with gingerol, thymol and their combination on small intestinal morphology, immune function and intestinal barrier of white feather broilers. [Methods]A total of 200 1-day-old broilers were randomly divided into four groups with 5 replicates per group and 10 chickens per replicate as followings: the control group(Con group, basal diet), the gingerol group(Gin group, basal diet+60 mg·kg-1 gingerol), the thymol group(Thy group, basal diet+30 mg·kg-1 thymol)and the gingerol+thymol group(Gin+Thy group, basal diet+30 mg·kg-1 gingerol+15 mg·kg-1 thymol). On day 42 of the experimental period, the jejunum and ileum of broilers were collected to make sections and observed, and the mucosa of the jejunum and ileum were taken to determine the immunoglobulin content, cytokine content, antioxidant enzyme activities, tight junctions and antioxidant-related gene expression. [Results]The ileal villus height(VH)trended to increase(P=0.063)and the ratio of villus height/crypt depth(V/C)significantly increased(P<0.05)in Gin+Thy group compared with those in Con group. The secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA)content in jejunal and ileal mucosa significantly increased(P<0.05), while the interleukin-6(IL-6)and interferon-γ(IFN-γ)content in jejunal mucosa, and the IL-6 and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)content in ileal mucosa significantly decreased(P<0.05)in Gin+Thy group compared with those in Con group. Total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)activities in jejunal and ileal mucosa in Gin+Thy group significantly increased compared with Con group(P<0.05). The Gin+Thy group had a higher mRNA relative expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1(HO-1), glutathione peroxidase(GPX4)in jejunal mucosa, and a higher mRNA relative expression of Nrf2, superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1)and GPX4 in ileal mucosa than those in Con group(P<0.05). The mRNA relative expression level of Occludin in jejunal and ileal mucosa significantly increased in Gin+Thy group compared with Con group(P<0.05). [Conclusions]Dietary supplementation with the gingerol and thymol combination improved the antioxidant capacity and immune function, and enhanced intestinal health by improving intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger or Zingiber officinale Roscoe is a well-known herbal medicine and is widely used in Asian cuisine. Its major bioactive compounds, 6-gingerol and its dehydrated form, 6-shogaol, were reported to have potential medicinal properties. However, previous phytochemical studies on the compounds are limited to conventionally grown or soil-based ginger, neglecting soilless ginger grown through hydroponic techniques. This technique has been widely adopted as an alternative to circumvent soil-related complications. Therefore, this study aimed to compare both marker compounds in soil-based (SB) and soilless-grown hydroponic (HP) ginger extracted in different ethanol concentrations (95% and 100%) using high-performance liquid chromatography. The study initially found that 6-gingerol concentration in 95% SB ginger ethanolic extract (1.012%) was significantly higher (p< 0.05) than in 95% HP dried ginger (HP1) ethanolic extract (0.314%). The 6-gingerol content for both gingers were also significantly higher (p< 0.05) in 95% ethanolic extracts compared to 100% ethanolic extracts. The analysis was also performed with fresh-dried HP ginger (HP2), and it was found that the HP2 ginger (0.75%) has a significantly higher 6-gingerol concentration (p< 0.05) compared to HP1 ginger (0.314%), confirming that the previous results were implicated by storage conditions. The concentration of 6-gingerol in 95% SB ginger extract (1.012%) differ significantly compared to those in HP2 extract (0.75%) while both gingers have equivalent amount of low 6-shogaol concentrations (0.0004% and 0.0005% respectively). It is worth to note that HP ginger grown in soilless condition could still produce high amount of 6-gingerol. This finding encourages the usage of HP ginger in pharmacological studies considering the other economic and environmental benefits it offers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger extracts (GEs) are antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. Their bioactivity can benefit foods and active packaging by extending shelf life, enhancing safety, and providing health benefits. Highly bioactive GEs are crucial to formulating potent active products and avoiding negative effects on their properties. Sesquiterpenes and phenolics are the main bioactives in ginger, but drying and extraction affect their composition. GEs are usually obtained from dry rhizomes; however, these operations have been studied independently. Therefore, a combined study of innovative drying and extraction technologies to evaluate their influence on extracts' composition will bring knowledge on how to increase the bioactivity of GEs. The effects of an emergent drying (vacuum microwave, VMD) followed by an emergent extraction (ultrasound, UAE, 20 or 80 °C) were investigated in this work. Microwave extraction (MAE) of fresh ginger was also studied. Convective oven drying and Soxhlet extraction were the references. Drying kinetics, powder color, extract composition, and antioxidant activity were studied. While MAE preserved the original composition profile, VMD combined with UAE (20 °C) produced extracts richer in phenolics (387.6 mg.GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (2100.7 mmol.Trolox/mL), with low impact in the sesquiterpenes. VMD generated shogaols by its high temperatures and facilitated extracting bioactives by destroying cellular structures and forming pores. UAE extracted these compounds selectively, released them from cell structures, and avoided losses caused by volatilization and thermal degradation. These findings have significant implications, as they provide an opportunity to obtain GE with tailored compositions that can enhance the formulation of food, active packaging, and pharmacological products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple potential drug delivery strategies have emerged as a result of recent advances in nanotechnology and nanomedicine. The aim of this research was to prepare an optimized system of PEGylated gingerol-loaded niosomes (Nio-Gin@PEG) as an excellent candidate for the treatment of human breast cancer cells. The preparation procedure was modified by adjusting the drug concentration, lipid content, and Span60/Tween60 ratio, resulting in high encapsulation efficacy (EE%), rapid release rate, and reduced size. The Nio-Gin@PEG exhibited significantly improved storage stability compared to the gingerol-loaded niosomes formulation (Nio-Gin), with minimal changes in EE%, release profile, and size during storage. Furthermore, Nio-Gin@PEG demonstrated pH-dependent release behavior, with delayed drug diffusion at physiological pH and significant drug diffusion under acidic conditions (pH = 5.4), making it a promising option for cancer treatment. Cytotoxicity tests indicated that Nio-Gin@PEG possessed excellent biocompatibility with human fibroblast cells while exerting a remarkable inhibitory effect on MCF-7 and SKBR3 breast cancer cells, attributed to the presence of gingerol and the PEGylated structure in the preparation. Nio-Gin@PEG also exhibited the ability to modulate the expression of target genes. We observed statistically significant down-regulation of the expression of BCL2, MMP2, MMP9, HER2, CCND1, CCNE1, BCL2, CDK4, and VEGF genes, along with up-regulation of the expression of BAX, CASP9, CASP3, and P21 genes. Flow cytometry results revealed that Nio-Gin@PEG could induce a higher rate of apoptosis in both cancerous cells compared to gingerol and Nio-Gin, owing to the optimal encapsulation and efficient drug release from the formulation, as confirmed by cell cycle tests. ROS generation demonstrated the superior antioxidant effect of Nio-Gin@PEG compared to other prepared formulations. The results of this study emphasize the potential of formulating highly biocompatible niosomes in the future of nanomedicine, enabling more precise and effective treatment of cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger-infused sesame oil enriches the nutrition and provides enhanced flavor for the foods. An original processing procedure and module for evaluation were established in this study, using different raw materials (Guangdong and Chu ginger) and treatments (ginger powder, extract, and both). The quality, functionality, and flavor of the infused oils were evaluated. Ginger-infused sesame oil contained 0.58–3.22 µg/g of 6-gingerol, 0.21–0.88 µg/g of 6-shogaol. The number range of volatile compounds from 48 to 55 identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry varies depending on different process procedures. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis revealed the flavor profiles were clustered by different varieties, while gingerol and phytosterol was by different treatments. In conclusion, sesame oil was an appropriate carrier for gingerol and phytosterol, which are characterized by higher antioxidant capacities (p

Growing media and irrigation water levels are the most important factors affecting plant yield and quality throughout the world. The present research was conducted in a greenhouse located in the Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute between the 2019 and 2020 growing season. The study aims to determine the effects of different substrates and irrigation levels on yield and phenolic and essential oil compounds of ginger (Zingiber officinale) irrigated by means of a drip irrigation system. In order to investigate the effects of different substrates and irrigation levels on the physiological characteristics and yield of ginger, an experiment was conducted as factorial, in which the main factor was three substrates (S1: 75% cocopeat + 25% perlite, S2: 50% peat + 50% perlite, and S3: 25% zeolite + 75% peat) and the sub factor was four irrigation levels (I1:100% I2: 75%, I3: 50%, and I4:25%) were applied experimental plots according to the daily solar radiation values reaching the greenhouse, with 3 replications. The evapotranspiration values ranged between 49.7-198.7 L plant-1 and 51.7-206.9 L plant-1 in the 2019 and 2020 years, respectively. Rhizome fresh weight values for I1, I2, I3 and I4 were determined as 134.8, 94.7, 71.2 and 31.1 g in 2019 and 164.5, 148.1, 95.1 and 74.9 g in 2020, respectively. Water deficit stress significantly (P≤0.01) increased the 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, α-zingiberene, α-farnesene, and geranly-acetate contents while it decreased the β-sesquiphellandrene and β-bisabolene content. It was found that the essential oil yield of ginger decreased depending on the increasing irrigation water stress levels.

Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Doluperine® capsule (curcumin, piperine, and gingerol) on hearing recovery in diabetic patients with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSNHL). Materials and Methods: Fifty-one diabetic patients with SSNHL were randomized to receive two placebo capsules (group 1), a Doluperine® plus one placebo capsule (group 2), or two Doluperine® capsules (group 3). Moreover, all patients had an injection of dexamethasone in the middle ear. Results: The proportion of significant positive changes in PTA, SDS, and SRT was 45.4%, 45.4%, and 36.37% in group1, 84.6%, 84.6%, and 76.92% in group 2, and 70%, 50.0%, and 80.0% in group 3, respectively. Many patients in group 3 did not respond to treatment in the first month, while they recovered at the end of the second month. The chance of recovery reduced with increased time between the onset of symptoms and treatment (delayed visitation) in group 1; however, this finding was not seen in groups 2 and 3. Conclusion: Doluperine® is recommended as a complementary medicine along with steroid therapy for hearing loss improvement in diabetic patients; moreover, this herbal medicine seems to play an important role in recovery in patients with delayed visitation.

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) is one of the traditional medicines of the Zingiberaceae family, which contains phenolic ketone compounds, including gingerol and shogaol. At high temperatures, gingerol compounds become unstable and will change into shogaol. This study optimized conditions for the simultaneous separation of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol and 6-shogaol from the red ginger extract using the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method. The analytical conditions consisted of five different methods by modifying the composition of the mobile phase, the elution system, the flow rate of the mobile phase and the optimum UV wavelength. The best conditions for the simultaneous separation using a ratio of water: acetonitrile mobile phase in method 4 with a gradient elution system including 0 min (65:35); 1.5 min (40:60); 5-6.5 min (10:90); 7.5–9 min (0:100); 9.5–12 min (65:35); the mobile phase flow rate was 1.1 mL/min at an optimum wavelength of 230 nm with a retention time of 6-gingerol compound, 6-shogaol, 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol respectively were 4.947; 6.168; 6.554; and 7.412 min and its resolution were 2.267; 1.575; 1.315; and 2.215. Then the tailings factor and asymmetry values were obtained with an average value of ± 1.

Abstract Functional beverages originate primarily from fruits and vegetables sources, but also include those from other plants such as tea, coffee, cocoa, soybean as well as animal products like milk and dairy-based and alcoholic drinks. They have definite medical or health benefits which include prevention or delaying the progress of diseases. Indian gooseberry is a very rich source of vitamin C and phenolics, two potent antioxidant compounds. Similarly curcumin in turmeric, piperine in black pepper and gingerol in ginger have proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Incidence of covid-19 pandemic has raised awareness among people the importance of maintaining higher levels of immunity. A study was undertaken at Kerala Agricultural University during 2020–21 to develop an herbal functional drink from Indian gooseberry fruit juice incorporated with turmeric and black pepper powders, ginger juice extract and juice of acid lime fruits. The herbal drink formulated with these ingredients was homogenized at an operating pressure of 175 Bar with a speed of 235 SPM and was subsequently pasteurized at 100 0 C for 10 minutes in glass bottles, followed by storage under refrigerated conditions at 5 ± 2 0 C for 3 months. The initial ascorbic acid, total phenolics, total flavonoids, total carotenoids and total curcumin contents were 61.0 mg100g− 1, 184.0 mg100g− 1, 153.0 mg100g− 1, 119.98 mg100g− 1 and 31.0 mg100g− 1, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the herbal drink was determined by three assays, viz. ABTS, DDPH and FRAP. The initial IC 50 values of the herbal drink by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays were 8.64, 0.212 and 0.368 μgml− 1, respectively. Significant decline in ascorbic acid, total flavonoids, total carotenoids and curcumin content were recorded in the product during storage in contrast to the total phenolics content which showed a significant rise over the storage period. Antioxidant activity of the herbal drink determined by all the three assays also declined significantly throughout the storage period. The results indicate that the product can be promoted as a healthy drink which has to be stored at low temperature in order to retain higher levels of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity. Graphical Abstract

The use of nanotechnology products with supermagnetic properties for targeted delivery of drugs has gained attention recently. Due to the anticancer features of Gingerol, the major phenolic compound from Ginger, this study aims to prepare Fe3O4@Glucose-Gingerol nanoparticles (NPs) and investigate their anticancer potential in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line. The physical and chemical features of the nanoparticles were investigated by FT-IR, XRD, zeta potential, DLS, EDS mapping, VSM, and electron microscope imaging. Cytotoxic effects of the nanoparticles for the A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and MRC-5 (normal) cell lines was investigated by MTT assay. Furthermore, the effects of Fe3O4@Glucose-Gingerol nanoparticles on the expression of the CASP8, BAX, and BCL2 genes and the activity of Caspase 3 were characterized. The flow cytometry assay (annexin V/PI) was employed to find out the percentage of apoptotic cells. The Fe3O4@Glu-Gingerol NPs were spherical (42–67 nm), without elemental impurity, and with surface charge, DLS size, and magnetic saturation of −47.7 mV, 154 nm, and 35 emu/g, respectively. Fe3O4@Glu-Gingerol NPs showed a remarkable greater toxicity in the A549 cells than normal cell line with the 50 % inhibition concentration (IC50) of 190 and 554 μg/mL, respectively. Treatment of lung adenocarcinoma cells with the Fe3O4@Glu-Gingerol NPs led to an increase in cell apoptosis from 4.6 to 39.48 %. Also, the CASP8 and BAX genes were upregulated by 2.49 and 2.8 folds, respectively, while a downregulation by 0.75 folds was noticed for the BCL2. Moreover, apoptotic features were observed in Fe3O4@Glu-Gingerol NPs treated cells by Hoechst staining, and activation of Caspase 3 by 2.8 folds. This study revealed that the Fe3O4@Glu-Gingerol NPs have antiproliferative effects on the lung adenocarcinoma cell line by activation of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis that is a promising feature in cancer treatment.

Nanotechnology has developed in various industrial fields. This encourages innovation in the use of additives such as antioxidants, dyes, flavors, and other active ingredients that can be modified in the form of nanoemulsions. Red ginger contains oleoresin, which has thick properties to form a paste. These properties make oleoresin difficult to mix with food, disperse, hydrophobic and susceptible to the effects of heat and light. One solution to overcome this problem is to convert oleoresin into a nanoemulsion so that it has high solubility, is stable, good bioavailability, and improves sensory properties. One technique for making nanoemulsions is ultrasonication. The high-intensity ultrasonication effect can cause the movement of the oil phase into the liquid phase in the form of droplets, thereby increasing the pressure in the liquid and resulting in the breakdown of the oil droplets into smaller sizes. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of ultrasonication on some chemical properties of the red ginger oleoresin nanoemulsion bioactive compounds, which includes antioxidant activity, total phenol, gingerol content, and droplet microstructure. The study used a completely randomized design with four treatments based on sonication time. Data from the test results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's advanced test. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that ultrasonication had effect on the red ginger oleoresin nanoemulsion biactive compounds. The best treatment is 90 min of sonication. The antioxidant activity (IC50) was 11.45±3.48 ppm, the total phenolic content was 3342.74±283.00 mg GAE/g, and the gingerol content was 0.33 %. The nanoemulsion droplet microstructure complies with the standard; that is, the particles are in the form of small spheres, like balls, and there are no visible holes or cracks on the surface of the particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a plant known all over the world that is used as a spice and as an ingredient in drinks, dietary supplements, and cosmetics. The growing availability of its fresh rhizomes makes it even more likely to be used in the diet, mainly due to its beneficial health properties and high content of polyphenols (gingerols and shogaols). The main goal and motivation of the authors was to assess the bioavailability of active substances contained in the extract from ginger rhizomes in the presence of various types of diets using the in vitro digestion method, enabling simulation of the processes occurring during the digestion and absorption of metabolites in the small intestine. For the qualitative and quantitative analyses, the HPLC-MS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry) and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) techniques were used, respectively. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the best bioavailability of the selected ginger polyphenols (6-gingerol, 8-gingerdione, 8-shogaol, and 10-gingerdione) was estimated for a high-fiber diet, while the weakest results were obtained for standard and basic diets. In the case of the high-fiber diet, the bioavailability of the mentioned compounds was estimated as 33.3, 21.4, 6.73, and 21.0%, while for the basic diet, it was only 21.3, 5.3, 2.0, and 1.0%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mammary glands, production of antimicrobial components and formation of less-permeable tight junctions (TJs) are important for safe milk production. Previously, we reported that local heat treatment of udders using disposable heating pad enhances the components of innate immunity in lactating goat mammary glands. Gingerol is a polyphenol present in ginger that can induce heat-like effects. However, oral administration of polyphenols causes a decrease in biological activity through conjugation and metabolic conversion. Here, we investigated the effects of gingerol on antimicrobial components and TJs by topically applying it to lactating goat udders. Gingerol application increased the somatic cell count, cathelicidin-2 concentration, and proportion of polymorphonuclear cells in the milk and interleukin-8 production. Moreover, gingerol treatment enhanced β-defensin-1 production in milk, cultured mammary epithelial cells, and cultured somatic cells. Contrastingly, gingerol treatment did not affect the concentrations of blood-derived components (Na+, albumin, and IgG) in the milk or the TJ barrier function of cultured mammary epithelial cells. These findings suggest that the topical application of gingerol, similar to local heat treatment, to udders enhances the components of innate immunity in mammary glands. These findings may be useful for the prevention of mastitis in milk-producing animals and, hence, safe and stable dairy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing media and irrigation water levels are the most important factors affecting plant yield and quality throughout the world. The present research was conducted in a greenhouse located in the Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute between the 2019 and 2020 growing season. The study aims to determine the effects of different substrates and irrigation levels on yield and phenolic and essential oil compounds of ginger (Zingiber officinale) irrigated by means of a drip irrigation system. In order to investigate the effects of different substrates and irrigation levels on the physiological characteristics and yield of ginger, an experiment was conducted as factorial, in which the main factor was three substrates (S1: 75% cocopeat + 25% perlite, S2: 50% peat + 50% perlite, and S3: 25% zeolite + 75% peat) and the sub factor was four irrigation levels (I1:100% I2: 75%, I3: 50%, and I4:25%) were applied experimental plots according to the daily solar radiation values reaching the greenhouse, with 3 replications. The evapotranspiration values ranged between 49.7-198.7 L plant-1 and 51.7-206.9 L plant-1 in the 2019 and 2020 years, respectively. Rhizome fresh weight values for I1, I2, I3 and I4 were determined as 134.8, 94.7, 71.2 and 31.1 g in 2019 and 164.5, 148.1, 95.1 and 74.9 g in 2020, respectively. Water deficit stress significantly (P=0.01) increased the 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, α-zingiberene, α-farnesene, and geranly-acetate contents while it decreased the β-sesquiphellandrene and ß-bisabolene content. It was found that the essential oil yield of ginger decreased depending on the increasing irrigation water stress levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger is an important spice crop with medicinal values and gingerols are the most abundant pungent polyphenols present in ginger, responsible for most of its pharmacological properties. The present study focuses on the molecular mechanism of gingerol biosynthesis in ginger using transcriptome analysis. Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) was done in leaf and rhizome tissues using high gingerol-producing ginger somaclone B3 as the tester and parent cultivar Maran as the driver and generated high-quality leaf and rhizome Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs). The Blast2GO annotations of the ESTs revealed the involvement of leaf ESTs in secondary metabolite production, identifying the peroxisomal KAT2 gene (Leaf EST 9) for the high gingerol production in ginger. Rhizome ESTs mostly coded for DNA metabolic processes and differential genes for high gingerol production were not observed in rhizomes. In the qRT-PCR analysis, somaclone B3 had shown high chalcone synthase (CHS: rate-limiting gene in gingerol biosynthetic pathway) activity (0.54 fold) in the leaves of rhizome sprouts. The presence of a high gingerol gene in leaf ESTs and high expression of CHS in leaves presumed that the site of synthesis of gingerols in ginger is the leaves. A modified pathway for gingerol/polyketide backbone formation has been constructed explaining the involvement of KAT gene isoforms KAT2 and KAT5 in gingerol/flavonoid biosynthesis, specifically the KAT2 gene which is otherwise thought to be involved mainly in β-oxidation. The results of the present investigations have the potential of utilizing KAT/thiolase superfamily enzymes for protein/metabolic pathway engineering in ginger for large-scale production of gingerols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT: Ginger contains bioactive compounds that possess anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. In this study, 432-day-old Ross 708 broiler male chicks were randomly allocated to 6 dietary treatments to investigate the effect of ginger root extract (GRE) on immunocompetence and growth performance to 6 wk of age. Treatment 1 (CON) consisted of chicks fed a corn–soybean meal (SBM), a base diet without GRE. Treatment 2 (MX) chicks were given basal diets containing bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) at 0.055 g/kg. Treatments 3 (GRE-0.375%), 4 (GRE-0.75%), 5 (GRE-1.5%), and 6 (GRE-3%) were fed similar diet to control with GRE supplemented at 0.375%, 0.75%, 1.5%, and 3%, respectively. Moreover, HPLC analysis of GRE was carried out to determine the concentration of bioactive compounds found in GRE. Each treatment consisted of 6 replicate pens with 12 chicks/pen. Bodyweight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded. Results show that the concentration of bioactive compounds increased with increasing GRE supplementation. Likewise, dietary GRE supplementation did not have any detrimental effect on growth performance parameters up to 1.5%, as values for BWG was not different from CON and MX; however, 3% GRE had the poorest FCR and a lower BWG as compared to other treatments. On d 27 and d 41, fecal and cecal concentrations of total bacteria count (TBC), Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus spp., and Bifidobacterium spp enumerated using selective plating media showed that GRE supplementation significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the amount of TBC and E. coli but increased the number of beneficial microorganisms such as Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. On d 20, no significant differences were observed (P > 0.05) among all treatments for antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus and total IgY antibodies; however, on d 27, GRE-0.75% had the highest value for both immune indicators and was not different from MX. Dietary supplementation of GRE up to 1.5% enhanced the immune system and suppressed E. coli while promoting the growth of healthy bacteria, without any detrimental effect on growth performance.

Acrolein is the main toxic metabolite of ifosfamide (IFO) that causes urothelial damage by oxidative stress and inflammation. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism of action of gingerols, Zingiber officinale bioactive molecules, as an alternative treatment for ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Female Swiss mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: control; IFO; IFO + Mesna; and IFO + [8]- or [10]-gingerol. Mesna (80 mg/kg, i.p.) was given 5 min before, 4 and 8 h after IFO (400mg/kg, i.p.). Gingerols (25 mg/kg, p.o.) were given 1 h before and 4 and 8 h after IFO. Animals were euthanized 12 h after IFO injection. Bladders were submitted to macroscopic and histological evaluation. Oxidative stress and inflammation were assessed by malondialdehyde (MDA) or myeloperoxidase assays, respectively. mRNA gene expression was performed to evaluate mesna and gingerols mechanisms of action. Mesna was able to protect bladder tissue by activating NF-κB and NrF2 pathways. However, we demonstrated that gingerols acted as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent stimulating the expression of IL-10, which intracellularly activates JAK/STAT/FOXO signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical cancer has accounted for the top-four cancer incidences occurring among females worldwide. Despite the availability of anticancer drugs as one of its treatment modalities, they are not without adverse effects. It has come to researchers' attention that natural bioactive compounds have anticancer properties, as reported in many pre-clinical studies. Materials and Methods: This systematic review protocol conforms to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols-P guideline and Population, Intervention, Comparison Outcome and Study framework. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect, will be searched from inception until May 2022 for articles published in English. Only studies that investigate the effects of curcumin, gingerol, shogaol and/or their combination in human cervical cancer cell lines and/or rodent animal models implanted with cervical cancer xenografts will be included. A customised risk-of-bias tool (RoB) and the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation's RoB will be used to assess the quality of in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. Where appropriate, a meta-analysis will be performed using RevMan version 5.4. Conclusions: Findings obtained from this review may be used as valuable evidence to guide and direct future studies pertaining chemopreventive effects of bioactive compounds in cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Doluperine® capsule (curcumin, piperine, and gingerol) on hearing recovery in diabetic patients with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSNHL). Materials and Methods: Fifty-one diabetic patients with SSNHL were randomized to receive two placebo capsules (group 1), a Doluperine® plus one placebo capsule (group 2), or two Doluperine® capsules (group 3). Moreover, all patients had an injection of dexamethasone in the middle ear. Results: The proportion of significant positive changes in PTA, SDS, and SRT was 45.4%, 45.4%, and 36.37% in group1, 84.6%, 84.6%, and 76.92% in group 2, and 70%, 50.0%, and 80.0% in group 3, respectively. Many patients in group 3 did not respond to treatment in the first month, while they recovered at the end of the second month. The chance of recovery reduced with increased time between the onset of symptoms and treatment (delayed visitation) in group 1; however, this finding was not seen in groups 2 and 3. Conclusion: Doluperine® is recommended as a complementary medicine along with steroid therapy for hearing loss improvement in diabetic patients; moreover, this herbal medicine seems to play an important role in recovery in patients with delayed visitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger and Ajwain are used extensively in food products, natural medicine to treat certain common diseases and as an immunity booster against viral infections. In this work, we report the fabrication of a novel electrochemical sensor based on α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for detection and quantification of [6]-Gingerol (GIN) and Thymol (THY) which are water soluble phytochemicals derived from edible herbs Ginger and Ajwain respectively. The α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesised by sol-gel method and its structure and composition were confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and photoelectron spectroscopy studies. The α-Fe2O3 NPs modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of GIN and THY in phosphate buffer saline at pH 7. The α-Fe2O3 modified GCE exhibited the lowest detection limits of 35.2 nM and 24 nM for GIN and THY respectively over the corresponding dynamic ranges of 55.6 nM to 118 µM and 27.8 nM to 56 µM. Detailed interference study confirmed the potential anti-interference ability of the fabricated sensor against a number of potential interfering compounds. Cyclic stability study yielded relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 9.9% and 9.18% for GIN and THY respectively, demonstrating excellent stability of the sensor. Reproducibility of the α-Fe2O3/GCE was investigated by testing a number of electrodes which yielded RSD values of 1.08% and 0.97%, for GIN and THY respectively. These promising characteristic features of the proposed sensor make it suitable for quick and precise detection of GIN and THY in food and natural medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional beverages originate primarily from fruits and vegetables sources, but also include those from other plants such as tea, coffee, cocoa, soybean as well as animal products like milk and dairy-based and alcoholic drinks. They have definite medical or health benefits which include prevention or delaying the progress of diseases. Indian gooseberry is a very rich source of vitamin C and phenolics, two potent antioxidant compounds. Similarly curcumin in turmeric, piperine in black pepper and gingerol in ginger have proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Incidence of covid-19 pandemic has raised awareness among people the importance of maintaining higher levels of immunity. A study was undertaken at Kerala Agricultural University during 2020–21 to develop an herbal functional drink from Indian gooseberry fruit juice incorporated with turmeric and black pepper powders, ginger juice extract and juice of acid lime fruits. The herbal drink formulated with these ingredients was homogenized at an operating pressure of 175 Bar with a speed of 235 SPM and was subsequently pasteurized at 100 0 C for 10 minutes in glass bottles, followed by storage under refrigerated conditions at 5 ± 2 0 C for 3 months. The initial ascorbic acid, total phenolics, total flavonoids, total carotenoids and total curcumin contents were 61.0 mg100g− 1, 184.0 mg100g− 1, 153.0 mg100g− 1, 119.98 mg100g− 1 and 31.0 mg100g− 1, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the herbal drink was determined by three assays, viz. ABTS, DDPH and FRAP. The initial IC 50 values of the herbal drink by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays were 8.64, 0.212 and 0.368 μgml− 1, respectively. Significant decline in ascorbic acid, total flavonoids, total carotenoids and curcumin content were recorded in the product during storage in contrast to the total phenolics content which showed a significant rise over the storage period. Antioxidant activity of the herbal drink determined by all the three assays also declined significantly throughout the storage period. The results indicate that the product can be promoted as a healthy drink which has to be stored at low temperature in order to retain higher levels of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical cancer has accounted for the top-four cancer incidences occurring among females worldwide. Despite the availability of anticancer drugs as one of its treatment modalities, they are not without adverse effects. It has come to researchers' attention that natural bioactive compounds have anticancer properties, as reported in many pre-clinical studies. Materials and Methods: This systematic review protocol conforms to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols-P guideline and Population, Intervention, Comparison Outcome and Study framework. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect, will be searched from inception until May 2022 for articles published in English. Only studies that investigate the effects of curcumin, gingerol, shogaol and/or their combination in human cervical cancer cell lines and/or rodent animal models implanted with cervical cancer xenografts will be included. A customised risk-of-bias tool (RoB) and the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation's RoB will be used to assess the quality of in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. Where appropriate, a meta-analysis will be performed using RevMan version 5.4. Conclusions: Findings obtained from this review may be used as valuable evidence to guide and direct future studies pertaining chemopreventive effects of bioactive compounds in cervical cancer. This protocol is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022334940).

Nezar H Khdary,1 Abdulaziz A Alangari,2 Khadijah M Katubi,3 Mohammad Alanazi,4 Ahmed Alhassan,1 Sami D Alzahrani,1 Zahid Khan,4 Ibrahim O Alanazi1 1Institute of Materials Science, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 2College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Nezar H Khdary, Institute of Materials Science, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tel +966-114814236, Email nkhdary@kacst.edu.sa Ibrahim O Alanazi, Aging institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tel +966114813289, Email ialenazi@kacst.edu.saIntroduction: Herbs are excellent sources of medicinal substances, and their curative abilities have been recognized to treat many ailments and are used for example as antioxidants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, antipyretics, and many other medicinal uses. The properties of natural compounds and their health effects have been studied extensively, especially those that originate from plant sources such as ginger. The ginger plant contains many chemical compounds, such as 6-gingerol, which is characterized by containing active groups such as carbonyl and hydroxide, which can be attached to metal molecules. This is what was done in this study, where the formation of complexes with a group of metals was studied and their effect on cancer cells was investigated. These complexes will open new horizons for further study of medicinal uses.Methods: The synthesis of gingerol-metal complexes was carried out by conjugating gingerol molecules with Ag, Au, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn metal ions. The extracted gingerol was transferred to culture tubes and deionized water-DMSO were added followed by sonication. The tubes were incubated at 90°C for two days as well as the control sample. The samples were then filtered and the complex solutions were transferred into new tubes for further studies. Different characterization techniques such as FT-IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, FESEM, and EDX are used to confirm the formation of the complexes. The in vitro of the complexes was tested by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay against the human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and HT29 which exhibited strong cytotoxicity.Results: The gingerol-metal complexes showed an enhancement as an anticancer agent compared to the control. The in vitro anticancer activity showed that the Ag-gingerol complex showed the most activity among the other complexes.Discussion: Gingerol-metal complexes can inhibit cancer cells, noting that the potency of the complex depends on the type of metal used.Keywords: ginger, gingerol, gingerol-complexes, colon cancer, tumor cell line