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During the Early Cretaceous important changes occurred in South-western Gondwana related to its fragmentation, and South Atlantic Ocean opening. Then, two basins developed in southernmost Patagonia: the Austral-Magallanes Basin and the Rocas Verdes-Magallanes Basin. The Río Mayer Formation corresponds to the initial sedimentary stages of the Austral Basin including black shales, marls and fine-grained sandstones deposited in an outer shelf environment. We studied and sampled three detailed sedimentary logs at Río Guanaco Locality (S 49° 57′ 11"; W 72° 04′ 56″), dividing this unit into three informal sections (lower, middle and upper). Whole rock geochemical analyses were carried out over the three sections with the focus on trace elements, in particular, rare earth elements (REE). While, the lower section of the unit shows an affinity to acid volcanic source areas, the middle and upper sections show an affinity to intermediate source areas. These changes through the Río Mayer Formation can be correlated with the initial magmatic activity hosted in the Southern Patagonian Batholith during the Neocomian. Considering the REE patterns, the lower section of the Río Mayer Formation shows an affinity to the felsic compositions of the Tobífera Formation, while the upper section would be related to the erosion of the Punta Barrosa/Cerro Toro formations of the Rocas Verdes-Magallanes Basin. The clear distinction between the REE patterns of the Río Mayer and Zapata formations is considered evidence of the compartmentalization of these basins during the Early Cretaceous. Finally, the absence of correlation between the geochemistry of the studied unit and the Jurassic volcanic rocks of the Deseado Massif indicates that the north-eastern sector of the basin was not a source area for the Austral Basin, at least during the deposition of the Río Mayer Formation in the study area. • Geochemistry of the Río Mayer Formation reveals a clear trend for its provenance analysis. • During the Early Cretaceous the Rio Chico High was not a source area for the Austral Basin. • Austral and Rocas Verdes basins should have had different source areas during the Neocomian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reconstruction of palaeo-oxygenation levels in marine deposits from the Cretaceous has obtained a huge interest all around the world in recent years. This fascinating topic is here pointed out for the first time in the Austral Basin using the information provided by the black shales of the Río Mayer Formation, Patagonia, Argentina. The combination of sedimentology, ichnology and geochemistry (TOC, Ce anomaly and MnO content) allow the identification of three major intervals respecting the oxygen content. During the Berriasian and early Valanginian anoxic conditions prevail in the outer shelf. After that, between the late Valanginian and Hauterivian dysoxic palaeoenvironments were developed. Finally, a more oxygenated palaeoenvironment occurred since Aptian associated with a progradation of a proximal deltaic system. The identification of anoxic conditions is of much interest for the hydrocarbon research in this stratigraphical unit, which represents the most significant source rock of the Austral Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater lenses are groundwater sources of limited dimensions that can be usually found in a variety of climates worldwide. These aquifers' quality is important for socioeconomic development, being cation exchange one of the most important geochemical processes that can change the water geochemistry. This study aims to assess the cation exchange processes that determine the chemistry of freshwater lenses in a multilayer aquifer type, considering the center-east of the Pampean Region (Argentina) as a case study. Water samples were taken from the freshwater lenses at different depths to analyze major ions in the laboratory. In addition, geological profiles were made along with the extraction of sediment samples for X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and laboratory tests to analyze the cation exchange capacity. The results show that water stored in the lenses has a vertical facies variation from Ca-HCO3 to Na-HCO3. According to the laboratory results, the change of water facies mainly occurs in the clayey sediments that divide the carbonate bioclastic material above and the loessic sediment below, being cation exchange the most important process. Practitioner Points • Cation exchange is the main geochemical process regulating groundwater chemistry. • Hydrochemical changes determine the quality of freshwater lenses. • Na/Ca exchange is mainly regulated by the groundwater flow into the bioturbated clay. • Batch exchange tests were also carried out to quantify the Na/Ca exchange processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Austral-Magallanes Basin covers the southernmost region of Patagonia, South America. South of Lago Argentino, the Calafate Formation documents part of the foreland stage of the evolution of this basin. Here, sandstones from the Calafate Formation were characterized using petrographical, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and geochemical data in order to establish their tectonic setting and sediment source areas. Based on our results, three intervals (lower, middle, and upper) were distinguished according to their composition. The lower and upper intervals are composed of felsic volcanic lithics, abundant quartz and orthoclase. A shift in the composition was observed in the middle interval, with an increase in the modal abundance of plagioclase as well as other accessory minerals such as pyroxene. In addition, XRD data reveal that the middle interval is dominated by smectite in the clay-fraction, whereas the lower and upper intervals present mixed-layer chlorite-smectite and chlorite assemblages. Similar differences are observed using major and trace elements: data from the lower and upper intervals point to source rocks of intermediate to acid composition, while the middle interval had source rocks of intermediate composition and a lower degree of weathering. With regard to the provenance studies, the three intervals have a strong affinity to intermediate compositions of the Tobífera Formation (El Quemado Complex) and with the diorite/andesite of the Patagonian Batholith, which implies an exclusive contribution from the western edge of the basin. However, the shift in the composition towards the middle interval indicates a sediment supply from the juvenile Andean arc, suggesting contemporaneous magmatic activity during the deposition of the Calafate Formation sandstones. This peak of magmatic activity may have been caused by an eastward migration of the arc, driven by a switch in the tectonic setting south of 48°S. • Petrographic and XRD analyses show changing compositional signatures throughout the unit. • Al 2 O 3 -(Na 2 O+CaO)–K 2 O diagram and CIA values indicate initial-moderately weathered sources. • Samples have Zr/Sc ratios of ~3 meaning that they are depleted compared to typical UCC. • In the Th/Sc–Zr/Sc and Co/Th–La/Sc diagram samples plot between the andesitic and granitic field. • Nb <20ppm and Zr <350ppm values indicate a tectonic affinity of a subduction-related volcanic arc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an integrated field, petrographic and geochemical study of the Puesto del Museo Formation, a poorly known unit that evidences a Cenozoic transgression at the southernmost Golfo San Jorge Basin. The most striking features of the Puesto del Museo Formation is its occurrence as restricted ~20 m-thick-outcrops composed exclusively of friable cross-stratified grainstones. We analyzed the sedimentary facies and facies associations in order to reconstruct the depositional setting. The petrographic characterization allows assessing the composition as a very homogeneous lithological succession dominated by skeletal grainstones. Geochemistry of trace elements (Mn, Sr, Rb, rare earth elements plus yttrium = REY), and stable isotopes (C and O) were used to characterize the grainstones compositionally, and to constrain environmental and climate conditions that controlled its deposition. The diagenetic environmental comprehension helped to the interpretations of the syn- and post-depositional conditions related to the grainstones. Finally, the stratigraphic position of the Puesto del Museo grainstones into the context of the basin is discussed. This succession can be correlated with the Patagonian marine event (i.e., Golfo San Jorge and Austral basins) that took place during the late Oligocene–early Miocene, related to an elevated global sea level controlled by glacio-eustatic conditions. • Puesto del Museo Fm can represent the southernmost mid-Cenozoic carbonates at the GSJB. • These grainstones deposits flooded a rocky shore composed of the Jurassic volcanites. • The cementation begun at the seafloor followed by vadose conditions. • Trace elements supported by facies analysis reveal shallow open marine environment. • Bioclasts and C-isotope may suggest it as part of the Patagoniense transgression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]