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Scoping reviewers often face challenges in the extraction, analysis, and presentation of scoping review results. Using best-practice examples and drawing on the expertise of the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group and an editor of a journal that publishes scoping reviews, this paper expands on existing JBI scoping review guidance. The aim of this article is to clarify the process of extracting data from different sources of evidence; discuss what data should be extracted (and what should not); outline how to analyze extracted data, including an explanation of basic qualitative content analysis; and offer suggestions for the presentation of results in scoping reviews. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Objective The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the existing evidence regarding nurse-initiated protocols in the emergency department management of pediatric oncology patients with fever and suspected neutropenia. Introduction Febrile neutropenia in pediatric oncology patients poses a significant burden of increased morbidity and mortality. Prompt, efficient emergency care and rapid antibiotic administration within 60 minutes of presentation to hospital is required to prevent clinical deterioration and reduce rates of intensive care admission and mortality. Efficient emergency department care delivery is impacted by modern day challenges, such as increasing user-demand, limited resources, and lack of flow. In response to this, to expedite care provision, practice guidelines have been developed to include nurse-initiated protocols that guide nurses to initiate specific predetermined investigations and interventions for patients meeting certain criteria. Febrile neutropenic pediatric patients may be a specific group that can benefit from nurse-initiated protocols due to the time-critical nature of required care. Inclusion criteria The scoping review will consider literature that reports on nurse-initiated protocols in the management of pediatric febrile oncology patients with suspected neutropenia in the emergency department setting. Methods JBI methodology for scoping reviews will guide the review process. English-language literature from 2000 to present will be searched in Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, Emcare, CINAHL Plus, and gray literature in Google Scholar, Open Grey, and Theses Global. Critical appraisal will not be performed. A tabular and accompanying narrative summary of the information will present extracted evidence aligned to the review's objective and questions.

Background Paediatric oncology patients with fever and suspected neutropenia are at risk of developing life-threatening systemic infection. Prompt Emergency Department assessment, early intervention and antibiotic administration within 60 minutes of hospital presentation is now recognised as the required standard of care. Nurse-initiated protocols have been implemented in emergency departments to facilitate timely care for a variety of patient groups, yet little is known about their feasibility in this population. Aim To provide an overview of the existing evidence regarding nurse-initiated protocols in the emergency management of paediatric oncology patients with fever and suspected neutropenia. Methods This scoping review followed the JBI methodological guidance for conducting scoping reviews. Comprehensive, systematic searches were conducted in Embase, Medline (Ovid), Scopus, Emcare (Ovid), CINAHL Plus, Google Scholar, Open Grey, and Theses Global. Findings Of the 768 studies imported for screening, 504 were excluded at title and abstract screening, and 39 studies were assessed for eligibility at full-text screening. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included for review. Important findings included the identification of; sources of delay in care, the key features of nurse-initiated protocols, and the outcomes, barriers and facilitators of the protocols. Through the effective streamlining of care provision, communication, and increased nursing autonomy via nurse-initiated protocols, improvements in time to care initiation, investigations and antibiotic delivery was demonstrated. Barriers are related to insufficient nursing staff knowledge, technical skill, parental opposition and institutional inexperience in protocol initiation. With appropriate institutional support, multidisciplinary involvement, family engagement and ongoing education the successful implementation of nurse-initiated protocols was facilitated. Discussion/Conclusion The available evidence is limited to primary quality improvement projects. Further high quality-research is required before definitive recommendations for practice can be made, however, evidence suggests that nurse-initiated protocols may be an effective strategy to improve the emergency department care of paediatric oncology patients presenting with fever and suspected neutropenia.

Objective: The objective of this scoping review is to identify and report upon evidence (such as guidance) or tools regarding methodological quality or risk of bias of scoping reviews. Introduction: Scoping reviews have gained popularity in recent years but have been criticized for variations in their approaches. This scoping review will examine evidence on the methodological quality of scoping reviews, as well as identify and describe potential tools to inform the development of a tool for appraising the quality of scoping reviews. Inclusion criteria: The scoping review will include all documents reporting on the development, evaluation, or conduct of tools addressing the critical appraisal or risk of bias of scoping reviews. The literature search will seek evidence published from 2005 onwards, corresponding with the publication of Arksey and O’Malley's framework for scoping reviews. Methods: The search strategy will aim to locate both published and unpublished documents utilizing a three-step search strategy. An initial search of PubMed has identified keyword and MeSH terms. A second search of PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL will follow. Google and Google Scholar will be searched for difficult-to-locate and unpublished literature. Authors will endeavor to consult with relevant methodologists through the authors’ professional networks, social media accounts, and professional newsletters to obtain materials that can be considered for inclusion. Documents will be independently screened, selected, and extracted by two researchers and the data will be presented in tables. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Objective: This scoping review aims to identify and map the outcomes reported from evaluations that measure the effectiveness and acceptability of palliative care programs and interventions in residential aged care facilities. Introduction: As the population ages, there is increasing attention on implementing new interventions and programs to improve palliative care in residential aged care facilities. However, there is no standard evaluation for intervention implementation. Mapping the outcome measures used in evaluations of diverse palliative care interventions in residential aged care facilities has not been explored recently. Inclusion criteria: This review will consider studies involving older adults (aged 50 and above) in any country living and receiving care in residential aged care facilities. This review will exclude literature that focused on other age groups and people receiving palliative care in other care settings, such as hospitals, palliative care inpatient units, sheltered housing, cancer centers, own homes, and hospices. Methods: This scoping review will follow the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. This scoping review will identify both published and unpublished (eg, gray literature) primary studies, as well as reviews. The databases to be searched for published studies will include MEDLINE, Emcare, ProQuest, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. The search will be limited to evidence published in English from 2008 to the present. Visual, tabular, and accompanying narrative summaries will be used to present the results. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Aim: To develop evidence-based recommendations for provision of culturally safe, high-quality services for breast cancer screening for transgender people. Design: The scoping review will follow the JBI methodological guidance for scoping reviews. Methods: A search using MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Ovid), Scopus, the Cochrane Library, including the Cochrane Methodology Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the World Health Organization, Australia Government Department of Health and Google Scholar will be undertaken. The review will include people of any age and ethnicity defined in the source of evidence as transgender. The review will include individuals who have used gender-affirming interventions or not and sources of evidence that report information relevant to the provision of culturally safe, high-quality breast cancer screening services for transgender people. English language sources of evidence published from database inception with information from any country will be eligible for inclusion. Sources will be screened for inclusion by three independent reviewers. Results will be extracted using a purpose-built tool and presented in relation to the review questions and objective in the final report using tables, figures and corresponding narrative. Project funding was approved by the Australian Government Department of Health in June 2020. Discussion: There are a range of factors that impact on the equity of health access and outcomes for people who are not cisgender. Transgender people are at risk of breast cancer but there is relatively little evidence about how their risks may or may not differ substantially from cis-gendered individuals and little guidance for health providers to ensure inclusive, culturally safe, high-quality breast cancer screening services for both transgender males, transgender females and gender diverse people who may not identify as male or as female. Impact: It is important to provide culturally safe, high-quality services for breast cancer screening for transgender people. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Two thousand and twenty was a challenging year for all, however it was also a year of many successes for the Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, attributable in no small part to the contributions of authors, peer reviewers and readers. Here, we discuss some of our achievements to date, including publication of four quarterly issues through our relaunched website, and highlight new journal sections and plans to expand on resources for support and guidance to authors. We also introduce a guest editorial by professors Juanita Sherwood, Roianne West and colleagues who signal the beginning of a developing community of practice as First Nations nurses and midwives, educators, practitioners and researchers. The year gone has shown us all how important it is that we share our knowledge and experience, and so we look forward to supporting another year of challenge and accomplishment for nursing and midwifery both in Australia and beyond.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed Objective: The objective of this review is to identify and map the tools and approaches used for reflection as a learning strategy for nurses and nursing students in clinical settings. Background: Several types of reflection interventions exist to develop nurses' reflective competencies in clinical practice. This scoping review mapped the available literature on the use of reflection in the education of nurses and nursing students in clinical settings. Three questions guided the review: i) What tools and approaches for reflection have been reported? ii) What levels of reflection have been identified (low/descriptive, middle/application, or high/evaluative)? iii) What outcomes of reflection have been reported? Inclusion criteria: Studies investigated nursing students or nurses working in clinical settings involved in patient care, and described reflective interventions and definitions of reflection, descriptions of the contents reflected on, measurement instruments, and outcomes of interventions. Methods: MEDLINE (PubMed), Emcare (Ovid), MEDLINE (Ovid), ERIC (ProQuest), CINAHL (Ovid), and Web of Science databases were searched for full-text studies published in English, Danish, Swedish, or Norwegian. Studies from any country and published from 2007 to September 2020 were eligible for inclusion. The review followed the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and was based on an a priori protocol. Two independent reviewers assessed studies against the inclusion criteria and extracted data. Inclusion for review was determined according to the pre-determined eligibility criteria and consensus between researchers. Data were extracted using a standardized data extraction table and results were summarized narratively with accompanying tables. Results: Seventeen articles were included; nine quantitative studies and eight qualitative studies. Findings are presented separately due to varying study designs and outcomes. Most studies used physical tools and reflective dialogues in clinical settings. Some tools included specific questions for participants to reflect on, while others included open questions or no questions. Reflective approaches included lectures, workshops, or reflection with supervisors or peers in clinical settings. None of the 17 studies included the same combination of tools and approaches. Measurement of reflection was varied across articles, and there was a lack of standardization in how reflection outcomes were classified. Conclusions: Interventions, tools, approaches, and the measurement of nurses' reflection in clinical settings are highly varied, and none of the included studies had the same combination of elements. The studies indicate that reflection skills are achieved potentially according to the tools and approaches used, and the foci for reflection. There is little agreement among the research community on how best to assess the measurement and quality of reflection. It is recommended that future studies are explicit on the classification of low-, middle-, and high-level reflection according to standardized criteria.

Problem There is ongoing debate regarding the impact of, and relationship between, technological innovation and staffing levels and skills mix in aged care. Some commentators suggest that mandating minimum staffing levels and skills mix will undermine the sector’s ability to increase productivity via technological innovations. Aim This paper aims to stimulate scholarly debate regarding staffing levels, skills mix, and technological innovation in aged care. Methods As a discussion paper providing a scholarly and political critique of current policy issues affecting nurses and aged care, no reporting guideline has been followed. Findings Staffing and skills mix in aged care has risen as a prominent, divisive issue. Some commentators suggest that productivity is hampered by mandating minimum staffing levels and skills mix by interfering with the uptake of innovation and technology. While technological innovation has led to many opportunities for better outcomes, we argue that without at least enough of the right kind of staff in aged care, technology and innovation alone cannot be relied upon to facilitate the dignified, person-centred care that older people deserve. Discussion We argue that staffing levels and skills mix need not be opposed to the implementation of innovations in aged care and that a focus on productivity and efficiency risks dehumanising the sector even further. Conclusion By maximising labour potential in aged care, and enabling a sector that supports a suitably sized and skilled workforce to care for older people, we are supporting a workforce that is ready and able to leverage opportunities offered by innovations in ways that do not dehumanise our older people.

Objective: The objective of this paper is to describe the updated methodological guidance for conducting a JBI scoping review, with a focus on new updates to the approach and development of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (the PRISMA-ScR). Introduction: Scoping reviews are an increasingly common approach to informing decision-making and research based on the identification and examination of the literature on a given topic or issue. Scoping reviews draw on evidence from any research methodology and may also include evidence from non-research sources, such as policy. In this manner, scoping reviews provide a comprehensive overview to address broader review questions than traditionally more specific systematic reviews of effectiveness or qualitative evidence. The increasing popularity of scoping reviews has been accompanied by the development of a reporting guideline: the PRISMA-ScR. In 2014, the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group developed guidance for scoping reviews that received minor updates in 2017 and was most recently updated in 2020. The updates reflect ongoing and substantial developments in approaches to scoping review conduct and reporting. As such, the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group recognized the need to revise the guidance to align with the current state of knowledge and reporting standards in evidence synthesis. Methods: Between 2015 and 2020, the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group expanded its membership; extensively reviewed the literature; engaged via annual face-to-face meetings, regular teleconferences, and email correspondence; sought advice from methodological experts; facilitated workshops; and presented at scientific conferences. This process led to updated guidance for scoping reviews published in the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. The updated chapter was endorsed by JBI's International Scientific Committee in 2020. Results: The updated JBI guidance for scoping reviews includes additional guidance on several methodological issues, such as when a scoping review is (or is not) appropriate, and how to extract, analyze, and present results, and provides clarification for implications for practice and research. Furthermore, it is aligned with the PRISMA-ScR to ensure consistent reporting. Conclusions: The latest JBI guidance for scoping reviews provides up-to-date guidance that can be used by authors when conducting a scoping review. Furthermore, it aligns with the PRISMA-ScR, which can be used to report the conduct of a scoping review. A series of ongoing and future methodological projects identified by the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group to further refine the methodology are planned. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Objective: The objective of this scoping review is to identify and examine the available evidence of domestically trained international nursing students’ and new graduates’ experiences of transition to the nursing workforce. Introduction: International students’ workforce transition experiences are attracting researchers globally. One under-researched area relates to the workforce transition experiences of domestically trained international nursing students and new graduates. This scoping review will focus on identifying studies that examine factors that can directly or indirectly affect experiences of workforce transition. Inclusion criteria: This review will consider studies that include domestically trained international nursing students enrolled in an undergraduate/baccalaureate nursing program (outside their country of origin) and new graduates within their first year of completing an undergraduate/baccalaureate nursing program (outside their country of origin). Participants may be either employed or not employed in the host country’s nursing workforce. Studies that include participants from any other nursing programs will be excluded. Methods: The JBI approach for conducting and reporting scoping reviews will be followed. The review will include both published and unpublished literature. Research from 2000 onward that is available in English will be included.Searches will be conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus, Emcare, ERIC, PsycINFO, ProQuest Central, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and ScienceDirect. An assessment of methodological quality will be included, with results presented in the final report. One reviewer will carry out the data extraction process independently and will be checked by another reviewer. Data will be presented in tabular form accompanied by a narrative summary that aligns with the objective of this scoping review. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Objective: The objective of this scoping review is to identify and examine the evidence on probiotic consumption and its effect on human lactational mastitis. Introduction: Lactational mastitis is a painful, inflammatory condition of the breast tissue commonly occurring among breastfeeding women. It can lead to decreased breastfeeding rates which then may lead to poorer maternal and newborn outcomes. There is growing interest and research on the use of probiotics to prevent or treat this condition following promising, but equivocal, evidence from studies of probiotics in relation to animals and other human conditions. Inclusion criteria: Women of any age are eligible if they are planning a pregnancy, pregnant, breastfeeding or expressing post-childbirth. There will be no exclusion based on comorbidity, previous history, or current diagnosis or treatment of lactational mastitis. All probiotic species and strains and all dosages, preparations and timing/scheduling of probiotic administration will be eligible for inclusion. All concepts regarding the use of probiotics and its effect on lactational mastitis will be included, and all types of research will be considered. Non-human studies will be excluded. Methods: This scoping review will follow the JBI methodology for the conduct and reporting of scoping reviews. Sources of evidence published in English from the year 2000 to present will be included. The search will include the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase and Emcare, in addition to gray literature. A critical appraisal will be performed and the results will be presented in the final review. A tabular and accompanying narrative summary of the information will be provided. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in 2019 as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases later confirmed to be the COVID-19 disease (World Health Organization (WHO) 2020a). A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 is similar to other human and animal viral pathogens including some of those which cause the common cold and is most similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS/ SARS-CoV-1). The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread to many countries and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 30 January 2020 (World Health Organization (WHO) 2020b) The individuals most at-risk of infection are those in close contact with patients with COVID-19 which includes health and aged care staff. Governments, employers, local, national, and global health and aged care agencies and organisations including those that represent and advocate for health and aged care workers, such as international and national nursing associations, recommend and provide guidance regarding the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), both directly related to the current COVID-19 pandemic and more broadly around infection prevention and control. A lack of consistency regarding PPE policy and recommendations has been discussed recently by Chughtai and colleagues in an editorial which focussed particularly upon differences in the recommended type/level of PPE, policies on extended use and reuse, and the importance of respiratory protection programs (Chughtai et al., 2020). In this paper, we focus more specifically on recommended processes for the use of PPE, particularly donning and doffing practices; and discuss the issue of inconsistent recommendations and messaging leading to confusion, concern, avoidable errors, and most seriously, increased risk of contamination and infection for both health and aged care staff, as well as patients and community members.

The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation has published the Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing since 1983. In 2020, the World Health Organization-designated Year of the Nurse and Midwife, we are pleased to introduce the new-look journal along with new guidance for authors for preparing their publications for submission. The Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing will continue the journal’s previous character and aligns and advances the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation’s overall strategic objectives as Australia’s largest professional nursing and midwifery organisation. The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation’s diverse and dispersed membership works in many sectors including but not limited to public and private health, aged care, schools, tertiary education, research, the community, and disability care across a wide variety of metropolitan, regional, and remote locations. Accordingly, the Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing will seek to showcase and promote a wide variety of original research and scholarly work to inform and empower nurses, midwives, and other healthcare professionals to improve the health and wellbeing of all communities and be prepared for the future. We look forward to working with authors, readers, and our Editorial Board to enhance the reach, readership, and profile of the Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. https://doi.org/10.37464/2020.371.1

Refereed/Peer-reviewed The impact of COVID-19 has and will be wide-ranging, with implications for people’s health and wellbeing way beyond the direct effects of an infectious respiratory illness. Due to the very real threat of the virus to the health of individuals, government responses to gain control and slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in order to protect health care sector capacity has resulted in virtually unprecedented limitations on people’s personal, social, and working lives as well as widespread and lasting economic impacts. Many countries already faced significant challenges related to mental ill health prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 has brought with it new threats to the mental health and wellbeing of people with pre-exiting mental ill health, the health care, maternity care, and aged care workforces, and people in the community with no prior experience or risk factors for mental ill health. Mental health is and will be a pressing issue for a vast number of people across many segments of society and addressing it will take action and cooperation across many contexts and between diverse groups. Now more than ever we need to work collaboratively to help one another – especially our most vulnerable community members who often lack the voice, resources, and platforms to help themselves.

Review question/objective: This scoping review will seek to find answers for the following questions which will focus on the use of reflection in the education of nurses in clinical settings:The review will also extract and map data regarding: i) what outcomes have been found in relation to the use of different tools and approaches (e.g. dialogues, diaries, case studies); ii) how approaches and tools have been implemented as interventions; iii) details of the topic or focus of reflection (e.g. ethical issues, care of older adults etc.); iv) details about the participants involved in reflection activities (e.g. first or second year undergraduate nursing students etc.); and v) barriers/challenges to the use of reflection approaches/tools. Additional details may also be extracted and mapped during the process of the scoping review and this will be explained in the final scoping review report. usc Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Objective The objective of this systematic review was to identify and synthesise existing evidence on the experiences of international nursing students’ and international nursing graduates’ transition to the host country’s nursing workforce. Background International students’ experiences of transition to the host country has been extensively explored by researchers. International students experience unique challenges related to communication and language, socialisation, finance, and temporary student visa. One under-researched area is the experiences of transition for international nursing students and international nursing graduates. This systematic review examined the existing evidence on international nursing students’ and international nursing graduates’ experiences of transition to the host country’s nursing workforce. Inclusion criteria This review considered published and unpublished studies—qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods, evidence syntheses, and grey literature—that included international nursing students enrolled in an undergraduate nursing programme outside their home country and international nursing graduates, either employed or not yet employed in nursing and within their first year of completing an undergraduate nursing programme outside their home country. Methods A three-step search strategy was utilised in this review. The search strategy aimed to find published and unpublished literature in English from January 2000 to April 2020. The databases searched were Ovid Medline, Scopus, Emcare, ERIC, PsycINFO, ProQuest Central, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, JBI Evidence-based Practice Database, and ScienceDirect. Two reviewers independently screened the titles/abstracts and full texts of studies for inclusion and appraised the methodological quality of the included studies. Findings and accompanying illustrations were extracted by one reviewer, assigned a level of credibility, and checked by the others. Results were analysed using JBI’s approach to qualitative meta-aggregation. Results This review included three qualitative papers published between 2011 and 2018. All included studies were appraised as of moderate quality. Sixty-five study findings and nineteen categories were aggregated into the following six synthesised findings: international nursing graduates developed confidence and satisfaction through challenges; personal challenges; clinical challenges; discrimination and justice; academic barriers to success; and what international nursing students liked and wanted. Conclusion The synthesised findings revealed ongoing anxiety, lack of preparedness and role uncertainty that was experienced by international nursing students and international nursing graduates as they transition to the host country’s nursing workforce. They expressed the need for information about professional role expectations, guidance, and support to transition. University transition programmes and services could provide support to address the workforce transition challenges faced by international nursing students and international nursing graduates. Tweetable abstract Systematic review shows international nursing students and international nursing graduates experience anxiety, limited preparedness and role uncertainty when transitioning to the host country’s nursing workforce.

Review objective: The objective of this scoping review is to identify, describe and compare studies investigating patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in esophageal cancer patients following neoadjuvant (preoperative) chemotherapy(CT) and surgery or neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and surgery.After preliminary searching of the literature and consultation with experts in the fields of esophageal cancer surgery,behavioral science, information systems and scoping review methodology, the following research objectives were defined as follows: To identify, describe and compare the characteristics and timing of PROs, specifically, psychological and somatic quality of life and symptoms, experienced by esophageal cancer patients during and/or followingneoadjuvant CT or CRT. To identify and describe the instruments used to measure PROs in esophageal cancer patients followingneoadjuvant CT or CRT.

Review question/objective: The objective of this scoping review is to investigate quality of life (QoL) questionnaires available to pediatric patients following tonsillectomies with or without adenoidectomies for chronic infection or sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The scoping review will aim to map the components of each QoL questionnaire assessed including frequency of use, age parameters, respondent, domains assessed, format and psychometric properties. Questionnaire format will be summarized into respondent and administrator burden by identifying the number of questions present, scale utilized and time to completion. The scoping review will report on whether psychometric analysis in terms of test reliability and validity was assessed in the included papers as well as the results of those assessments.Specifically, the review question is: what QoL questionnaires are available for pediatric patients following tonsillectomies with or without adenoidectomies for chronic infections or SDB?

Review objective and questions: The objective of the review is to map the available evidence to provide an overview of the use of non-invasive thermometers in the general context of health care. The specific questions,in regards to the available international published and unpublished literature, are: What types of non-invasive thermometers have been used? What manufacturers/brand of thermometers have been used? What routes have been used for the thermometers? What thermometers have been used as reference thermometers? What measures of accuracy have been reported in studies comparing different thermometers and routes of temperature measurement? How have included studies reported on comparisons of different thermometers in terms of frequency of thermometer readings, time that temperature is measured and factors affecting accuracy?

Objective Scoping reviews are used to assess the extent of a body of literature on a particular topic, and often to ensure that further research in that area is a beneficial addition to world knowledge. The aim of this paper reports upon the development of a methodology for scoping reviews based upon the Arksey and O'Malley framework, the Levac, Colquhoun, and O'Brien, and the Joanna Briggs Institute methods of evidence synthesis. Methods A working group consisting of members of the Joanna Briggs collaborating organizations met to discuss the proposed framework for the methodology and develop a draft for the scoping review methodology based on the Arksey and O'Malley framework and the work of Levac et al. This was followed by a workshop attended by other members of the organizations consisting of 30 international researchers to discuss the proposed methodology. Further refinement of the methodology was undertaken as a result of the feedback received from the workshop. Results The development of the methodology focused on five stages of the protocol and review development. These were identifying the research question by clarifying and linking the purpose and research question, identifying the relevant studies using a three-step literature search in order to balance feasibility with breadth and comprehensiveness, careful selection of the studies to using a team approach, charting the data and collating the results to identify the implications of the study findings for policy, practice, or research. Linking Evidence to Action The current methodology recommends including both quantitative and qualitative research, as well as evidence from economic and expert opinion sources to answer questions of effectiveness, appropriateness, meaningfulness and feasibility of health practices and delivery methods. The proposed framework has the potential to provide options when faced with complex concepts or broad research questions.

Review question: What are the barriers and facilitators related to learning, development, and preparedness for practice from the perspective of undergraduate paramedicine students, graduate/intern paramedics and the preceptors/trainers that facilitate learning? usc Refereed/Peer-reviewed

OBJECTIVE: To identify all published nutritional screening instruments that have been validated in the adult population in primary healthcare settings and to report on their psychometric validity.INTRODUCTION: Within health care, there is an urgent need for the systematic collection of nursing care data in order to make visible what nurses do and to facilitate comparison, quality assurance, management, research and funding of nursing care. To be effective, nursing records should accurately and comprehensively document all required information to support safe and high quality care of patients. However, this process of documentation has been criticized from many perspectives as being highly inadequate. A Nursing Minimum Data Set within the nutritional area in primary health care could therefore be beneficial in order to support nurses in their daily documentation and observation of patients.INCLUSION CRITERIA: The review considered studies that included adults aged over 18 years of any gender, culture, diagnosis and ethnicity, as well as nutritional experts, patients and their relatives. The concepts of interest were: the nature and content of any nutritional screening tools validated (regardless of the type of validation) in the adult population in primary healthcare; and the views and opinions of eligible participants regarding the appropriateness of nutritional assessment were the concept of interest. Studies included must have been conducted in primary healthcare settings, both within home care and nursing home facilities.METHODS: This scoping review used a two-step approach as a preliminary step to the subsequent development of a Nursing Minimum Data Set within the nutritional area in primary healthcare: i) a systematic literature search of existing nutritional screening tools validated in primary health care; and ii) a systematic literature search on nutritional experts opinions on the assessment of nutritional nursing care of adults in primary healthcare as well as the views of patients and their relatives. Multiple databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Swemed+, MedNar, CDC, MEDION, Health Technology Assessment Database, TRIP database, NTIS, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Google Scholar, Current Contents) were searched from their inception to September 2016.RESULTS: The results from the studies were extracted using pre-developed extraction tools to all three questions, and have been presented narratively and by using figures to support the text. Twenty-nine nutritional screening tools that were validated within a primary care setting, and two documents on consensus statements regarding expert opinion were identified. No studies on the patients or relatives views were identified.CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional screening instruments have solely been validated in an over-55 population. Construct validity was the type of validation most frequently used in the validation process covering a total of 25 of the 29 tools. Two studies were identified in relation to the third review question. These two documents are both consensus statement documents developed by experts within the geriatric and nutritional care field. Overall, experts find it appropriate to: i) conduct a comprehensive geriatric assessment, ii) use a validated nutritional screening instrument, and iii) conduct a history and clinical diagnosis, physical examination and dietary assessment when assessing primarily the elderly's nutritional status in primary health care.

Review question/objective: The objective of this review is to determine the relative effectiveness of Nissen fundoplication compared to anterior and posterior partial fundoplication in controlling the symptoms of gastro-esophageal reflux disease and reducing their side effect profile in adults.The specific questions posed by this review are: what is the effectiveness of Nissen fundoplication in comparison to anterior partial fundoplication (90 degree, 120 degree and 180 degree) and posterior 270 degree fundoplication interms of symptom control of gastro-esophageal reflux disease, and what are the side effects of these surgical interventions? Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Background: The cornerstone of evidence-based health care is the systematic review of international evidence. Systematic reviews follow a rigorous, standardized approach in their conduct and reporting, and as such, education and training are essential prior to commencement. Aims: This study reports on the evolution of the Joanna Briggs Institute Comprehensive Systematic Review Training Program (JBICSRTP) as an exemplar approach for teaching systematic review methods. Results: The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) is an international research and development center at the University of Adelaide, South Australia. Its mission is to promote and facilitate evidence-based best practice globally, largely through the provision of education and training. JBI was one of the first to consider all forms of evidence in systematic reviews, and as such, implementation of standardized training was essential. Since 1999, JBI has offered a systematic review training program. The JBICSRTP is now delivered face to face over 5 days, with an optional online component; the content aligns to that proposed in the Sicily statement. Over the last 3 years, JBI and its Collaboration have trained over 3,300 people from over 30 countries. A ”train-the-trainer” (TtT) style program was established to cope with demand, and to date, hundreds of trainers have been licensed across the globe to deliver the JBICSRTP. Linking Evidence to Action: Providing standardized training materials, ensuring open and ongoing communication, and adopting a TtT style program while still allowing for local adaptability are strategies that have led to the establishment of a highly skilled global training network and ensured the success and longevity of the JBICSRTP. usc Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritized collaboration with communities in its 2016 "End TB" implementation strategy. Acknowledging the difficulties that some communities face in gaining access to health facilities due to barriers such as stigma, discrimination, healthcare expenditure, transport and income loss, partnering with communities in the roll-out of community-based TB management activities is vital. Aim: The aim of this project was to make a contribution to promoting evidence-based practice with regards to the community-based management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) at Kibong'oto National Infectious Disease Hospital, Tanzania, and thereby supporting improvements in patient outcomes and resource utilization. Methods: The project utilized the Joanna Briggs Institute Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System (JBI PACES) program to facilitate the collection of pre- and post-audit data. The Getting Research into Practice (GRiP) module was also used to analyze the potential barriers and for designing the final action plan. This project was conducted in three phases over a three-month period at the MDR-TB unit in a referral hospital in Northern Tanzania. Results: The project showed that there were significant improvements in compliance rates in staff education and documentation of patients' suitability and preferences in receiving community-based care for MDR-TB. The compliance rate of criterion 2, which was already 100% at baseline, was slightly lower at follow-up. Conclusions: The project achieved significant improvements in the delivery of evidence-based practice with regards to community-based management of MDR-TB. usc Refereed/Peer-reviewed

REVIEW QUESTION / OBJECTIVE The primary objective of the scoping review is to identify all published nutritional screening instruments that have been validated in the adult population in primary healthcare settings and to report on their psychometric validity. The scoping review will also seek to include published evidence from the perspective of relevant experts in the field as to what is viewed as appropriate to assess in relation to nutritional care for adults in primary healthcare. Furthermore, published evidence of adult patients’ and their relatives’ views of nutritional assessment and documentation will also be sought for inclusion. Review question 1: What nutritional screening instruments have been validated for use for the adult population in primary healthcare settings? Review question 2: What is the psychometric validity of these nutritional screenings tools? Review question 3: What do nutritional experts, patients and their relatives find appropriate to assess in relation to the nutritional status of adults in primary healthcare? In this scoping review, the term “appropriate” refers to what patients, their relatives and experts consider as “suitable” or “meaningful” to assess in relation to the nutritional status of adults. INCLUSION CRITERIA Types of participants For Question 1 and 2, this scoping review will seek to include studies with participants who are adults (aged 18 years and over) of any sex, culture, diagnoses and ethnicity. For Question 3, studies will be sought that report on the views and opinions of nutritional experts as well as the views of patients (defined above) and their relatives.TRUNCATED AT 250 WORD

Rachel Reilly, Katharine Evans, Judith Gomersall, Gillian Gorham, Steven Warren, Rebekah O, Shea, Micah Peters, Alex Brown, Alan Cass

Review question/objective The objective of this systematic review is to systemically identify, appraise and synthesize the best available evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of invasive mechanical ventilation in optimizing patient-ventilator interaction by using the Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation modalities in critically ill pediatric and adult patients in intensive care units. Does Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist have a better capability in reducing patient-ventilator asynchrony compared to the conventional invasive mechanical ventilation among critically ill pediatric and adult patients on ventilator support in an intensive care environment? Is Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist safer than the conventional invasive mechanical ventilation to be used in critically ill pediatric and adult patients in an intensive care environment? Inclusion criteria Types of participants This review will consider critically ill adult and pediatric patients across all demographic groups, with or without existing comorbidities and with any causes precipitating respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation via endotracheal intubation and tracheostomized intubation in intensive care units. Types of intervention This review will consider studies that evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist. Types of comparators This review will consider the studies that used standard conventional invasive mechanical ventilation as comparators for the intervention. The current standard invasive mechanical ventilation includes ventilators (modes) that use the automated closed-loop feedback mode, the pneumatic triggering modality, shape-signal triggering and high frequency oscillatory ventilation . For the purpose of this review the automated closed-loop feedback modes refer to the Smartcare/PM™, Adaptive Support Ventilation, Automode, Proportional Assist Ventilation, Mandatory Minute Ventilation, Proportional Pressure Support, Intellivent-ASV® and Mandatory Rate Ventilation; and the pneumatic triggering modality is defined as a mechanical ventilator that uses flow, volume or pressure to measure patient inspiratory effort. Types of outcomes This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: Primary outcomes: Incidence of Patient-ventilator asynchrony: can be detected by measurement of electrical activity of respiratory muscles (diaphragm or transverse abdominus) or esophageal pressure, or ventilator graphic waveforms, and as defined and measured in the included studies. Length of TRUNCATED AT 350 WORDS

Review question/objective: The objective of this scoping review is to examine and map reported nutritional interventions and their outcomes in relieving symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the daily lives of children and adults. A further objective is to determine if experiences of people diagnosed with ADHD,their relatives or staff in being on a diet or having to eat or avoid eating specific food items have been reported in the existing literature.Specifically the scoping review questions are:1. What nutritional interventions have been tested in children or adults with ADHD in order to reduce ADHD symptoms?2. Have any experiences of people with ADHD, their relatives and/or staff in changing or sticking to a strict diet been reported?

BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRIs) bind to and inhibit epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) in cancer cells, slowing/preventing tumor growth. As a type of "targeted therapy", they have demonstrated therapeutic effects on solid tumors including colorectal, lung, and head and neck cancers. While effective, various skin reactions are associated with EGFRI therapy which can lead to dose modification or discontinuation as well as discomfort, pain and reduced quality of life. With adequate knowledge and skills, EGFRI-induced skin toxicity can be effectively managed collaboratively by clinicians and people affected by cancer. OBJECTIVES This project aimed to improve management of skin toxicity caused by EGFRIs by implementing evidence-informed practice within a chemotherapy department. METHODS Evidence-informed recommendations for practice and corresponding audit criteria were developed based on a series of literature reviews. Current practice was reviewed against these criteria with 19 nurses and 21 patients within a chemotherapy department. Barriers to adherence to evidence-informed practice were identified and strategies to improve compliance were implemented with clinicians and patients. A follow-up audit against the criteria was used to measure changes in clinical practice. RESULTS Multiple strategies for getting research into practice appear to have been successful. The follow-up audit demonstrated large improvements in compliance across all audit criteria in comparison with baseline results with all but one criterion achieving 100% compliance. Low rates of suspected infection meant that clinical practice could not be measured for criterion 7. CONCLUSIONS Auditing current practice and implementation of strategies to improve compliance with evidence-informed practice were effective. Sustaining these improvements is vital to ensure clinical practice continues to support better patient outcomes.

REVIEW OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to identify effective, meaningful and/or appropriate non-pharmacological, psychosocial supportive care interventions and strategies for families to improve their psychological well-being following stillbirth. REVIEW QUESTIONS Review question 1 What are effective interventions and strategies for improving the psychological wellbeing of families who have experienced stillbirth? Review question 2 What are family’s experiences of interventions and strategies aimed at improving their psychological well-being following stillbirth? Specifically, this question examines the meaningfulness of interventions and strategies experienced by parents and families following stillbirth. Review question 3 What is the appropriateness of interventions and strategies aimed at improving the psychological well-being of families who have experienced stillbirth? Specifically, this question examines the cultural appropriateness of interventions following stillbirth. INCLUSION CRITERIA Participants The participants of interest for the review will be families who have experienced stillbirth. In this review, family is defined as mothers and/or fathers and/or siblings who have experienced stillbirth. Siblings are defined as the siblings of the stillborn baby. Studies that include parents or families who have experienced neonatal death, perinatal death (before or after birth), miscarriage, termination of pregnancy for non-medical or genetic reasons or pregnancy loss prior to 20 weeks will be excluded. Studies that include parents or families who have experienced neonatal death, perinatal death (before or after birth), miscarriage, termination of pregnancy for non-medical or genetic reasons or pregnancy loss prior to 20 weeks as well as stillbirth will be excluded if patient data relating to TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS

Review question: The question that this systematic review aims to address is: does the use of evidence-based, treatment-oriented, clinical practice guidelines by healthcare professionals result in improvements in patient outcomes?

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is an adult onset neurodegenerative condition associated with mobility, balance, speech, swallowing, vision and cognitive changes. The condition is diagnosed using the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the Society of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (SPSP) criteria. Therapeutic interventions for PSP are important, and a healthcare team should include a physiotherapist, occupational therapist and speech therapist. Mobility, speech and swallowing problems are commonly experienced, and aspiration pneumonia is the leading cause of death. A preliminary search of the literature has indicated that beyond small case series, there is very little evidence to guide specific allied health therapies in PSP. Many strategies for optimizing independence and function for PSP predominately rely on data extrapolated from the study of Parkinson's disease.The objective of this review was to examine the effectiveness of physical, occupational and speech therapy interventions in the symptomatic management of PSP.This review included participants with PSP as per the NINDS and the SPSP criteria, aged over 40 years of age from all community and clinical settings.This review included studies evaluating any allied health therapy that addressed mobility, vision, swallowing, communication or cognitive/neuropsychiatric difficulties experienced by patients with PSP. Studies examining interventions within the current scope of practice, and emerging interventions (non-invasive brain stimulation therapy) were eligible for inclusion.The effectiveness of interventions of interest was compared with usual care and/or baseline measurements.Outcomes of interest included the degree of change, or no change, in the symptoms experienced by patients with PSP relevant to allied health. These included difficulties with mobility, vision, swallowing, communication and cognition.All types of quantitative study designs published in English from the time of development of the NINDS and the SPSP criteria in 1996-2014 were considered for inclusion.A broad range of synonyms for PSP and a three-step search strategy was utilized to identify possible published and unpublished studies from 11 different databases. An initial limited search via MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, Health Informit, PsycINFO, PEDRO, OTSeeker and SpeechBite was undertaken followed by analysis of the text words contained in the title and abstract, and of the index terms used to describe the article. A second search using all identified keywords and index terms was then undertaken across all included databases. Third, hand-searching was conducted and the reference list of all identified reports and articles was searched for additional studies.Critical appraisal was conducted by two independent reviewers using standardized instruments.Quantitative data were extracted from articles included in the review using standardized data extraction tools.As the quantitative articles examined different interventions, pooling of data was not appropriate. Instead, the findings were presented in narrative summary and tabular form.Following methodological appraisal, six studies were included in the review. Aside from one small quasi-randomized control study, most studies were small case series and one was a case report. Five of the six studies examined the effectiveness of a range of different physiotherapy rehabilitation programs targeting gait, balance and physical capability, with one study also targeting gaze control. The sixth study examined non-invasive brain stimulation in improving gait and midline symptoms in PSP. No studies examined the effectiveness of occupational therapy or speech therapy interventions in PSP.Research into the effectiveness of allied health therapeutic interventions for PSP symptoms is in its infancy. This review found preliminary evidence to support the use of various physiotherapy rehabilitation programs to improve balance, gait and gaze control in people affected by PSP. Further research is urgently required to identify effective interventions to manage mobility, vision, swallowing, communication and cognitive/neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with this devastating condition.

Since publication of the first key paper outlining a clear methodological framework for the conduct of scoping studies (hereafter referred to as scoping reviews),1 authors have sought to clearly distinguish the differences between scoping reviews and their more familiar cousins, literature reviews a

Refereed/Peer-reviewed

BACKGROUND: Maintaining skin integrity in a community setting is an ongoing issue, as research suggests that the prevalence of skin tears within the community is greater than that in an institutional setting. While skin tear prevention and management principles in these settings are similar to those in an acute care setting, consideration of the environmental and psychological factors of the client is pivotal to prevention in a community setting. Evidence suggests that home environment assessment, education for clients and care givers, and being proactive in improving activities of daily living in a community setting can significantly reduce the risk of sustaining skin tears. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this implementation project was to assess and review current skin tear prevention and management practices within the community setting, and from this, to implement an evidence-based approach in the education of clients and staff on the prevention of skin tears. As well. the project aims to implement evidence-based principles to guide clinical practice in relation to the initial management of skin tears, and to determine strategies to overcome barriers and non-compliance. METHODS: The project utilized the Joanna Brigg's Institute Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System audit tool for promoting changes in the community health setting. The implementation of this particular project is based in a region within Anglicare Southern Queensland. A small team was established and a baseline audit carried out. From this, multiple strategies were implemented to address non-compliance which included education resources for clients and caregivers, staff education sessions, and creating skin integrity kits to enable staff members to tend to skin tears, and from this a follow-up audit undertaken. RESULTS: Baseline audit results were slightly varied, from good to low compliance. From this, the need for staff and client education was highlighted. There were many improvements in the audit criteria following client and staff education sessions and staff self-directed learning packages. Future strategies required to sustain improvements in practice and make further progress are to introduce a readily available Anglicare Skin Integrity Assessment Tool to the nursing staff for undertaking new client admissions over 65 years, and to provide ongoing education to staff members, clients and care givers in order to reduce the prevalence of skin tears in the community setting. CONCLUSIONS: This implementation project demonstrated the importance of education of personal care workers, clients and their caregivers for prevention of skin tears in the community setting. This in turn created autonomy and empowered clients to take control of their health. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

REVIEW QUESTION / OBJECTIVE What are the swallowing outcomes of primary surgical resection with primary free flap reconstruction with or without adjuvant therapy for the treatment of oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma? The objective of this systematic review is to investigate swallowing outcomes following primary surgical resection and free flap reconstruction for the treatment of patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. More specifically, the objectives are to evaluate dysphagia following primary surgical resection with or without adjuvant therapy with the use of objective investigations (videofluoroscopy, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluations of swallowing, manometry, gastrostomy dependency and tracheostomy dependency) and subjective questionnaires (MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory, University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire and Functional Oral Intake Score). INCLUSION CRITERIA Types of participants The participants of interest for the review will be patients of 18 years of age or older with a histological diagnosis of oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Histological diagnosis of malignancy is required to confirm the presence of malignancy. Treatment must be aimed at curative intent, with locoregional control at the time of swallowing evaluation, as swallowing outcomes at this time would be likely representative of swallowing function that is not impaired by the primary cancer. Exclusion criteria include patients with mandibular or maxillary involvement requiring osseous free flap reconstruction, distant metastasis at diagnosis, presence of other malignancies, and diagnosis of dementia, stroke or neurological disease prior to treatment. Osseous free flap reconstructions are typically associated with larger primary resections, thus affecting swallowing outcomes. Dementia, stroke TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS

REVIEW QUESTION/OBJECTIVE What is the association between germline polymorphisms and chemotherapy-induced toxicities in cancer patients? INCLUSION CRITERIA Types of participants This review will consider reviews that include patients with cancer of any type, stage of progression or severity, who receive or have received chemotherapy of any variety, schedule or formulation. All ages and ethnicities will be included. Reviews that include patients treated with radiotherapy or surgery will be included if they have also received chemotherapy. Types of exposure This review will consider studies that evaluate any form of germline polymorphism (i.e. SNPs, short tandem repeats and deletions), whether detected by candidate gene analysis or GWAS. Studies that investigate race, ethnicity or sex instead of defined polymorphisms will not be included. Types of outcomes This review will consider reviews that include any chemotherapy-induced toxicities, adverse events or side effects as outcome measures. This will include those defined by any edition or volume of the common terminology criteria for adverse events or National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria, as well as any other organizational-, national- or laboratory-specific system used to define chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Criteria for defining toxicities often assign specific grades. All grades or combinations of grades will be included. Outcomes relating to tumor or cancer response, progression free and overall survival will not be included. However, measures of treatment-related mortality will be. Treatment termination or reduction due to adverse events will also be included.

REVIEW QUESTION/OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review is to identify and establish the effectiveness of treatments for skin tears in older people. More specifically, the objectives are: to identify the effectiveness of different treatments to promote healing and minimize infection; and to reduce secondary morbidity and mortality associated with skin tears in older adults (>60 years) in hospital, residential care, nursing home and community settings. This systematic review will address three specific questions across the healthcare contexts listed above: What are the effective interventions to promote the healing of skin tears among older adults? What are the effective interventions to minimize skin tear infection among older adults? What are the effective interventions to reduce skin tear associated secondary morbidity and mortality among older adult. INCLUSION CRITERIA Types of participants This systematic review will consider studies that include older adult participants aged 60 years and over in hospital, residential care, nursing home and community settings. Studies conducted in the general population of residential aged care centers without age restrictions will also be considered as the vast majority of participants will be aged 60 years and over. Both male and female participants will be eligible participants for this review. Participants may have one or multiple skin tears in any location from any cause and that may be classified as any degree of skin tear according to the Payne Martin or STAR skin tear classification systems. It may be necessary to subdivide the participants into TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS

Refereed/Peer-reviewed