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What is the relationship between a termal bridge and por indoor air quality? This paper aims to demostrate that there ir a direct two-way relationship between the two phenomena. Thermal bridges are abundantly present in the residential building stock throughout Spain. They are considered energetically unfavourable points, but we cannot forget that the CTE also affects the risk of mould formation and pathologies derived from them. It is precisely this last aspect, the growth of moulds, that is dealt with here: how por air quality influences the formation of moulds and how this circumstance seriously affects the healthiness of dwellings and the health of the inhabitants due to the consequences that the presence of this type of microbiological contamination has for the respiratory system. The graphs presented in this work show that, in many cases, the por air qualit is due to the por response that the building can give to the ventilation needs of its inhabitants. Therefore, one of the hypotheses put forward is that condensation aggravated by por air quality does not always originate from user behaviour. In conclusion, it is analysed whether Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (Nzeb) can minimise this problema of lack of healthiness due to the presence of termal bridges and oor air quality, beyond achieving a reduction in energy consumption or whether there ir a risk of making very cost-saving thanks to active systems but unhealthy in terms of air quality. Resumen ?Que relacion existe entre un puente termico y la mala calidad del aire interior? En la presente comunicacion se pretende demostrar que existe una relacion directa de ida y vuelta entre ambos fenomenos. Los puentes termicos estan presentes de manera abundante en el par-que residencial construido de todo el Estado. Se consideran puntos energeticamente desfavorables, pero no podemos olvidar que el CTE tambien incide en el riesgo de formacion de mohos y patologias derivadas de los mismos. Es precisamente este ultimo aspecto, el creci-miento de mohos, el que se trata aqui: como la mala calidad del aire influye en la formacion de moho y como llega a afectar gravemente esta circunstancia en la salubridad de las viviendas y la salud de los habitantes por las consecuencias que tiene la presencia de este tipo de contaminacion microbiologica para el aparato respiratorio. Las graficas presentadas en este trabajo demuestran que, en muchos casos, la mala calidad del aire esta en la pobre respuesta que el edificio puede dar a las necesidades de ventilacion de sus habitantes. Por ello, una de las hipotesis que se plantean es que las condensaciones agravadas por la mala calidad del aire no siempre tienen origen en un mal uso por parte del usuario. Como conclusion, se analiza si los edificios de Energia Casi Nula (nZEB) pueden minimizar esta problema-tica de falta de salubridad por la presencia de puentes termicos y mala calidad del aire, mas alla de alcanzar una reduccion de consumos energeticos, o si se corre el riesgo de hacer edificios muy ahorradores gracias a los sistemas activos pero poco salubres en terminos de calidad del aire.

The proposed research study aims to improve the productivity of solar still (SS) by using low-cost and eco-friendly materials. The aforementioned objective was achieved by enhancing the evaporation rate of seawater in the absorber basin and the condensation rate over the glass cover of the solar still. In this study, the low-cost and eco-friendly materials used for enhancing the evaporation rate in the solar still were molasses powder (MP), sawdust (SD) and rice husk (RH). In addition to these materials, bamboo straw (BS), banana leaf stem (BL) and rice straw (RS) were used as absorbing materials over the glass cover for enhancing the condensation rate. The experiments were carried out under similar meteorological conditions, and the results of the modified solar still were compared with the conventional solar still (CSS). The productivities of CSS, SSMP, SSRH, SSSD, SSBS, SSBL and SSRS were about 2250 mL/m2, 2383 mL/m2, 2467 mL/m2, 3033 mL/m2, 2700 mL/m2, 2683 mL/m2 and 3367 mL/m2, respectively. The results of the experimental investigation highlighted that the SSSD had a comparatively better evaporation rate and 34.81% higher yield than CSS. Besides, SSRS had a comparatively better condensation rate and a 51.88% higher yield than CSS. Furthermore, the combination of sawdust (SD) and rice straw (RS) was investigated for the combined enhancement of evaporation and condensation. The solar still with sawdust and rice straw (SSSDRS) showed a 62.88% improvement in productivity with 3633 mL/m2 when compared to CSS. Also, the economic analysis showed that the cost per litre (CPL) of freshwater obtained from SSSDRS was about ₹ 1.9 ($ 0.025) with a payback period of 4.4 months which was the least when compared to all the considered cases.

Water condensation on solid surfaces is a universal phenomenon that plays an essential role in many interfacial phenomena, such as friction, corrosion, adsorption, etc. Thus far, the initial states of water condensation on surfaces with varying chemical properties have yet to be fully explained at the nanoscale. In this study, we performed a real-time characterization of water condensation on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with different functional groups using quartz crystal microbalance with energy dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). We found that the kinetics of water condensatison is critically dependent on the head group chemistries. We discovered that the condensed water’s viscoelasticity cannot be predicted from macroscopic water contact angles, but they were shown to be consistent with the predictions of molecular simulations instead. In addition, we also found a highly viscous interfacial water layer on hydrophilic protein-resistant SAMs. In contrast, the interfacial water layer/droplet on either hydrophilic protein-adsorbing or hydrophobic SAMs exhibited lower viscosity. Combining our and previous findings, we discuss the influence of interfacial hydration on the viscoelasticity of condensed water.

This paper aimed to improve the thermal performance of the stepped solar still. So, the effects of using different types of basin liners (corrugated and curved basin liners), jute cloth wick, CuO/paraffin wax, and vapor suction on the stepped solar still performance were investigated. The CuO/paraffin wax was placed into a groove parallel to the basin steps’ liner. Also, the stepped distiller was integrated with an external condensation unit. The experimental results revealed that using the corrugated and curved liners increased the productivity of the modified stepped solar still (MSSS) by 42% and 33%, respectively. In addition, using the corrugated liner with wick, corrugated liner with wick and CuO/paraffin wax, corrugated liner with wick, CuO/paraffin wax, and vapor suction improved the freshwater productivity of the distiller by 95%, 127%, and 170%, respectively. At the last studied case (MSSS with corrugated liner, wick, CuO/paraffin wax, and vapor suction), the daily freshwater productivities of the MSSS and conventional still (CSS) were 7000 and 2600 mL/m2·day, respectively. Also, the thermal efficiency of MSSS was calculated as 59% which was obtained at the last studied case. And the efficiency of the CSS was 35%. Besides, the distilled water cost of CSS and MSSS with corrugated liner with wick, CuO/paraffin wax, and vapor suction was 0.023 and 0.014 $/L, respectively.

Towards eliminating stimulus artifacts, alternating polarity stimuli have been widely adopted in eliciting the auditory brainstem response. However, considering the difference in the physiologic basis of the positive and negative polarity stimuli on the auditory system, it is unclear whether alternating polarity stimuli would adversely affect the auditory brainstem response characteristics. This research proposes a new polarity method for stimulus artifacts elimination, Sum polarity, that separately utilized the rarefaction and condensation stimuli and then summed the two evoked responses. We compared the waveform morphology and latencies of the auditory brainstem responses evoked by familiar stimuli (including click, tone-burst, and chirp) with different polarity methods in normal-hearing subjects to investigate the new method’s effectiveness. The experimental results showed that alternating polarity of the click and chirp had little effect on the auditory brainstem response. In contrast, alternating polarity affected the waveform morphology and latencies of the auditory brainstem responses to the low-frequency tone-burst, with the effect decreasing as the stimulus frequency increased. These results demonstrated the performance of any polarity method is related to the characteristics of the stimulus signal itself, and no polarity method is optimal for all types of stimuli. Based on the analysis of experimental results, a fixed polarity and alternating polarity were recommended for the click and chirp auditory brainstem responses, respectively. Furthermore, considering the apparent latency differences between the responses to opposite polarity stimuli, the Sum polarity was suggested for the tone-burst auditory brainstem responses. Moreover, this work verified the feasibility of the Sum polarity, which offers another choice for eliminating stimulus artifacts in an evoked potential acquisition.

A global challenge faced by light harvesting photocatalyst is how to promote the selective organic transformation, such as C-S bond formation via radical-radical coupling under solar light. Here, we report a two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D-COFs), poly (perylene-imide-benzoquinone) nanorod through in situ condensation on flexible activated carbon cloth (PPIBNR-FACC) to function as a light harvester material for highly selective radical-radical coupling to vinyl sulfides (i.e. C-S bond activation). Such a structure supports charge transfer from PPIBNR to FACC, which is essential for the selective radical-radical coupling. Hence, organic transformation is attaining high yields and selectivity (˜99%) under solar light using in situ prepared PPIBNR-FACC photocatalyst. The structural virtues of PPIBNR-FACC will trigger the utmost investigations into designable and versatile 2D-COFs for fine chemical synthesis.

One of most reduction reasons of simple conventional solar still productivity is the coupling between high solar intensity and the high ambient temperature in the same time. The high intensity increases the saline water temperature, while the outside temperature increases the glass temperature, and consequently reduction in saline water and glass temperature difference leads to reduction in condensation and productivity. The present theoretical study focuses on the completion of the absorbed solar energy in the basin to be constant during the day. The basin water will be in high temperature level all day especially at the time of low outside temperature far away the noon. The absorbed heat in the basin is held constant at αw Imax by extra heat from wind turbine power with battery storage system all day hours. The results show that the solar still productivity with constant heat supply is more than that with same amount of variable energy during sun rise time only (6 AM to 6 PM) by 69.133%. So, constant absorbed heat in the water basin (αw Imax) through the 24 h of the day enhances the performance with productivity up to 248% with the hybrid solar and electric power consumption of the wind turbine power. The water in the basin is held constant at 2 cm via makeup water to compensate the evaporation rate.

Keggin-type polyaluminum cations belong to a unique class of compounds with their large positive charge, hydroxo bridges, and divergent isomerization/oligomerization. Previous reports indicated that oligomerization of this species can only occur through one isomer (δ), but herein we report the isolation of largest Keggin-type cluster that occurs through self-condensation of four ϵ-isomers ϵ-GeAl128+ to form [Ge4 O16 Al48 (OH)108 (H2 O)24 ]20+ cluster (Ge4 Al48 ). The cluster was crystallized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) and the elemental composition was confirmed by ICP-MS and SEM-EDS. Additional dynamic light scattering experiments confirms the presence of the Ge4 Al48 in thermally aged solutions. DFT calculations reveal that a single atom Ge substitution in tetrahedral site of ϵ-isomer is the key for the formation of Ge4 Al48 because it activates deprotonation at key surface sites that control the self-condensation process.

The longer acenes with more than six linearly fused six‐membered rings are still fascinating chemists and physicists because of their unique photophysical properties and their high potential for organic electronics applications. Unfortunately, with increasing size (seven and more rings) these compounds rapidly lose chemical stability. Besides kinetic and chemical stabilization approaches introducing either bulky or electron‐withdrawing groups or both, such systems also have been stabilized by peri‐annulation. Although strictly spoken, these peri‐annulated compounds are no longer real acenes, they have fascinating properties as well. Herein, we describe the first synthesis of a new series of peri‐annulated acenes with up to 13 linearly fused rings, which is unprecedented till date. Furthermore, this new series contains perylene units connected through benzene rings along their [b,k]edges, responsible for unique absorption and emission properties., A new series of discrete oligomeric linearly fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) stabilized by peri‐annulation in described. The intrinsic perylene units of the novel PAHs with up to 13(!) linearly fused rings are responsible for colorful and bright photophysical properties.

The synergistic removal of multi-pollutants, including particles, SO2, and NO2, is a key concern in the process of flue gas purification, during which the supersaturated environment is an essential premise for the nucleation and deep reduction of particles. The condensation of desulfurized flue gas using heat exchangers can not only recover condensed water and latent heat but also create supersaturated environment to promote the flue gas purification. In this study, an experimental system for desulfurized flue gas condensation is established. The effect and associated mechanism of condensation process on the removal of multi-pollutions are clarified. The results show that particles with an aerodynamic diameter larger than 2.5 μm accounts for 50% in mass proportion. The flue gas temperature drop has positive influence to the increase of the ideal supersaturation degree, which is beneficial for the removal of particles (especially when the aerodynamic diameter is less than 1 μm), SO2, and NO2. The ideal supersaturation degree slightly reduces with the rise of inlet flue gas temperature, which can promote the removal efficiency of small particles, while weaken that of large particles, SO2, and NO2. Caused by the increase of flue gas flow rate, the nucleation process weakens, reducing the removal efficiency of all pollutants (particles, 45.2–28.3%; SO2, 27.5–14.5%; NO2, 21.5–15%). On the whole, the increase of the ideal supersaturation degree contributes to the synergistic removal of pollutants especially particles with smaller radius in the flue gas. The reduction of particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 1 μm is conductive to the synergistic removal of SO2 and NO2.

This paper reports precipitation of silica from fly ash and then its utilization in synthesis of silica supported base catalyst. All samples were characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption, TGA, FTIR, XRD, SEM, SEM-EDX, TEM and Hammett indicator method. The results reveal that basic sites and thus catalytic performance has improved after activations which was evaluated by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 4-methylbenzaldehyde with acetophenone. The catalyst can be reused up to four reaction cycles with almost equal efficiency. The work reports a novel application of abundant, siliceous solid waste fly ash in silica precipitation and its subsequent use in catalyst synthesis.

In light of the percentage of Earth’s cloud coverage, heterogeneous ice nucleation in clouds is the most important global-scale pathway. More recent parameterizations of ice nucleation processes in the atmosphere are based on the concept of ice nucleation active surface site density (ns). It is usually assumed that ns is independent of time and aerosol size distribution, i.e. that the surface properties of aerosols of the same species do not vary with size. However, the independence of ns on aerosol size for every species has been questioned. This study presents the results of ice nucleation processes of ATD laboratory-generated aerosol (particle diameters of 0 - 3 μm). Ice nucleation in the condensation mode was performed in a Dynamic Filter Processing Cham- ber at temperatures of -18°C and -22°C, with a saturation ratio with respect to water of 1.02. Results show that ns increased by lowering the nucleation temperature, and was also dependent on the particle size. The ns of particles collected on the filters, after a 0.5 μm D50 cut-off cyclone, resulted statistically higher with respect to the values obtained from the particles collected on total filters. The results obtained suggest the need for further investigation of ns dependence of same composition aerosol particles with a view to support weather and climate predictions.

Целью данной статьи является проведение анализов литературных источников на предмет исследования влияния биологических отложений на загрязнение труб конденсационной установки АО Нижневартовская ГРЭС и, как следствие, произвести анализ экономически выгодных способов улучшения эффективности работы конденсационной установки. Задачами исследования является выбор наиболее энергоэффективного способа очистки конденсаторов. В заключении представлены выводы о способах очистки.

В статье рассмотрен вопрос о потенциальной возможности использования тепла конденсации водяных паров из дымовых газов для различных видов топлива и различных вариантах охлаждающих теплоносителей, что позволит задействовать дополнительное тепло топлива, и тем самым снизить потребление топлива производстве тепловой энергии. Полученные результаты позволяют судить о применимости технологии конденсационного охлаждения для отопительных котельных.

The further processing of coconut shell pyrolysis into liquid smoke has been developed in recent years. However, the common technology by directly condensing the smoke has many impurity compounds which decreases the yield of liquid smoke produced. Hence, in this study the cyclone separator was applied to increase the quality of physicochemical content in coconut shell-liquid smoke (CS-LS) grade C. The physical parameters analyzed were yield, pH, density and color. The chemical parameters was analyzed by GC-MS. The result showed that CS-LS processing with cyclone separator was able to increase the total yield into 3.33%, with better color, pH and density compared to the CS-LS produced using common method (direct condensation). The application of cyclone separator was also able to increase the phenolic compounds (97%), alcoholic compounds (92%), cycloalkene compounds (91%) and also decreased the benzoic acid, carbonyl and ester up to 100% compared with common method for CS-LS grade C production.

In this paper the principle of operation and preliminary laboratory measurements of a prototype of a high-efficiency electrical air heater unit is presented. Unlike conventional heaters, which apply Joule-heat formed by electrical resistance, the developed device uses thermoelectric modules for heating ambient air. Just like in case of resistance heaters, most of the heat is produced as a result of the internal ohmic resistance of the thermoelectric module (resistance heating), however, in case of appropriate air conditions our device is capable of transforming the latent heat of the air moisture into heat energy. In case of condensation mode, some of the moisture condensates on the cold side of the module while its latent heat is transferred to the hot side of the module where it heats the dried air. In this mode, the heating efficiency of the device (e.g., the ratio of the heat added to air and the consumed electricity) is over unity. Following the idea and basic equations of the operation of this device, the results of the laboratory measurements in a climate test chamber is presented.

Purpose: Purpose: Condensation that clogs the hollow fibers of the oxygenation and accumulation of plasma leaks reduces oxygenated lung capacity. In this study, artificial We evaluated whether monitoring changes in lung gas inlet pressure was a way to predict these complications. Methods: Changes in gas inlet pressure and oxygenation capacity of three different prostheses (BIOCUBE6000, EXCELUNG PRIME, and Capiox-LX) Evaluated the relationship. When simulating plasma leakage using BIOCUBE6000, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (1%, 0.1%, A solution of 0.01%, and RO water) reduced surface tension. During 120 minutes of circulation, changes in gas inlet pressure and leakage from the membrane into the gas flow path The amount of fluid was measured. Results: There was a significant negative correlation between the gas inlet pressure changes and the oxygenation capacity of all three oxygenators (BIOCUBE6000: R2 = 0.957, EXCELUNG PRIME: R2 = 0.946, Capiox-LX: R2 = 0.878). After 120 min of SDS solution circulation using the BIOCUBE6000, both the gas inlet pressure and the volume of fluid leaking from the membrane into the gas flow path increased in proportion to the SDS solution concentration: RO water (0.56 ± 0.11 mmHg and 16.67 mL ± 0.94 mL), 0.01% SDS (0.98 ± 0.11 mmHg and 23.3 ± 0.47 mL,) 0.1% SDS (1.64 ± 0.21 mmHg and 29.0 ± 1.63 mL), and 1%SDS (14.3 ± 0.27 mmHg and 36.7 ± 0.47 mL) (n = 3). Conclusion: This study confirmed that monitoring the gas inlet pressure changes of an oxygenator during ECMO is clinically useful.

Похідні 1,2,4-триазолу володіють рядом цінних фармакологічних властивостей і застосовується у медицині, сільському господарстві, фотосправі. Водночас, відомості про похідні біс-триазолу обмежені. Зокрема відомий метод синтезу основ Манніха – похідних 5,5'-бутан-біс-1,2,4-триазол-3-тіонів, деякі з яких проявляють антиоксидантну, антифунгіцидну та антибактеріальну властивості. Інше дослідження було спрямоване на одержання 4-амінозаміщених похідних 5,5'-бутан-біс-1,2,4-триазол-3-тіону, а також їхніх 2-адамантанон-заміщених основ Шиффа, токсичність яких також була вивчена. Описаною є можливість використання сполуки 3,3′-бутан-1,4-діїл)біс[4-аміно-1H-1,2,4-триазол-5-(4H)-тіон] як інгібітора корозії. Джерело також характеризує серію 4-амінозаміщених похідних 5,5'-бутан-біс-1,2,4-триазол-3-тіонів, реакцію їх конденсації з утворенням триазолотіадіазолів, деякі із сполук виявили антибактеріальні властивості.З огляду на недостатню кількість даних стосовно сполук даного класу, брак досліджень щодо впливу замісника у 4 положенні триазольного циклу на біологічні властивості сполук, а також зважаючи на високий фармакологічний потенціал речовин, що містять 1,2,4-триазол – метою даної наукової роботи є одержання та дослідження біологічної дії похідних 5,5'-бутан-біс-1,2,4-триазол-3-тіону із аліфатичними та ароматичним замісниками у положенні 4 триазольного ядра.В рамках даного дослідження отримано ряд похідних 5,5’-бутан-біс-1,2,4-триазолів, доведено їхню структур, виконано дослідження біологічної дії до мікроорганізмів, проведено вивчення кількісних мікробіологічних характеристик одержаних сполук. Висока біологічна дія ново синтезованих сполук свідчить про перспективність їхньої подальшої функціоналізації та вивчення., Derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole have a number of valuable pharmacological properties and are used in medicine, agriculture, photography. At the same time, information on bis-triazole derivatives is limited. In particular, there is a known method of synthesis of Mannich bases - derivatives of 5,5'-butane-bis-1,2,4-triazole-3-thions, some of which exhibit antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial properties. Another study was aimed at obtaining 4-amino-substituted derivatives of 5,5'-butane-bis-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, as well as their 2-adamantanone-substituted Schiff bases, the toxicity of which was also studied. The possibility of using the compound 3,3′-butane-1,4-diyl) bis [4-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-(4H)-thione] as a corrosion inhibitor is described. The source also characterizes a series of 4-amino-substituted derivatives of 5,5'-butane-bis-1,2,4-triazole-3-thions, their condensation reaction with the formation of triazolothiadiazoles, some of the compounds showed antibacterial properties.Due to the lack of data on compounds of this class, the lack of research on the effect of substituent in position 4 of the triazole cycle on the biological properties of compounds, as well as due to the high pharmacological potential of substances containing 1,2,4-triazole - the aim of this research is obtaining and studying the biological action of 5,5'-butane-bis-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione derivatives with aliphatic and aromatic substituents in position 4 of the triazole nucleus.In this study, a number of derivatives of 5,5'-butane-bis-1,2,4-triazoles with methyl, phenyl, p-nitrophenyl, hexyl, heptyl and octyl substituents in the fourth position of the triazole nucleus were obtained, their structure was proved by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, the study of biological action on microorganisms selected from collection test strains and clinical isolates, the study of quantitative microbiological characteristics by culturing the obtained compounds with pre-selected microorganisms. The high biological action of newly synthesized compounds indicates the prospects for their further functionalization and study.

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are remarkable modular enzymes that synthesize peptide natural products. The condensation (C) domain catalyzes the key amide bond-forming reaction, but structural characterization with bound donor and acceptor substrates has proven elusive. We describe the chemoenzymatic synthesis of condensation domain probes C1 and C2 designed to cross-link the donor and acceptor substrates within the condensation domain active site. These pantetheine probes contain non-hydrolyzable ketone and α,α-difluoroketone isosteres of the native thioester linkage. Using the bimodular NRPS responsible for synthesis of the siderophore enterobactin as a model system, probe C2 was shown by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to stabilize an intermolecular interaction between the peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) and C domains in EntB and EntF, respectively with a dissociation constant of 1–2 nM, whereas the unmodified holo-EntB showed no interaction with EntF. The described condensation domain chemical probes provide powerful tools to study dynamic multifunctional NRPS systems.

Transition-metal borides (TMBs) have recently attracted attention as excellent hydrogen evolution (HER) electrocatalysts in bulk crystalline materials. Herein, we show for the first time that VB and V3 B4 have high electrocatalytic HER activity. Furthermore, we show that the HER activity (in 0.5 m H2 SO4 ) increases with increasing boron chain condensation in vanadium borides: Using a -23 mV overpotential decrement derived from -0.296 mV (for VB at -10 mA cm-2 current density) and -0.273 mV (for V3 B4 ) we accurately predict the overpotential of VB2 (-0.204 mV) as well as that of unstudied V2 B3 (-0.250 mV) and hypothetical "V5 B8 " (-0.227 mV). We then derived an exponential equation that predicts the overpotentials of known and hypothetical Vx By phases containing at least a boron chain. These results provide a direct correlation between crystal structure and HER activity, thus paving the way for the design of even better electrocatalytic materials through structure-activity relationships.

Some 70 years ago, the reaction of diacetyl (1) and arylamines (2) in hot phosphoric acid was reported to give a new type of condensation products, but no structure was assigned to them. The case is presented to recapitulate the methods and rationales used in classical structure elucidation of organic molecules through reaction networks, before spectroscopic or crystallographic methods were generally available. The difficulties and limits of the classical approach are exemplified through this real-life problem, which could not be solved by the methodology of its time. A representative condensation product 4a has been resynthesized from 1 and p-toluidine (2a), and its structure elucidation by means of 2D NMR techniques is outlined. Keywords

The Bose-Einstein condensate, which has very low particle density and a highly complex quantum structure, has been proven experimentally for rubidium, sodium, lithium, hydrogen, metastable helium, cesium and chromium atoms to date. Because of the differences between the properties of these atoms and their binary interactions, many impressive results have been found in experimental work on condensation. The structure of a vortex in the uniform environment and the influencing factors are examined in this study.

In this work, the problem of calculating the efficiency of turbo-units of various types that are part of the equipment of electric and thermal energy sources was solved. In simplified approaches to the representation of turbine units, often used in algorithms of power system optimization programs, in order to reduce the estimated time, the dependence of the plant efficiency on the current power is ignored, the influence of the pressure in the steam extraction of cogeneration turbines to cover the heat load and the idle speed of the turbines are not taken into account. These approaches are easy to use and implement, however, they can introduce noticeable errors in the optimization results due to the lack of consideration of parameters and dependencies that occur in real equipment operation modes and significantly affect the amount of fuel used by the optimized system. In contrast to the simplified approach, energy characteristics were used in the work to determine the efficiency factors characterizing the efficiency of turbine units. This allows providing a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness in various operating modes without significantly complicating the algorithm with a slight increase in the estimated time. Using the proposed approach showed the presence of a noticeable refinement of efficiency compared to simple models and, therefore, the feasibility of representing turbine units using energy characteristics in program algorithms designed to optimize energy systems.

The performed study shows the result of comparing the technological characteristics of the thermodynamic process of heat exchange of a closed system with the environment of an air heat pump (VTN) with a power of 7 kW obtained experimentally and the work of a recirculation air heat pump (RVTN) with the same power at the same parameters, on the basis of a thermodynamic cycle, at the evaporation temperature of the 100C and three condensation temperatures 300C, 400C, 500C. The result showed that the technological characteristics of the heat pump systems are almost the same.

It is now assumed that climate warming is effective and noticeable. It not only leads to a lack of water that is increasing in desert areas, but it must be kept in mind that the inhabitants of the villages located in the geographical areas whose access to water is difficult, make binding efforts to gain access to water. This article proposes to present the possibility of obtaining water by the condensation of the water vapors of the air by applying the thermodynamic processes of the humid air as well as those of the refrigerating installations. In fact, atmospheric air contains suspended water vapors. When this steam cools below its rose point, there is condensation if water vapors and liquid water or ice appears. It was obtained a quantity of condensed vapors in a refrigeration facility. This amount is directly proportional to the refrigeration power whose efficiency can be improved by the use of photovoltaic energy given the reduced financial cost of this energy. This seems to be a hope among the possible solutions to be considered for the resolution of the water issue.

Membrane-less biomolecular compartmentalization is a core phenomenon involved in many physiological activities that occur ubiquitously in cells. Condensates, such as promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies, stress granules, and P-bodies (PBs), have been investigated to understand the process of membrane-less cellular compartmentalization. In budding yeast, PBs dispersed in the cytoplasm of exponentially growing cells rapidly accumulate in response to various stresses such as osmotic stress, glucose deficiency, and heat stress. In addition, cells start to accumulate PBs chronically in post-exponential phases. Specific protein–protein interactions are involved in accelerating PB accumulation in each circumstance, and discovering the regulatory mechanism for each is the key to understanding cellular condensation. Here, we demonstrate that Nst1 of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is far more densely associated with PBs in post-exponentially growing phases from the diauxic shift to the stationary phase than during glucose deprivation of exponentially growing cells, while the PB marker Dcp2 exhibits a similar degree of condensation under these conditions. Similar to Edc3, ectopic Nst1 overexpression induces self-condensation and the condensation of other PB components, such as Dcp2 and Dhh1, which exhibit liquid-like properties. Altogether, these results suggest that Nst1 has the intrinsic potential for self-condensation and the condensation of other PB components, specifically in post-exponential phases.

Condensation of DNA helices into hexagonally packed bundles and toroids represents an intriguing example of functional organization of biological macromolecules at the nanoscale. The condensation models are based on the unique polyelectrolyte features of DNA, however here we could reproduce a DNA-like condensation with supramolecular helices of small chiral molecules, thereby demonstrating that it is a more general phenomenon. We show that the bile salt sodium deoxycholate can form supramolecular helices upon interaction with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes of homopolymer or block copolymers. At higher order, a controlled hexagonal packing of the helices into DNA-like bundles and toroids could be accomplished. The results disclose unknown similarities between covalent and supramolecular non-covalent helical polyelectrolytes, which inspire visionary ideas of constructing supramolecular versions of biological macromolecules. As drug nanocarriers the polymer– bile salt superstructures would get advantage of a complex chirality at molecular and supramolecular levels, whose effect on the nanocarrier assisted drug efficiency is a still unexplored fascinating issue.

The dramatic change in morphology of chromosomal DNAs between interphase and mitosis is one of the defining features of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Two types of enzymes, namely cohesin and condensin confer the topology of chromosomal DNA by extruding DNA loops. While condensin normally configures chromosomes exclusively during mitosis, cohesin does so during interphase. The processivity of cohesin's loop extrusion during interphase is limited by a regulatory factor called WAPL, which induces cohesin to dissociate from chromosomes via a mechanism that requires dissociation of its kleisin from the neck of SMC3. We show here that a related mechanism may be responsible for blocking condensin II from acting during interphase. Cells derived from patients affected by microcephaly caused by mutations in the MCPH1 gene undergo premature chromosome condensation but it has never been established for certain whether MCPH1 regulates condensin II directly. We show that deletion of Mcph1 in mouse embryonic stem cells unleashes an activity of condensin II that triggers formation of compact chromosomes in G1 and G2 phases, which is accompanied by enhanced mixing of A and B chromatin compartments, and that this occurs even in the absence of CDK1 activity. Crucially, inhibition of condensin II by MCPH1 depends on the binding of a short linear motif within MCPH1 to condensin II's NCAPG2 subunit. We show that the activities of both Cohesin and Condensin II may be restricted during interphase by similar types of mechanisms as MCPH1's ability to block condensin II's association with chromatin is abrogated by the fusion of SMC2 with NCAPH2. Remarkably, in the absence of both WAPL and MCPH1, cohesin and condensin II transform chromosomal DNAs of G2 cells into chromosomes with a solenoidal axis showing that both cohesin and condensin must be tightly regulated to adjust the structure of chromatids for their successful segregation.

A monolayer of highly motile cells can establish long-range orientational order, which can be explained by hydrodynamic theory of active gels and fluids. However, it is less clear how cell shape changes and rearrangement are governed when the monolayer is in mechanical equilibrium states when cell motility diminishes. In this work, we report that rat embryonic fibroblasts (REF), when confined in circular mesoscale patterns on rigid substrates, can transition from the spindle shapes to more compact morphologies. Cells align radially only at the pattern boundary when they are in the mechanical equilibrium. This radial alignment disappears when cell contractility or cell-cell adhesion is reduced. Unlike monolayers of spindle-like cells such as NIH-3T3 fibroblasts with minimal intercellular interactions or epithelial cells like Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) with strong cortical actin network, confined REF monolayers present an actin gradient with isotropic meshwork, suggesting the existence of a stiffness gradient. In addition, the REF cells tend to condense on soft substrates, a collective cell behavior we refer to as the ‘condensation tendency’. This condensation tendency, together with geometrical confinement, induces tensile prestretch (i.e. an isotropic stretch that causes tissue to contract when released) to the confined monolayer. By developing a Voronoi-cell model, we demonstrate that the combined global tissue prestretch and cell stiffness differential between the inner and boundary cells can sufficiently define the cell radial alignment at the pattern boundary.

Background and Objectives: To evaluate the condensation and the microarchitecture of implant bed walls of sites prepared with counterclockwise drilling with tapered implant drills using optical coherence tomography. Materials and Methods: Four drill designs with different wall and tip angles were used. Polyurethane laminas resembling type IV bone microarchitecture were superimposed and clamped with a vice to simulate the coronal, middle, and apical aspects of the implant site. Twenty implant beds were prepared at 1200 rpm in clockwise (control) and counterclockwise (test) directions (N = 160). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to evaluate the condensation and microarchitecture characteristics of the implant bed walls. The relative condensation was calculated using the Image J software Bone application. The microarchitecture was evaluated in reconstructed 3D volumes in XY, XZ, and YZ sections. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. Dunnet test was applied to determine differences between groups. Significance was set as p &lt, 0.05. Results: Counterclockwise drilling (Test) condensed and changed the microarchitecture of the apical regions for all the implant beds in all of the groups when compared to clockwise drilling (control). The apical region of test groups showed the highest relative bone condensation (p = 0.026) when compared to controls. Conclusions: The direction of rotation (counterclockwise drilling) and not the design of tapered drills (tip and wall angles) is responsible for the condensation at the apical area observed in polyurethane blocks. The OCT method can be used for the evaluation of changes in density and microstructure of polyurethane blocks.

Coupling reagents play crucial roles in the iterative construction of amide bonds for the synthesis of peptides and peptide-based derivatives. The novel DIC/Oxyma condensation system featured with the low risk of explosion displayed remarkable abilities to inhibit racemization, along with efficient coupling efficiency in both manual and automated syntheses. Nevertheless, an ideal reaction molar ratio in DIC/Oxyma condensation system and the moderate reaction temperature by manual synthesis remain to be further investigated. Herein, the synthetic efficiencies of different reaction ratios between DIC and Oxyma under moderate reaction temperature were systematically evaluated. The robustness and efficiency of DIC/Oxyma condensation system are validated by the rapid synthesis of linear centipede toxin RhTx. Different folding strategies were applied for the construction of disulfide bridges in RhTx, which was further confirmed in assays of circular dichroism and patch-clamp electrophysiology evaluation. This work establishes the DIC/Oxyma-based accelerated synthesis of peptides under moderate condensation conditions, which is especially useful for the manual synthesis of peptides. Besides, the strategy presented here provides robust technical supports for the large-scale synthesis and oxidative folding of RhTx.

Bose-Einstein condensation, which has a very low particle density and a highly complex quantum structure, has been experimentally proven to date for rubidium, sodium, lithium, hydrogen, metastable helium, cesium and chromium atoms. Due to the differences between the properties and binary interactions of these atoms, experimental studies on condensation have found many impressive results. The structure of a vortex in a trapped environment and the factors affecting it were investigated in this study. Angular Momentum was calculated using Thomas-Fermi Approach.

One of important tasks in a development of gas-condensate fields is to minimize hydrocarbons loss arising from the gas condensation in pores of the gas-bearing layer. The search for the optimal gas production regime is carried out both on the basis of laboratory experiments and on the base of computer simulation. In this regard, the relevant is the verification of the constructed mathematical models by means of comparison of numerical results with experimental data obtained on the laboratory models of a hydrocarbon reservoirs. Within the classical approach on the basis of the Darcy law and the law continuity for flows, the model is formulated that describes the passing a multicomponent gas-condensate mixture through a porous medium in the depletion mode. The numerical solution of the corresponding system of nonlinear partial differential equations is implemented on the basis of the combined use of the C++ programming language and the Maple software. Shown that the approach used provides an agreement of results of numerical simulations with experimental data on the dynamics of hydrocarbon recoverability depending on the pressure obtained at VNIIGAZ, Ukhta.

((E)-4-(pyridin-3-yldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-ol) and (4-((E)–pyridin-3-yldiazenyl)– 8-((Z)-pyridin-3yldiazenyl)naphthalene-1,5-diol) (IIIa, b) were prepared. Condensation of (IIIa, b) with 2-(pyridin-4ylmethylene) malononitrile (V) under Michael reaction conditions gave the corresponding bezo[h]chromene and dihydrochromene[8,7-h] chromene derivatives (VIa, b). The cationic derivatives for (IIIa, b) and (VIa, b) were obtained by quaternization as (IVa,b) and (VIIa,b). The structures obtained were confirmed form IR, 1HNMR and mass spectra studies. The antimicrobial activities were also studied and have been found that; the cationic dyes (IVa,b) and (VIIa) exhibit promising results against Candida albicans.

Inthis study, using readily available experimental data in the literature,artificial neural networks (ANN) method is adopted to specify condensationNusselt number in horizontal smooth tubes. Condensation heat transfer of R22,R134a and 50/50 and 60/40 of the R32/ R125 azeotropic refrigerant mixtures wereexamined with four different ANN methods. The experimental data is taken fromthe study of Dobson et al. [1]. The input parameters are mass flux, quality,hydraulic diameter, Soliman's modified Froude number, density of fluid phaseand dynamic viscosity of liquid phase where the output parameter is thecondensation Nusselt number. In this study the interval for tube diameters isbetween 3.14-7.04 mm, and the interval for mass flux is between 50-800 kg/m2s. The training algorithms are tested usingdifferent neuron numbers and the best algorithm was found as Bayesianregularization having 8 neurons. It is observed that the Nu number evaluatedusing ANN is ± 15% error margin compared to experimental results. Furthermore,for increasing mass flux rates the error margin is around ± 5%., Buçalışmada, literatürdeki hazır deneysel veriler kullanılarak, yatay pürüzsüz borulardayoğuşmadaki Nusselt sayısını belirlemek için yapay sinir ağları (ANN) yöntemikullanılmıştır. R32, R134a ve %50/%50 ve %60/%40 R32/R125 azeotropik soğutucukarışımlarının yoğuşma ısı transferi dört farklı ANN yöntemi ile incelendi;Levenberg-Marquardt, Bayes düzenlenmesi, ölçeklenmiş eşlenik değişim ve esnekgeri yayılımı. Deneysel veriler Dobson ve ark.[1]’nın çalışmalarındanalınmıştır. Giriş parametreleri kütle akısı, kalite, hidrolik çap, Soliman'ın değiştirilmişFroude sayısı, akışkan faz yoğunluğu ve çıkış parametresinin yoğuşmadakiNusselt sayısının olduğu sıvı fazın dinamik viskozitesidir. Bu çalışmada, boruçapları aralığı 3,14-7,04 mm arasında ve kütle akı aralığı 50-800 kg/m2arasındadır. Eğitim algoritmaları farklı nöron sayıları kullanılarak testedildi ve en iyi algoritma 8 nörona sahip Bayes düzenlenmesi olarak bulundu. ANNkullanılarak değerlendirilen Nu sayısının deney sonuçlarına göre ±%15 hata payıolduğu gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, artan kütle akı oranları için hata payı ±%5civarındadır.

For practical applications, the description of processes occurring during the flow of two-phase gas-liquid mixtures requires a simple physical and mathematical model that describes the behavior of a two-phase medium in the entire range of phase concentrations changes and in a wide range of pressure changes. Problems of this kind arise in various branches of industry and technology. In the space industry, one often has to deal with the movement of various gases in rocket nozzles, consider the combustion, condensation of various vapors on the nozzle walls and their further impact on the velocity sublayer at the nozzle wall. The large acoustic effect arising from the engines affects the gas-liquid mixture in the nozzles of rocket engines. In the metal industry, metal cooling occurs with the help of nozzles in which the emulsion mixture is supplied under high overpressure. But this is only a short list of applied issues in which one has to deal with a problem of this type. The paper presents the results and directions of study of the problems of two-phase dispersed gas-droplet flows in the nozzles. The main methods of investigation of two- phase heterogeneous flows are described. The main characteristics of heterogeneous two-phase flows in the nozzles, which were confirmed by experimental results, are presented. The calculation of the air-droplet flow in the Laval nozzle is given. The technique, which is based on integral energy equations for two-phase dispersed flows, is described. The main problems and questions concerning the further description and studying of two-component flows are stated.

The chief object of this work present a new and simple condensation method of finding determinants of large matrices and solving large linear systems.

The utility of deoxy-isoequilenine synthesized from estrone as valuable 2-naphthol analogue is demonstrated in the three components Betti-condensation. A simple, efficient and green procedure for the synthesis of aminobenzylnaphthol analogues (so-called Betti bases) has been realized highly diastereoselectively by using (S)-phenylethylamine and 1- or 2-naphthaldehyde. The absolute configuration of the new chiral compounds obtained has been determined by means of NMR experiments and confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The chiral steroidal aminobenzylnaphthols have been evaluated as pre-catalysts for the addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes with enantioselectivities of up to 98% ee.

Competition experiments in which 1,2-phenylenediamine, C6H4(NH2)2, condenses with equimolar quantities of benzil, (C6H5CO)2, and a 3,3′- or 4,4′-disubstituted benzil (XC6H4CO)2 (X = F, Cl, Br, CH3 or CH3O) to form a mixture of 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline and the corresponding 2,3-diarylquinoxaline (Ar = XC6H4) in the microdroplets produced in a nebuliser allow a Hammett relationship with a ρ value of 1.85 to be developed for this accelerated condensation in the nebuliser. This structure reactivity relationship reveals that an appreciable amount of negative charge builds up on the carbon of the carbonyl group of the benzil during the rate-limiting step of the reaction, thus confirming that this process involves nucleophilic addition of the 1,2-phenylenediamine to the benzil. In general, the presence of an electron donating substituent, particularly in the 4 and 4′ positions, in the benzil retards the reaction, whereas an electron attracting substituent, especially in the 3 and 3′ position, accelerates it.

In this work a thermodynamic analysis for a condensation-extraction steam turbine capable of driving a 40 MVA electric generator in a sugar-alcohol factory was carried out. Sensibility analyses were performed to evaluate the behavior of the overall energy efficiency of a plant with the condensation-extraction steam turbine in function of the boiler efficiency, the specific consumption of steam in the processes as well as the condensation rate in the turbine. The analysis results have shown that this turbine in the cogeneration system contribute to increasing the power generation, although the condensation reduces the overall efficiency of the plant. It has also been observed that the plant efficiency is very sensitive to the condensation rate variation and increases with the demand for steam in the processes.

A general and efficient rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric cyanide-free hydrocyanation of alkenes has been developed. Based on the asymmetric hydroformylation/condensation/aza-Cope elimination sequences, a broad scope of substrates including mono-substituted, 1,2-, and 1,1-disubstituted alkenes (involving natural product R- and S-limonene) were employed, and a series of valuable chiral nitriles are prepared with high yields (up to 95 %) and enantioselectivities (up to 98 % ee). Notably, the critical factor to achieve high enantioseletivies is the addition of catalytic amount of benzoic acid. This novel methodology provides an efficient and concise synthetic route to the intermediate of vildagliptin and anagliptin.

A new, effective one-pot synthesis of the 6, N2-diaryl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines under microwave irradiation was developed. The method involved an initial three-component condensation of cyanoguanidine, aromatic aldehydes, and arylamines in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Without isolation, the resulting 1,6-diaryl-1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines were treated with a base to initiate Dimroth rearrangement and spontaneous dehydrogenative aromatization, affording the desired compounds. The developed method was found to be sufficiently general in scope, tolerating various aromatic aldehydes and amines; by using their combinations in the first step, a representative library of 110 compounds was successfully prepared and screened for anticancer properties.

The reaction kinetics of five primary wine anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside, and malvidin-3-O-glucoside) and (−)-epicatechin with the presence of acetaldehyde were evaluated in model wine solutions at a range of varying temperatures (25, 35, 45, and 55 °C). The loss of anthocyanins followed first-order reaction model, while the formation of two isomers of anthocyanin ethyl-linked (−)-epicatechin was fitted to zero-order reaction model. The rate constant (k) showed that petunidin-3-O-glucoside was the most reactive anthocyanin, followed by the two 3′,4′-substituted anthocyanins (peonidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), while the least reactive were another two 3′,4′,5′-substituted anthocyanins (malvidin-3-O-glucoside and delphindin-3-O-glucoside). The activation energies (Ea) indicated that the formation of ethyl-linked products from methylated anthocyanins were more sensitive to temperature than that from hydroxylated anthocyanins. Thermodynamic parameters showed a non-spontaneous and endothermic process. Besides, the evolution of the visible color of reaction solution was affected by the stability of anthocyanins and the formation of ethyl-linked products.