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Nanotechnology has gained great interest due to its widespread application. Anticancer activity of Origanum majorana extract and silver nanoparticles was investigated by MTT assay using human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines (Capan-1), mouse normal fibroblast cell lines (L929), and human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2). AgNPs@Om exhibited the excellent cytotoxic effect on Capan-1 cell lines with the cell viability of 29.17% and 25.70%, 22.49%, 21.16% at 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 µg/mL respectively. However, the extract was determined to show moderate activity. A considerable fall in the viable cell number in Caco-2 cell lines was observed after the treatment of AgNPs@Om. The viable cells of Caco-2 cell lines were detected as 32.0% at 1.0 µg/mL with the treatment of nanoparticles. Yet, the viable Caco-2 cells were determined as 48.2% with the treatment of O. majorana extract. Both extract and nanoparticles had no impact on the viability of non-tumor cells (L929). Moreover, nanoparticles induced apoptosis. Consequently, AgNPs@Om may be a promising anticancer drug candidate.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the total phenolic contents, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of the n-BuOH extract of Centaurea maroccana (BECM). The total phenolic and flavonoid of the butanolic extract of the plant were assessed by using Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride colorimetric assays, respectively, and the quantitative estimation of total flavonoids and phenols revealed the richness of the extract in these compounds. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using standard lab colorimetric methods, while the anti-proliferative activity was evaluated using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay against C6 (Rattus norvegicus brain glioma) and HT29 (Homo sapiens colorectal adenocarcinoma) cell lines. The n-butanolic extract of Centaurea maroccana showed a strong antioxidant activity through DPPH, ABTS•+, DMSO alkalin, Reducing power, β-Carotene-linoleic acid and CUPRAC assays. Furthermore, the anti-proliferative activity against C6 and HT29 of Centaurea maroccana exhibited a high effect by the decrease in viability of both cancer cell lines. Our results suggest a possible use of Centaurea maroccana as a source of natural antioxidant and chemo-preventive agents against cancer.

Onosma species have been used commonly for traditional medicine for years due to their bioactive compounds content. Onosma bourgaei aerial part was extracted with hexane and methanol successively. The methanol extract was subjected to chromatographic techniques to isolate allantoin (1), 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (2), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (3), apigenin-7-O-β-glucoside (4), diosmetin-7-O-β-glucoside (5), rosmarinic acid (6), globoidnan A (7). The structure of isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic techniques such as 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, FTIR, and LC-TOF/MS/MS. Antiproliferative activity of extract and natural compounds were carried out using HeLa (human epithelial cervix adenocarcinoma, ATCC® CCL-2™), HT-29 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma, ATCC® HTB38™), MCF-7 (human mammary gland adenocarcinoma, ATCC® HTB22™) and A549 (human lung carcinoma, ATCC® CCL185™) cancerous cells and normal cells, FL (human epithelial amnion cell, ATCC® CCL62™). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was performed for cytotoxicity. The compounds, 4, 6, and 7 displayed the strong antiproliferative activity against corresponding cell lines. Apigenin-7-O-β-glucoside (4) revealed the excellent activity on HeLa, HT29, A549, MCF6 cancer cell lines with the values of (IC50, µM) 167.3, 196.8 181.1, 203.5 respectively compared standard compound, cisplatin.

Naturalproducts have gained the great interest due to their broad spectrum ofbiological activities. Galanthuskrasnovii was dried at shade then extracted with hexane, dichloromethane,and ethyl acetate successively. After removing of solvent by reduced pressure,crude extracts of each solvent were yielded. Antioxidant activity including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical,2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicalcation and reducing power assays were carried out for each extract. Moreover,total phenolic content was determined. Total phenolic content of hexane-,dichloromethane-, and ethyl acetate extracts were found as 60.95 mg GAE/gextract, 71.90 GAE/g extract and 58.90 GAE/g extract respectively.Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extract revealed the moderate antioxidantactivity., Doğal ürünler genişspektrumlu biyolojik aktivite göstermelerinden dolayı yoğun ilgigörmektedirler. Galanthus krasnovii gölgede kurutulduktan sonra sırasıylahekzan, diklorometan ve etil asetat ile ekstrakte edildi. Düşük basınçta çözücüuzaklaştırıldıktan sonra her bir çözücünün ekstraktı elde edildi. Her birekstraktın, 1,1-difenil-2- pikralhidrazil(DPPH) radikal, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sülfirik asit) (ABTS) radikal katyon ve indirgeme gücü antioksidançalışmaları gerçekleştirildi. Ayrıca, ekstraktların toplam fenolik içerikleribelirlendi. Hekzan-, diklorometan- ve etil asetat ekstraktlarının toplamfenolik içerikleri sırasıyla 60.95 mg GAE/g ekstrakt, 71.90 GAE/g ekstrakt ve58.90 GAE/g ekstrakt olarak belirlendi. Diklorometan ve etil asetatekstraktları orta derece aktivite gösterdi.

Plants have been used for medicinal purpose since ancient times. Due to the including bioactive secondary metabolites, plants have gained the great interest for drug discovery and development process. In this work, Galanthus woronowii was extracted with hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate sequentially. After removing of the solvent by rotary evaporator, crude extracts were yielded. Antioxidant activity including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and reducing power assays were executed on corresponding extracts. In addition, total phenolic content was presented. Ethyl acetate extract included the most phenolic compounds and also it revealed the most antioxidant activity. Hence, this plant could be considered as a promising antioxidant agent.

Background: Traditionally, the Algerian medicinal plant Elaeosilenum thapsioides (Desf.) Maire has been used for many diseases. The present research work aims to explore the chemical and biological characterization of its essential oil. Methods : The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of different Elaeosilenum thapsioides (Apiaceae) aerial parts samples collected from two different regions (Mahouane and Megres) from Setif, Eastern Algeria. The chemical characterization of the obtained essential oils is reported here for the first time. Besides, they were evaluated for their in vitro Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity involved in Alzheimer’s disease using Ellman’s spectrophotometric method. Results: Additionally, their in vitro antimicrobial activity was assessed by the disc diffusion method. Both activities were performed at various oil concentrations. The GC/MS analysis of the essential oils from aerial parts (leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds) of E. thapsioides identified 47 constituents. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the main components, ranging from 72.78 to 99.13%. Oxygenated monoterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes ranged between 1.37 and 17.25% and 0.12 and 3.53% in essential oils from leaves and stems. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were present in small to large quantities in the essential oils of both populations, ranging from 0.69 to 13.44%. The presence of m-Methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate was recorded in stems essential oils from Mahouane and leaves essential oils from Merges, which was 9.73% and 3.72%, respectively. Conclusion: The stems essential oils obtained from plants collected in Mahouane showed the highest AChE inhibitory activity. The highest anti-bacterial activity was shown by the essential oil obtained from Megres leaves against Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778. The oils exhibited a moderate inhibitory activity in both tests.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), an aromatic and medicinal plant, is used for food and pharmaceutical purposes. In this work, quantitative analyses of phenolic compounds for commercial basil cultivars, which are Sweet (1), Purple (2), Lettuce (3), Brosh (4) grown in Tokat city in Turkey's ecology, were executed by Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). Antioxidant activities of related genotypes were determined using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)’s radical, 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)’s diammonium salt and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The activity-compound relationship was revealed. Brosh (4) genotype revealed the most DPPH [296 µmole TE (Trolox equivalent/g DW (gram dry weight)], ABTS (706 µmole TE/g DW), and FRAP (650 µmole TE/g DW) activities. It was determined that rosmarinic acid was in the highest amount in all genotypes. Among the genotypes, it was determined that Lettuce contained the most rosmarinic acid with a value of 180460.6 (mg kg-1 DW).

Collected blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) from freshwater sites throughout Tokat province and its outlying areas were isolated in laboratory environment and their morphological systematics were determined and also their species identifications were studied by molecular methods. Seven different species of blue-green algae collected from seven different sites were isolated by purifying in cultures in laboratory environment. DNA extractions were made from isolated cells and extracted DNAs were amplified by using PCR. Cyanobacteria specific primers were used to amplify 16S rRNA and phycocyanine gene regions using PCR. Phylogenetic identification of species were conducted by evaluation of obtained sequence analysis data by using computer software. According to species identification by sequence analysis, it was seen that molecular data supports morphological systematics.

Context:Origanum (Lamiaceae) has been used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Objective: Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds from Origanum rotundifolium Boiss. and investigation of their antiproliferative and antioxidant activities. Materials and methods: The aerial part of O. rotundifolium was dried and powdered (1.0 kg ±2.0 g) then extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Solvent (3 × 1 L) was used for each extraction for a week at room temperature. The aqueous extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate (3 × 1 L) to yield the water/EtOAc extract subjected to chromatography to isolate the active compounds. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by 1 D, 2 D NMR and LC-TOF/MS. Results: Apigenin (1), ferulic acid (2), vitexin (3), caprolactam (4), rosmarinic acid (5), and globoidnan A (6) were isolated and identified. Globoidnan A (6), vitexin (3), and rosmarinic acid (5) revealed the excellent DPPH• scavenging effect with IC50 values of 22.4, 31.4, 47.2 μM, respectively. Vitexin (3) (IC50 3.6), globoidnan A (6) (IC50 4.6), apigenin (1) (IC50 8.9) and ferulic acid (2) exhibited more ABTS•+ activity than standard Trolox (IC50 13.8 μg/mL). Vitexin (3) revealed the most antiproliferative activity against HeLa, HT29, C6 and Vero cells lines with IC50 values of 35.6, 32.5, 41.6, 46.7 (μM), respectively. Discussion and conclusion: Globoidnan A (6) has the most antioxidant effects on all assays. This has to do with the chemical structure of the compound bearing the acidic protons. Vitexin (3) could be a promising anticancer agent.

Cyanobacterium samples were collected from fresh water of Tokat city in Turkey, and then isolation and cultivation of Chroococcus minutus were achieved successfully. TLC (Thin layer chromatography) and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analyses revealed that the C. minutus consisted of norharmane as a major product. So amount of norharmane was determined during the growth process. Growth and norharmane production of C. minutus were executed under salt stress and pH stress conditions. The most growth and the highest production of norharmane were detected at 16th day. Therefore inoculation process was performed at 16th day. Salt stress was evaluated at 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 M concentrations. The most norharmane was synthesized by C. minutus at 5 M concentration. The norharmane production and the growth were higher at pH 9 than that of the pH 5. Most norharmane was produced at pH 7. Siyanobakteri örnekleriTürkiyede Tokat şehrinintatlı sulardan toplandı ve Chroococcus minutus’un isolasyonu ve kültürü başarılı bir şekilde gerçekleştirildi. İTK (İnce tabaka kromatografisi) ve HPLC (Yüksek basınçlı sıvı kromatografisi) analizleri Chroococcus minutus’un ana ürün olarak norharman içerdiğini gösterdi. Böylece C. minutus’ungelişim döneminde norharman miktarı belirlendi. Tuz stresi ve pH stresi şartlarındaChroococcus minutus’un gelişimi ve norharman üretimi belirlendi. En fazla büyüme ve en çok norharman üretimi 16. günde gözlendi. Bu bakımdan inokulasyon işlemi 16. günde gerçekleştirildi. Tuz stresi 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 ve 5.0 M konsantrasyonlarında gerçekleştirildi. En fazla norharman 5M konsantrasyonunda C. minutustarafından sentezlendi. Norharman üretimi ve büyüme pH 5’ teki şartlaragöre pH 9’ da daha yüksekti. En fazla norharman üretimi pH 7’ de gerçekleşti.

Allium vineale’dan izole edilenkiseriol-7-O-[2''-O-E-ferulil]-β-D-glukosit(1), kiseriol (2) ve isorhamnetin-3- β-D-glukosit(3) bileşiklerinin kimyasal özellikleri teorik olarak araştırıldı. Bubileşiklerin kimyasal özellikleri hesaplanırken RHF/STO-3G metodu kullanıldı.Bileşiklerin optimizasyonu ve sonuçların değerlendirilmesi bu metodlagerçekleştirildi. Bileşiklerin özellikleri ortaya kondu, ayrıca teorik vedeneysel sonuçların karşılaştırılması ile ilgili bileşiklerin değişikalanlardaki kullanımları araştırıldı. Bileşiklerin antioksidan özellikleri dahaönce rapor edildi. Hesaplamalar, kiseriol (2)bileşiğinin kararsız ve radikal bileşiklerle tepkime verme eğiliminde olduğunugösterdi. Özetle, antioksidan bileşikler radikal bileşiklere kolaylıklahidrojen vermektedir., The chemical properties of chrysoeriol-7-O-[2''-O-E-feruloyl]-β-D-glucoside(1), chrysoeriol (2), and isorhamnetin-3-β-D-glucoside (3) from Allium vinealehave been investigated as theoretical. RHF/STO-3G method was used for quantumcalculations of chemical properties of these compounds. The structures of thecompounds were fully optimized and then the results were evaluated by thismethod. The properties of compounds were presented and the utilization of thesecompounds in various fields was investigated by comparison of theoreticalresults with experimental ones. The experimental antioxidant effects werereported previously. The quantum calculations revealed that chrysoeriol (2) was unstable and was prone to reactto the radical compounds. In brief, a good antioxidant can donate the electronto the radical compound easily.

From the hexane extract of berries of Juniperus excelsa, one new and four known diterpenes were isolated besides a known sesquiterpene. The structures of the known diterpenes were identified as isopimaric, isocommunic, (-)ent-trans communic and sandracopimaric acids, along with the sesquiterpene 4a-hydroxycedrol and the new compound which was elucidated as 3 alpha-acetoxylabda-8(17), 13(16), 14-trien-19-oic acid (juniperexcelsic acid). Cytotoxic activity of the hexane extract was investigated against a panel of cell line and found highyl active against LNCaP, KB-V (+VLB) and KB-V (-VLB) cell lines. Furthermore, the hexane and methanol extracts, and the new compound were found to be moderately active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The aim of this work was to examine the chemical constituents and antioxidant potential of water-soluble fractions from the commonly consumed vegetable, Allium vineale. The water-soluble fraction, containing phenolic compounds, was extracted with ethyl acetate to obtain flavonoids which were separated and purified by repeated column chromatography over Sephadex LH-20, RP C18 and silica gel. The isolated compounds were identified according to their physicochemical properties and spectral data (UV, HPLC-TOF/MS, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and 2D NMR). Three flavonoids were isolated and identified as chrysoeriol-7-O-[2″-O-E-feruloyl]-β-d-glucoside (1), chrysoeriol (2), and isorhamnetin-3-β-d-glucoside (3). Antioxidant studies of the aqueous extract and three isolated compounds, 1, 2, 3, were undertaken and they were found to have significant antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activities were evaluated for total antioxidant activity by the ferric thiocyanate method, ferric ion (Fe(3+)) reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), ferrous ion (Fe(2+)) metal chelating activity, and DPPH free radical-scavenging activity. The water-soluble ethyl acetate and methanol extraction methods were also compared using HPLC-TOF/MS.

The preparation of methoxy and cyanonaphthalene derivatives is described. The preparation of 1,3-dimethoxynaphthalene, 1-bromo-3-methoxynaphthalene, 1-methoxy-3-bromonaphthalene and 1,3-dicyanonaphthalene involves the reaction of 1,3-dibromonaphthalene with the corresponding nucleophile.

The conversion of 4-pyridyl propargylic alcohols 1 to the ( E )-propenones 3 and propynones 2 occurs under mild reaction conditions, pyridinium chloride in methanol at room temperature. (Z)-4-Pyridyl propenones 11 are detected as initial products when large substituents such as trimethylsilyl, tert -butyl and phenyl are attached at C-3 of the propynols and these ( Z )-enones 11 are isomerised to the ( E )-isomers 3 under the reaction conditions. In the presence of deuterated solvent, both hydrogens at the double bond of enone 3d are deuterated. An allenol is proposed as intermediate whose preferential protonation occurs at the less hindered side giving the (Z)-enone. The propargylic alcohols, pyridin-2-yl 12 and quinolin-4-yl 5 , are converted to ( E )-enones 13 and 7 , respectively.

Stereoselective synthesises are described for naphthalene and tetralin derivatives. Hexabromo 2 and 3, monomethoxy 7, dimethoxy 6, dihydroxy 4 and dinitroxy 10 derivatives of tetralin have been obtained. Base-promoted elimination reactions of 6 and 4 provided monomethoxy 8 and 9 and diepoxy 5 naphthalenes respectively. The structures of these products were determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectra, mass spectra and micro analysis.

Centaurea solstitialis L. ssp. solstitialis (CSS) has been used as medicine for various diseases. In this work, root, stem and flower parts of the plant were separately extracted with methanol to execute bioassay-guided isolation. Antiproliferative activities of each extracts on C6 cells (Rat Brain tumor cells) and HeLa cells (human uterus carcinoma) were investigated in vitro. The methanol extract of stem exhibited the most antiproliferative activity therefore isolation of active compounds was carried out for stem of the plant. Methanol extract of stem was boiled at 97 degrees C for 2 hours in water and then hexane and ethyl acetate were extracted sequentially. Solstitialin A 1 and 15-dechloro-15-hydroxychlorojanerin 2 were isolated from ethyl acetate extract by column chromatography and identified by spectroscopic techniques. Solstitialin A 1 was isolated from CSS and 15-dechloro-15-hydroxychlorojanerin 2 was isolated from Saussurea lipschitz and Rhaponticum pulchrum previously. These two compounds exhibited very high antiproliferative activity on C6 and HeLa cells. IC50 and IC75 values of compound 1 were obtained as 10.78 and 53.65 against C6 cell and as 48.78 and 68.52 against HeLa, respectively. IC50 and IC75 values of compound 2 were determined as 432.43 and 109.79 against C6 cell.

Stereoselective syntheses are described for cis,trans,cis-2,3,5-tribromo-1,4-dihydroxytetralin, trans,trans,cis-2,3,5-tribromo-1,4-dihydroxytetralin, trans,trans,trans-1,4-dihydroxy-2,3-dibromotetralin, trans,trans,trans-1-hydroxy-2,3,4-tribromotetralin, cis,cis,cis-1,2-epoxy-3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxytetralin, anti-1,2:3,4-diepoxytetralin, 1-hydroxy-4-bromonaphthalene, trans,trans,trans-1,4-dinitrato-2,3-dibromotetralin, 1-nitrato-2,3,4-tribromotetralin, 2,3-dibromonaphthalene and 1-methoxy-4-nitrato-2,3-dibromonaphthalene. These isomeric arene oxides and disubstituted naphthalenes provide excellent precursors for a number of 1,4- and 2,3-disubstituted naphthalene derivatives that are difficult to prepare using other routes. The structures of the naphthalene and tetralin derivatives were assigned by NMR and other techniques.