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A tanulásalakító tényezők kölcsönösen összefüggő rendszerben alakítják a tanulás folyamatát, így a tanulás támogatásának sikerességét az határozza meg, hogy miként értelmezzük a tanulási tér és a tanulási környezet kapcsolatrendszerét. Az eltérő fogalomhasználat sok esetben eltérő elméleti megközelítéseket jelent. A környezeti nevelés esetében ráadásul a környezet fogalom használata egybemosódhat a tanulási környezet értelmezésében megjelenő fogalmakkal. Megközelítésünkben elválasztjuk a tanulási tér és a tanulási környezet fogalmát. A tanulási környezetet egy olyan, a tanulásalakító tényezők mentén folytonosan alakuló interakciós egységként kezeljük, amelyben a tanuláshoz köthető reflexiók folytonosak, és amelyben az egyén tanulása és a közösségi tanulás tulajdonképpen egymás feltételeként írható le. Tanulmányunkban a tanulási környezetek értelmezésének egyféle elméleti megközelítését írjuk le abból a célból, hogy rávilágítsunk a környezeti nevelés fogalmi rendszerében rejlő kapcsolódási pontokra.

Összefoglalás. Jelen cikk célja a létfontosságú rendszerek védelmére vonatkozó szabályozás fejlesztési folyamatának és az elért eredmények vizsgálata. A szerzők feldolgozták a kritikus infrastruktúrák nemzetközi és hazai szabályozására jellemző, az elmúlt mintegy tízéves időszak változásait. Az elemzés a hazai eredmények áttekintését követően a reziliencia, az ellenálló képesség fejlesztésére irányuló nemzetközi és hazai intézkedéseket, a közeljövőben várható fordulatokat, jogalkotási lépéseket ismerteti. Summary. This article’s goal is to overview the development and the results of the critical infrastructure protection regulation. The authors have analyzed the legal circumstances of the past 10 years both on an international and a national level. After looking back at the initial regulations of the national critical infrastructure and its enforcement the authors present the challenges of Covid-19, the possible responses and the basic elements of the revised legal framework. The authors touch upon the changes that are important for the operators, such as risk analysis and the operator security plan, emphasizing the exercises of the latter. The final part of this publication details the last decade’s change of approach via the NATO’s seven baseline requirements for civil preparedness and the preparation of the new EU directive. It will also exhibit the measures, that were taken to improve resilience, and checks that were made to upgrade the level of critical infrastructure protection.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés és célkitűzés: Az obstruktív alvási apnoe az intermittáló hypoxia által cardiovascularis, cerebrovascularis és metabolikus betegségek kialakulását okozhatja. Kutatásunkban célunk volt a betegség főbb jellemzőinek vizsgálata, az obstruktív alvási apnoe és a kontrollcsoport általános, antropometriai, laboratóriumi paramétereinek összehasonlító elemzése által. Anyag és módszer: A prospektív vizsgálatba 100 beteget (74 férfi, 26 nő, átlagéletkor ± SD, 42,15 ± 12,7 év) vontunk be, akiket az elvégzett poliszomnográfia eredménye alapján kontroll- (36 fő) és obstruktív alvási apnoe (64 fő) csoportra osztottunk. A betegeknél részletes anamnézisfelvételt, antropometriai méréseket, laborvizsgálatot és alváskérdőív-kitöltést végeztünk. Eredmények: Az obstruktív alvási apnoe csoportban szignifikánsan nagyobb nyak- (p = 0,015), csípő- és haskörfogat (pKövetkeztetés: Az elhízás mint az obstruktív alvási apnoe legfőbb rizikófaktora és az obstruktív alvási apnoéban jellemző intermittáló hypoxia hozzájárulnak a komorbid állapotok nagyobb arányban történő megjelenéséhez, melyek mihamarabbi diagnosztikája és kezelésük megkezdése kiemelkedő fontosságú a betegek életminőségére gyakorolt hatásuk miatt. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(15): 586–592. Summary. Introduction and objective: Obstructive sleep apnoea results in metabolic and cardiovascular disorders due to intermittent hypoxia. The main aim of the present study was to analyze the most important features of obstructive sleep apnoea, using anthropometric measurements and blood tests. Material and method: In this prospective investigation, 100 patients (74 male and 26 female patients, mean age ± SD years, 42.15 ± 12.7) were enrolled. These patients were divided into control (n = 36) and obstructive sleep apnoea (n = 64) groups regarding the results of polysomnography. The examination of the patients consisted of detailed anamnestic data, anthropometric measurements, laboratory test and the use of apnoea questionnaires. Results: In the obstructive sleep apnoea group, significantly higher neck (pConclusion: Obesity, as one of the most important risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea and the intermittent hypoxia contribute to the development of comorbidities. The diagnosis and therapy of the comorbidities is of great importance due to their effects on the patients’ quality of life. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(15): 586–592.

COG-UK is supported by funding from the MRC part of UK Research & Innovation, the National Institute of Health Research (Grant code MC_PC_19027), and Genome Research Limited, operating as the Welcome Sanger Institute. Background The first epidemic wave of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Scotland resulted in high case numbers and mortality in care homes. In Lothian, over one-third of care homes reported an outbreak, while there was limited testing of hospital patients discharged to care homes. Aim To investigate patients discharged from hospitals as a source of SARS-CoV-2 introduction into care homes during the first epidemic wave. Methods A clinical review was performed for all patients discharges from hospitals to care homes from 1st March 2020 to 31st May 2020. Episodes were ruled out based on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) test history, clinical assessment at discharge, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data and an infectious period of 14 days. Clinical samples were processed for WGS, and consensus genomes generated were used for analysis using Cluster Investigation and Virus Epidemiological Tool software. Patient timelines were obtained using electronic hospital records. Findings In total, 787 patients discharged from hospitals to care homes were identified. Of these, 776 (99%) were ruled out for subsequent introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into care homes. However, for 10 episodes, the results were inconclusive as there was low genomic diversity in consensus genomes or no sequencing data were available. Only one discharge episode had a genomic, time and location link to positive cases during hospital admission, leading to 10 positive cases in their care home. Conclusion The majority of patients discharged from hospitals were ruled out for introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into care homes, highlighting the importance of screening all new admissions when faced with a novel emerging virus and no available vaccine. Publisher PDF

CFTR, the cystic fibrosis (CF) gene-encoded epithelial anion channel, has a prominent role in driving chloride, bicarbonate and fluid secretion in the ductal cells of the exocrine pancreas. Whereas severe mutations in CFTR cause fibrosis of the pancreas in utero, CFTR mutants with residual function, or CFTR variants with a normal chloride but defective bicarbonate permeability (CFTRBD), are associated with an enhanced risk of pancreatitis. Recent studies indicate that CFTR function is not only compromised in genetic but also in selected patients with an acquired form of pancreatitis induced by alcohol, bile salts or smoking. In this review, we summarize recent insights into the mechanism and regulation of CFTR-mediated and modulated bicarbonate secretion in the pancreatic duct, including the role of the osmotic stress/chloride sensor WNK1 and the scaffolding protein IRBIT, and current knowledge about the role of CFTR in genetic and acquired forms of pancreatitis. Furthermore, we discuss the perspectives for CFTR modulator therapy in the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and pancreatitis and introduce pancreatic organoids as a promising model system to study CFTR function in the human pancreas, its role in the pathology of pancreatitis and its sensitivity to CFTR modulators on a personalized basis.

Összefoglaló. Jelen írásban a biztonság három dimenziójának (egészség, munka, emberi kapcsolatok) összefüggésében a home office pozitív és negatív jellemzőit vizsgáljuk meg a pandémiás időszakban. Tanulmányunk egy 2020 májusában, reprezentatív mintán lekérdezett felmérés adataira épül, mely a vírushelyzetre vonatkozó kérdéseket és egy kapcsolati naplót tartalmazott. Az eredmények alapján a home office-ban dolgozók kevésbé voltak kitéve a fertőzésveszélynek: kevesebb időt töltöttek saját otthonukon kívül és tömegközlekedést is kevésbé használtak. Másrészt az otthonról dolgozók átlagosan kevesebb emberrel is találkoztak személyesen. A találkozásokban mutatkozó különbséget ugyanakkor kifejezetten a munkatársi kapcsolatok magyarázzák, míg a családi és baráti kapcsolataik megvédték az otthonról dolgozókat a társas izoláció veszélyétől. Summary. The emergence of the Covid-19 virus in spring 2020 has significantly transformed the daily lives of the population. One of the major changes affecting the world of work is that many people have been able to work remotely from home. In this paper, we focus on the home office phenomenon with regard to the three dimensions of security (health, work and human relations) and examine its positive and negative impacts in the context of human relations during the pandemic. It is assumed that home office is more secure against the virus, as those working from home may choose not to leave their homes at all and thus protect themselves from the virus by being physically isolated. On the other hand, it is also assumed that home office workers encounter fewer people than non-home office workers and are therefore more vulnerable to social isolation. In our study, we compare the characteristics of these two groups using descriptive statistics based on data from a national representative sample of 1,001 people contacted by telephone in May 2020. The survey included questions on the pandemic situation on the one hand, and a so-called contact diary on the other hand, in which respondents were asked to name all persons (and their characteristics) with whom they had spoken on that day beyond saying hello. First, the results show that home office workers were indeed less exposed to the risk of infection, as they spent significantly less time away from home, used public transport less, and none of them were abroad. Second, our data also show that there is a significant difference in the number of face-to-face encounters between home and non-home workers. Home office workers met on average two people face-to-face on the day of the survey, while non-home office workers met on average five people. While no significant difference was found in the number of relatives – whether or not they lived under the same roof as the respondent – between home office workers and those who went to work, the number of encounters with non-relatives was significantly higher among non-home office workers. The difference was mainly due to workplace contacts. This suggests that those working from home were protected from the risk of social isolation by their emotionally and physically close relationships. These results further support the finding that, in a crisis situation, the security provided by family ties is particularly valued and strong bonds are essential for the individual.

A widely applicable, practical, and scalable synthetic method for efficient ene-type double oxidation of alkenes is reported via a two-step alkenyl thianthrenium umpolung/Kornblum-Ganem oxidation strategy. This chemo- and stereoselective procedure allows easy access to various α,β-unsaturated carbonyls that may be otherwise difficult or cumbersome to synthesize by conventional methods. For α-olefins, this metal-free transformation can be tuned according to synthetic needs to produce either the elusive (Z)-unsaturated aldehydes or their (E) counterparts. Moreover, this strategy has enabled streamlined synthesis of distinct butadienyl pheromones and kairomones.

Visszatérő jogértelmezési kérdés, hogy a bizonyítás csak a bírósági tárgyalás fogalmához köthető-e, avagy abba beletartoznak-e a nyomozati, illetőleg vádszakaszban végrehajtott eljárási cselekmények is. Egyetértek azzal, hogy a kérdésre adott válasz elsősorban a mindenkori büntetőeljárási törvény szabályozási rendszerének a függvénye (Bérces, 2018). Van egy lényegi közös elem ugyanakkor a különböző eljárásokban: a megismerés kívánalma. Ebből viszont az következik, hogy helytelenül vélekedünk a megismerésről, ha azt gondoljuk, hogy – a hatályos Be. értelmezésének megfelelően – a nyomozás szerepe mindösszesen a tények és adatok összegyűjtése, míg maga a bizonyítás a bírói szakban történik. Az emberi megismerés ugyanis alapvetően az érzékelés, az észlelés, az emlékezés, a képzelet és a gondolkodás köré csoportosítható. A gondolkodás pedig magában foglalja az idegrendszeri (és emocionális) folyamatok végeredményeként létrejövő okfejtést, következtetést és döntést is. A jó nyomozó tehát úgy vizsgálódik, úgy kérdez, és úgy elemez, hogy tudja azt, mindannak, amit és ahogyan csinál a végső értelme az, hogy a bírói szakban olyan bizonyíték álljon rendelkezésre, amellyel el lehet oszlatni a kételyeket a büntetőjogilag releváns tények körül. A megismerő tevékenysége tehát, mégha távolról „csak” nyomozati eljárásnak tűnik is, a bizonyítás számos mozzanatát tartalmazza (Tremmel, 2012). A helyes (és persze sok esetben szerencsével is járó) nyomozás amellett, hogy feltárja a múlt valóságát – felkínálva annak minden elemét –, megfelelően alá is támasztja azt, lehetőséget biztosítva arra, hogy a feltárás igazsága – szinte egy az egyben – a megállapított igazság is legyen. A tanulmány célja, hogy a nyomozáshoz és megismeréshez kapcsolódó néhány történelmi, film- és irodalomtörténeti példán keresztül tisztelegjen a 80 éves Tremmel Flórián professzor úr személye, és a témát érintő munkássága előtt.

A hypereosinophil szindróma tartós eosinophil-túltermeléssel járó, a következményes eosinophilinfiltráció és mediátorfelszabadulás miatt többszervi károsodást okozó kórkép. Etiológia szerint megkülönböztetünk myeloproliferativ eredetű, parazitafertőzéshez, solid tumorhoz és T-sejtes lymphomához társuló, valamint idiopathiás formát. Esetismertetésünkben a 49 éves férfit fogyás, alszári oedema, tachycardia miatt vettük fel osztályunkra. Laborjából jelentősen emelkedett epeúti obstrukciós paraméterek, valamint extrém leukocytosis, eosinophilia volt kiemelhető. Hematológiai malignus betegség erős gyanújával kezdtük vizsgálni. Az elvégzett mellkasi, hasi és kismedencei CT hepatosplenomegaliát, multiplex intrahepaticus laesiókat és egy bizonytalan solitaer cystosus képletet írt le a pancreas farki részében, kóros nyirokcsomókkal és pleuralis folyadékgyülemmel. A leírt CT-kép a klinikum ismeretében elsősorban krónikus myeloid leukaemia manifesztációjának volt megfeleltethető, de a diagnózist a perifériás kenet, az áramlási citometria, a csontvelő-biopszia és a genetikai vizsgálat sem igazolta. Mindezek fényében solid tumorhoz társuló leukaemoid reakció irányába folytattuk a kivizsgálást, a májlaesiók pontos verifikálása érdekében vastagtű-biopszia történt. A szövettani eredmény pancreatobiliaris carcinoma áttétének megfeleltethető, alacsonyan differenciált hámtumor infiltrációját mutatta. A diagnózis felállításának másnapján kezelésünk ellenére a beteg exitált. A gastrointestinalis solid tumorokhoz kapcsolódó hypereosinophil szindróma rendkívül ritka kórkép. Tudomásunk szerint ez a magyar orvosi irodalomban közölt első ilyen eset, mely felhívja a figyelmet a magas fehérvérsejtszám és eosinophilarány differenciáldiagnosztikai kérdéseire, valamint arra, hogy nem korreláló hematológiai leletek esetén nem késlekedhetünk a solid eltérések szövettani mintavételével. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(44): 1758–1762.

We report 8‐step syntheses of (−)‐minovincine and (−)‐aspidofractinine using easily available and inexpensive reagents and catalyst. A key element of the strategy was the utilization of a sequence of cascade reactions to rapidly construct the penta‐ and hexacyclic frameworks. These cascade transformations included organocatalytic Michael‐aldol condensation, a multistep anionic Michael‐SN2 cascade reaction, and Mannich reaction interrupted Fischer indolization. To streamline the synthetic routes, we also investigated the deliberate use of steric effect to secure various chemo‐ and regioselective transformations., Concise syntheses of (−)‐minovincine and (−)‐aspidofractinine were achieved using easily available and inexpensive reagents and catalyst. A key element of the strategy was the use of a sequence of cascade reactions to rapidly construct the penta‐ and hexacyclic frameworks. To streamline the synthetic routes, the steric effect was used to secure various chemo‐ and regioselective transformations.

BackgroundThe Alpha variant (B.1.1.7 lineage) of SARS-CoV-2 emerged and became the dominant circulating variant in the UK in late 2020. Current literature is unclear on whether the Alpha variant is associated with increased severity. We linked clinical data with viral genome sequence data to compare admitted cases between SARS-CoV-2 waves in London and to investigate the association between the Alpha variant and the severity of disease.MethodsClinical, demographic, laboratory and viral sequence data from electronic health record systems were collected for all cases with a positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA test between 13 March 2020 and 17 February 2021 in a multisite London healthcare institution. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression assessed risk factors for severity as defined by hypoxia at admission.ResultsThere were 5810 SARS-CoV-2 RNA-positive cases of which 2341 were admitted (838 in wave 1 and 1503 in wave 2). Both waves had a temporally aligned rise in nosocomial cases (96 in wave 1 and 137 in wave 2). The Alpha variant was first identified on 15 November 2020 and increased rapidly to comprise 400/472 (85%) of sequenced isolates from admitted cases in wave 2. A multivariate analysis identified risk factors for severity on admission, such as age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.03, for every year older; pConclusionsOur analysis is the first in hospitalised cohorts to show increased severity of disease associated with the Alpha variant. The number of nosocomial cases was similar in both waves despite the introduction of many infection control interventions before wave 2.

A szerző értékelést ad a bűncselekményekhez szükséges kompetenciák vizsgálatáról.

Az osteoporosis krónikus degeneratív betegség, amely főleg a postmenopausa időszakában lévő nőket érinti. Szakirodalmiadatok szerint a panoráma felvételeken meghatározható morfometriai és vizuális indexek eredményesen alkalmazhatóka betegség korai felismerésében. Klinikai vizsgálatunk célja panoráma röntgenfelvételeken elemezni a mandibulacorticalis és panoráma felvételi osteoporosis-indexeinek kísérletes reprodukálhatóságát. A vizsgálatban 40 fogorvostan-hallgató és két egyetemi oktató vett részt, akik 50 osteoporosisos (átlagéletkor 65,1 ± 5,9 év) és 36 (66,4 ± 7,1 év)kontroll női páciens röntgenfelvételét elemezték azonos körülmények között. Az adatokat SPSS szoftver alkalmazásávalértékeltük ki. A röntgenelemzést végzők között a corticalis index eredményeiben találtunk szignifikáns eltérést, másvonatkozásban az indexek reprodukálhatónak bizonyultak. A panoráma felvételeket meghatározott fogorvosi indikációvalkészítik, de amennyiben a fogorvos felismeri azokon az osteoporosis jeleit, a beteget szakrendelésre utalhatja, aholmegfelelő ellátásban részesíthetik.

A szerzők áttekintést nyújtanak a jogi keretrendszerről, valamint a csecsemőgyilkosságok bűnügyi nyomozásának törvényszéki és orvosi kihívásairól.

The Laboratory of Ion Beam Applications at MTA Atomki served as a Trans-National Access (TNA) host within the CHARISMA EU FP7 project. Although cultural heritage research is only one of the several applications in the laboratory, its importance is growing thanks to the success of CHARISMA. The variety of samples and analytical questions in this field provides constant motivation for development of the instrumentation and adaptation of new techniques. We have special expertise in investigations with high lateral resolution and the PIXE analysis of lighter elements but we can also host projects when the in-vacuum measurements are not feasible, at our external micro-beam set-up. We continue the TNA activity within the IPERION CH project. Le laboratoire d’applications des faisceaux d’ions au MTA-Atomki a servi de structure-hôte pour l’accès transnational dans le cadre du programme européen CHARISMA. Alors que l’étude des biens culturels n’est que l’une des applications dont s’occupe le laboratoire, elle acquiert une importance grandissante grâce au succès de CHARISMA. La diversité des échantillons et des questions d’analyse dans ce domaine constitue un moteur permanent de développement de l’instrumentation et de l’adaptation des nouvelles techniques. Nous possédons une expertise particulière dans l’imagerie à haute résolution latérale et la méthode PIXE d’analyse des éléments légers, mais nous pouvons accueillir dans notre équipement externe dédié aux micro-faisceaux les projets excluant les mesures sous vide. Nous poursuivons notre activité d’accès transnational dans le cadre du programme IPERION CH.

Macroecologists seek to identify drivers of community turnover ( β -diversity) through broad spatial scales. However, the influence of local habitat features in driving broad-scale β -diversity patterns remains largely untested, owing to the objective challenges of associating local-scale variables to continental-framed datasets. We examined the relative contribution of local- versus broad-scale drivers of continental β -diversity patterns, using a uniquely suited dataset of cave-dwelling spider communities across Europe (35–70° latitude). Generalized dissimilarity modelling showed that geographical distance, mean annual temperature and size of the karst area in which caves occurred drove most of β -diversity, with differential contributions of each factor according to the level of subterranean specialization. Highly specialized communities were mostly influenced by geographical distance, while less specialized communities were mostly driven by mean annual temperature. Conversely, local-scale habitat features turned out to be meaningless predictors of community change, which emphasizes the idea of caves as the human accessible fraction of the extended network of fissures that more properly represents the elective habitat of the subterranean fauna. To the extent that the effect of local features turned to be inconspicuous, caves emerge as experimental model systems in which to study broad biological patterns without the confounding effect of local habitat features.

This study introduces a new concept to the analysis of development aid. Aid is regarded as a global public good where donors benefit from the advantages of aid without rivalry and exludability. The public-goodnature of aid is a logical explanation for the deficiencies of the international aid regime, especially the suboptimal supply of aid and the free-riding of donors. The concept of aid as a public good raises the question whether there are any actors who could produce this global public good. The study analyses whether nongovernmental organizations are able to fill this gap in the international aid regime. The model is introduced through a case study: aid in Afghanistan in general, and the activities of the NGO Hungarian Baptist Aid in the country. Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classifications: F590, H410

Thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of refuse derived fuels with different catalysts had been conducted in a two stages process due to its important potential value as fuel. The first stage was a pure thermal pyrolysis in a horizontal tubular reactor with feed rate of 0.5kg hourly. The second stage was a semi-batch process in the presence of catalysts. Results showed that the tested catalysts significantly have affected the quantity of products. E.g. gas yield could be increased with 350% related to the catalyst free case using ZSM-5, while that of pyrolytic oil was 115% over Y-zeolite. Gases consisted of mainly CO and CO(2) obtained from the tubular reactor, while dominantly hydrocarbons from the second stage. Ni-Mo-catalyst and Co-Mo-catalyst had shown activity in pyrolytic oil upgrading via in-situ hydrogenation-dehydrogenation reactions. Sulphur, nitrogen and chlorine level in pyrolytic oils could be significantly declined by using of catalysts.

Purpose The purpose of this cadaver study was to determine the ideal position of the wrist for scaphoid radiography. Materials and methods Four cadaver wrists were rotated around their longitudinal axis in 15° increments and exposures were taken. Seven postero-anterior images were taken as well. Thus, 18 images of each wrist were available for assessment. Views were determined in which the main anatomic regions of the scaphoid were visualized undistorted. The size and localization of the overlap of other carpal bones were also evaluated. Finally, views with the best visualization of anatomic landmarks were selected. The results of these three investigations were compared to literature data. Results We consider the following four images the most valuable in the diagnostic imaging of scaphoid bone: (1) Postero-anterior view in ulnar deviation of wrist and fist position of the hand; (2) oblique view in 60° of pronation; (3) oblique view in 60° of supination; (4) lateral view. Conclusion We concluded that our four views are sufficient for proper radiographic evaluation of the scaphoid.

Irodalmi adatok szerint a parodontális kórképek befolyásolhatják az orális egészséghez kapcsolódó életminőséget. Fogorvosivonatkozásban az életminőség mérésére leggyakrabban az OHIP kérdőívet használják, amelynek segítségévela parodontális elváltozások egészségtudatra kifejtett hatása is vizsgálható.Az OHIP-14 kérdőív adaptált változatával 45 beteg (29 krónikus parodontitises, 16 egészséges) életminőségi jellemzőittanulmányoztuk. Vizsgálatunk során szoros összefüggést találtunk a parodontális kórképek jelenléte, illetve az esztétikaiproblémák, a diszkomfort érzés, a szájüregi fájdalom jelenléte és a funkcionális korlátozottság között. A fájdalom,valamint az ínyvérzés és a szondázási mélység között a moláris és a front régióban egyaránt pozitív összefüggés voltkimutatható. A funkcionális korlátozottság előfordulása szignifikáns korrelációt mutatott a hiányzó fogak számával, azínyvérzéssel, illetve a szondázási mélységgel.Eredményeink alapján elmondható, hogy a parodontális megbetegedések feltételezhetően közrejátszanak az életminőségbizonyos paramétereinek csökkenésében. Ebből következően a fogágybetegségek klinikai vizsgálata során indokoltaz életminőségre vonatkozó jellemzőkre is rutinszerűen rákérdezni.

The full compliance date for mandatory folic acid fortification of enriched cereal-grain products in the United States was 1 January, 1998. There is currently a great interest in determining the effectiveness of this measure, which was instituted to increase the folate intakes of women of child-bearing age to reduce their risk of having a pregnancy affected by a neural tube birth defect. We surveyed 83 enriched cereal-grain products that are required to be fortified with folic acid under the new regulations and an additional 79 foods that contain enriched cereal-grain ingredients or that are currently fortified with folic acid. Products were collected and analyzed between February 1998 and April 1999. Total folate was determined by microbiological assay using a tri-enzyme digestion. We compared analyzed values for total folate with amounts required by Federal regulations and/or with label declarations of folate content. For many enriched cereal-grain products, there were significant differences between amounts of folate found on analysis and amounts required by Federal regulations. In part because of this, label declarations of folate content were also in error. The high values found in some enriched cereal-grain products may represent manufacturers' averages as well as the presence of higher-than-expected levels of endogenous folates. These results indicate that reliable food composition databases cannot be developed without extensive new data on the actual concentrations of folate in recently fortified enriched cereal-grain products as well as in products containing enriched cereal-grain ingredients. Reliance on older data bases or on compositional information that has a weak analytical underpinning will lead to unsound estimates of folate intake, and hence, of the potential impact of the new fortification program.

January 1, 1998 was the effective date for PDA regulations that mandated the fortification in the USA of a wide range of enriched cereal-grain products with folic acid at levels specified in federal regulations. Because data on prefortification levels of folate in such products are limited, we measured folate in 56 enriched foods, including enriched breads and rolls, flours, corn grits and meals, rices, and macaroni and noodle products. Folate was measured by a modification of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists' microbiological method 992.05 using Lactobacillus casei . Foods were composited, suspended in 0. 1 m phosphate buffer containing 1% ascorbic acid (pH 7.8), autoclaved and cooled. Chicken pancreas conjugase was added and the suspensions were incubated for 16h at 37 °C. Values for folate in enriched products were (μg/lOOg): bread and rolls, 24–40; flours, 19–24; corn grits and meals, 22–32; macaroni and noodle products, 27–42; rice, 19–32. Because the single-enzyme method is usually insufficient to liberate food-bound folates, suspensions of foods were also incubated with α-amylase and conjugase followed by treatment with protease to determine the effects of the tri-enzyme digestion on release of folates. For many foods, total folate was 20–30% higher after the tri-enzyme digestion than after incubation with conjugase alone. The modifications of AOAC method 992.05 described here provide a microbiological assay method for the determination of folates in cereal-grain products that may be appropriate for collaborative testing.

Consumers' interest in dietary guidelines advising them to reduce their intake of fat has contributed to the development of new low- and fat-free margarine-like products. We measured vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and vitamin A (retinol and /gb-carotene) in margarines and margarine-like products labeled as containing 0–80% fat. Test portions were saponified, extracted with petroleum ether, and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Margarines of approximately 80% fat content contained 4–30 IU /ga-tocopherol/100 g. Reduced-fat margarines (fat content 14–53%) contained 4–15 IU α-tocopherol/100 g, while fat-free margarines (

There is increasing interest in the fatty acid composition, including levels of trans fatty acids, of foods. The trans fatty acid content of American diets is increasingly studied because of reported adverse effects of trans fatty acids on risk of coronary heart disease. In this study, total fat content and fatty acid composition of 43 food products were determined after acid hydrolysis by gas chromatography using an SP-2560 flexible fused silica capillary column. Total fat content determined by the gas chromatographic method was compared with fat content determined by AOAC gravimetric method 922.06 for all food products. Total fat, saturated fat and unsaturated fat content of the foods determined by the gas chromatographic method ranged from 0.9 to 96.7, 0.2 to 16.8 and 0.5 to 89.3%, respectively. Trans fatty acids hexadecenoate (t-16:1), elaidic (t-18:1), and octa-decadienoate (t,t-18:2) were identified by comparison of their retention times with those of known standards and quantitated. These fatty acids were present in foods at levels of 0.25 to 1.50 (t-16:1), 0.87 to 268.32 (t-18:1), and 0.23 to 7.92 (t,t-18:2) mg/g.

Hexa- O -methyl- scyllo -inositol was synthesized and its crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. As predicted by calculations, each oxygen-methyl bond eclipses the adjacent carbon-hydrogen bond. NMR studies show that the same conformation predominates in solution.

The new definition of total fat in FDA regulations implementing the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 necessitates the quantitation of all lipid fatty acids and the summation of their triglyceride equivalents. A gas-liquid Chromatographic (GLC) method using a packed column has been developed for quantitative measurement of total fat and saturated fat in foods. Fatty acids are released from food matrices by acid hydrolysis, and then extracted, esterified to their methyl esters and determined by GLC. Total fat and saturated fat are calculated in accordance with the new definitions of these components. Fat content determined by the acid hydrolysis-GLC methodology was compared with fat content determined by a direct AOAC gravimetric method for 23 food products containing between about 1 and 75% fat by weight. For all food products studied, the relationship between the results obtained by the two methods was best described by a straight line that had a correlation coefficient of 0.94. Results of repeated extractions and analysis of a milk-based infant formula (SRM 1846) suggest that this material may be useful as a quality control standard.

The composition of aldohexoses, aldopentoses, and hexuloses has been determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy in dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) solution.

Alditols form stronger complexes with Nd3+, Sm3+, and Eu3+ than with La3+ cations, but weaker ones with the higher lanthanides. There is a clear relationship between ionic radii and stability constants. Chromatographic ion-exchange columns can be smaller when prepared with Nd3+ rather than the usual Ca2+ columns. Galactitol, alone amongst the hexitols, can form 1:2 complexes with lanthanide ions. The crystal structure of galactitol·2PrCl3·14H2O has been determined.

Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes the composition of reducing sugars in solution. It elaborates the concepts of relative stabilities of various forms of sugars and elaborates the composition of aldoses, ketoses, and substituted and derived sugars in aqueous solution. Neuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometers have considerably improved over the past few years, and important advances now allow the detection and measurement of components that occur in the range of 0.01 -0.1%. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) of trimethylsilyl derivatives has been used to determine the composition of some dozen sugars in water and in pyridine. In the latter solvent, the results agree well with previous determinations; in aqueous solution, however, some of the values for furanoses prove to be too high and the values for idose (presumably mutarotating) rapidly differ considerably from those obtained by NMR spectroscopy. GLC of the trimethylsilyl derivatives is also used for studying the mutarotation of D-fructose. The composition data obtained for the major components agree well with those given by NMR spectroscopy.

3- C -Hydroxymethyl- d -glucose, when heated with dilute acids, rapidly forms 96% of the 1,3 1 -anhydride. 3- C -Hydroxymethyl- d -xylose, - l -lyxose, and - d -ribose each form an equilibrium that contains similar anhydrides to a progressively lesser extent. Each of these branched-chain sugars has six cyclic forms in aqueous solution and their proportions have been determined.

Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaRs) play an essential role in the regulation of immune response due to their ability to bind immune complexes. Activating FcgammaRs may facilitate antigen presentation and dendritic-cell maturation, while in the late phase of the immune response, the inhibitory FcgammaRIIb may down-regulate B-cell activation upon cross-linking with activating receptors. In this study, we investigated the in vivo role of FcgammaRs on the modulation of humoral immune response. In order to get well-defined immune complexes that can bind to both the activating and the inhibitory FcgammaRs, we designed a mono-biotinylated single-chain fragment variable construct from the rat anti-mouse CD16/32 clone 2.4G2, linked to avidin-FITC, and tested its effect on the FITC-hapten-specific T-independent type 2 (TI-2) and T-dependent (TD) immune response. When injected intravenously in mice, the complex bound to a small portion of B220+, CD11b(high) and CD11c(high) cells and was localized in the spleen on marginal zone macrophages 15 min after treatment. When applied as a booster following primary immunization with TI-2 (FITC-dextran) or TD (FITC-keyhole limpet haemocyanin) antigens, the complex elevated the number of hapten-specific IgM/IgG-producing B cells. This effect was diminished in CD16KO mice, suggesting that the activating-type FcgammaRIII might be a key mediator of this mechanism.

The molecular structures of the title heptitols were determined by X-ray crystallography, using direct methods, and refined to final residual parameters of R = 0.037 and 0.039, respectively. Each compound adopts a bent conformation. For α-sedoheptitol ( 1 ), this is not the expected conformation (with O-6 in the extended planar position). Instead, 1 adopts a conformation with a 1,3- parallel interaction between O-4 and C-7.

Inflammatory activation of monocytes is an essential part of both innate immune responses and the pathogenesis of conditions such as atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms which modulate the response of monocytes to inflammatory stimuli are still poorly understood. Here, we report that tribbles-2 (trb-2) is a novel regulator of inflammatory activation of monocytes. Down-regulation of trb-2 levels potentiates LPS-induced IL-8 production via enhanced activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and jun kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In keeping with this, the endogenous level of trb-2 expression in human primary monocytes is inversely correlated to the cell’s ability to produce IL-8. We show that trb-2 is a binding partner and a negative regulator of selected MAPKs. The potential in vivo relevance of these findings is highlighted by the observation that modified low-density lipoprotein profoundly down-regulates trb-2 expression, which may, in turn, significantly contribute to the inflammatory processes in the development of vascular disease. Taken together, our results define trb-2 as a potent novel regulator of monocyte biology, controlling the activation of these cells.\ud \ud

Contrary to statements in the literature, Cu2+ ions form only weak complexes with polyols. At pH > 5, however, strong complex formation is observed which is attributed to [Cu2(OH)2]2+ or similar binuclear ions. The formation of tetradentate complexes is postulated with compounds having four hydroxyl groups in suitable steric relationship, especially alditols.

It is postulated that, in the epimerization of glucose in alkaline solution catalyzed by Ca 2+ ions (and other cations of similar size), the intermediate is a complex of the cation with O-1, O-2, O-3 and O-4 of the sugar and that the reaction proceeds, like the Bilik reaction, with rearrangement of the carbon chain.

myo-Inositol 4,6-carbonate, a compound having three syn-axial hydroxyl groups, was synthesized in four steps suitable for gram-scale preparation. It readily forms complexes with cations.

Several cyclohexanepentols have been synthesized from inositols by blocking all but one hydroxyl group, converting the free hydroxyl group into its S -methyl dithiocarbonate, and treating it with tributylstannane. Suitable blocking-groups are methyl, benzyl, and methylthiomethyl ethers, and acetals. One cyclohexanepentol was prepared by the reductive deamination of an aminodeoxyinositol.