2,449 results
Search Results
52. The Outsourcing Wage Gap: Exploring the Interplay of Gender and Tasks Along the Job Distribution
- Author
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Fana, Marta, Giangregorio, Luca, and Villani, Davide
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- 2024
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- View/download PDF
53. Observable and unobservable causes of the gender gap in S&T funding for young researchers.
- Author
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Suarez, Diana, Fiorentin, Florencia, and Pereira, Mariano
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GENDER inequality ,GOVERNMENT policy ,ACADEMIC achievement - Abstract
The objective of this paper is to study the relationship between academic performance, gender, and science and technology grants. The empirical analysis is based on the Argentinean Fund for Scientific and Technological Research 'Scientific and Technological Research Projects' (FONCYT-PICT). The methodology is based on a multivariate decomposition for non-linear response models, an extension of the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition. Results confirm the presence of a gender gap. Women have lower probabilities of being awarded with funds than men, even when academic trajectories are alike. Results show that even if the productivity gap is closed, men's and women's trajectories are differently valued against women, and this negatively impacts their probability of being awarded. Therefore, even if women manage to publish more and—somehow—be more cited, the gap will persist. Explicit public policy measures are required to close the current gap and stop reproducing it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
54. Social Entrepreneurship Bridging Gender Gap: Evidence from Pakistan.
- Author
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Khan, Sumayya Sadiq and Naeem, Sobia
- Subjects
SOCIAL entrepreneurship ,GENDER inequality ,WOMEN'S empowerment ,HERMENEUTICS - Abstract
This paper aims to provide empirical evidence of the role of Social Entrepreneurship (SE) in bridging the Gender Gap. The unprecedented rise in the social and economic issues in developing countries, like Pakistan, has fostered efforts to achieve a new organizational model under SE to counter the said issues. SE is a new way of offering an innovative and creative solution to the problems of societies. In this paper, the authors have examined the role of SE in overcoming the GG in society, which is otherwise left unaddressed. A qualitative study is conducted by adopting the hermeneutic view of reality. The data is collected by conducting a semi-structured interview with social entrepreneurs working in Pakistan. For validating the findings, the secondary source of data is collected from the published reports by the British Council consulting on the role of SE in Pakistan. Findings revealed that SE is contributing to reducing the GG in Pakistan through increased women empowerment and employment. It is helping to create more opportunities for women in the field and overcoming the social issues of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
55. Stereotyping and Gender gap During COVID-19: Backlash or Gender Convergence? A Systematic Literature Review.
- Author
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Ziegler, Yvonne, Graml, Regine, and Uli, Vincenzo
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COVID-19 pandemic ,GENDER inequality ,GENDER stereotypes ,WORKING mothers ,GENDER role ,PSYCHOLOGICAL distress - Abstract
What have been the short- and medium-term net effects of the pandemic on working mothers, both in the early stages and over the course of the pandemic? The goal of this paper, positioned within the research field of stereotyping and gender discrimination, is to provide an updated view of academic studies investigating the dichotomy "backlash vs gender convergence" in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic shock. The paper has been structured as a systematic literature review based on the PRISMA Statement approach. We found a complex but, to a certain extent, predictable picture, with COVID-19 unable to produce strong and consistent macrodynamic changes on gender gap. Ultimately, therefore, the existing research seems to conclude that there is no support for either the backlash or the gender convergence notions; rather, there seems to be an equilibrium characterised by stability in gender roles, especially medium-to-long term. Other major findings include i) There seems to have been a general increase in equal childcare responsibilities even though, on average, mothers still carry the heavier load; ii) Mothers in dual-career couples were more exposed to work-hour reductions or losing their job completely; iii) Temporary gender convergence shifts were largely motivated by female working arrangements and/or necessity; iv) A new gap in psychological distress emerged for working mothers compared to both men and childless women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
56. Angry men and angry women: gender, system-directed anger and populist radical right voting in Belgium.
- Author
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Erzeel, Silvia, Fieremans, Merel, Van Bavel, Anne, Blanckaert, Benjamin, and Caluwaerts, Didier
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RIGHT-wing populism ,VOTING ,RIGHT-wing extremism ,ANGER ,POLITICAL systems ,GENDER inequality - Abstract
Why do men and women vote for the populist radical right? This question, which speaks to the phenomenon of the "radical right gender gap", has been the topic of much scholarly interest. While previous studies refer to the role played by differences in political resources, attitudes, and socialization, this paper examines whether negative emotions towards the political system, and system-directed anger in particular, drive support for populist radical right parties differently for men and women. Drawing on the premise that populist radical right parties tend to appeal to angry voters, and given that acting upon anger is seen as an "agentic" trait, we expect that system-directed anger is more strongly associated with support for populist radical right parties among men compared to women. We test the hypothesis using original data from the RepResent voter survey organized in Belgium during the 2019 federal elections. In line with previous studies, we find that voters of the populist radical right party Vlaams Belang report high levels of system-directed anger. Men and women voters are similar in their display of this emotion, and contrary to our expectations, they are similar in how system-directed anger relates to vote choice as well. More than explaining gender differences in populist radical right voting, our findings confirm the idea that system-directed anger can incite women as well as men to cast a populist radical right vote. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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57. Gender differences in old-age poverty in 14 EU countries: exploring the role of household structure.
- Author
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Ahonen, Kati and Kuivalainen, Susan
- Abstract
The risk of poverty among older people varies widely across countries and between men and women. This is usually explained by reference to institutional differences in pension systems or differences in employment histories. However, many other factors also come into play. In this paper we argue that, to avoid biased conclusions, it is necessary to take into account the role of household structure. This study of 14 European Union (EU) countries investigates the impact of household structure on gender differences in old-age poverty risk. The empirical examination is based on European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). The findings show that older women's high poverty risk is strongly related to the financial vulnerability of single-person households and the higher prevalence of female than male single-person households. In addition, gender differences in poverty risk can be attributed to gender differences in household structure. It matters whether the older person lives with another older person or an employed/unemployed person and whether there are minor children in the household. Country differences in the gender poverty gap are linked to country differences in the household age structure and the poverty risks of different types of households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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58. Education, Gender, and Blue-Chip Gallery Representation: The Importance of Educational Prestige in a Male-Dominated Art World.
- Author
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Kuntz, Melissa and Vick, Brandon
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CATALOGS ,MUSEUM exhibits ,GENDER ,EDUCATIONAL outcomes ,PRESTIGE ,GENDER inequality - Abstract
This paper explores the possible gender gap among contemporary artists in important career-related outcomes: representation by prestigious galleries, access to museum exhibitions, and selection for museum collections. Using a sample of 959 artists, created by random sampling from a catalog of represented artists and merged with public data on demographic, socioeconomic, and educational backgrounds, we conduct a quantitative analysis on differences in artist outcomes by gender and education. We find that female artists have lower rates of gallery representation and museum exhibitions and collections, regardless of education. While having a Master of Fine Arts from highly ranked art schools results in better outcomes, the gender gap exists across educational quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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59. Tajikistan Country Gender Assessment
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World Bank
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GENDER RELATIONS ,MIGRANT ,EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,ELDERLY MEN ,EARLY MARRIAGE ,FEMALE EDUCATION ,EQUAL ACCESS ,EMPLOYMENT ,EARLY MARRIAGES ,EQUALITY OF MEN ,FUTURE GENERATIONS ,GENDER STUDIES ,NATIONAL LEVEL ,INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS ,ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,ECONOMIC RESOURCES ,SKILL DEVELOPMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ,MOTHER ,FEMALE STUDENTS ,CULTURAL RIGHTS ,BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ,FERTILITY RATES ,EARNINGS ,INFORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT ,HIV INFECTIONS ,SOCIAL UNREST ,GENDER POLICIES ,PENSIONS ,SHADOW REPORT ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,FERTILITY ,SECONDARY EDUCATION ,IMPORTANT POLICY ,ECONOMIC SITUATION ,ELDERLY ,HEALTH RISKS ,ID ,GENDER AWARENESS ,SOCIAL NORMS ,DELIVERY CARE ,POLICY IMPLICATIONS ,RIGHTS OF WOMEN ,MATERNAL MORTALITY ,WOMEN'S AGENCY ,FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS ,ELDERLY WOMEN ,LITERACY RATES ,FINANCIAL LITERACY ,FEMALE EMPLOYMENT ,JOINT LIABILITY ,LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ,EMPLOYEE ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,EDUCATIONAL CHOICES ,INTRAVENOUS DRUG USE ,MALE INVOLVEMENT ,STATE SUPPORT ,YOUNG WOMEN ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NEW BUSINESSES ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY ,DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN ,ENDOWMENTS ,EQUAL PAY ,SEXUAL INTERCOURSE ,PREGNANCY ,EDUCATION SYSTEM ,HEALTH SYSTEMS ,HOUSEHOLDS ,RESPECT ,CHILDBIRTH ,GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE ,SECONDARY SCHOOL ,BUSINESS WORKSHOPS ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,UNION ,HOUSEHOLD POVERTY ,MIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,UNDP ,POLITICAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN ,PUBLIC LIFE ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,ENROLLMENT ,INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION ,TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES ,VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ,GENDER EQUALITY ,AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ,CORRUPTION ,HIV ,INCLUSION OF WOMEN ,COVID-19 ,FEMALE WORKERS ,MASS MEDIA ,POLITICAL PARTIES ,SECONDARY ENROLMENT ,COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT ,GENDER ROLES ,MARKET ECONOMY ,RURAL WOMEN ,GENDER ,HUSBANDS ,EDUCATED WOMEN ,GENDER GAP ,UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FUND FOR WOMEN ,STATE POLICY ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,LEVELS OF EDUCATION ,WOMEN'S VOICE ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EMPLOYERS ,GENDER ANALYSES ,CORONAVIRUS ,CHILD HEALTH ,UNICEF ,FAMILIES ,LABOR MIGRATION ,HEALTH SYSTEM ,ROLE OF WOMEN ,UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,GENDER DISPARITIES ,POPULATION GROWTH ,PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY ,WORKING CONDITIONS ,MIGRANTS ,SEXUAL VIOLENCE ,PANDEMIC IMPACT ,PRODUCTIVITY ,WORLD POPULATION ,CIVIL WAR ,ECONOMIC CRISIS ,LABOUR MARKET ,ENROLMENT RATES ,EQUALITY IN EDUCATION ,DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ,CIVIL SOCIETY ACTORS ,DISEASES ,MICRO-FINANCE ,GENDER DISCRIMINATION ,VICIOUS CYCLE ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,LIVING STANDARDS ,REPRODUCTIVE ROLES ,ADOLESCENT GIRLS ,GENDER GAPS ,LEGAL ADVICE ,POPULATION STUDY ,SUPPORT FOR WOMEN ,LIVE BIRTHS ,POLITICAL PARTY ,FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,PROGRESS ,LACK OF ACCESS ,SAFETY NET ,LABOR MARKET ,LEGAL RIGHTS ,MORTALITY ,EQUAL RIGHTS ,LACK OF FINANCE ,MATERNAL HEALTH ,GENDER WAGE GAP ,GENDER ASSESSMENT ,NUMBER OF WOMEN ,TERTIARY EDUCATION ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,HEALTH SECTOR ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,INFANT ,HUSBAND ,FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS ,ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ,LABOR MIGRANTS ,DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES ,UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME ,FEMALE STAFF ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,NATIONAL STRATEGY ,OLD-AGE ,FEMALE POPULATION ,GENDER STEREOTYPES ,WOMAN ,EQUAL WORK ,GENDER SEGREGATION ,REMITTANCES ,LACK OF COLLATERALS ,UNESCO ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,SEX ,UNITED NATIONS ,POLITICAL DECISION ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN ,MIGRATION ,SOCIAL EXCLUSION ,FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION ,POLICY RESEARCH ,CHILDBEARING ,LIMITED ACCESS ,GENDER ISSUES ,HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ,TERTIARY LEVEL ,JOURNALISTS ,GENDER MAINSTREAMING ,SCHOLARSHIPS ,POLITICAL RIGHTS ,ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION ,INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURS ,LABOR FORCE ,HEALTH SERVICES ,HIV INFECTION ,DISCRIMINATION ,OUTREACH ,DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES ,RELIGIOUS PRACTICES ,FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
The aim of this report is to provide a broad overview of the current state of gender equality in Tajikistan. While the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region traditionally surpassed many other regions in terms of gender equality, this advantage has been eroding in recent decades. Particularly in Tajikistan, concerns have been raised that men and women have unequally born the consequences of economic, political, and social transitions after independence in 1991. The report examines several dimensions of gender equality both quantitatively and qualitatively. Tajikistan has set up a legal framework that enshrines principles of equality and non-discrimination, but better implementation results require continued efforts. Prevailing social norms and patriarchal systems of decision-making limit women s ability to make effective choices be it at home or at work. The paper is structured along the following lines. The first section introduces the idea of agency that will remain an important issue throughout the report. This is followed by an analysis of disparities in human capital endowment, including health and education. Gender gaps in the Tajik labor market and entrepreneurial activities of men and women are discussed in the fourth and fifth section. The final section concludes with some policy recommendations that might be beneficial for discussions among policy-makers, civil society actors, and development partners.
- Published
- 2021
60. The Education Impact on the Innovativeness of Female Entrepreneurship: a Systematic Literature Review.
- Author
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Pereira, Elisabeth T. and Manzo, Martina
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ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,BUSINESSWOMEN ,WOMEN'S education ,EDUCATION research ,SELF-confidence - Abstract
The women's education and its potential impact on entrepreneurship and innovation represent a growing interest in socioeconomic academic research (Paoloni and Manzo, 2023; Pereira, 2020; Bishu and Alkandry, 2017). The present paper makes a systematic literature review based on the topic of Gendered Education and Innovation in female entrepreneurship, considering the evolution over almost the last two decades and the current state of the art. The study is based on the Scopus database. It examines articles, books, and indexed conference proceedings that have focused on the influence of women's education on their entrepreneurial journey and innovative capabilities. The studies having in Abstract, Title, or Keywords "education" AND "innovation" AND "entrepreneur" OR "enterprise*" AND "gender" are 257. Source types, year of publication, field of research, source title, keywords, country/territory, and language classify studies. After this, the most cited studies were analyzed to answer the RQs. The studies reviewed show a positive correlation between women's level of education and the likelihood of engaging in entrepreneurial activities. Education provides technical and managerial skills, boosts self-confidence and expands networking, facilitating access to resources and opportunities (de las Mercedes Barrachina Fernández et al., 2021; Gupta et al., 2009). From a theoretical point of view, the research contributes to gender studies about female entrepreneurship, focusing on the relationship between education and innovation. Analyzing how education influences women's entrepreneurship can help identify and address educational and socio-cultural barriers that limit women's access to entrepreneurship and active participation in innovation. From a managerial perspective, the results of such research can inform public policy, guiding government and organizational efforts in promoting specific educational programs that encourage women's entrepreneurship and innovativeness. Promoting women's innovativeness and entrepreneurship can contribute to overall economic development, as greater inclusion of women in the business landscape can lead to increased diversity, competitiveness and innovation (Minniti and Nardone, 2007; Morton et al., 2016; Pereira, 2019; Pereira and Salaris, 2019;). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
61. Gender Disparity Among Indian Library and Information Science Professionals: a 20-year sample of publications from 1999-2018.
- Author
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Parabhoi, Lambodara, Sahu, Ramani Ranjan, Dewey, Rebecca Susan, and Parabhoi, Damodar
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GENDER inequality ,INFORMATION science ,LIBRARY science ,INFORMATION professionals ,MALE authors ,CITATION networks - Abstract
Gender disparity is present in many research fields including in Library and Information Science (LIS). This paper studied gender disparity among Indian LIS professionals and measure the intellectual output 20 years. The study reviewed 1,195 publications in the LIS field from 1999 to 2018, determining the gender of the first author. An analysis of the publication list determined the yearly contributions of male and female authors, together with the average distributions, yearly citation rates and other metrics, by gender. Across the whole study period, publications first-authored by men outnumbered those by women. Similarly, overall contributions by men were higher than by women. BM Gupta and M Tripathi were the most prolific male and female authors, respectively. "India" was the most common keyword used by both first author genders. "Bibliometrics", "Digital Library", "Scientometrics", "Academic Libraries", "E-resources" and "web 2.0" were the core research areas of both men and women. When journals were divided into national and international scope, articles by men outnumbered those by women on both levels. However, 65% of the articles published by women were in international journals, compared to 58% of the articles published by men (59% overall), suggesting that the quality of work produced by women was comparable to or higher than the quality of work published by men. Consequently, gender parity in Indian LIS publications may be some way off. As such, further research is required to highlight and mitigate the issues experienced by women in academia in order to increase productivity in the LIS field in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
62. The gender gap in top corporate jobs in China : Evidence from an establishment‐manager matched survey
- Author
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Xiu, Lin
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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63. I want to break free: the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on work–life balance satisfaction.
- Author
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Alfano, Vincenzo, Mariotti, Ilaria, Marra, Mita, and Vecchione, Gaetano
- Abstract
The revolution in the organization of work, induced by the COVID-19 pandemic, has had, and will have, some long-lasting consequences on how jobs will be performed, affecting adult life well-being. What we know so far about the determinant of satisfaction for work–life balance may not be valid anymore considering this sudden revolution in work organization. This paper presents an empirical analysis based on a cross-sectional survey of 803 workers in October 2020. Results suggest that the profile that benefits the most from the revolution in work organization is represented by a male, married, public sector worker working remotely and not living in the southern part of Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
64. Access and usage of financial products in India: A gender gap analysis.
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Keerthikumara, S. M. and Kumari, D. Sujatha Susanna
- Abstract
This paper examines the status and determinants of the gender gap in access and usage of financial products and services using 3000 sample of Findex survey data 2021 in India. The results provide evidence to support the gender gap in access and usage of financial services. Particularly they are prominent in access to Mobile Money Accounts (MMAs; 12.03%), debit card (16.27%), and credit card (4.91%). At the same time, a remarkable gender gap was also found in the usage of financial products, specifically in MMA savings (4.25%), deposits (11.52%), withdrawal from accounts (6.83%), debit cards (13.27%) and credit cards (3.94%) usage. Finally, this paper documented the gender gap in access and use of financial products explained by a lower level of education, income, employment, mobile phone ownership, and internet access. The findings suggest that increasing traditional and digital financial literacy and employment opportunity among women are essential. It is also recommended to expand internet connectivity and mobile devices to all socio-economic categories of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
65. Wikipedia gender gap: a scoping review.
- Author
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Ferran-Ferrer, Núria, Boté-Vericad, Juan-José, and Minguillón, Julià
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GENDER inequality ,MALE authors ,SEX discrimination ,CONTENT analysis ,QUANTITATIVE research ,VIRTUAL communities ,COMMUNITY involvement - Abstract
In this scoping review, we portray an examination of the gender gap on Wikipedia by analyzing scholarly literature from 2007 to 2022. Employing quantitative methods, the study identifies key author characteristics such as gender, disciplines, countries, and institutions. The research reveals a slight majority of female authors, followed by male authors, with limited representation from non-binary authors. Qualitatively, content analysis uncovers two central themes: addressing the contribution gap and incorporating content related to underrepresented genders. Additionally, the study assesses results on the content gap, editing and participation bias, readership imbalances, and strategies to mitigate the gender gap. Furthermore, it explores the repercussions of this gap and categorizes the contributing factors as "the women's problem," "the mirror effect," and "the systemic problem." Overall, this comprehensive review enhances our comprehension of the Wikipedia gender gap and provides valuable insights into the research landscape in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
66. Gender differences in waterpipe tobacco smoking among university students in four Eastern Mediterranean countries
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Aya Mostafa, Juhan Lee, Justin Thomas, Mohamed Salama, Muhammad W. Darawad, Rima Nakkash, Khalid A. Kheirallah, Randah R. Hamadeh, Ramzi G. Salloum, Afzalhussein Yusufali, and Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Younger age ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,hookah ,Positive correlation ,lcsh:RC254-282 ,Smoking behavior ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cigarette smoking ,Medicine ,Waterpipe Tobacco ,030212 general & internal medicine ,lcsh:RC705-779 ,waterpipe ,youth ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,EMR ,Tobacco control ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:Diseases of the respiratory system ,lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,Eastern mediterranean ,Gender gap ,0305 other medical science ,business ,shisha ,Research Paper ,Demography - Abstract
Introduction Males have a higher prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) than females in most Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries, with a smaller gender gap than that of cigarette smoking. The objective of this study was to determine gender differences among university students with respect to WTS initiation, smoking behavior, tobacco flavors, and expenditure on WTS, in four EMR countries. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted based on convenient samples of ever waterpipe smokers among university students in four EMR countries (Egypt, Jordan, Occupied Palestinian Territories, and the United Arab Emirates) in 2016. The total samples included 2470 participants. Study participants were invited through flyers, university portals, emails and Facebook, followed by emails with links to the internet survey. Results Females (80.4%) were more likely than males (66.4%, p
- Published
- 2020
67. Girls in the juvenile justice system in England and Wales, 2002–2017.
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Arnull, Elaine, Park, Jihye, and Heimer, Karen
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JUVENILE justice administration ,JUVENILE delinquency ,JUVENILE courts ,GENDER inequality ,FEMALE friendship - Abstract
This paper addresses a gap in the literature on youth justice in England and Wales by examining disaggregated patterns of juvenile court processing (i.e. proven offences) and custody. It provides new evidence to show that gendered effects are best observed over time. Looking at juvenile justice data over time allows us to see the effects of policy that are obscured in the short-term. This is especially important when considering small and specific populations, such as girls. It is often assumed that policy impacts smaller groups in the justice system (in this case, girls) in the same way as the larger group (in this case, boys), with boys' experiences representing the norm. In this paper, we call into question that assumption by considering female and male proven offences and juvenile custody over time in England and Wales and show why gendered impacts should be given proper consideration. We also examine changes in the gender gap in proven offences and juvenile custody over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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68. Privilege Begets Privilege: The Fatherhood Bonus.
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Becker, Cathrine
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FATHERHOOD ,HETEROSEXUALITY ,PRIVILEGE (Social sciences) ,GENDER inequality ,GENDER roles & society - Abstract
The paper focuses on the fatherhood premium, and who it benefits the most. I conclude that professional workers who are white, heterosexual, and married to the mother of their children receive the greatest premiums when compared to socially disadvantaged fathers. This paper outlines the two key theories used to explain the fatherhood bonus, and the flaws in their explanations. To understand the professional fatherhood bonus, I highlight the role of higher education and the hierarchy of positions in determining who gets the best bonus. With racial differentials, I find that Black men earn less of bonus than white men and only earn the bonus under specific circumstances, and I point to the importance of the ideal worker type and nuclear family, which also used to explain the importance of marital status and relationship to the child. Additionally, I highlight several gaps in the literature, calling attention to the need for studies with Canadian fathers, Indigenous fathers, and queer fathers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
69. The gender gap: what about board members' perspective?
- Author
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Khemakhem, Hanen and Maalej, Manel
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GENDER inequality ,GENDER nonconformity ,ROLE models ,WOMEN directors of corporations - Abstract
The gender gap in the boardroom has received a great deal of attention in the literature. However, little is known about what causes the gender gap in the boardroom, especially from board members' perspective. This paper aims to produce a deeper understanding of the gender gap, based on evidence from 29 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with board members. Our study reveals that the best ways to access a board position are through networks and job positions. However, for most participants, being a board member is still perceived as a male-dominated position. Due to this perception, female board members can experience lower self-efficacy at first, questioning their abilities to join the board. Our study reveals several ways to act on the gender gap in the boardroom. Seeing female role models on the board, having a positive experience as board members and receiving effective training can all enhance women's self-efficacy. Also, leaders who are in favor of having women on the board, organizational policies, and mandatory quotas of women on the board can contribute to reducing the gender gap. Our study provides a deeper understanding of the challenges facing women when accessing a top role such as a board position. Our findings can help policy-makers and organizations act on the gender gap in the boardroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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70. Gender Gap in Urban Job Market During the Pandemic: The Case of Ukraine.
- Author
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Brik, Tymofii and Obrizan, Maksym
- Abstract
Remarkable resistance of Ukraine has become in the world focus starting from the dawn of February 24th, 2022. While policymakers draft plans to address the consequences of the war, it is crucial to understand the pre-war labor market context, risks of joblessness, inequalities, and sources of resilience. In this paper, we study inequality in job market outcomes in 2020–2021 during another global disaster—the COVID-19 epidemic. While there is a growing literature on worsening gender gap for developed countries, not much is known about the situation in transition countries. We fill in this gap in the literature by using novel panel data from Ukraine, which enacted strict quarantine policies early on. Our pooled and random effects models consistently indicate no gender gap in the probability of not working, fearing to lose job or having savings for less than one month. This interesting result of non-deteriorating gender gap can potentially be explained by higher chances of urban Ukrainian women to switch to telecommuting compared to men. Although our findings are limited to urban households only, they provide important early evidence on the effects of gender on job market outcomes, expectations, and financial security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
71. Gender Differences in Math and Science Academic Self-Concepts and the Association With Female Climate in 8th Grade Classrooms.
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Andersen, Ida Gran and Smith, Emil
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PSYCHOLOGY of middle school students ,SCHOOL environment ,STATISTICAL correlation ,MATHEMATICS ,PHILOSOPHY of education ,STEREOTYPES ,RESEARCH funding ,SEX distribution ,SCIENCE ,AFFINITY groups ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,SURVEYS ,ACADEMIC achievement ,RESEARCH ,COMPARATIVE studies ,SELF-perception - Abstract
Although women's representation in STEM fields and occupations has increased, science and math continue to be stereotyped as male domains. This paper links psychological and sociological explanations for gendered disparities in STEM by examining the relationship between the local "micro-situational" female learning environment and the gender gap in academic self-concept in math and science. We applied hybrid models to TIMSS 2015 data comprised of a pseudo-panel of repeated measures for individual student and peer achievement, academic self-concept, utility value, and interest-enjoyment value in math/science (at age 14). We analyzed data from three countries, including a subsample of students who were taught by the same teacher in both math and science, thus eliminating unobserved teacher heterogeneity. Results indicate that female peer climate in the classroom is important for understanding how girls' self-concept in math/science is formed, even though it was unrelated to the gender gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
72. Parental gender preference in the Balkans and Scandinavia: gender bias or differential costs?
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Maksymovych, Serhii, Appleman, William, and Abramishvili, Zurab
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- 2023
- Full Text
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73. Gender Budgeting as a Dynamic Monitoring Tool for Gender Diversity Management in Universities.
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Paoloni, Paola, Cosentino, Antonietta, and Manzo, Martina
- Subjects
PUBLIC sector ,PRIVATE sector ,EXPONENTIAL functions ,GENDER inequality ,QUALITATIVE research - Abstract
Since the early 1980s, the economic literature has recognized the importance of valorizing the differences in the corporate context as a necessity and has been fueled by studies using the term "diversity management" (Kelly & Dobbin, 1998; Keil et al., 2007). The attention placed on the issue by both public and private sector organizations has grown exponentially, embracing new contexts and also new shades of diversity (Di Santo et al., 2013). Gender is a focal element of the organizations' multiplicity, the respect for which requires equal representation of men and women in the workplace (Wawryszuk-Misztal, 2021). The EIGE (European Institute for Gender Equality) Indicator considers different variables, among of which there are employment and education, two closely interdependent aspects which are even more prominently encountered in academia. Gender inequality in academic careers is, in fact, a global phenomenon, although the causes and consequences vary in different national contexts (Piva and Rovelli, 2022). One tool increasingly used by universities to demonstrate their commitment to pursuing gender equality is the gender budget, a document that assesses and restructures budget items considering women’s priorities and needs as well as those of men (Addabbo et al., 2015; Bilyk et al., 2021; Lucchese et al., 2022). This paper aims to investigate whether and how gender budget can communicate the evolution of the gender diversity management approach. The paper uses a qualitative analysis based on a single case study to answer the research question. In particular, the research is focused on gender budgeting elaborated by the oldest university in Europe: University La Sapienza, set in Rome, Italy. Sapienza University is the most prominent university in Rome and the first to implement this tool. The authors will carry out a documentary analysis of the latest gender budget (2021), comparing it with the previous ones (2016-2020), to see if it is possible to understand how Sapienza's commitment to reducing the gender gap has evolved over the years. From a theoretical point of view, the research contributes to gender studies and non-financial reporting research, focusing on the role of clear and transparent communication in conveying the value and enhancement of diversity. From a managerial perspective, findings could increase the universities' awareness about which information the gender budget should contain to represent the organization's dynamic engagement against gender inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
74. Gender Equality Plan: An Explorative Analysis of Italian Academia.
- Author
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Chamochumbi Diaz, Denisse Gail, Palazzi, Federica, Sentuti, Annalisa, and Sgrò, Francesca
- Subjects
GENDER inequality ,GRADUATE students ,EMPIRICAL research - Abstract
Since 2015, the European Union, always sensitive to gender issues, has been recommending and actively supporting the implementation of the Gender Equality Plan (GEP) in academic and research organisations: a set of commitments and actions that aim to promote gender equality through a process of structural change. Moreover, the European Commission recognises GEPs as an eligibility criterion for participation in all Horizon Europe calls for research and innovation. Gender issues in academia are particularly topical in Italy. According to the last Global Gender Gap Report, in terms of economic participation and opportunities, Italy ranks 110th out of a total of 146 states, after several developing countries. In the country, even though women outnumber men among graduate students, a strong inequality in superior grades of the academic careers persists. In compliance with Decree No. 2/2019, and in line with EU-COM No.152/2020, Italian universities are required to adopt a GEP, which identifies the strategy of individual universities for gender equality. Consequently, most Italian universities have implemented their first GEP edition in last two years. Despite the growing attention to gender issues in academia, studies on GEP implementation and content are still scarce. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the implementation of GEPs in Italian universities by responding to the following research question: (RQ1) What is the state of the art about GEPs in Italian universities? Content analysis will be employed to identify to what extent universities have disclosed the information related to their GEPs. The study consists of the analysis of the total population of 67 Italian public universities that have been drafted referring to the period 2019-2025 (except for one GEP drawn up for 2015-2021). Results highlight that most universities easily disclose information on goals, actions, beneficiaries and institutional members and that universities seem to have difficulties in identifying the subjects operationally involved in the plan implementation, the financial resources and the expected results of the policies adopted for each action. This paper is original for two reasons. First, it provides insights into GEPs as a novelty strategic tool. Second, it represents the first empirical study that provides an overview of the GEPs’ structure and contents, with a focus on Italian academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
75. An Evaluation Tool for Extracurricular Activities to Reduce the Gender gap in Computer Science.
- Author
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Canali, Claudia and Faenza, Francesco
- Subjects
STEM education ,STUDENT activities ,GENDER inequality ,COMPUTER science education ,EDUCATIONAL innovations - Abstract
In the last few years, workforce with STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) competencies has proved to be crucial for countries' innovative capacity and global competitiveness. Yet women are vastly underrepresented in STEM and, in particular, in ICT and computer science fields, both among workers and degree holders: this gap hinders the possibility for ICT employment to be strengthened and for women to take advantage of career opportunities, thus perpetuating gender inequalities in these disciplines. To counteract these effects and attract girls towards ICT-related fields of study and careers, several initiatives have been organised all around the world, such as summer camps and dedicated extracurricular activities. However, these initiatives are usually not supported by proper evaluation tools allowing researchers and practitioners to understand the actual benefits of the carried-out activities on girls' competencies and future attitudes. In this paper, we propose an evaluation tool for extracurricular activities aimed at reducing the gender gap in ICT. The proposed tool aims at capturing both a quantitative and a qualitative evaluation, including an Implicit Association Test (IAT) along with a more traditional questionnaire consisting of thematic sections designed to analyse various aspects of the activities' impact on girls. The tool has been applied in the context of two summer camps related to national and international projects aimed at attracting girls towards computer science and STEM disciplines: the ‘Digital Girls’ project, organised since 2014 by the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia in collaboration with other universities and local institutions, and the “STEM for Future” Erasmus+ project. Based on the results obtained by the summer camp case studies, we discuss some critical elements that can hinder the efficacy of the evaluation tool, giving suggestions to overcome these potential issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
76. The evaluation of gender income inequality by means of the Gini index decomposition
- Author
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Michele Costa and Michele Costa
- Subjects
Gender gap, Gender income inequality, Inequality decomposition, Gini index ,Index (economics) ,Inequality ,Inequality decomposition ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Gender gap ,Gender income inequality ,Gini index ,SECS-S/01 Statistica ,Measure (mathematics) ,Economic inequality ,Quaderni - Working Paper DSE ,J7 ,Income distribution ,J1 ,Decomposition (computer science) ,Econometrics ,Economics ,ddc:330 ,D63 ,media_common - Abstract
This paper proposes to measure and to evaluate gender gaps and gender inequalities by means of the decomposition of an inequality measure. A three-terms decomposition of the Gini index is applied, thus allowing to take into account also the role of overlapping between female and male subpopulations. We develop an unified framework for the evaluation of gender gap, linking traditional measures, based on subgroups income means, to the approach related to inequality decomposition, and showing how overlapping component represents a key issue in gender gap analysis. An analysis of the income distribution of the Italian households shows how gender gaps represent a major source of inequality, without particular improvements during the last 20 years.
- Published
- 2019
77. Tackling gender disparities in energy research: a diagnostic tool for equality in research centres
- Author
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Sánchez-López, Sara, Poveda-Bautista, Rocío, Corona-Sobrino, Carmen, Otero-Hermida, Paula, and García-Melón, Mónica
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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78. Authorship of Italian medical literature on neuroendocrine neoplasms: any gender gap?
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Rossi, R. E., La Salvia, A., Modica, R., and Spada, F.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
79. Multidimensional Deprivation from Labor Market Opportunities in Armenia: Evidence from 2018 and 2020
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Khachatryan, Knar and Grigoryan, Aleksandr
- Published
- 2024
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80. Women Mayors in Slovakia: Spatial Insights.
- Author
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Malická, Lenka
- Subjects
WOMEN mayors ,MAYORS ,LOCAL government ,CITIES & towns - Abstract
Women’s underrepresentation in local politics is observed in many countries, including Slovakia, where minor attention is dedicated to this problem. In this paper, the spatial insight into the numeric women representation in Slovak local governments (municipalities) at the position of the mayor in recent 20 years is given to identify the areas where the representation of women mayors is the most evident and how it has evolved in time. Results are projected using maps, where local data for 2,924 municipalities are aggregated to the district level (79 districts at LAU1), and the shares of women mayors among all mayors in a district are displayed for five elections since 2002. The results confirm the increasing trend of women mayors in Slovak municipalities. Besides, the results unveil that the increase of the portion of women mayors is observed firstly in the south-center part and edge northeastern part of Slovakia. These areas are characterized by high fragmentation of residential structure, low GDP per capita, and higher ethnolinguistic fragmentation. Later, the increase of women’s representation in local governments subsequently continued in the southeastern and southwestern parts of Slovakia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
81. THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY EDUCATION TOWORDS GENDER EQUALITY.
- Author
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Takiko Makiish and Mitsuru Takahashi
- Subjects
COMMUNITY education ,GENDER inequality ,SOCIAL participation ,WOMEN'S attitudes - Abstract
Achieving gender equality is a social issue common not only to developing countries but also to developed countries. How can this gender inequality be overcome, and what role can community education play in it? This is precisely the question addressed in this paper. This paper reviews the situation of women in Japan from the perspective of inequality. Japan reveals that it is a country with large inequalities in labor and political and social participation. The role of education in this transformative practice is debated. In addition, We will introduce what kind of abilities are required and what kind of educational practice is necessary to realize them, based on practical examples. Three conclusions are pointed out. First, this case study demonstrates that participants have the ability to independently create their own learning. At the same time, however, it points out that it is essential to participate and learn in practice. Second, formal learning opportunities up to college did not develop this ability. Third, learning to overcome discrimination is not a matter of individual knowledge or ability, but a collaborative effort, and through participation in collaborative activities, we can solidify our own views and ways of thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
82. Frontiers: Inequalities in Dealers' Interest Rate Markups? A Gender- and Race-Based Analysis.
- Author
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Ozturk, O. Cem, He, Cheng, and Chintagunta, Pradeep K.
- Subjects
INTEREST rates ,BLOCK trading ,AUTOMOBILE loans ,GENDER inequality ,CONSUMER credit ,BUSINESS schools ,MONEYLENDERS - Abstract
We document the existence of gender and racial gaps in dealer markups of auto financing interest rates. Most car buyers are unaware that dealers can mark up interest rates for auto loans, the third most prevalent U.S. consumer debt category, beyond the rate dictated by lenders. Dealers can set their markups without considering buyer risk profiles, potentially leading to discrimination. Using individual transaction-level data from a 20% random sample of U.S. car dealers between 2004 and 2015, this paper shows that women and minorities pay a statistically significant 0.6% and 2.6% greater interest rate markup than men and nonminorities, respectively. The racial and gender gaps in dealer markups largely attenuate over time. Additionally, the premia for minorities and women are larger for those buyers in census block groups with lower education levels, those not trading in a car, and those in markets with fewer financial institutions. Although we find no heterogeneity in the racial gap by age and political inclination, the gender gap increases for women who are relatively older and is significant only in majority Republican-voting counties. Our analyses do not provide a precise estimate of the interaction effect between race and gender. Based on the buyer characteristics considered, the most vulnerable group of women (minorities), accounting for 4.7% (8.5%) of car buyers, pay 7.6% (27.9%) more compared with men (nonminorities). The findings inform policymakers and consumers of the gender and racial gaps in auto financing, their underlying mechanisms, and situations most susceptible to unfair lending. History: Catherine Tucker served as the senior editor. This paper was accepted through the Marketing Science: Frontiers review process. Funding: O.C. Ozturk thanks the Darla Moore School of Business research grant program for support. P. K. Chintagunta thanks the Kits Center for Marketing at the University of Chicago for financial support. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2022.0295. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
83. An Empirical Analysis on Gender Gap: With Specific Reference to Economic Participation in Asian Countries.
- Author
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Singh, Geetanjali, Bamel, Neha, and Sheoran, Aparna
- Subjects
GENDER inequality ,ECONOMIC development ,POLITICAL development ,CONTENT analysis ,DATA analysis - Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this article is to study the effect of gender gap in economic participation and opportunities on growth and development of Asian Countries. Design/methodology/approach: Secondary data has been used in the analysis. Content analysis has been done by using Data Analysis method-PSPP: Correlation. Findings: According to the results, the correlation between gender gap in economic participation and opportunities and growth and development is 0.33. Due to the scarcity of data on access to women to economic opportunities the correlation was low. If study the table closely, it was determined that countries with low gender gap in economic participation were doing well in growth and development. Practical implications: The paper has guiding significance for the overall development of an economy by keeping in mind the importance of gender parity, and also provides the scientific reasoning that gender parity in economic participation can lead to higher growth and development levels. Originality/value: This paper has reviewed the degree of gender in economic participation, effects of it in development and the relationship between development and gender parity in economic participation and opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
84. Looking inside the ballot box: gender gaps in Argentine presidential elections.
- Author
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Bercoff, José Javier and Meloni, Osvaldo
- Abstract
Since women were given the right to vote in the first half of the twentieth century, several studies verify the existence of noticeable differences in women and men voting conduct. Theories explaining such behavior rely mainly on stereotypes, differences in values as well as disparities in self-perceptions of men and women. This paper, using a unique and unusual gender-segregated voting booths that was in use in Argentina until 2007, suggests that labor market incentives play a key role explaining the electoral gender gap. Our estimations, which come out from a panel data of five presidential elections at district level, show that the voting gender gap reduces as women acquire the head of household status. That is, as women face analogous incentives to men, their evaluation of the incumbent performance and their policies tend to be similar to males leading to a reduction in the gender gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
85. Data literacy ecosystem development framework: Approach for bridging the gender gap in the digital economy of the Western Balkan countries.
- Author
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ZLATKOVSKI, DEJAN, TEMJANOVSKI, RISTE, and CHABUKOVSKI, VANCHO
- Subjects
BUSINESSWOMEN ,GENDER inequality ,DATA science ,DIGITAL technology ,EDUCATIONAL planning - Abstract
Copyright of Italian Journal of Educational Technology is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
86. Learning through Arduino Projects: Does Gender Matter?
- Author
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Kurelovic, Elena Krelja
- Subjects
ARDUINO (Microcontroller) ,INFORMATION & communication technologies ,UNDERGRADUATES ,SUPERVISED learning ,MACHINE learning - Abstract
The focus of this paper is on using the Arduino as an educational tool and encouraging equal participation of women in the ICT filed. The purpose is to contribute to the understanding of gender differences in working and learning on Arduino projects. The target population consists of first-year undergraduate students of Informatics where male students outnumber female students. Consequently, the sample consists of 44 students, 75% male and 25% female. The Arduino platform was used in an introductory course in information science. During 15 hours of computer lab lessons, students had to make five Arduino projects working in teams, supervised by a teacher and a peer-mentor. Learning through Arduino projects contributes to a better understanding of interactions between hardware, software and real-world systems, which is of fundamental importance for future ICT specialists. Based on the conducted research, statistically significant differences between gender were confirmed in student self-assessment of work on Arduino projects considering teamwork, learning and use of Arduino. Female students are more likely to be more frustrated with the work on Arduino projects, work with Arduino hardware, consider their involvement in teamwork less important, and share less of their knowledge within the team. However, through peer and active learning, working on Arduino projects supervised by the teacher, all the students acquired useful knowledge, got a deeper understanding of the course topics and improved their problem-solving skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
87. The Effect of Cardiovascular Comorbidities on Women Compared to Men: Longitudinal Retrospective Analysis
- Author
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Peter Klimek, Nils Haug, Michael Leutner, Carola Deischinger, Alexandra Kautzky-Willer, and Elma Dervic
- Subjects
sex differences ,medicine.medical_specialty ,acute myocardial infarction ,Health Informatics ,Disease ,comorbidities ,smoking ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal medicine ,gender ,medicine ,risk factors ,Myocardial infarction ,Asthma ,Original Paper ,COPD ,diabetes ,business.industry ,chronic ischemic heart disease ,gender gap ,Odds ratio ,medicine.disease ,Obesity ,Confidence interval ,cardiovascular diseases ,Computer Science Applications ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
Background Although men are more prone to developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) than women, risk factors for CVD, such as nicotine abuse and diabetes mellitus, have been shown to be more detrimental in women than in men. Objective We developed a method to systematically investigate population-wide electronic health records for all possible associations between risk factors for CVD and other diagnoses. The developed structured approach allows an exploratory and comprehensive screening of all possible comorbidities of CVD, which are more connected to CVD in either men or women. Methods Based on a population-wide medical claims dataset comprising 44 million records of inpatient stays in Austria from 2003 to 2014, we determined comorbidities of acute myocardial infarction (AMI; International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision [ICD-10] code I21) and chronic ischemic heart disease (CHD; ICD-10 code I25) with a significantly different prevalence in men and women. We introduced a measure of sex difference as a measure of differences in logarithmic odds ratios (ORs) between male and female patients in units of pooled standard errors. Results Except for lipid metabolism disorders (OR for females [ORf]=6.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]=6.57-6.79, OR for males [ORm]=8.31, 95% CI=8.21-8.41), all identified comorbidities were more likely to be associated with AMI and CHD in females than in males: nicotine dependence (ORf=6.16, 95% CI=5.96-6.36, ORm=4.43, 95% CI=4.35-4.5), diabetes mellitus (ORf=3.52, 95% CI=3.45-3.59, ORm=3.13, 95% CI=3.07-3.19), obesity (ORf=3.64, 95% CI=3.56-3.72, ORm=3.33, 95% CI=3.27-3.39), renal disorders (ORf=4.27, 95% CI=4.11-4.44, ORm=3.74, 95% CI=3.67-3.81), asthma (ORf=2.09, 95% CI=1.96-2.23, ORm=1.59, 95% CI=1.5-1.68), and COPD (ORf=2.09, 95% CI 1.96-2.23, ORm=1.59, 95% CI 1.5-1.68). Similar results could be observed for AMI. Conclusions Although AMI and CHD are more prevalent in men, women appear to be more affected by certain comorbidities of AMI and CHD in their risk for developing CVD.
- Published
- 2021
88. The impact of social and cultural atmosphere on ethnic minority groups’ online entrepreneurship intention: A multi-group analysis on the gender gap
- Author
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Li, Lifu and Kang, Kyeong
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
89. Building a Territorial Working Group to Reduce Gender Gap in the Field of Artificial Intelligence.
- Author
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Gibert, Karina and Valls, Aida
- Subjects
GENDER inequality ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,GENDER - Abstract
The gender gap (both at vocational and professional sides) in Artificial Intelligence (AI), and scientific and technological fields in general, is one of the most critical challenges that the current digital society must solve. This paper describes the proposal of the gender commission donesIAcat to create a gender working group formed by Catalan AI scientists and professionals who work in a network for bridging this gap. The main objectives for letting girls know that they can study and work in the AI field are presented in this paper. A general methodological framework is proposed, following the internal organization of the Catalan group donesIAcat. Several key actions are explained and classified into six blocks. A relevant contribution of the paper is the definition of the guidelines required to build a territorial network-based structure capable of launching several AI-related activities targeting people at different stages of their life. The activities done at donesIAcat illustrate the possible outcomes of the proposed methodology and show successful initiatives to engage girls in technology and AI. The paper shows the validity of this model for small homogeneous territories where activities can be suitable for the different cities in the region. Proximity is one of the advantages of such a model and one of the reasons for its success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
90. Is There a Gender Gap in the Propensity to Travel of People With Disabilities?
- Author
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De Pascale, Angelina, Meleddu, Marta, Abbate, Tindara, and Pellicano, Marco
- Subjects
PEOPLE with disabilities ,GENDER differences (Sociology) ,SOCIAL integration ,ACCESSIBLE tourism ,TOURISM ,GENDER inequality - Abstract
People with disabilities (PwDs) face various constraints connected to their participation in tourism activities. This topic has become of greater academic interest in recent years, however, the study of gender issues in this context is still marginal. The present paper seeks to analyze gender differences in PwDs' propensity to travel, explicitly examining constraints that may limit social inclusion in tourism activities. The empirical analysis is focused on sample data of the Italian population of PwDs gathered through an online questionnaire administered between April and July 2020. The findings reveal gender differences in PwDs travel participation, underlining matters related to constraints "impose," by society as a whole. The paper discusses the implications of breaking down barriers and provides insights into the tourism industry so as to ensure accessibility, accurate information, and inclusivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
91. The effect of the COVID-19 disruption on the gender gap in students' performance: a cross-country analysis.
- Author
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Bertoletti, Alice, Biagi, Federico, Di Pietro, Giorgio, and Karpiński, Zbigniew
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,ACHIEVEMENT gap ,GENDER inequality ,EDUCATIONAL outcomes ,PSYCHOLOGICAL distress - Abstract
Background: This paper investigates how the COVID-19 school closure has affected the gender gap in grade-8 students' performance and what are the drivers behind this. By analysing four different countries (i.e., the Russian Federation, Slovenia, Uzbekistan and the United Arab Emirates), the paper represents the first study addressing the issue from a comparative perspective. Methods: The study uses data from the Responses to Educational Disruption Survey (REDS) survey, which comprises international comparable data on how students approached remote learning during the COVID-19 disruption. The extent of the gender gap is estimated by employing an ordered logit model, while the Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) decomposition method is used to analyse the different potential channels that could account for the gender gap during COVID-19. Results: The empirical results reveal that, during the COVID-19 school closure, girls tended to perceive changes in their learnings less favourably than boys, both in terms of improvement in self-perceived learning and self-reported improvement in grades—with odds of a more affirmative response between 20 and 25% lower for girls relative to boys. The main drivers explaining this gender gap are physical activity and psychological distress of students during the COVID-19 disruption, as well as the perceived family climate. Conclusions: The paper shows systematic gender differences in how students perceived their educational outcomes changed due to the COVID-19 disruption, providing evidence on the factors driving these differences. The findings could be employed to design policy actions aimed at increasing gender equality in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
92. The Effect of Childbirth on Women's Formal Labour Market Trajectories: Evidence from Uruguayan Administrative Data.
- Author
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Querejeta, Martina and Bucheli, Marisa
- Subjects
LABOR market ,GENDER role ,WOMEN'S employment ,CHILDBIRTH ,WORKING mothers ,SOCIAL security ,MOTHERHOOD - Abstract
The motherhood penalty for developed countries is well-established in the economic literature. Childbirth intensifies the traditional gender roles that affect paid and unpaid work and contributes to the persistence of the gender labour gap. However, little is known about this phenomenon for developing contexts. This paper investigates the motherhood effects on women's formal employment and wage trajectories in Uruguay. We document significant and robust motherhood penalties in the labour market, applying an event study method to almost 20 years of social security administrative data. One year after childbirth, formal monthly labour earnings decrease by 22 per cent. This drop fails to recover over time, and ten years after the arrival of children, women's earnings are 40 per cent below their level just before childbirth. This penalty is mainly driven by a drop in formal employment and, to a lesser extent, a wage decline for those remaining employed. Heterogeneous analysis shows that low-wage women face higher motherhood penalties than high-wage women. Interestingly, these negative effects on wages and formal employment have reduced over time, and recent mothers face lower motherhood penalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
93. Measuring Gender Gaps in Time Allocation in Europe.
- Author
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Campaña, Juan Carlos, Gimenez-Nadal, Jose Ignacio, and Velilla, Jorge
- Subjects
GENDER inequality ,TIME management ,GENDER wage gap ,UNPAID labor ,LABOR market - Abstract
This paper explores the gender gap in time allocation in European countries, offering a comparison of the 2000s and the 2010s, along with an explanation of the documented gender gaps, based on social norms and institutional factors. The results show that the gender gap in both paid and unpaid work has decreased in most countries, but with a significant level of cross-country heterogeneity in the size of the gender gaps. More traditional social norms are related to greater gender inequalities in paid and unpaid work, while countries with better family-friendly policies and a greater representation of women in politics and in the labour market exhibit smaller gender inequalities. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, and attempts to monitor the progress towards the elimination of gender inequalities. Despite that some degree of gender convergence in paid and unpaid work has taken place, there remain inequalities in the distribution of labour in European countries, and possible solutions may be related to social norms and family-friendly policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
94. Gender, Diversity and Representation in Automotive and Transport Design Undergraduate Courses.
- Author
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Moreira, Felipe, Gut, Katarzyna, and Woodcock, Andree
- Subjects
AUTOMOTIVE engineering ,GENDER inequality ,AUTOMATIC speech recognition equipment ,ORIGINAL equipment manufacturers ,WOMEN'S empowerment - Abstract
In this paper, we present results and recommendations on gender representation and diversity in Automotive and Transport Design courses in the United Kingdom based on a small interview study of students and one tutor. With high levels of interest and investment in encouraging (gender) diversity in STE(A)M subjects and professions, this paper provides a contemporary account of gender dynamics in a transport design course. Our analysis shows a persistent, unequal ratio of male and female students and staff, as well as the need to address issues of gender and inclusivity more closely. Lastly, we call attention to the students' discourses and present some recommendations for HE and institutions interested in diversifying their recruitment and personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
95. Towards gender equality in software engineering
- Author
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Fernando Loizides, Hélène de Ribaupierre, Yulia Cherdantseva, and Kathryn Jones
- Subjects
Medical education ,Gender equality ,Higher education ,Computer science ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,050301 education ,050109 social psychology ,Plan (drawing) ,Informatics ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Position paper ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Gender gap ,business ,0503 education - Abstract
Multiple studies show that women are under-represented in almost all of fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM). This gender gap is also present at higher education institutions in both student numbers and academic staff. A range of measures could be implemented to tackle this issue. In this position paper, we outline the measures that the School of Computer Sciences and Informatics of Cardiff University, UK, implemented over the past years, to foster a culture in which women could excel. Then, we discuss the measures that we plan to implement in future in order to increase the number of women both among students and academic staff.
- Published
- 2018
96. THE GENDER GAP IN UNIVERSITY-TO-INDUSTRY KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER ENGAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF TOURISM ACADEMIA IN POLAND.
- Author
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Olszewski, Marcin and Bednarska, Marlena A.
- Subjects
GENDER inequality ,KNOWLEDGE transfer ,TOURISM education ,EMPIRICAL research - Abstract
Purpose. The purpose of the paper is twofold: to identify the gender gap in tourism academia in Poland and to explore gender-related differences in knowledge commercialisation activities among tourism academics. Method. The results are based on an empirical study conducted in 2018 among 76 scientists involved in tourism research. The data analysis involved descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests. Findings. Research revealed that women are under-represented in senior tourism academia positions in Poland and that there is imbalance in entrepreneurial self-confidence to the disadvantage of women. But contrary to hypotheses, women in Polish tourism academia turned out to be over-represented among scientists sitting in governing bodies of scientific and industrial organisations as well as among scientists involved in knowledge transfer activities to industry. Research and conclusions limitations. The sample size is relatively small, therefore, generalisation of the findings beyond the specific context of this research is restricted. Practical implications. The study emphasizes the importance of developing practices that promote academic gender equity, in particular, those that remove systemic barriers which restrain women's capacity to reach senior academic positions. Originality. The paper addresses the knowledge gap in tourism studies pertaining to gender disparities in academia, which remains an under-researched phenomenon and requires further investigation. Type of paper. Research article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
97. The Big Game: giocando si impara la cybersicurezza.
- Author
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Ferraro, Gaspare, Montegiove, Sonia, and Prinetto, Paolo
- Abstract
Copyright of Mondo Digitale is the property of Italian Association for Informatics & Automatic Calculation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
98. Women in STEM/SET: gender gap research review of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) – a meta-analysis.
- Author
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Patterson, Louise, Varadarajan, Damodharan Sowmya, and Saji Salim, Beena
- Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to conduct a meta-analysis of existing research on gender discrimination/gender gap and women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) in the UAE, specifically, and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in general because of very limited number of articles published on the subject. It will give future researchers insights into the topics, methodologies and findings of such research from 1999–2019. Design/methodology/approach: This study conducts a meta-analysis of 72 articles using the Wildcard operator search method and the Boolean operator to perform an integrative literature search related to gender discrimination studies done in relationship to or specific to the UAE. Findings: In total, 88 papers related to the UAE and gender gap and women were identified. The articles were narrowed down to the ones published in high-ranked or Scopus journals (72). The findings suggest a decreasing trend in gender discrimination, but the issue still persists, requiring efforts from policy-makers, society and government to ensure gender parity is achieved. Academic research on women in STEM/SET workplace, specific to the UAE and the region, continue to slowly advance, with very few articles published in the same. Practical implications: The study provides insights into gender gap research done in the past ten years specific to the UAE national women and gender gap in general and their career choices and prospects in the STEM/SET domain. Social implications: There is a need to focus research on Emirati women in STEM careers to develop more insights into gender gap perceptions of Emirati women and identify challenges and methods to close the gender gap in STEM careers. Originality/value: This paper brings a holistic perspective to the meta-analysis of research on the gender gap and women in the UAE's STEM domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
99. Assessing complementarities between live performances and YouTube video streaming.
- Author
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Montoro-Pons, Juan D., Caballer-Tarazona, María, and Cuadrado-García, Manuel
- Subjects
STREAMING video & television ,REGRESSION discontinuity design ,MUSIC festivals ,SEX discrimination ,ENTERTAINERS - Abstract
Digitization and increased accessibility to recorded music have made revenue-generating activities increasingly tied to live performances. In this context, identifying the full impact of concerts (namely capturing the value of activities that emerge as a consequence of them) is of primary interest to assess the sustainability of the different music ecosystems. This paper analyzes spillover effects from playing live to YouTube video streaming. A sample of 190 artists performing in two international music festivals in years 2016 to 2019 has been selected, and the temporal patterns of online video searches for each one have been collected. Using a regression discontinuity design, results show a discrete jump of the YouTube search index for the average performer in the sample after playing live. Furthermore, there is evidence of a gender-specific effect: female performers experience a greater increase in YouTube searches. Though exploratory, this gender bias is consistent with potential theoretical explanations to be explored. Overall, findings provide causal evidence of the effect of live performances on a related but different market (i.e., recorded music), which underlines how technological disruptions may enable alternative revenue sources for musicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
100. Measuring the Gender Gap Index using socio-economic variability: A case study based on Modified Global Gender Gap Index (Sehore Municipal Council, India).
- Author
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Siddiqui, Farheen and Khan, Jabir Hasan
- Subjects
GENDER inequality ,CITY councils ,WOMEN'S empowerment ,CENSUS - Abstract
The present paper deals with the limited aspects of calculation of gender gap in terms of socio-economic variability measures in Sehore Municipal Council (Sehore M.C.), Madhya Pradesh, by partially utilizing Global Gender Gap Index of the World Economic Forum (WEF). Pronounced gender inequality in terms of Indian scenario and thrust of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) introduced by the United Nations, on Gender Equality (Goal-5), have made it pertinent to assess gender gap in terms of socio-economic variability. The present study, therefore aims to measure the gender inequality in the upcoming city of Sehore, a class I city as per 2011 Population Census, in Madhya Pradesh. The study adopts the methodology of the Global Gender Gap Index of the WEF, and applies it to 15 variables over 3 sub-indices obtained from the household survey of 940 women across selected 17 localities covering 4 wards in Sehore M.C. The methodology includes the standardization of the selected variables and preparation of the composite index. As per the composite index mapping, 35% of the localities belong to very poor category, while 29% of the localities belong to poor category. Nearly 12% of the localities belong to each satisfactory, good and very good categories. The study concludes with suggestions for the promotion of gender parity in the city apart from highlighting the ongoing activities of the government for the women's empowerment in the Sehore city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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