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The use of chlorophenol-containing antistain agents (e.g., Ky5, a wood preservative) ceased in Finland at the end of the 1980s, after 5 decades of use. Exposure of workers to the impurities in these agents (i.e., polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins [PCDDs] and dibenzofurans [PCDFs]) was assessed at three sawmills at which personnel used a sodium chlorophenate product as an antistain agent. Given that compounds accumulate in body fat and their half-lives in humans are long, we could determine 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and PCDFs 5-9 y after the last exposure occurred. We used high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry to determine PCDDs/PCDFs in plasma from 39 Ky5-exposed workers and 18 nonexposed workers. The average total plasma concentration of PCDD/PCDF of the Ky5-exposed workers at the three sawmills were 1018, 945, and 1165 pg/g fat, and corresponding concentrations in the nonexposed workers were 743, 1124, and 844 pg/g fat, respectively. We found no significant differences in total levels between Ky5-exposed workers and nonexposed workers. However, concentrations of the 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF isomer were significantly higher (p.01) among the Ky5-exposed workers at all three sawmills (averages of 224, 99, and 148 pg/g fat) than among their respective nonexposed workers (averages of 43, 48, and 44 pg/g fat). These results indicate that workers had handled Ky5. When we expressed concentration levels in international toxic equivalents (I-TEQs), the mean total I-TEQ PCDD/PCDF of Ky5-exposed workers was significantly lower at one of the sawmills (average = 42 pg I-TEQ/g) than at the other two sawmills (averages of 64 and 62 pg I-TEQ/g)(p.05). Nevertheless, total concentrations at the sawmills studied were within the range of background levels in the general population.

A procedure for air sampling and analysis of polychlorinated phenols was developed and used for field measurements at two pulp-bleaching plants. The sampler consisted of an XAD-2 resin tube with a glass fibre prefliter. The filter and the resin were separately eluted with toluene, followed by acetylation of the chlorophenols with a mixture (5:2) of acetic acid anhydride and pyridine and determination by capillary gas chromatography using electron-capture and mass-selective detection. The sampler was tested in the μg/m 3 range for desorption and collection efficiency. The collection efficiency of the sampling device was not affected by humidity (40–80%) or sampling rate (200–750 ml/min) for the tested compounds. Stability tests at +20, +4 and −20°C showed no degradation of the chlorophenols studied during 4 weeks. The detection limit was below the μg/m 3 range for 180-1 air samples.

A sensitive and selective method for the determination of 24 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-MS-NCI) was applied for the recent needs of occupational exposure in waste incineration. The three most abundant ions were used in determining compounds with at least five chlorine atoms in the PCB molecule. Selecting ions Cl(35) and Cl(37) for di-, tri-, and tetrachlorinated PCBs resulted in reliable quantification of these compounds. The detection limits for the 24 individual compounds varied from 0.01 to 0.08 microg/l. The recovery of the method was 113+/-16%. Stability tests showed no degradation of the compounds studied during 6 weeks. The sum of 24 PCB compounds measured from the sera of workers in a disposal plant was 1.9-10.9 microg/l, and 0.3-3.0 microg/l for controls, respectively. The mean proportion of the low chlorinated PCB compounds (with four or less chlorine atoms) was 20% for workers in the disposal plant and 14% for the controls.

The aim of this work was to establish whether workers at sawmills where chlorophenol-containing anti-stain agents had been previously used were still exposed to chlorophenols. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) procedure for the determination of chlorophenols in urine was developed. Chlorophenols were determined from hydrolysed urine as acetylated derivatives and determined by GC-MS using selected ion monitoring (SIM). Isolation of the chlorophenols with toluene gave the best extraction efficiencies (65-119%). Stability tests at -20 degrees C showed no degradation of the chlorophenols studied during 6 months. The limit of quantification was 3.6 ng mg-1 creatinine for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 5.5 ng mg-1 for 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and 3.6 ng mg-1 for pentachlorophenol. Traces of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol were found both in previously exposed workers and in non-exposed controls, the urinary concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 15.9 ng mg-1 creatinine. The concentrations of urinary chlorophenols in previously exposed workers were of the same magnitude as those found in non-exposed controls and in the general population. The results show that it is unlikely that sawmill workers would be currently occupationally exposed to chlorophenols or polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans via a contaminated work environment.