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The ability to selectively measure, initialize, and reuse qubits during a quantum circuit enables a mapping of the spatial structure of certain tensor-network states onto the dynamics of quantum circuits, thereby achieving dramatic resource savings when using a quantum computer to simulate many-body systems with limited entanglement. We experimentally demonstrate a significant benefit of this approach to quantum simulation: In addition to all correlation functions, the entanglement structure of an infinite system -- specifically the half-chain entanglement spectrum -- is conveniently encoded within a small register of "bond qubits" and can be extracted with relative ease. Using a trapped-ion QCCD quantum computer equipped with selective mid-circuit measurement and reset, we quantitatively determine the near-critical entanglement entropy of a correlated spin chain directly in the thermodynamic limit and show that its phase transition becomes quickly resolved upon expanding the bond-qubit register., 5 pages + supplemental material

We consider estimating the magnitude of a monochromatic AC signal that couples to a two-level sensor. For any detection protocol, the precision achieved depends on the signal's frequency and can be quantified by the quantum Fisher information. To study limitations in broadband sensing, we introduce the integrated quantum Fisher information and derive inequality bounds that embody fundamental tradeoffs in any sensing protocol. These inequalities show that sensitivity in one frequency range must come at a cost of reduced sensitivity elsewhere. For many protocols, including those with small phase accumulation and those consisting of $\pi$-pulses, we find the integrated Fisher information scales linearly with $T$. We also find protocols with substantial phase accumulation can have integrated QFI that grows quadratically with $T$, which is optimal. These protocols may allow the very rapid detection of a signal with unknown frequency over a very wide bandwidth.

We demonstrate the use of matrix product state (MPS) models for discriminating quantum data on quantum computers using holographic algorithms, focusing on classifying a translationally invariant quantum state based on $L$ qubits of quantum data extracted from it. We detail a process in which data from single-shot experimental measurements are used to optimize an isometric tensor network, the tensors are compiled into unitary quantum operations using greedy compilation heuristics, parameter optimization on the resulting quantum circuit model removes the post-selection requirements of the isometric tensor model, and the resulting quantum model is inferenced on either product state or entangled quantum data. We demonstrate our training and inference architecture on a synthetic dataset of six-site single-shot measurements from the bulk of a one-dimensional transverse field Ising model (TFIM) deep in its antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases. We experimentally evaluate models on Quantinuum's H1-2 trapped ion quantum computer using entangled input data modeled as translationally invariant, bond dimension 4 MPSs across the known quantum phase transition of the TFIM. Using linear regression on the experimental data near the transition point, we find predictions for the critical transverse field of $h=0.962$ and $0.994$ for tensor network discriminators of bond dimension $\chi=2$ and $\chi=4$, respectively. These predictions compare favorably with the known transition location of $h=1$ despite training on data far from the transition point. Our techniques identify families of short-depth variational quantum circuits in a data-driven and hardware-aware fashion and robust classical techniques to precondition the model parameters, and can be adapted beyond machine learning to myriad applications of tensor networks on quantum computers, such as quantum simulation and error correction., Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures. Abstract shortened compared to uploaded version to meet arXiv requirements

Photon blockade is the result of the interplay between the quantized nature of light and strong optical nonlinearities, whereby strong photon-photon repulsion prevents a quantum optical system from absorbing multiple photons. We theoretically study a single atom coupled to the light field, described by the resonantly driven Jaynes--Cummings model, in which case the photon blockade breaks down in a second order phase transition at a critical drive strength. We show that this transition is associated to the spontaneous breaking of an anti-unitary PT-symmetry. Within a semiclassical approximation we calculate the expectation values of observables in the steady state. We then move beyond the semiclassical approximation and approach the critical point from the disordered (blockaded) phase by reducing the Lindblad quantum master equation to a classical rate equation that we solve. The width of the steady-state distribution in Fock space is found to diverge as we approach the critical point with a simple power-law, allowing us to calculate the critical scaling of steady state observables without invoking mean-field theory. We propose a simple physical toy model for biased diffusion in the space of occupation numbers, which captures the universal properties of the steady state. We list several experimental platforms where this phenomenon may be observed., Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures

We develop holographic quantum simulation techniques to prepare correlated electronic ground states in quantum matrix product state (qMPS) form, using far fewer qubits than the number of orbitals represented. Our approach starts with a holographic technique to prepare a compressed approximation to electronic mean-field ground-states, known as fermionic Gaussian matrix product states (GMPS), with a polynomial reduction in qubit- and (in select cases gate-) resources compared to existing techniques. Correlations are then introduced by augmenting the GMPS circuits in a variational technique which we denote GMPS+X. We demonstrate this approach on Quantinuum's System Model H1 trapped-ion quantum processor for 1$d$ models of correlated metal and Mott insulating states. Focusing on the $1d$ Fermi-Hubbard chain as a benchmark, we show that GMPS+X methods faithfully capture the physics of correlated electron states, including Mott insulators and correlated Luttinger liquid metals, using considerably fewer parameters than problem-agnostic variational circuits., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures

We present a suite of "holographic" quantum algorithms for efficient ground-state preparation and dynamical evolution of correlated spin-systems, which require far-fewer qubits than the number of spins being simulated. The algorithms exploit the equivalence between matrix-product states (MPS) and quantum channels, along with partial measurement and qubit re-use, in order to simulate a $D$-dimensional spin system using only a ($D$-1)-dimensional subset of qubits along with an ancillary qubit register whose size scales logarithmically in the amount of entanglement present in the simulated state. Ground states can either be directly prepared from a known MPS representation, or obtained via a holographic variational quantum eigensolver (holoVQE). Dynamics of MPS under local Hamiltonians for time $t$ can also be simulated with an additional (multiplicative) ${\rm poly}(t)$ overhead in qubit resources. These techniques open the door to efficient quantum simulation of MPS with exponentially large bond-dimension, including ground-states of 2D and 3D systems, or thermalizing dynamics with rapid entanglement growth. As a demonstration of the potential resource savings, we implement a holoVQE simulation of the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain on a trapped-ion quantum computer, achieving within $10(3)\%$ of the exact ground-state energy of an infinite chain using only a pair of qubits., 13 pages, 9 figures

The propagation of information in non-relativistic quantum systems obeys a speed limit known as a Lieb-Robinson bound. We derive a new Lieb-Robinson bound for systems with interactions that decay with distance $r$ as a power law, $1/r^\alpha$. The bound implies an effective light cone tighter than all previous bounds. Our approach is based on a technique for approximating the time evolution of a system, which was first introduced as part of a quantum simulation algorithm by Haah et al., FOCS'18. To bound the error of the approximation, we use a known Lieb-Robinson bound that is weaker than the bound we establish. This result brings the analysis full circle, suggesting a deep connection between Lieb-Robinson bounds and digital quantum simulation. In addition to the new Lieb-Robinson bound, our analysis also gives an error bound for the Haah et al. quantum simulation algorithm when used to simulate power-law decaying interactions. In particular, we show that the gate count of the algorithm scales with the system size better than existing algorithms when $\alpha>3D$ (where $D$ is the number of dimensions)., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures

To date, the highest fidelity quantum logic gates between two qubits have been achieved with variations on the geometric-phase gate in trapped ions, with the two leading variants being the Molmer-Sorensen gate and the light-shift (LS) gate. Both of these approaches have their respective advantages and challenges. For example, the latter is technically simpler and is natively insensitive to optical phases, but it has not been made to work directly on a clock-state qubit. We present a new technique for implementing the LS gate that combines the best features of these two approaches: By using a small ($\sim {\rm MHz}$) detuning from a narrow (dipole-forbidden) optical transition, we are able to operate an LS gate directly on hyperfine clock states, achieving gate fidelities of $99.74(4)\%$ using modest laser power at visible wavelengths. Current gate infidelities appear to be dominated by technical noise, and theoretical modeling suggests a path towards gate fidelity above $99.99\%$., Comment: 4+ pages, 3 figures, and supplemental material

Long-range quantum lattice systems often exhibit drastically different behavior than their short-range counterparts. In particular, because they do not satisfy the conditions for the Lieb-Robinson theorem, they need not have an emergent relativistic structure in the form of a light cone. Adopting a field-theoretic approach, we study the one-dimensional transverse-field Ising model with long-range interactions, and a fermionic model with long-range hopping and pairing terms, explore their critical and near-critical behavior, and characterize their response to local perturbations. We deduce the dynamic critical exponent, up to the two-loop order within the renormalization group theory, which we then use to characterize the emergent causal behavior. We show that beyond a critical value of the power-law exponent of the long-range couplings, the dynamics effectively becomes relativistic. Various other critical exponents describing correlations in the ground state, as well as deviations from a linear causal cone, are deduced for a wide range of the power-law exponent., Comment: 20 page, 6 figures, a methods section added

Driven-dissipative systems are expected to give rise to non-equilibrium phenomena that are absent in their equilibrium counterparts. However, phase transitions in these systems generically exhibit an effectively classical equilibrium behavior in spite of their non-equilibrium origin. In this paper, we show that multicritical points in such systems lead to a rich and genuinely non-equilibrium behavior. Specifically, we investigate a driven-dissipative model of interacting bosons that possesses two distinct phase transitions: one from a high- to a low-density phase---reminiscent of a liquid-gas transition---and another to an antiferromagnetic phase. Each phase transition is described by the Ising universality class characterized by an (emergent or microscopic) $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry. They, however, coalesce at a multicritical point, giving rise to a non-equilibrium model of coupled Ising-like order parameters described by a $\mathbb{Z}_2 \times \mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry. Using a dynamical renormalization-group approach, we show that a pair of non-equilibrium fixed points (NEFPs) emerge that govern the long-distance critical behavior of the system. We elucidate various exotic features of these NEFPs. In particular, we show that a generic continuous scale invariance at criticality is reduced to a discrete scale invariance. This further results in complex-valued critical exponents and spiraling phase boundaries, and it is also accompanied by a complex Liouvillian gap even close to the phase transition. As direct evidence of the non-equilibrium nature of the NEFPs, we show that the fluctuation-dissipation relation is violated at all scales, leading to an effective temperature that becomes "hotter" and "hotter" at longer and longer wavelengths. Finally, we argue that this non-equilibrium behavior can be observed in cavity arrays with cross-Kerr nonlinearities., Comment: 19+11 pages, 7+9 figures

The nonclassical properties of quantum states are of tremendous interest due to their potential applications in future technologies. It has recently been realized that the concept of a "resource theory" is a powerful approach to quantifying and understanding nonclassicality. To realize the potential of this approach one must first find resource theoretic measures of nonclassicality that are "operational", meaning that they also quantify the ability of quantum states to provide enhanced performance for specific tasks, such as precision sensing. Here we achieve a significant milestone in this endeavor by presenting the first such operational resource theoretic measure. In addition to satisfying the requirements of a resource measure, it has the closest possible relationship to the quantum-enhancement provided by a non-classical state for measuring phase-space displacement: it is equal to this enhancement for pure states, and is a tight upper bound on it for mixed states. We also show that a lower-bound on this measure can be obtained experimentally using a simple Mach-Zehnder interferometer., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure, Updated

Atomic systems, ranging from trapped ions to ultracold and Rydberg atoms, offer unprecedented control over both internal and external degrees of freedom at the single-particle level. They are considered among the foremost candidates for realizing quantum simulation and computation platforms that can outperform classical computers at specific tasks. In this work, we describe a realistic experimental toolbox for quantum information processing with neutral alkaline-earth-like atoms in optical tweezer arrays. In particular, we propose a comprehensive and scalable architecture based on a programmable array of alkaline-earth-like atoms, exploiting their electronic clock states as a precise and robust auxiliary degree of freedom, and thus allowing for efficient all-optical one- and two-qubit operations between nuclear spin qubits. The proposed platform promises excellent performance thanks to high-fidelity register initialization, rapid spin-exchange gates and error detection in readout. As a benchmark and application example, we compute the expected fidelity of an increasing number of subsequent SWAP gates for optimal parameters, which can be used to distribute entanglement between remote atoms within the array., 14 pages, 9 figures, 79 references

In short-range interacting systems, the speed at which entanglement can be established between two separated points is limited by a constant Lieb-Robinson velocity. Long-range interacting systems are capable of faster entanglement generation, but the degree of the speed-up possible is an open question. In this paper, we present a protocol capable of transferring a quantum state across a distance $L$ in $d$ dimensions using long-range interactions with strength bounded by $1/r^\alpha$. If $\alpha < d$, the state transfer time is asymptotically independent of $L$; if $\alpha = d$, the time is logarithmic in distance $L$; if $d < \alpha < d+1$, transfer occurs in time proportional to $L^{\alpha - d}$; and if $\alpha \geq d + 1$, it occurs in time proportional to $L$. We then use this protocol to upper bound the time required to create a state specified by a MERA (multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz) tensor network, and show that, if the linear size of the MERA state is $L$, then it can be created in time that scales with $L$ identically to state transfer up to multiplicative logarithmic corrections., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

We prove that the entanglement entropy of any state evolved under an arbitrary $1/r^{\alpha}$ long-range-interacting D-dimensional lattice spin Hamiltonian cannot change faster than a rate proportional to the boundary area for any $\alpha>D+1$. We also prove that for any $\alpha>2D+2$, the ground state of such a Hamiltonian satisfies the entanglement area law if it can be transformed along a gapped adiabatic path into a ground state known to satisfy the area law. These results significantly generalize their existing counterparts for short-range interacting systems, and are useful for identifying dynamical phase transitions and quantum phase transitions in the presence of long-range interactions., Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure

We study the complexity of classically sampling from the output distribution of an Ising spin model, which can be implemented naturally in a variety of atomic, molecular, and optical systems. In particular, we construct a specific example of an Ising Hamiltonian that, after time evolution starting from a trivial initial state, produces a particular output configuration with probability very nearly proportional to the square of the permanent of a matrix with arbitrary integer entries. In a similar spirit to BosonSampling, the ability to sample classically from the probability distribution induced by time evolution under this Hamiltonian would imply unlikely complexity theoretic consequences, suggesting that the dynamics of such a spin model cannot be efficiently simulated with a classical computer. Physical Ising spin systems capable of achieving problem-size instances (i.e. qubit numbers) large enough so that classical sampling of the output distribution is classically difficult in practice may be achievable in the near future. Unlike BosonSampling, our current results only imply hardness of exact classical sampling, leaving open the important question of whether a much stronger approximate-sampling hardness result holds in this context. As referenced in a recent paper of Bouland, Mancinska, and Zhang (A. Bouland, L. Mancinska, and X. Zhang, CCC 2016, pp. 28:1-28:33), our result completes the sampling hardness classification of two-qubit commuting Hamiltonians., 5 pages, 2 figures

We make the case for studying the complexity of approximately simulating (sampling) quantum systems for reasons beyond that of quantum computational supremacy, such as diagnosing phase transitions. We consider the sampling complexity as a function of time $t$ due to evolution generated by spatially local quadratic bosonic Hamiltonians. We obtain an upper bound on the scaling of $t$ with the number of bosons $n$ for which approximate sampling is classically efficient. We also obtain a lower bound on the scaling of $t$ with $n$ for which any instance of the boson sampling problem reduces to this problem and hence implies that the problem is hard, assuming the conjectures of Aaronson and Arkhipov [Proc. 43rd Annu. ACM Symp. Theory Comput. STOC '11]. This establishes a dynamical phase transition in sampling complexity. Further, we show that systems in the Anderson-localized phase are always easy to sample from at arbitrarily long times. We view these results in the light of classifying phases of physical systems based on parameters in the Hamiltonian. In doing so, we combine ideas from mathematical physics and computational complexity to gain insight into the behavior of condensed matter, atomic, molecular and optical systems., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures. v3: published version

Exactly solvable models have played an important role in establishing the sophisticated modern understanding of equilibrium many-body physics. And conversely, the relative scarcity of solutions for non-equilibrium models greatly limits our understanding of systems away from thermal equilibrium. We study a family of non-equilibrium models, some of which can be viewed as dissipative analogues of the transverse-field Ising model, in that an effectively classical Hamiltonian is frustrated by dissipative processes that drive the system toward states that do not commute with the Hamiltonian. Surprisingly, a broad and experimentally relevant subset of these models can be solved efficiently in any number of spatial dimensions. We leverage these solutions to prove a no-go theorem on steady-state phase transitions in a many-body model that can be realized naturally with Rydberg atoms or trapped ions, and to compute the effects of decoherence on a canonical trapped-ion-based quantum computation architecture., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures

Studies of quantum metrology have shown that the use of many-body entangled states can lead to an enhancement in sensitivity when compared to product states. In this paper, we quantify the metrological advantage of entanglement in a setting where the quantity to be measured is a linear function of parameters coupled to each qubit individually. We first generalize the Heisenberg limit to the measurement of non-local observables in a quantum network, deriving a bound based on the multi-parameter quantum Fisher information. We then propose a protocol that can make use of GHZ states or spin-squeezed states, and show that in the case of GHZ states the procedure is optimal, i.e., it saturates our bound., 6 pages, 2 figures

Many-body systems constructed of quantum-optical building blocks can now be realized in experimental platforms ranging from exciton-polariton fluids to ultracold gases of Rydberg atoms, establishing a fascinating interface between traditional many-body physics and the driven-dissipative, non-equilibrium setting of cavity-QED. At this interface, the standard techniques and intuitions of both fields are called into question, obscuring issues as fundamental as the role of fluctuations, dimensionality, and symmetry on the nature of collective behavior and phase transitions. Here, we study the driven-dissipative Bose-Hubbard model, a minimal description of numerous atomic, optical, and solid-state systems in which particle loss is countered by coherent driving. Despite being a lattice version of optical bistability---a foundational and patently non-equilibrium model of cavity-QED---the steady state possesses an emergent equilibrium description in terms of a classical Ising model. We establish this picture by identifying a limit in which the quantum dynamics is asymptotically equivalent to non-equilibrium Langevin equations, which support a phase transition described by model A of the Hohenberg-Halperin classification. Numerical simulations of the Langevin equations corroborate this picture, producing results consistent with the behavior of a finite-temperature Ising model., Comment: 11 pages + appendices, 8 figures

We study a coupled array of coherently driven photonic cavities, which maps onto a driven-dissipative XY spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ model with ferromagnetic couplings in the limit of strong optical nonlinearities. Using a site-decoupled mean-field approximation, we identify steady state phases with canted antiferromagnetic order, in addition to limit cycle phases, where oscillatory dynamics persist indefinitely. We also identify collective bistable phases, where the system supports two steady states among spatially uniform, antiferromagnetic, and limit cycle phases. We compare these mean-field results to exact quantum trajectories simulations for finite one-dimensional arrays. The exact results exhibit short-range antiferromagnetic order for parameters that have significant overlap with the mean-field phase diagram. In the mean-field bistable regime, the exact quantum dynamics exhibits real-time collective switching between macroscopically distinguishable states. We present a clear physical picture for this dynamics, and establish a simple relationship between the switching times and properties of the quantum Liouvillian., 4+ pages, 4 figures, and supplemental material

Hundreds of ions simulate magnetism Strongly interacting quantum systems present a challenge to computational methods even at a relatively low particle number of a few dozen. Researchers are looking to tackle such problems by simulating them in a well-understood and controllable system. A linear array of ions is one such system; however, assembling a large enough number of ions is tricky. Bohnet et al. show that a two-dimensional “crystal” of around 200 9 Be + ions held together by magnetic and electric fields in a so-called Penning trap can simulate quantum magnetism. The work sets the stage for simulations with more complicated forms of interaction that classical computers would find intractable. Science , this issue p. 1297

Motivated by recent trapped-ion quantum simulation experiments, we carry out a comprehensive study of the phase diagram of a spin-1 chain with XXZ-type interactions that decay as $1/r^{\alpha}$, using a combination of finite and infinite-size DMRG calculations, spin-wave analysis, and field theory. In the absence of long-range interactions, varying the spin-coupling anisotropy leads to four distinct phases: a ferromagnetic Ising phase, a disordered XY phase, a topological Haldane phase, and an antiferromagnetic Ising phase. If long-range interactions are antiferromagnetic and thus frustrated, we find primarily a quantitative change of the phase boundaries. On the other hand, ferromagnetic (non-frustrated) long-range interactions qualitatively impact the entire phase diagram. Importantly, for $\alpha\lesssim3$, long-range interactions destroy the Haldane phase, break the conformal symmetry of the XY phase, give rise to a new phase that spontaneously breaks a $U(1)$ continuous symmetry, and introduce an exotic tricritical point with no direct parallel in short-range interacting spin chains. We show that the main signatures of all five phases found could be observed experimentally in the near future., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures

To advance quantum information science a constant pursuit is the search for physical systems that meet the stringent requirements for creating and preserving quantum entanglement. In atomic physics, robust two-qubit entanglement is typically achieved by strong, long-range interactions in the form of Coulomb interactions between ions or dipolar interactions between Rydberg atoms. While these interactions allow fast gates, atoms subject to these interactions must overcome the associated coupling to the environment and cross-talk among qubits. Local interactions, such as those requiring significant wavefunction overlap, can alleviate these detrimental effects yet present a new challenge: To distribute entanglement, qubits must be transported, merged for interaction, and then isolated for storage and subsequent operations. Here we show how, via a mobile optical tweezer, it is possible to prepare and locally entangle two ultracold neutral atoms, and then separate them while preserving their entanglement. While ground-state neutral atom experiments have measured dynamics consistent with spin entanglement, and detected entanglement with macroscopic observables, we are now able to demonstrate position-resolved two-particle coherence via application of a local gradient and parity measurements; this new entanglement-verification protocol could be applied to arbitrary spin-entangled states of spatially-separated atoms. The local entangling operation is achieved via ultracold spin-exchange interactions, and quantum tunneling is used to combine and separate atoms. Our toolset provides a framework for dynamically entangling remote qubits via local operations within a large-scale quantum register.

Topological phases of matter are primarily studied in systems with short-range interactions. In nature, however, non-relativistic quantum systems often exhibit long-range interactions. Under what conditions topological phases survive such interactions, and how they are modified when they do, is largely unknown. By studying the symmetry-protected topological phase of an antiferromagnetic spin-1 chain with $1/r^{\alpha}$ interactions, we show that two very different outcomes are possible, depending on whether or not the interactions are frustrated. While non-frustrated long-range interactions can destroy the topological phase for $\alpha\lesssim3$, the topological phase survives frustrated interactions for all $\alpha>0$. Our conclusions are based on strikingly consistent results from large-scale matrix-product-state simulations and effective-field-theory calculations, and we expect them to hold for more general interacting spin systems. The models we study can be naturally realized in trapped-ion quantum simulators, opening the prospect for experimental investigation of the issues confronted here., Comment: Accepted version. See the supplemental information on the APS website

In non-relativistic quantum theories with short-range Hamiltonians, a velocity $v$ can be chosen such that the influence of any local perturbation is approximately confined to within a distance $r$ until a time $t \sim r/v$, thereby defining a linear light cone and giving rise to an emergent notion of locality. In systems with power-law ($1/r^{\alpha}$) interactions, when $\alpha$ exceeds the dimension $D$, an analogous bound confines influences to within a distance $r$ only until a time $t\sim(\alpha/v)\log r$, suggesting that the velocity, as calculated from the slope of the light cone, may grow exponentially in time. We rule out this possibility; light cones of power-law interacting systems are algebraic for $\alpha>2D$, becoming linear as $\alpha\rightarrow\infty$. Our results impose strong new constraints on the growth of correlations and the production of entangled states in a variety of rapidly emerging, long-range interacting atomic, molecular, and optical systems., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, and Supplemental Material

By applying complementary analytic and numerical methods, we investigate the dynamics of spin-$1/2$ XXZ models with variable-range interactions in arbitrary dimensions. The dynamics we consider is initiated from uncorrelated states that are easily prepared in experiments, and can be equivalently viewed as either Ramsey spectroscopy or a quantum quench. Our primary focus is the dynamical emergence of correlations and entanglement in these far-from-equilibrium interacting quantum systems: we characterize these correlations by the entanglement entropy, concurrence, and squeezing, which are inequivalent measures of entanglement corresponding to different quantum resources. In one spatial dimension, we show that the time evolution of correlation functions manifests a non-perturbative dynamic singularity. This singularity is characterized by a universal power-law exponent that is insensitive to small perturbations. Explicit realizations of these models in current experiments using polar molecules, trapped ions, Rydberg atoms, magnetic atoms, and alkaline-earth and alkali atoms in optical lattices, along with the relative merits and limitations of these different systems, are discussed., Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures, 1 table

Understanding the many-body dynamics of isolated quantum systems is one of the central challenges in modern physics. To this end, the direct experimental realization of strongly correlated quantum systems allows one to gain insights into the emergence of complex phenomena. Such insights enable the development of theoretical tools that broaden our understanding. Here, we theoretically model and experimentally probe with Ramsey spectroscopy the quantum dynamics of disordered, dipolar-interacting, ultracold molecules in a partially filled optical lattice. We report the capability to control the dipolar interaction strength, and we demonstrate that the many-body dynamics extends well beyond a nearest-neighbor or mean-field picture, and cannot be quantitatively described using previously available theoretical tools. We develop a novel cluster expansion technique and demonstrate that our theoretical method accurately captures the measured dependence of the spin dynamics on molecule number and on the dipolar interaction strength. In the spirit of quantum simulation, this agreement simultaneously benchmarks the new theoretical method and verifies our microscopic understanding of the experiment. Our findings pave the way for numerous applications in quantum information science, metrology, and condensed matter physics.

Motivated by recent experiments with ultra-cold matter, we derive a new bound on the propagation of information in $D$-dimensional lattice models exhibiting $1/r^{\alpha}$ interactions with $\alpha>D$. The bound contains two terms: One accounts for the short-ranged part of the interactions, giving rise to a bounded velocity and reflecting the persistence of locality out to intermediate distances, while the other contributes a power-law decay at longer distances. We demonstrate that these two contributions not only bound but, except at long times, \emph{qualitatively reproduce} the short- and long-distance dynamical behavior following a local quench in an $XY$ chain and a transverse-field Ising chain. In addition to describing dynamics in numerous intractable long-range interacting lattice models, our results can be experimentally verified in a variety of ultracold-atomic and solid-state systems., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, version accepted by PRL

We investigate theoretically the suppression of two-body losses when the on-site loss rate is larger than all other energy scales in a lattice. This work quantitatively explains the recently observed suppression of chemical reactions between two rotational states of fermionic KRb molecules confined in one-dimensional tubes with a weak lattice along the tubes [Yan et al., Nature 501, 521-525 (2013)]. New loss rate measurements performed for different lattice parameters but under controlled initial conditions allow us to show that the loss suppression is a consequence of the combined effects of lattice confinement and the continuous quantum Zeno effect. A key finding, relevant for generic strongly reactive systems, is that while a single-band theory can qualitatively describe the data, a quantitative analysis must include multiband effects. Accounting for these effects reduces the inferred molecule filling fraction by a factor of five. A rate equation can describe much of the data, but to properly reproduce the loss dynamics with a fixed filling fraction for all lattice parameters we develop a mean-field model and benchmark it with numerically exact time-dependent density matrix renormalization group calculations., 4+ pages main text, 4 figures. 3 pages supplementary material, 2 figures

Ising models, and the physical systems described by them, play a central role in generating entangled states for use in quantum metrology and quantum information. In particular, ultracold atomic gases, trapped ion systems, and Rydberg atoms realize long-ranged Ising models, which even in the absence of a transverse field can give rise to highly non-classical dynamics and long-range quantum correlations. In the first part of this paper, we present a detailed theoretical framework for studying the dynamics of such systems driven (at time t=0) into arbitrary unentangled non-equilibrium states, thus greatly extending and unifying the work of Ref. [1]. Specifically, we derive exact expressions for closed-time-path ordered correlation functions, and use these to study experimentally relevant observables, e.g. Bloch vector and spin-squeezing dynamics. In the second part, these correlation functions are then used to derive closed-form expressions for the dynamics of arbitrary spin-spin correlation functions in the presence of both T_1 (spontaneous spin relaxation/excitation) and T_2 (dephasing) type decoherence processes. Even though the decoherence is local, our solution reveals that the competition between Ising dynamics and T_1 decoherence gives rise to an emergent non-local dephasing effect, thereby drastically amplifying the degradation of quantum correlations. In addition to identifying the mechanism of this deleterious effect, our solution points toward a scheme to eliminate it via measurement-based coherent feedback., Comment: 34 pages, 11 pages

Entanglement is typically created via systematic intervention in the time evolution of an initially unentangled state, which can be achieved by coherent control, carefully tailored non-demolition measurements, or dissipation in the presence of properly engineered reservoirs. In this paper we show that two-component Fermi gases at ~\mu K temperatures naturally evolve, in the presence of reactive two-body collisions, into states with highly entangled (Dicke-type) spin wavefunctions. The entanglement is a steady-state property that emerges---without any intervention---from uncorrelated initial states, and could be used to improve the accuracy of spectroscopy in experiments with fermionic alkaline earth atoms or fermionic groundstate molecules., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures

Recent theory has indicated how to emulate tunable models of quantum magnetism with ultracold polar molecules. Here we show that present molecule optical lattice experiments can accomplish three crucial goals for quantum emulation, despite currently being well below unit filling and not quantum degenerate. The first is to verify and benchmark the models proposed to describe these systems. The second is to prepare correlated and possibly useful states in well-understood regimes. The third is to explore many-body physics inaccessible to existing theoretical techniques. Our proposal relies on a non-equilibrium protocol that can be viewed either as Ramsey spectroscopy or an interaction quench. It uses only routine experimental tools available in any ultracold molecule experiment., Comment: 6+ pages, 4 figures

We study a bosonic version of the Kondo lattice model with an on-site repulsion in the conduction band, implemented with alkali atoms in two bands of an optical lattice. Using both weak and strong-coupling perturbation theory, we find that at unit filling of the conduction bosons the superfluid to Mott insulator transition should be accompanied by a magnetic transition from a ferromagnet (in the superfluid) to a paramagnet (in the Mott insulator). Furthermore, an analytic treatment of Gutzwiller mean-field theory reveals that quantum spin fluctuations induced by the Kondo exchange cause the otherwise continuous superfluid to Mott-insulator phase transition to be first order. We show that lattice separability imposes a serious constraint on proposals to exploit excited bands for quantum simulations, and discuss a way to overcome this constraint in the context of our model by using an experimentally realized non-separable lattice. A method to probe the first-order nature of the transition based on collapses and revivals of the matter-wave field is also discussed., 10 pages, 5 figures, V2: extended discussion of effective Hamiltonians and mean-field theory, added Fig. 3

We have realized long-lived ground-state polar molecules in a 3D optical lattice, with a lifetime of up to 25 s, which is limited only by off-resonant scattering of the trapping light. Starting from a 2D optical lattice, we observe that the lifetime increases dramatically as a small lattice potential is added along the tube-shaped lattice traps. The 3D optical lattice also dramatically increases the lifetime for weakly bound Feshbach molecules. For a pure gas of Feshbach molecules, we observe a lifetime of greater than 20 s in a 3D optical lattice; this represents a 100-fold improvement over previous results. This lifetime is also limited by off-resonant scattering, the rate of which is related to the size of the Feshbach molecule. Individually trapped Feshbach molecules in the 3D lattice can be converted to pairs of K and Rb atoms and back with nearly 100% efficiency.

We employ a mean-field theory to study ground-state properties and transport of a two-dimensional gas of ultracold alklaline-earth metal atoms governed by the Kondo Lattice Hamiltonian plus a parabolic confining potential. In a homogenous system this mean-field theory is believed to give a qualitatively correct description of heavy fermion metals and Kondo insulators: it reproduces the Kondo-like scaling of the quasiparticle mass in the former, and the same scaling of the excitation gap in the latter. In order to understand ground-state properties in a trap we extend this mean-field theory via local-density approximation. We find that the Kondo insulator gap manifests as a shell structure in the trapped density profile. In addition, a strong signature of the large Fermi surface expected for heavy fermion systems survives the confinement, and could be probed in time-of-flight experiments. From a full self-consistent diagonalization of the mean-field theory we are able to study dynamics in the trap. We find that the mass enhancement of quasiparticle excitations in the heavy Fermi liquid phase manifests as slowing of the dipole oscillations that result from a sudden displacement of the trap center., 12 pages, 7 figures

We study transport properties of alkaline-earth atoms governed by the Kondo Lattice Hamiltonian plus a harmonic confining potential, and suggest simple dynamical probes of several different regimes of the phase diagram that can be implemented with current experimental techniques. In particular, we show how Kondo physics at strong coupling, low density, and in the heavy fermion phase is manifest in the dipole oscillations of the conduction band upon displacement of the trap center., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures