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Labour exploitation of foreign agricultural workers is a widespread phenomenon in many Italian regions. This exploitation manifests itself not only through totally illicit practices but also through more veiled forms of grey and undeclared labor as contractual irregularities. This paper aims to present the results of a qualitative research carried out in Tuscany between 2021 and 2022 and to analyse the working and living conditions of migrant workers in the agricultural sector, the exploitation dynamics and the awareness level of the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quality of Life (1018-0389) / Calitatea Vieţii is the property of Romanian Academy Publishing House / Editura Academiei Romane and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Rural & Community Development is the property of Brandon University, Rural Development Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Both Perry's and Nourpanah's research on the emotional landscapes of migrant labour emphasize some of the micro-level policy implications of Canada's labour migration regime. The author suggests that instead of criminalizing Zimbabwean workers, South Africa should draw from existing migrant labour policy regimes and should negotiate a permit-based system to facilitate transnational agricultural labour in order to reduce agricultural workers' exposure to abuse. Drawing from interviews with low-wage migrant workers across Canada, Perry examines how migrant workers' long-term status and employment aspirations are shaped by their experiences of post-migration relationships. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses integration policy towards Italian guest workers in Wolfsburg, Germany, during the years of normalization. It notes that historians Hedwig and Ralf Richter formulated, in two of their publications focusing on the condition of the temporary foreign workforce. It adds that the central charge was aimed at a model narrative of the oppression and capitalist exploitation of widespread migrants, which in their reading excessively dramatizes the condition of migrants.

“That Mexican’s probably off right now in some bar, laughing at us.” Humberto Casarrubias-S´ anchez, thirty-six, was a husband, father of three, and first-time beneficiary of the United States’ H-2A temporary agricultural worker visa. Hailing from Morelos, Mexico, he had just begun his first day of detasseling corn in Illinois when, by day’s end, Humberto was nowhere to be found. Presuming he had fled, crew leaders shrugged their shoulders, ending the search for him early. His body was found fifty days later in the middle of that same cornfield. Using Humberto’s story and the crew leader’s words as evidence, this Note argues that historic racialization of Latina/o immigrants has transcended into the H-2A agricultural worker visa program, and that burgeoning migrant farmworker coalitions are rewriting these racialized narratives through political action that may create the cultural groundswell for government change. Racialization, or the way in which society places nonwhites within a racial hierarchy, has resulted in a system of abuses of H-2A workers, including wage theft, sexual harassment, and human trafficking. Through direct appeals to top food purchasers, coalitions of migrant farmworkers have subverted their racialized identities via political empowerment, perhaps ultimately attaining a “dual solution” to this racialization that would include necessary government support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses a stated need within the food justice movement scholarship to increase the attention paid to the political socialization of hired farm hands in industrial agriculture. In Canada, tackling the problem of farm worker equity has particular social and political contours related to the Canadian horticultural industry's reliance on a state-managed migrant agricultural labour program designed to fill the sector's labour market demands. As Canada's Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) produces relations of 'unfree labour', engaging migrant farm workers in social movement initiatives can be particularly challenging. Critical educational interventions designed to encourage migrant farm workers' contribution to contemporary social movements in Canada must therefore confront the socio-cultural obstacles that constrict migrant farm workers' opportunities to participate as full members of their communities. In this article, I argue that social justice oriented approaches to community-based arts can provide a means for increasing the social movement contributions of farm workers employed through managed labour migration schema such as Canada's SAWP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The referendum result in Britain in 2016 and the potential loss of EU labour in the advent of a ‘hard Brexit’ has raised pressing questions for sectors that rely on EU labour, such as agriculture. Coupled with the closure of the long-standing Seasonal Agricultural Scheme in 2013, policymakers are grappling with how to satisfy on the one hand employer demands for mobility schemes, and on the other public demands for restrictive immigration policies. Labour shortages in agriculture transcend the immigration debate, raising questions for food security, the future of automation and ultimately what labour market the UK hopes to build. Temporary migration programmes have been heralded as achieving a triple win, yet they are rightly criticized for breeding bonded labour and exploitation. In lieu of a dedicated EU labour force, agricultural employers are calling for the establishment of a new seasonal scheme. In this paper, we explore whether the absence of a temporary migration programme resolves the potential exploitation of migrant workers. We argue that the absence of a temporary migration programme (TMP) is not an antidote to migrant exploitation, and that a socially just TMP which is built around migrant agency may be the most palpable solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the experiences of service providers supporting live-in caregivers and migrant agricultural workers in two Canadian provinces (Ontario and Quebec), we explore how structural violence shapes the precarious conditions of female temporary foreign workers. Service providers emphasized how transnational social pressures on women to maintain employment, the captivity involved in women’s employment contracts, the limits on unionization, and women’s isolation and lack of privacy, act together to create an unbalanced relationship between the employer and female worker. In turn, this leads to precarious migration and work conditions that foster a vulnerability to violence and abuse while at the same time limiting access to and delivery of services and social support to female temporary foreign workers. Amid these restrictions, service providers focus on making a difference where they can through initiatives such as human rights education workshops, offering support, understanding Canadian regulation, and empowerment workshops. Greater Canadian national options for permanent residency status could provide a basis for adequate services to temporary foreign workers as part of their universal human rights. Temporary foreign workers contribute to Canadian society, making it encumbant upon the Canadian state to ensure the respect of their universal human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethnic diversity of modern states raises the question of where successful countries are in terms of immigrant inclusion. The number of immigrants in Iceland has increased significantly since 2004, and by the end of 2016, immigrants made up around 10% of the population of Iceland. Research reveals a gap between immigrants and natives in terms of social and political inclusion. This paper examines the social and political integration of male and female immigrants in Iceland via comparisons with the native population. We ask how native Icelanders and people with a non-Icelandic background experience their social position and political participation within Icelandic society. We focus on political efficacy, ideas about what makes a good citizen, and subjective status position as indicators of the degree of social and political integration. We use data from the 2014 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) on Citizenship, which is based on a random sample of 2,000 individuals and random samples of 600 individuals each targeting two of the largest immigrant groups in Iceland--Lithuanians and Poles--as well as the largest Asian immigrant group: Filipinos. Although the findings show integration of immigrants up to a certain extent, the differences between Icelandic and non-Icelandic participants are apparent and include certain disadvantages for participants with a foreign background. Although other variables--such as income, education, paid employment status, and age--play a larger role in social and political status than foreign nationality, the findings of this study suggest that there is room to improve the integration of immigrants in Iceland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social networks may be important to internal migrants in developing countries where the extent of information asymmetry is sizable. This paper identifies network effects among rural-urban migrants in Thailand by exploiting heterogeneous response to rainfall shocks as exogenous variation affecting network size. While networks substantially reduce the duration of job search, in this case they tend to direct migrants toward agricultural (rather than nonagricultural) jobs because the local average treatment effects estimator identifies what happens to employment outcomes when the agricultural part of the network increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary farm labour migration schemes in Canada have been justified on the premise that they bolster food security for Canadians by addressing agricultural labour shortages, while tempering food insecurity in the Global South via remittances. Such appeals hinge on an ideology defining migrants as racialized outsiders to Canada. Drawing on qualitative interviews and participant observation in Mexico, Jamaica and Canada, we critically analyse how Canada's Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program is tied to ideological claims about national food security and agrarianism, and how it purports to address migrant workers' own food insecurity. We argue remittances only partially, temporarily mitigate food insecurity and fail to strengthen migrant food sovereignty. Data from our clinical encounters with farm workers illustrate structural barriers to healthy food access and negative health consequences. We propose an agenda for further research, along with policies to advance food security and food sovereignty for both migrants and residents of Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study adds to our understanding of the negative effect that job insecurity (JI) has over the well-being of migrating workers. The moderating effect of acculturation and support for family was investigated while considering engagement, burnout and physical and psychological health as criteria, in a sample of 477 Romanian employees who work in Spain. Results show that acculturation buffers against the negative effects of JI on engagement, and it attenuates the relationship between JI and burnout or mental health complaints. Support for family has no intervening effect between JI and well-being outcomes. In a three-way JI × support for family × acculturation interaction, JI had a positive relationship with burnout, when migrating workers were married and experienced a low level of acculturation. The findings are of value because they emphasize the importance of acculturation for the occupational health of migrating workers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Sociology is the property of Canadian Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Russian society is facing the need to adjust its rules of behavior and to address problems involving relations between immigrants and the host population, laws governing the conditions of work and employment of immigrants, and current government practices in dealing with immigrant populations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Deportability, or a threat of deportation, can be viewed as a technique of discipline employed to make migrant workers efficient and compliant. Under the threat of deportation, migrants accept dangerous, dirty, degrading and difficult jobs for low pay. Deportability also prevents them from challenging their working and living conditions either individually or collectively. Most of the literature on deportability applies to unauthorised migrants. Yet, as illustrated in this article, migrants employed legally on temporary contracts are also disciplined through a threat of deportation. While for unauthorised migrants, it is the receiving state that is the most important actor (re)creating the regime of deportability, for legally employed migrants, other actors––such as employers, the sending states, recruiters and international organisations––assume a more important role in employing the threat of deportation as a disciplinary technique. In this article, we explore how power is reproduced in this disciplinary regime of deportability. We examine migrants' responses to the techniques of discipline that subjugate them. We argue that when migrants adopt calculative and reflexive practices to avoid deportation and secure their own employment, they often end up reproducing the disciplinary power of the deportation regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Approximately 40 000 migrant farm workers are employed annually in Canada through temporary foreign worker programs. Workers experiencing health conditions that prevent ongoing work are normally repatriated to their home country, which raises concerns about human rights and health equity. In this study, we present data on the reasons for medical repatriation of migrant farm workers in Ontario. Methods: In this retrospective descriptive study, we examined medical repatriation data from Foreign Agricultural Resource Management Services, a non-profit corporation managing the contracts of more than 15 000 migrant farm workers in Ontario annually. We extracted repatriation and demographic data for workers from 2001-2011. Physician volunteers used a validated system to code the reported reasons for medical repatriation. We conducted descriptive analyses of the dominant reasons for repatriation and rates of repatriation. Results: During 2001-2011, 787 repatriations occurred among 170 315 migrant farm workers arriving in Ontario (4.62 repatriations per 1000 workers). More than two-thirds of repatriated workers were aged 30-49 years. Migrant farm workers were most frequently repatriated for medical or surgical reasons (41.3%) and external injuries including poisoning (25.5%). Interpretation: This study provides quantitative health data related to a unique and vulnerable occupational group. Our findings reinforce existing knowledge regarding occupational hazards and health conditions among migrant farm workers. Medical repatriation of migrant farm workers merits further examination as a global health equity concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Altérités: Revue d'Anthropologie du Contemporain is the property of Alterites: Revue d'Anthropologie du Contemporain and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigate the employment strategies developed by Immigrants Working in Agriculture - 'IWA' - in Greece. To counter seasonality and the insufficient income of agricultural work, IWA develop employment strategies to improve their economic status. Specifically, we find that IWA develop two distinct and substitute strategies: multi-employment and movements following the crops. These strategies are processes of IWA integration into the local economies and adaptation to the structural changes in the countryside's labour markets that took place prior to and during the transformation of Greece into an immigrants' host country. Therefore, on the one hand, the employment strategies developed by IWA are different in different rural areas reflecting their particular economic structure. On the other hand, IWA with different socioeconomic characteristics opt for different strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the legal aspects of providing certain housing standards to migrant and seasonal workers based on the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (AWPA) in the U.S. It provides specific individuals who are liable to the housing standards in terms of personhood, knowledge and intent. Moreover, the article discusses issues involving the migrant agricultural worker housing.

Shifts in Canada's immigration policy, most recently linked to the Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP) with the US and Mexico, have created an increased reliance on temporary migrant workers, who constitute a disposable workforce, driven from their own countries by the same forces of neoliberal capitalism which foster their super-exploitation in the Canadian labour market. In this article, the operation of two migrant worker programmes, the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP) and Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP), are considered in the context of the province of British Columbia. The various means by which migrant workers are maintained in a state of vulnerability, available as a pool of cheap labour but excluded from belonging to the nation, are discussed. The article concludes by examining examples and further possibilities of alliances across social movements in BC in order to advance the struggle for human dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the structures and practices of temporary migrant worker programs (TMWP) as they operate in Canadian agriculture. Acting within highly competitive, globalized markets, agri-food employers rely on the availability of migrant workers to achieve greater flexibility in their labor arrangements, drawing on employment practices beyond those possible with a domestic workforce. Most recently, changes to Canada’s two TMWP schemes have provided employers with greater scope to shape the social composition of their workforce. The paper analyzes these changes while exploring their implications for workplace regimes in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the migration of temporary agricultural workers from Tamaulipas, Mexico, to the United States and the validity of the explanatory concept of migratory networks. The author discusses the factors that influence migratory patterns such as social inequality, relative privation and social networks. He explores how the theory of migratory networks explains the migratory phenomena by reference to social capital and social reference groups. The author also refers to the U.S. visa program H-2A for temporary agricultural workers and comments on the recruitment practices of U.S. agricultural employers.

We investigate the importance of geographical proximity between Greece and Albania for the migrating experience of Albanian immigrants who work in the Greek countryside. From the fieldwork research we conducted in the countryside of northern Greece we find that the geographical proximity between Greece and Albania (the fact that they are bordering countries) and the inherent seasonality of agricultural employment allow immigrants to make rapid and repeated moves between the two countries and also work on a seasonal basis on their family agricultural holdings for the few months when they return home. Hence, these features embody a range of employment options that give these immigrants the opportunity to work on both sides of the border, transferring resources and skills acquired in Greece to Albania. As a result, a considerable proportion of immigrants working in agriculture actually work in both countries, and their annual employment and attempts at upward economic mobility are geographically dispersed in the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using both legal and sociological definitions of citizenship, this paper examine how the international community, ASEAN countries and Singapore have responded to the migrant worker question. The first part of this paper uses ASEAN examples and interrogates the question of migrant worker citizenship from an international legal or policy perspective, particularly recent efforts to construct a differentiated citizenship for migrant workers within destination States based on an inclusionary principle. The second part of this paper then undertakes a close case study of foreign domestic workers or "maids" in Singapore. I examine how maids are depicted as non-citizens under Singapore's law and policy, how Singaporean non-governmental organizations have sought to counter this and how the latter may be guided by internationally developed concepts of differentiated citizenship and the inclusionary principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the demanding physical labor Migrant and Seasonal Farm Workers (MSFW) provide to meet consumer demands and keep the nation's agricultural industry gainful, MSFWs are the most economically disadvantaged population in the nation. MSFWs lack sufficient access to health care and suffer more illnesses than the general population. Besides the difficulties in providing adequate health care to this population, enumeration of MSFWs has been an even greater challenge due to their mobility and illegal status. Through the analysis of secondary data sources, this study looks to approximate the number of MSFWs in the state of New Jersey and to investigate MSFW access to health care. Farm workers are a vital part of not only New Jersey's agricultural economy but also the entire nation's economy. Understanding the health needs of this population, and knowing the number of individuals that comprise this population, would not only help eliminate many health problems but it also would better prepare health officials in meeting the needs of the MSFW population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study conducted on Latino immigrant farmworkers in North Carolina. Research shows that Latino workers are the largest and one of the fastest growing segments of the labor force. They used basic predictions from the demands-control model of occupational stress to this workers and cross-sectional data reveal that much of them work to acquire financial security for their families. Researchers took a cross-sectional data from 151 farmworkers in eastern North Carolina during summer of 2005 and result shows that their farmwork is characterized by low psychological demand and low control.

The place where we live and work is a reflection of a complex set of economic conditions and social relationships. Very little information is available regarding housing for Minnesota's migrant workers. It is estimated that approximately 20,000 people migrate to Minnesota each summer to work in the production and processing of green peas and sweet corn. Obtaining adequate, affordable short-term housing for these workers and dependents accompanying them is a challenge. Many migrants end up living in over-crowded, substandard conditions that place financial burdens on their limited incomes. Using secondary sources, including a survey of 282 migrant workers, government documents, and media reports, this study provides a review of migrant workers' housing in four Minnesota counties where vegetable production and processing occur. The findings are then examined using Mitchell's Labor Theory of Landscape providing a potential explanation of the context and meaning of these housing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some critics of guestworker programs, and guestworkers themselves, have likened their status to slavery, but the anachronistic image of a time card stuck onto the end of a stalk of cane should signal that immigrant Peter Russell's workplace, at least, was not simply a throwback to the early 19th century. Certainly Jamaican cane cutters could not have missed the many reminders of the "peculiar institution." Besides the obvious fact that sugar cane had been Jamaica's principal "slave crop," Russell and his compatriots had been hired by white men who examined them physically in much the same way that slaves had been examined for sale. Recruiters checked their teeth, felt the muscles in their arms and back, turned over their hands to look for the calluses on their palms that signaled familiarity with hard, manual work, and looked for signs of injury and disease. Separated from their families and living entirely among men, these workers like Russell were required to stay with the employers who imported them. If they tried to leave to find other work, they could be pursued, not by slave "patrollers," but by the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

Describes the results of a community health outreach program during the 1994 and 1995 migrant seasons to provide tuberculosis screening and treatment for migrant farmworkers and their families in Orleans and Monroe Counties in New York State. Barriers to obtaining health care; Prevalence of tuberculosis in foreign-born persons.

The article discusses the process of gradual immigration of Italian labors in Louisiana's sugar cane field and their subsequent replacement of African American labors. Sugarcane cultivation required a large labor force of skilled and unskilled workers. The harvest season attracted thousands of Italian laborers to Louisiana's sugar cane fields. They very well responded to the scarcity of labor force on the sugar plantation but they were seasonal in nature and were always on a look out of higher paid jobs. African Americans also comprised the labor force of the plantation but the planters always complained about their unreliability and inefficiency. These agricultural workers remaining in the labor pool on the plantations produced less than the planters expected and stuck for higher wages during critical periods. Shortage of labors made planters sought workers from other quarters. The connection between trade routes and emigration of people from the Mediterranean stirred the imagination of many white southerners after the Civil War. Italians residing in New Orleans and in other Louisiana towns outside the sugar region often temporarily supplemented the labor force. Planters continued to welcome them as replacement of African American labors.

Agriculture was a major stumbling block to immigration reform, largely because Congress was unwilling to assign explicit priorities to the competing goals of protecting American workers and admitting supplemental immigrant farmworkers. This article describes the Special Agricultural Worker or SAW legalization program that generated 700,000 applications in California and the hypothetical calculations required to determine whether Replenishment Agricultural Workers or RAWs will be admitted to the United States to do farmwork. The paper concludes that immigration reform did not resolve the century-old debate over agriculture's "need" for alien workers; instead, SAWs and RAWs have contributed to the harvest of confusion on farm labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent analyses of the economic role of immigrant workers from Mexico in U.S. labor markets have been advanced from two diver- gent interpretations-a labor scarcity argument and a social control thesis. This article analyzes the two perspectives, finding little evidence to support the labor scarcity argument. Immigrant workers are instead argued to be tied to social control functions in the peripheral sectors of the U.S. economy. Detail from the historical experience of farm workers in Southwestern agriculture are drawn upon to illustrate the argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides information on the historical background of California farm labor. During less than a century of agricultural history, the rural work of California has been performed successively by ranch hands, by farm hands, and by semi-industrialized proletarians. During the past 40 years, the significant feature of California agriculture has been, not the expansion of the area under cultivation, but intensification of the use of areas already cultivated. The intensification of agriculture accounts not only for the large percentage of farm laborers in California. It is responsible, also, for the long line of immigrant nationalities which have played so large a role in the agriculture of the state. The Oriental and the Mexican groups stand apart not only because of their wide participation in intensive agriculture, but also because of their lack of participation in the older forms of farming. The use of alien workers on California farms has markedly complicated the adjustment of economic and human relations in agriculture.