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This study was conducted to compare the nutritional composition of white-spotted flower chafer (Protaetia brevitarsis) larvae produced from five commercial insect farms in Korea. The feeding sources of larvae were different as follows: Farm A, fermented oak sawdust; Farm B, fermented oak and scrub sawdust; Farm C, commercial feed; Farm D, private fermented feed; and Farm E, byproduct from mushroom compost. Drying yield significantly varied by insect farm, ranging from 14.12% to 27.28%. However, there was only small difference (5.14–7.38 g/100 g) in moisture content of dried larvae powder (p

The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of various supplementary feeds on the chemical composition and production of bioactive substances in Protaetia brevitarsis larvae. The primary feed-oak-fermented sawdust-was supplemented with a variety of substances, including aloe, apple, banana, sweet persimmon (S. persimmon) and sweet pumpkin (S. pumpkin). Crude protein and fat content were the highest in the control and S. pumpkin group, respectively. Supplementary feeds increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids, except in the group receiving S. pumpkin, in which oleic acid was the most abundant (58.2%-64.5%). Free essential amino acids in larvae receiving supplementary aloe were higher compared with the control group except for Lys and His. Polyphenol and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activities of ABTS and DPPH were higher in all treated groups compared with the control group. Although supplementary feeds led to a decreased crude protein content in the treated larvae when compared with the control group, these treatments generally improved the levels of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidative activity. Therefore, we suggest that among the supplementary foods tested, aloe is a better resource for P. brevitarsis based on crude protein content, free amino acids and other bioactive compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants.

This study was done to prepare functional sausages using silkworm powder and silkworm cordyceps. The pH values of the treated groups were significantly higher than that of non-treated group (p 0.05). Therefore, since functionality of the sausages were enhanced by the supplementations of silkworm powder and silkworm cordyceps, we suggest that the product is potentially useful as a functional sausage.

This study was done to evaluate the effects of silkworm powder or silkworm cordyceps on quality of seasoned meat during storage. The pH was significantly lower in silkworm cordyceps group than those of the other groups (p

The goal of this study was done for evaluating stability according to low-temperature storage of kimchi duruchigi supplemented with a hot water extract of Rubus coreanus Miquel (RCM). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in the RCM extract prepared from the hot water were detected by 293.34 μg CA/mg and 90.57 μg quecetin/mg, respectively. DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging activities of the extract were showed by relatively high values of 70.63 and 57.87%, respectively. Kimchi duruchigi was designed by control (non-treated), T1 (3% RCM extract), T2 (6% RCM extract), and T3 (0.1% ascorbic acid, a positive control). When compared with control and T3 groups, pHs of T1 and T2 groups supplemented with the RCM extract were gently changed depending on the storage time, and water holding capacities of T1 and T2 groups were improved in comparison with control group. Although meat color showed a tendency to most of increase according to the elapsed time, T1 and T2 groups showed less changes than that of control group. Lipid peroxidation appeared in a little bit changes regardless of the processing and storage days, but protein spoilages in T1 and T2 groups were found by lower changes when compared with the control group. As the results of sensory evaluation, T1 and T2 groups during storage had the better taste, flavor and acceptability than those of control and T3 groups. Therefore, we suggest that kimchi duruchigi supplemented with the RCM extract is a possible of improving the storage stability and product preference.

This study was conducted to evaluate the changes in porcine serum albumin (PSA), a major allergen, which occur when raw pork ham is marinated with kiwi or pineapple juice, and/or when the ham is pan broiled at 300℃ for 4 min after marination. In this study, raw pork ham was soaked for 4 h or 8 h in marinades containing commercial marinating sauce only, commercial marinating sauce and 7% kiwi juice, or commercial marinating sauce and 7% pineapple juice. When the meat was marinated and then pan-broiled, pork ham meat protein was significantly denatured and hydrolyzed, and the level of PSA in the meat was significantly reduced. The PSA contents of pork broiled without marination, pork that had been marinated in commercial marinating sauce alone, pork that had been marinated in commercial marinating sauce with kiwi juice, and pork that had been marinated in commercial marinating sauce with pineapple juice, were 95.4, 43.3, 14.3, and 5.4 ng/mL, respectively (p

The combined effects of electron-beam (EB) irradiation and addition of onion peel (OP) extract and barbecue flavor (BF) on inactivation of foodborne pathogens and the quality of pork jerky was investigated. Prepared pork jerky samples were irradiated (0, 1, 2, and 4 kGy) and stored for 2 month at 25 °C. The D10 values of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium observed in the OP treated samples were 0.19, 0.18, and 0.19 kGy, whereas those in control were 0.25, 0.23, and 0.20 kGy, respectively. Irradiated samples with OP extract and BF had substantially lower total aerobic bacterial counts than the control had. Samples with added OP extract and BF had lower peroxide values than the control had. Sensory evaluation indicated that overall acceptability of treated samples was not changed up to 2 kGy. Therefore, EB irradiation, combined with OP extract and BF, has improved the microbiological safety with no negative effects on the quality of pork jerky.

Drynariae rhizoma has been used to prevent bone loss that occurs with increasing age. However, the chemical compounds in extracts that act on bone metabolism in herbal medicine are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate and compare the extraction efficacy of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and in vitro anti-osteoporosis properties of water extract (DR-DW) and ethanol extract (DR-EtOH) from D. rhizoma. Total phenolics and flavonoids were better extracted with 70% EtOH, and this extraction method also resulted in higher antioxidant activity and in vitro anti-osteoporosis properties in these extracts. In particular, the contents of phloroglucinol, protocatechuic acid ethyl ester, 2-amino-3,4-dimethyl-benzoic acid, 3-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, trans-ferulic acid, (−)-epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin dehydrate, luteolin and emodin in DR-EtOH were higher than those in DR-DW. These results indicated that DR-EtOH could be a good source of natural herbs with anti-osteoporosis properties.

Dry-cured pork neck samples were stored at 10 degrees C for 90 days under vacuum packaging (VP) or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP; 25% CO2+75% N-2) conditions. The pH, moisture, water activity, total aerobic bacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae counts of dry-cured pork neck products with MAP were significantly lower than those with VP (p60 days of storage were lower than those at Day 1. In conclusion, despite presenting higher lipid oxidation, the samples stored in packages containing 25% CO2 for 90 days at 10 degrees C have lower bacterial counts than vacuum-packed samples. Therefore, further studies should be performed on the packaging of dry-cured meat at adjusted concentrations of CO2.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of tomato powder (TP) on cooked pork patties during storage at 10 1 C in the dark. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of TP extract were 26.22 mg gallic acid/100 g and 3.52 mg quercetin/100 g, respectively. The extract of TP showed a potential antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical-scavenging assay (EC50 = 16.76 mu g/mL). Pork patties were manufactured with 0.25% (T1), 0.5% (T2), 0.75% (T3) and 1.0% (T4) TP in a basic formula (C). The pH and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values of T2, T3 and T4 patties were lower (p

This study was to develop a gelatin jelly containing 0.5% medicinal plant extracts (MPEs). We investigated the effects of the MPEs on the antioxidant activity, physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation of gelatin jelly. The antioxidant activity of the Lycium chinense Mill fruit and Hovenia dulcis fruit extracts were significantly higher than those of other extracts (P

Effects of dietary cholesterol [0 (control), 1, 2, 4, or 8 g cholesterol/kg diet for 12 weeks] on lipid contents and fatty acid compositions in red blood cell (RBC) membranes and plasma of rabbits and pathological changes and lipid oxidation in their livers were determined. Contents of total lipid and unsaturated fatty acids in RBC membrane and plasma of rabbits fed ≥4 and ≥2 g dosages, respectively, were significantly higher (p 2 times higher (p

Reduction of foodborne illnesses and deaths by improving the safety of poultry products is one of the priority areas in the United States, and developing and implementing effective food processing technologies can be very effective to accomplish that goal. Irradiation is an effective processing technology for eliminating pathogens in poultry meat. Addition of antimicrobial agents during processing can be another approach to control pathogens in poultry products. However, the adoption of irradiation technology by the meat industry is limited because of quality and health concerns about irradiated meat products. Irradiation produces a characteristic aroma as well as alters meat flavor and color that significantly affect consumer acceptance. The generation of a pink color in cooked poultry and off-odor in poultry by irradiation is a critical issue because consumers associate the presence of a pink color in cooked poultry breast meat as contaminated or undercooked, and off-odor in raw meat and off-flavor in cooked meat with undesirable chemical reactions. As a result, the meat industry has difficulties in using irradiation to achieve its food safety benefits. Antimicrobials such as sodium lactate, sodium diacetate, and potassium benzoate are extensively used to extend the shelf-life and ensure the safety of meat products. However, the use of these antimicrobial agents alone cannot guarantee the safety of poultry products. It is known that some of the herbs, spices, and antimicrobials commonly used in meat processing can have synergistic effects with irradiation in controlling pathogens in meat. Also, the addition of spices or herbs in irradiated meat improves the quality of irradiated poultry by reducing lipid oxidation and production of off-odor volatiles or masking off-flavor. Therefore, combinations of irradiation with these additives can accomplish better pathogen reduction in meat products than using them alone even at lower levels of antimicrobials/herbs and irradiation doses. Effects of irradiation and additive combinations on the pathogen reduction and quality of poultry meat will be discussed in detail.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the addition of tomato powder [1.0% (T1), 1.5% (T2) and 2.0% (T3)] on pork loin jerky with aerobic package during storage at room temperature. The T3 sample showed lower (p

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of fermented persimmon diet on the meat quality of fattening pigs. Pigs (75 kg) were grouped and housed as 15 animals per pen and 3 replications per treatment. The basal diet (C) was substituted with 3% (T1), 5% (T2) and 10% (T3) of fermented diet. The 180 pigs were fed experimental diet for 42 d and 10 longissimus dorsi (LD) per treatment were collected when each swine reached 105.6 kg of body weight. The crude fat concentration of LD was lower (p

Low-grade beef samples were divided into three groups (Ziploc bag packaging [S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc., Racine, WI] [C], vacuum packaging [T1] and modified atmosphere packaging CO2 : N2 = 3:7[T2]). After being packaged, the meat samples were stored at 16C for accelerated aging. The water-holding capacity (WHC) was significantly higher in T2 than in C and T1, whereas T1 showed a significantly lower WHC when compared with the other samples. The brittleness, gumminess and chewiness decreased during the first 5 days of storage, after which they increased in C and T1, whereas T2 showed no significant difference in gumminess and chewiness during the storage periods. The redness (a*) was significantly higher in T2 than in the other samples at the end of storage. The lipid oxidation value and total bacterial counts were significantly lower in T1 and T2 than C at the end of storage. Finally, sensory evaluation revealed that no sensory characteristics were affected by the packaging methods. Practical Applications Meat samples were stored at 16C for accelerated aging. The water-holding capacity and redness were higher in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) sample than in the other samples. The lipid oxidation value and total bacterial counts were lower in vacuum packaging and MAP than in Ziploc bag packaging at the end of the storage period. Based on the results of this study, we assume that the MAP method can extend shelf life in low-grade beef during storage at high temperatures.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of substitution of fermented king oyster mushroom (P. eryngii) by-products diet on pork meat quality characteristics, during the storage. A mixture of 40% king oyster mushroom by-products, 28% soybean meal and 20% corn was fermented for 10 d, and the basal diet was then substituted by the fermented diet mixture of up to 20, 50 and 80%, respectively. A total of 96 pigs were fed experimental diet (8 pigs per pen× 4 diets × 3 replication), and eight longissiumus (LD) per treatment were collected, when each swine reached to 110 kg of body weight. The Warner-Bratzler shear forces and cooking loss were significantly lowered in the treatments, while crude protein content and water holding capacity significantly (p 0.05). The pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), VBN and meat color in all treatments were increased as storage increased. Fermented king oyster mushroom by-products diet effects on lightness (CIE L * ), yellowness (CIE b * ) and chroma were determined, when LD muscles in T2 and T3 treatments were higher (p

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of high pressure (HP) processing on shelf life, as well as the addition of phosvitin on lipid and protein oxidation stability of minced chicken leg meat. Minced chicken leg meat was mixed with yolk phosvitin at 500 or 1000 mg/kg meat levels, and divided into raw and cooked groups. Then, the samples were subjected to HP at 0.1, 300, and 600 MPa. The total aerobic bacteria, lipid and protein oxidation, along with instrumental meat color (L*, a*, and b*value) of the samples were measured during storage for 7 d at 4 o C. In raw meat, the number of total aerobic bacteria was decreased by HP at 300 MPa (4 Log reductions) and 600 MPa (5 Log reductions) after 7 d of storage (p

The effect of gamma irradiation (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kGy) on the quality of vacuum-packaged dry fermented sausages during refrigerated storage was evaluated. At Day 0 of irradiation, the pH, redness (CIE a⁎), yellowness (CIE b⁎), 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values of samples irradiated at 2 and 4 kGy were higher (p 0.05). The total plate counts (TPC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the samples irradiated at 4 kGy were significantly lower (p

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a combined treatment regarding antimicrobial food ingredients and high pressure processing (HP) on the inactivation efficiency of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated into ground pork. Ethanol extracted from garlic, leeks, onions, and ginger powder was prepared. Half of the prepared powder was irradiated at 5 kGy to see the effect of pasteurization before addition. The prepared food ingredients were added into radiation-sterilized ground pork (1%, w/w), and inoculated with E. coli and L. monocytogenes. The samples were vacuumpacked and applied with HP at 0.1 (control), 300, 450, and 600 MPa. Microbial log reduction increased with the increase of pressure up to 600 MPa. With minor exceptions, overall efficiency of HP treatment with regards to inactivation of pathogens increased. Inoculated microorganisms showed approximately 7-8 Log reductions by 600 MPa, except for L. monocytogenes treated with garlic (5.7 Log reductions). The E. coli reduction in ground pork mixed with ethanol extracted garlic showed the highest efficiency (1.86) compared to leeks (1.25-1.31), onions (1.17-1.44), and ginger (1.50-1.82) when treated at an HP of 450 MPa. There was no evidence for the advantage of pasteurization concerning the food ingredients before addition of antimicrobial food ingredients and HP. Results demonstrate that the combination of antimicrobial food ingredients and HP treatment may help improve the efficiency of sterilization in meat systems.

This study was performed to investigate the combined effect of dietary supplementation of gallic and linoleic acid (GL) on the antioxidative effect and quality of thigh meat from broilers. Broilers received 3 dietary treatments: i) commercial finisher diet (control), ii) 0.5% GL (gallic:linoleic acid = 1 M:1 M), and iii) 1.0% GL during the 22 to 36 d. The pH value of broiler thigh meat was increased by GL supplementation. Water holding capacity of the thigh meat was enhanced by the 1.0% dietary GL supplementation. Antioxidative effect (total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS(+) reducing activity, reducing power, and TBARS value) in the thigh from the broilers improved significantly with 1.0% GL. Linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acids were higher in the broilers fed both levels of dietary GL. However, volatile basic nitrogen content and microbiological quality was not shown to be different between control and treated group. Results indicate that 1.0% dietary supplementation of GL can improve the antioxidant activity of broiler thigh meat and may enhance the meat quality.

Herbs and spices not only variety and racy flavour to Korean foods, they also are the richest source for antioxidant power. The present study evaluates the radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activities of hot water extracts from commonly used herbs and spices in Korea. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and superoxide anion scavenging activities of bay extract were 39.5% and 22.1%, respectively. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was in order of dill (50.0%) > bay (31.3%) > garlic (27.9%) > white pepper and black pepper (15.1–15.3%) > onion (10.1%) extracts. Bay extract had the highest total phenolic content (17.86 μg CE/g). High correlation coefficients were found between the total phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity (R = 0.9162). These results indicate that herbs and spices had high antioxidant activity that is partly due to the phenolic compounds and provide basic data for further development of processed food products.

In this study, the effects of gamma-irradiation (1, 2 and 4 kGy) on texture profiles, fatty acid composition, free amino acids and sensory evaluation of dry-fermented sausage were evaluated. The hardness and adhesiveness of irradiated samples were significantly lower (p

Recently, the natural spices and herbs such as rosemary, oregano, and caraway have been used for the processing of meat products. This study investigates the antioxidant activity of 13 spices commonly used in meat processing plants. The hot water extracts were then used for evaluation of total phenolic content, total flavonoids content and antioxidant activities. Our results show that the hot water extract of oregano gave the highest extraction yield (41.33%) whereas mace (7.64%) gave the lowest. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of the spice extracts can be ranked against ascorbic acid in the order ascorbic acid > clove > thyme > rosemary > savory > oregano. The values for superoxide anion radical scavenging activities were in the order of marjoram > rosemary > oregano > cumin > savory > basil > thyme > fennel > coriander > ascorbic acid. When compared to ascorbic acid (48.72%), the hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of turmeric and mace were found to be higher (p < 0.001). Clove had the highest total phenolic content (108.28 μg catechin equivalent (CE)/g). The total flavonoid content of the spices varied from 324.08 μg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g for thyme to 3.38 μg QE/g for coriander. Our results indicate that hot water extract of several spices had a high antioxidant activity which is partly due to the phenolic and flavonoid compounds. This provides basic data, having implications for further development of processed food products.

Stevia rebaudiana (SR), a chrysanthemum herb, has been used as a vegetable-based sweetening additive in health drinks and in other foods. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activity and the bioactive compounds found in water extracts taken from SR leaves and calli. Analysis of vitamins in the leaves showed that folic acid (52.18 mg/100 g) was a major component, followed by vitamin C. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be 130.76 μg catechin and 15.64 μg quercetin for leaves and 43.99 μg catechin and 1.57 μg quercetin for cellus at mg of water extracts, respectively. Pyrogallol was the major material among the phenolic compounds in both leaf and callus extracts. Furthermore, our results showed that the leaf extracts contained higher amounts of free radicals, hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities than those of the callus extracts.

A total of ninety swine (79.0±2.2 kg) were employed for 58 d to determine the meat quality of pigs fed fermented agricultural by-products (FAB) mainly consisting of brewers grain shell. FAB was replaced with commercial feed at dietary levels of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% (T1) and 30%, 60%, 100%, 100%, and 100% (T2) at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5-9 wk, respectively. Compared with the control (CON) feed, FAD feed had lower moisture and nitrogen-free extract content, and higher crude fat, crude fiber, and total calorie (p

The surimi samples were divided into four groups (C, surimi made from Alaska pollack by water washing with NaCl-free cryoprotectant; T1, made from spent laying hen breast by water washing with NaCl-free cryoprotectant; T2, made from spent laying hen breast by water washing with NaCl and sugar-free cryoprotectant; T3, made from spent laying hen breast by water washing with NaCl-contained cryoprotectant). In proximate compositions, collagen and myofibrillar protein were significantly higher in spent laying hen breast surimi samples (T1, T2, and T3) than Alaska pollack surimi sample (C). Folding test score was significantly higher in T3 in all storage periods. Spent laying hen breast surimi samples (T1, T2, and T3) had higher lighness (L*) and whiteness (W) than Alaska pollack surimi sample (C) in all storage period. In sensory evaluation, T3 showed significantly higher score in all sensory evaluation items. As a result of study, the qualities of T3 are higher than those of other surimi samples.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Cordyceps ochraceostromat, silkworm cocoon, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the quality and storage properties of pork sausage manufactured with protein recovered from breast of spent laying hen during 4 wks of storage at 4 . Pork sausages were prepared using 100% ham (control) and 40% recovered protein from breast of spent laying hen to replace pork (T1), and with added different sources to final concentrations of 0.1% Cordyceps ochraceostromat powder (T2), 0.1% silkworm cocoon powder (T3), 0.1% CLA (T4), 0.05% Cordyceps ochraceostromat + 0.05% silkworm cocoon (T5), 0.05% Cordyceps ochraceostromat + 0.05% CLA (T6), and 0.05% silkworm cocoon + 0.05% CLA (T7). The treatments T5 and T7 had higher (p

This study was carried out to determine the effects of olive oil prepared tomato powder (OPTP) used as lycopene source on fresh pork patties. OPTP was not added (0%; C), or was added at 0.25% (T1), 0.5% (T2), 0.75% (T3) and 1.0% (T4) in a basic pork patty formula and patties were stored for 7 days at 5℃. pH values of T3 and T4 were lower (p＜0.05) than those of control until storage day 3. However, pH values of treated samples were dramatically increased (p＜0.05) after 7 d of storage. Cooking loss values of treatments were lower (p＜0.05) than those of control at day 1 of storage. Thiobarbituric acid reacting substances values were lower (p＜0.05) in all treatments than in untreated samples during storage. All treated samples had lower values (p＜0.05) for lightness (L*) but significantly higher values (p＜0.05) for redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) than the untreated samples during storage. Total plate counts of T4 were lower (p＜0.05) than others during storage. In sensory evaluation, the scores of color, aroma and overall acceptability in T3 and T4 scored higher (p＜0.05) than those of control at days 1 and 3 of storage, however, statistical significance was not found (p＞0.05) among the samples after 7 days of storage. In conclusion, tomato powder-treated groups were significantly higher in redness (a*) and yellowness (b*), and lipid oxidation was inhibited, as compared with control during storage. Therefore, as a natural additive, tomato powder could be used to extend the self-life of meat products, providing the consumer with food containing natural additives, which might be seen more healthful than those of synthetic origin.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of cordyceps ochraceostromat, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and silkworm cocoon on the quality and storage characteristics of pork sausage manufactured by MDCM (mechanically deboned chicken meat) recovered protein. The samples were divided into 5 groups (sausage made from pork ham; control, 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham; T1, 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham with 0.1% cordyceps ochraceostromat; T2, 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham with 0.1% CLA; T3, and 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham with 0.1% silkworm cocoon; T4). The control sample had a higher moisture and protein contents and lower fat content than the other samples during 4 weeks of storage at 4 C. The treatment samples had lower lightness and higher redness values than the control (p

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of hot boning and curing condition on the quality characteristics of ground chicken breast. Treatments were cured by four conditions follows; control (general curing method), T1 (after hot-boning and then immediately cured), T2 (after hot-boning and immediately cured, then frozen), and T3 (after hot-boning, immediately frozen, refrigerated and then cured). The pH of chicken breast in the state of pre-rigor was 6.22. The pH of cold storage or freezing chicken breast meat respectively were 5.70 or 5.61. The pH of T1 and T2 treatments were significantly higher than those of control and T3 treatment (p

This study investigated the effects of ion water and premixed mineral supplementation on the growth performance, carcass, and meat quality parameters in finishing pigs (LY×D). Each 20 pigs were randomly allotted to three treatments; CON (basal diet), T1 (CON diet added with active water), T2 (T1 diet added with 1.0% premixed mineral). Used ion water and premixed mineral were consisted mainly of Zn and Si, respectively. Daily weight gain feed efficacy were the highest in T2, while fat content was the highest in control (p 0.05) among the treatment groups. Panel test scores of tenderness were the highest in T2 compared to the others.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of mugwort powder on meat composition and sensory characteristics in finishing gilts (LY×D). Twenty pigs (75 kg) were randomly allotted to four treatments. Mugwort powder was added to final concentrations of 0 (C), 0.5 (T1), 1.0 (T2), and 1.5% (T3) in the basal diet. Pigs were fed with the specified diet for 50 days. Carcass characteristics and cooking loss were not significantly affected by mugwort powder supplementation. The WHC and cooking loss of T2 and T3 were not significantly different than the control. However, the pH values for meat from gilts fed the T1 and T3 diets were significantly lower than the control (p

The effects of different washing time and pH adjustment of surimi-like materials from pork leg on quality characteristics were investigated. Surimi was made from pork leg by washing two or four times with water, as well as by pH adjustments of 3.0 or 11.0. The control surimi was made by two times washing from Alaska pollock. The content of crude protein was higher in the surimi manufactured from pork leg with pH adjustments. The highest gel strength was found in the control, and the control had greater lightness and whiteness value. The control had higher texture attributes than the other samples, whereas the surimi from pork leg made by a pH 11.0 adjustment had higher texture attributes than the pH 3.0 adjustment. The sensory color was higher in the control compared to other surimi samples, whereas aroma was lower in the control. However, there were no significant differences in overall acceptability among the surimi samples.

This study was conducted to determine th e effect of feeding complex of wild ch rysanthemum powder, probiotics and sele-nium on meat quality in finishing pigs (LY×D). 25 pigs were randomly alloted to two treatments; C (basal diet), T (C dietadded 0.3% wild chrysanthemum powder, 0.1% probiotics and 0.1% selenium). Pigs were slaughtered at approximately 110kg final weight and chemical composition, physico-chemical characteristics, fatty acid composition and sensory test weremeasured in pork loin. Proximate composition, pH, water holdin g capacity, cooking loss, shear force and color were no dif-ferences among the tested samples. Texture properties of hardness in treatment were significantly higher than the control( p

Hun-Sik Min*, Sang-Keun Jin** and Il-Suk Kim**Gyeongnam Livestock Veterinary Research Institute*, Department of Animal Resource Technology, Jinju National University**ABSTRACTThe effects of hot-air dried tomato powder(HADTP) with 0%(C), 0.25(T1), 0.50(T2), 0.75(T3) and 1.00%(T4) addition to the pork patties on the physicochemical and sensory properties during storage at 20for 20 days were studied. Cooking loss, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen(VBN) and CIE L* values of all products were increased(p

This study was conducted to determine the effect of mugwort powder on carcass characteristics, proximate composition, cholesterol contents, and meat qualities in growing-finishing gilt and barrow(LY×D). Totally 80 pigs (40 gilts and 40 barrows, approximately 50 kg each) with 10 pigs per treatment were randomly alloted. The diet group was prepared as 0 (C), 0.5 (T1), 1.0 (T2), and 1.5% (T3) mugwort powder in basal diet, respectively. They were fed experimental diets for 90 days before slaughtered. Carcass weight was increased by dietary mugwort powder (p 0.05), and shear force of fresh meat and fat were not differ significantly in the samples(p>0.05). Lightness (L*) of meat was increased but that of fat was decreased by dietary mugwort powder, whereas changes in redness (a*) and yellowness(b*) were unaffected by dietary supplements.(

축육 단백질 회수물을 어육연육 대체 수준을 검토하기에 앞서 명태연육과 축육 단백질 회수물의 적정 혼합 비율을 구명하고자 수세법으로 제조된 수리미 원료육인 명태연육(C)에 대해 pH 조절법을 이용한 닭가슴살 수리미를 T1은 33.33%, T2는 50%, T3는 66.66%, T4는 100% 및 T5는 MDCM(기계발골계육) 수리미를 20% 대체하여 각각의 처리구에 동일한 함량의 전분, 수분(ice) 및 첨가제 등을 넣어 제조된 게맛 어육소시지의 조직적 특성을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 표면경도, 경도, 검성, 씹힘성, 파괴강도, 겔강도, 젤리강도 및 관능평가의 맛, 결착성 및 전체적 기호도는 대조구에 비하여 모든 처리구들이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며, 닭가슴살 수리미의 명태연육 대체비율이 높아질수록 유의적으로 낮게 나타난(p 【This study was carried out to compare the textural properties of crab-flavored sausage manufactured with six different formulations. We prepared crab-flavored sausage from Alaska pollack surimi as a control by the washing method, and various mixtures of surimi and chicken breast meat were manufactured (pH 11.0) with 33.33% chicken breast meat (CBM) (T1), 50% CBM (T2), 66.66% CBM (T3), 100% CBM (T4) and 20% commercial mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) (T5). Brittleness, gumminess, chewiness, breaking force, gel strength, jelly strength, sensory flavor. texture, and overall acceptability were significantly lower in the formulations containing chicken meat in proportion to the % CBM (p】

The aim of the present study was to delineate the expression and secretion of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system components by pig liver cells. Hepatocytes were prepared from 3-wk-old weanling piglets following a two-step collagenase perfusion procedure, after which the cells were incubated for 24 or 48 h at a density of 2×10 5 cells per 35-mm dish in 2-ml Williams' medium E. The cells were found to express the genes encoding IGF-I, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs)-2 and -3 and acid-labile subunit (ALS) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) following the culture. However, IGF-I was localized to hepatocytes by immunohistochemical analysis, whereas IGFBP-3 was localized to endothelial cells, but not to hepatocytes. This indicated that the IGFBP-3 gene expression detected by RT-PCR was likely to have been contributed by unidentified non-parenchymal cells that had not been removed during the hepatocyte preparation. The conditioned culture medium (CCM) of the cells contained immunoreactive IGF-I and IGF-II, with the latter being seven-fold more abundant than the former. The CCM also contained 43-, 40-, 34-, 31-kDa doublet and 26-kDa IGFBPs as examined by Western ligand blotting. The 40-, 34- and 31-kDa doublet IGFBPs were approximately three-fold as abundant as the 43- and 26-kDa IGFBPs. Moreover, the 43- and 40-kDa doublet and the 34-kDa IGFBPs were immunoprecipitable with IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-2 antibodies, respectively. Overall, these results are similar to those known in the rat, which suggests that the IGF system components are likely to be expressed and secreted in pig liver in a manner similar to that in rat liver. (Key Words : IGF, IGFBP, Gene Expression, Hepatocyte, Pig)

게맛살 및 크래미 생산을 위한 기초 배합비 시험을 위하여 수리미 소시지 제조 시 명태연육만을 이용한 대조구, 명태연육:닭가슴살수리미:전분 비율이 90.91:0:9.09인 T1, 80:0:20인 T2, 62.5:37.5:0인 T3, 58.82:35.3:5.88인 T4, 40:60:0인 T5, 36.36:54.55:9.09인 T6에 대한 조직적 특성을 비교한 결과, 대조구에 비하여 T1의 경우 표면경도, 파괴강도 및 겔 강도가 높게 나타났으며, T2의 경우 파괴강도, 겔 강도 및 접기시험 결과는 높은 반면 T1 및 T2 모두 관능평가 결과는 낮았다. T3의 경우 표면경도, 파괴강도, 변형값, 겔 강도 및 젤리 강도는 높은 반면 응집성과 접기시험 결과는 낮았다. T4의 경우 표면경도, 변형값 및 젤리 강도는 높았다. T5의 경우 파괴강도, 겔 강도 및 젤리 강도 결과는 높은 반면 응집성, 검성 및 씹힘성은 낮았다. T6의 경우 탄력성 및 변형값 결과는 높은 반면 경도, 응집성, 검성, 씹힘성, 파괴강도 및 겔 강도는 낮았다. 특히 T5와 T6 모두 다른 처리구들에 비해 높은 관능적 선호도를 보였으나, 경도, 검성 및 씹힘성 간의 높은 정의 상관관계와 달리 낮은 조직적 특성을 보였다. 따라서 대조구와 비교 시 명태연육:닭가슴살수리미:전분을 62.5:37.5:0으로 혼합한 T3 및 58.82:35.3:5.88로 혼합한 T4가 조직 특성상 양호한 결과를 얻었으며, 관능적 선호도 역시 대조구 차이를 보이지 않아 닭가슴살수리미를 명태연육의 35%까지 대체가 가능한 것으로 판단된다. 【This study was conducted to determine the effect of different proportions of Alaska pollack surimi, chicken breast surimi and starch on textural properties of sausage. Sausage were manufactured such as Alaska pollack surimi(control), T1(90.91:0:9.09), T2(80:0:20), T3(62.5:37.5:0), T4(58.82:35.3:5.88), T5 (40:60:0) and T6(36.36:54.55:9.09) depending on different proportions of Alaska pollack surimi, chicken breast surimi and starch. Brittleness, breaking force and gel strength were significantly higher in T1 than the control(P】

Pork patties were made containing hot air dried sweet persimmon powder (T1: 3%, T2: 6%) and freezer dried sweet persimmon powder (T3: 3%, T4: 6%). The control (C: no addition) and each treatment were stored for 40 days at . The pH value decreased (p0.05) preference score for overall acceptability.

Four different pork loaves were made with two levels, HP/FP-3% and HP/FP-6%, containing 3.0 and 6.0% HP (hot air dried sweet persimmon powder) / FP (freezer dried sweet persimmon powder), respectively. HP and FP (3% and 6%) were added into ground pork loin separately. A control without persimmon powder were used for comparison. Patties were cooked to 74 in electric oven, after cooling, the aerobic packaged meat loaves were stored at 5 . The moisture and crude ash were higher in the FP-6%, and the crude protein and crude fat were no different among the samples. The pH in control sample was significantly higher (p

A total of 40 pigs were used to investigate the feeding effects of supplementary wild grape wine by-product on pork quality of American Berkshire breed in the swine farm of Hamyang area. Treatments were C that was basal diet, and T that was treated by dietary wild grape wine by-product (5%) were added in feed. About 70 kg pigs were bred a period of 88 days, and slaughtered. The pork quality characteristic were measured in pork loin. In chemical composition, moisture and crude fat were not significantly different between C and T, but T were lower (p

The effects of hot air dried tomato powder on the physicochemical and sensory properties of meat patties were studied. The control (C, no addition) and 4 treatments with addition of hot air dried tomato powder (T1, 0.25; T2, 0.50; T3, 0.75; and T4, 1.00%) were prepared and stored for 7 days at 5. The pH values of T4 were significantly lower (p 0.05) than that of control. a* and b* of T4 were the highest (p

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary lycopene supplementation on meat quality in Longissimus Muscle of Korean native pigs. Meat samples were obtained from pigs which had been fed with finishing pig diets containing basal diets (C), 200 ppm lycopene (T1), 400 ppm lycopene (T2), and 800 ppm lycopene (T3). Longissimus muslce pH was not influenced by feeding lycopene. Total microbial counts of treatments were significantly lower than those of control at 0 day of storage (p

The Korean native black pig (KNP) have several desirable meat qualities, which are highly demanded by Koreans in spite of its slow growth rate, low feed efficiency, and small litter size. The aim of this study was to evaluate meat quality and fatty acid composition of KNP at different slaughter weight in order to provide information to industry. Ninety female KNP of the same age (220 days) were divided into three groups by live body weights (30 pigs per each group); live weight of 50～59 ㎏ (T1), 60～69 ㎏ (T2) and 70～80 ㎏ (T3), respectively. After slaughtering the longissimus dorsi muscle (LD) and backfat from each group were obtained after 24 hr chilling. Crude protein content and shear force of LD from T3 was higher than that from T1 and pH of LD was significantly lower in that from T1 than from T2 and T3. Color measurement indicated that LD of T2 group had a higher L*-value and lower a*-value than those of T1 and T3. Slaughter weight of KNP generally did not affect the fatty acid composition of LD and backfat but the content of oleic acid (C18:1) of T2 in LD was significantly higher than those of T1 and T3. The results may provide basic information to industry to promote the production and processing of KNP, and assist in meeting the Korean consumer's demand.

This study was carried out to compare the quality properties of chicken breast surimi manufactured by four different procedures/methods. Surimi was made from chicken breast by washing two (Tl) or four times (T2) with water as well as by pH adjustments at 3.0 (T3) or 11.0 (T4). The contents of moisture and crude fat were significantly higher in the surimi manufactured from pH-adjusted material than after washing. Again, collagen and yield were significantly higher in chicken breast surimi manufactured from washed than pH-adjusted samples, whereas crude protein was higher in the pH-adjusted than washed surimi samples. There was no significant difference in myofibrillar protein content among the surimi manufactured after different washing times and differences following pH adjustments were found. T4 showed highest myofibrillar protein content rating among the surimi samples. All physical characteristics were higher in pH-adjusted chicken breast surimi than in Tl and T2 washed surimi samples. The pH-adjusted surimi had higher hardness, gumminess and chewiness than washed surimi samples (p

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of marination with mixed salt (NaCl, CaCl2, and phosphate) and kiwi juice and of different cooking methods for pork loin-based products in order to establish the basic database for increasing the consumption of pork loin in Korea. Diced chilled pork loin (2×2×2 cm) was marinated in 4 different treatments: no additives (T1), salt mix only (T2), kiwi juice only (T3), and salt mix＋kiwi juice (T4). The mixed salt was prepared by the addition of NaCl, CaCl2, and phosphate dissolved in water (10% of pork loin weight) at concentrations of 0.5, 0.5, and 0.3% per pork loin weight, respectively. The amount of kiwi juice was 10% of pork loin weight. After marination for 24 hrs at 4 o C, the samples were cooked with different methods including roasting with Kimchi, pan broiling, and simmering. After simmering, pH of pork loin of T1 and T2 was higher than that of T3 and T4 (p