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The mining sector has been the engine of Peru’s remarkable growth. Through tax revenues, it contributed to the sharp reduction in poverty since the 1990s. Thus governments from all political backgrounds have supported large private investments in the mining sector to ensure social spending. Nevertheless, the growth has been geographically and socially inequitable and the balance of power has remained in favor of the big mining groups, nourishing the soil of social conflicts around mining projects. Although the current government is caught between economic pragmatism and political issues, it does not question the « neo-extractive » development model of the country.