Search

Exporting agricultural products is considered as one of the strategies for developing non-oil exports and achieving sustainable economic growth in developing countries. Saffron, as an export commodity, holds particular significance in Iran's non-oil exports. Given Iran's position among the top four saffron-exporting countries globally, this study aims to prioritize Iran's saffron target markets based on market competition indices and calculate its relative advantage and export stability index in the world market and Iran's export target countries. Comparison of the global market structure of the product during 2003 to 2022 revealed that despite the significant shares of Iran, Spain, England, and Nigeria in most years, the market structure has been characterized by a multi-sided monopoly, open and closed, and in some years dominated by oligopoly, indicating an increase in the number of competitors and the competitiveness of the export market for this product. Iran, with an average share of 13.6% in the saffron export market and producing over 80% of saffron, does not have a direct share in global exports, and most of Iran's saffron is exported to countries such as the UAE, Spain, China, and Oman, and then re-exported to other countries, for which strategies such as market expansion and branding need to be prioritized. The results showed that in 2022, four countries, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Iran, and Spain, accounted for 93% of the total world exports, and Iran ranked second in terms of export volume in the saffron export market during the study period. Also, Iran had an export stability index of less than one (0.96) but the trend of this index indicates a decrease in Iran's stability. The results showed that the majority of Iran's saffron exports are concentrated in only four countries, with the composition of these countries varying over time. To enhance market stability and growth, it is crucial to expand the target export markets. Prioritization should be given to China, UAE, Spain, India, USA, Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, and Kuwait, with average priority ranks of 4.15, 6.85, 7.7, 7.95, 8.9, 12.3, 14.35, 15.25, 15.5, and 16.45 respectively. Furthermore, the results indicated that the export market for saffron is oligopolistic. Therefore, it is essential for all exporting countries to collaborate in determining the price and market share for each country. This collaborative approach can help in stabilizing the market, ensuring fair pricing, and promoting sustainable growth in the saffron industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drawing on the organizational learning and relational governance literature, this study aims to advance a theoretical model to explain the export performance of emerging market export ventures. Design/methodology/approach: This study selects quantitative methodology because the main objective of this study is to explore the role of export ventures' performance (past) on guanxi networking, co-creation marketing strategies and present performance. Findings: The empirical evidence suggests that guanxi networking and co-creation strategy can mediate the relationship between export venture performance in the preceding year and export venture performance in the following year. In addition, this study also provides some guidance for emerging market export ventures on how to build a strong guanxi networking and create opportunities for collaboration when the effect of export performance in the preceding year on current performance is absent. Originality/value: The authors propose the inclusion of strategic guanxi networking-related factors (e.g. top executives' ties with business-to-business customers, such as distributors in the host market) in the prior performance-current performance paradigm. The outcomes of this study also contribute to extant organizational learning theory research by integrating preceding performance research with the co-creation theory. The study offers new insights into organizational learning and relational governance from the emerging market perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to present the structure of export orientation research and clusters over 10 years of research. The bibliometric analysis was made up of 434 articles from the Scopus database. To analyze the extracted data, three bibliometric techniques were applied: Citation Analysis, Keyword Analysis, and Bibliographic Coupling. The results show an exponential increase in research on export orientation research. The study also revealed eight clusters based on publications from the last ten years. The main themes that emerged related to export orientation research include; Marketing performance and export orientation, firm’s productivity and efficiency orientation, local to global upgradation and export orientation, industrial policy, manufacturing and export orientation, technology as a stimulant for change, competitive strategy for export orientation, and value chain coordination. It allows the researcher to better understand the most common issues of the last 5 years and relate these issues to current problems in the international marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to design a model to influence the strategic orientation and management of export market orientation on export performance in business environment transformations. The method of this research is Grounded theory. For this purpose, the topic was investigated by interviewing experts who were selected by a purposeful method of judgment from the managers and marketing experts of 52 sample exporting companies in Isfahan province in 2020. The validity of the interview questions was assessed with the Binominal test and the reliability was assessed with the Cronbach's alpha test. The research results indicate that; Strategic export orientation, export market orientation, and export performance are the three main pillars of exports in the trans formatives. To direct an effective export strategy in the current situation, six key factors of information systems strategy, customer-oriented engineering strategy, increasing innovation strategy, Competitive orientation strategy, learning orientation strategy, and cost control strategy must be included. Moreover, the results of the analysis aimed at extracting four components for export market orientation, including; Virtual marketing, distribution through capillary networks, video branding, and health brand led. Furthermore, the results of content analysis for export performance include 2 components financial and operational. Examining the export performance in transformations should be considered as the contribution of the article in the management of knowledge in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is about the role of Export Market Orientation as mediation of Entrepreneurship Orientation and Learning Orientation on Export SME Performance in Indonesia. The main phenomenon is the total contribution of non-oil and gas exports (SMEs) which has a tendency to stagnate or even decrease since 2015 of 15.73%, then in 2019 it becomes 14.38%, far from the target set by the government at 17%, this is due to the lack of Indonesian UKM products interested in the global market. This causes the products of Indonesian SMEs to be unable to compete with SMEs of other countries in terms of export earnings. There are many factors that can cause this to happen, such as: lack of good standardization, many entrepreneurs only cater to the domestic market because they do not understand how to export, limited competent human resources and lack of access to financial institutions. Due to the limitations of the research model, especially those studying exports in developing countries, research using a quantitative approach with the SEM-PLS data analysis method is considered appropriate. The choice of the SEM-PLS method, because this research is predictive in nature, will of course be able to better represent the research model. In this study, there were 84 SMEs respondents who were registered with the Ministry of SMEs and Cooperatives. The results revealed that export market orientation had an effect as a mediating relationship between learning orientation and the performance of export SMEs, however, in an indirect relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and export performance, the mediating role of export market orientation not significant. This confirms that information related to export data needs good collaboration between company owners and employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International trade in table grapes is expanding rapidly, with Peru overtaking South Africa as the second-largest exporter from the Southern Hemisphere behind Chile. The primary objective of the study was to the determine whether South Africa, with 75% of its exports destined for Europe, will be negatively affected by changes in Peru and Chile's export orientation. This question is addressed by breaking it down into four key factors. The first is the role of policy by applying Anderson et al.'s (2006) empirical framework of nominal rate of assistance (NRA) followed by measures of competitiveness, namely relative trade advantage (RTA), normalised revealed comparative advantage (NRCA) and the logarithmic relative export advantage (InRXA). The last two measures – indirect freight cost and trade barriers - zoom in on trade from one country to a specific destination. The results and discussion highlight that Peru, operating in close to a zero-distorted environment, has the potential to increase its competitiveness in the global table grape market. Whilst South Africa's table grape exporters also have this potential, given the advantages of a depreciating rand, broader and more favourable market access outside the EU and UK is paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature contends that the manufacturing sector is crucial for economic development, and it is conventional wisdom that exports drive manufacturing growth. However, it has yet to be established empirically whether the market size of export destinations is an essential factor in explaining diverging regional and sectoral manufacturing growth patterns. This article argues that accessing a few large external markets reduces entry costs, increases expectations of economies of scale, and fosters capital formation. To test this hypothesis, we construct a novel Relative Export Market Size (REMS) index that measures whether the share of sectoral exports destined to large economies in one region is higher than in other regions. Using a PVAR model with fixed effects, we verify the impact of the REMS index on value added, employment, and capital accumulation of 129 manufacturing sectors in 23 regions in Colombia from 1992 to 2017. The obtained results show that exporting to larger markets positively impacts employment, capital formation, and value added per capita of manufacturing sectors at a regional level. This finding indicates that exporting to the world's largest market helps develop competitive manufacturing sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the quality of Brazil's exports to a group of countries and analyzes its implications. Using a micro-based index, we estimated a set of 15,114,700 observations, comprising 5230 products classified at the harmonized system 6-digit level and 170 countries from 2002 to 2018. We estimated quality using two-stage least squares and an auxiliary regression. We also calculated potential quality indices as a proxy for cutoff conditions, considering varieties outside the market. This variable may represent a product's minimum quality to export to a new destination. These estimations can help policymakers, or even exporters, to identify which varieties have more chances to penetrate new markets, considering the country's characteristics. Based on these results, we regressed a probit panel model. The coefficients indicate higher-quality exports having greater chances of reaching new markets and export survival, while the cutoff conditions reduce such probabilities. Moreover, the results show robustness between homogenous and differentiated products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining exports have a large share in Mexican exports, on the other hand, China has a high demand for minerals to carry out its development plans. This paper evaluates the economic impact of Mexican mining exports in the Chinese market. Likewise, an analysis of the mining sector for both economies is carried out. For this purpose, the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RVA) method is used to find which Mexican mining products are the ones with RCA in the Chinese market. The results reveal that silver leads the mining sector, but copper is the leader in exports to China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tiempo y Economía is the property of La Fundacion Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study is an endeavour to document the pattern of comparative advantage and structural changes of Indian exports with Africa with the help of revealed comparative advantage index and the constant market share model for the period 1980–2021. The results indicate that India possesses a comparative advantage in a large number of export products to markets in Africa. However, most of these exports belong to the category of low-tech and resource-based goods. Considering its abundant labour, it is to be expected for India to have a comparative advantage in these low-skilled and labour-intensive traditional exports. The commodities with maximum advantage in the African market are medicinal and pharmaceutical products followed by sugar, sugar preparations, and honey. In the category of technology-intensive products, India has strengthened its market power only in the export of organic chemicals and dyes, and colouring materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of globalization, policy makers in both developing and developed countries have sought to expand their export destinations, with the expectation that export market diversification can boost export upgrading and economic development. Although extant literature has confirmed that exporters search for new markets in two distinct ways: direct search underpinned by the gravity effect and remote search driven by the extended gravity effect, it has not advanced very far due to the lack of adequate measures of those effects. This article presents a technique that uses available export data to develop measures of those two effects that capture a larger range of factors and thus allow us to more easily predict export market diversification. Our new indicator also simplifies the prediction by combining gravity and extended gravity effects. Empirical results show that the explanatory and predictive power of our new method is better than that of the traditional one based on gravity and extended gravity models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exports is crucial in driving economic growth and development for all countries worldwide. The export sector is critical for Turkey's economic growth and for boosting the country's standing in international trade. Exports is an essential source of Turkey's national income. It increases employment and contributes to economic growth. Exports is utilized as a strategic instrument to attain foreign trade balance, encourage knowledge transfer, gain access to new markets, and boost competitiveness. In recent years, Turkey, as an essential player in global commerce, has used various tactics to enhance its export activity. Turkey's export marketing strategy focuses on expanding export volume, diversifying exports, and maintaining competitiveness in foreign markets. The effectiveness of export marketing directly affects export performance. Turkey's export performance has shown a significant improvement. 2023 is essential as the 100th anniversary of the Republic of Turkey and the beginning of the second century. The study would outline Turkey's export history, underline the importance of export marketing, and examine how Turkey's export marketing techniques have evolved. It would also investigate Turkey's role in global commerce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The export competitiveness has only calculated on only two aspects either comparatively advantageous or comparatively disadvantageous products for India or China. There is not any thorough study that has been undertaken for Indian manufacturing sector at a segregated level along with that of China. So, in the light of these shortcomings, the purpose of this study is to analyse the dynamics of export competitiveness of indian manufacturing sector vis-à-vis its emerging counterpart, china in the global market. Design/methodology/approach: A modified revealed comparative advantage index has been used in two different phases of 2001–08 and 2010–18 to find the dynamic pattern of manufacturing exports of India and China in the world market. Findings: The study revealed that India has shown a positive response in increasing its competitive positioned products from low-technology to medium-technology products during the study period. There has been a decline in the competitive positioned products of China and simultaneously China's threatened product lines have shown an immense increment over the years. Moreover, Indian exports are concentrated to few low-technology and resource-intensive products, that share more than 50% of total exported value for its manufacturing in the global market, whereas, China is much diversified and the exported value is more scattered over its manufactured items. Research limitations/implications: The study does not include the factors that impacted the export competitiveness of the sample economies and thus adds a limitation to this study. Originality/value: As there is very limited research on dynamics of export competitiveness of Indian manufacturing exports at harmonised system 6-digit level with China, this study fulfils the gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates to what extent strategic flexibility of international strategic alliances (ISAs) affects export performance of emerging market small and medium-sized enterprises (ESMEs) via international marketing capability in crises. It also examines whether these ESMEs' adoption of digital technology strengthens the impact of strategic flexibility of ISAs on international marketing capability. Design/methodology/approach: Based on the international alliance and dynamic capability perspectives on strategic flexibility, the authors develop a conceptual model and empirically examine the mediation and moderation effects between strategic flexibility of ISAs, international marketing capability, export performance and adoption of digital technology. The authors collected survey data from 129 ESMEs located in Pakistan between May 2021 and August 2021 and tested the conceptual model with hierarchical-moderated regression analysis. Findings: The findings suggest that strategic flexibility of ISAs positively impacts on export performance of ESMEs in crises. Moreover, the authors found that international marketing significantly mediates the relationship between strategic flexibility of ISAs and export performance of ESMEs. Also, the adoption of digital technologies significantly moderates the relationship between strategic flexibility of ISAs positively and international marketing capability. Originality/value: The authors take strategic flexibility of ISAs in the context of the emerging market and how ESMEs enhance export performance in a time of crisis, which extends the prior ESMEs' international marketing strategy and crisis management literature. In particular, the authors show that strategic flexibility of ISAs is a vital dynamic capability to enhance export performance of ESMEs via international marketing capability and adoption of digital technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article illustrates how, during the COVID-19 pandemic, emerging market exporting firms can adopt differentiation strategies using composition-based capabilities, which, in turn, will enable them to strengthen their images and market shares, i.e. their strategic marketing performance in advanced markets. Design/methodology/approach: This study is based on survey data obtained from 86 Pakistani firms exporting to advanced economies. Findings: The study found that compositional collaboration capabilities positively influence the differentiation strategies and strategic marketing performance of emerging market exporting firms conducting business in advanced host markets. Furthermore, the findings indicate that differentiation strategies mediate the influence of compositional collaboration capabilities on the strategic marketing performance of these firms. Originality/value: By taking a new compositional based theoretical perspective, this study examined the underexplored phenomenon of how emerging market firms can differentiate their offerings in advanced export markets in order to achieve a better strategic performance during external shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that export growth is a strategic priority for many emerging markets, including Pakistan, due to their substantial trade deficits, this study provides important contributions from both the theoretical and practical perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of the paper is to examine the effects of firm capabilities on the use of Internet technologies, as well as the effect of the use of Internet technologies on export performance, by drawing from the resource-based view (RBV) and the information systems literature. Design/methodology/approach: The authors test their propositions by using structural equation modelling (SEM) for 165 Polish exporters from the industrial manufacturing sector. Findings: The authors' findings indicate that the use of Internet technologies is positively related to the possessed capabilities of the firms. The use of Internet technologies is in turn positively related to export performance. The authors also find partial evidence for the fact notion that these relationships are moderated by the technology intensity of the sector. Research limitations/implications: Firms which develop capabilities utilizing Internet technologies are able to enhance both communication and distribution efficiencies which in turn improve the effectiveness of their international operations. Practical implications: Managers, particularly in sectors with a higher technological intensity, can find these findings useful as the study indicates where they should allocate their efforts to manage various Internet technologies activities for better export performance. Originality/value: Existing literature has focused predominantly on the application of Internet technologies in the area of e-commerce. The authors go a step further in enhancing the understanding of digitalization in the business models of exporting firms by accounting for a broad variety of Internet-based technologies used by exporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After years of relative neglect, renewed attention has been paid to smaller, "ordinary" cities. The distinctiveness of these cities is often found in their economic development paths, which, can encompass their roles in international trade. Many locations have included exports as part of their economic growth strategies, yet the effectiveness of export strategies varies by location. This is in addition to varying components of exports for these cities, including the destination geographies and reliance on particular markets. In order to contribute to the growing literature on ordinary cities, this paper examines the export performance of smaller metropolitan areas across the southern United States. In recent decades, the South has been a region marked by robust economic performance, both overall and in terms of exporting; the region's smaller cities are an especially notable case in terms of export performance and structure. While goods-related exports from the smaller cities across this region have tended to trend upward, export performance has been spatially uneven, with export markets and key export industries varying widely. The article concludes with an exploration and discussion of possible export trajectories for these urban areas in the post-pandemic and potentially, post-globalization, environments, particularly in terms of development-related outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the effect of innovation activity on exports by destination using firm-level data from two India surveys collected by the World Bank. Both OLS regressions and IV estimations using innovation-reason indicators as the exogenous variation in innovation activity show the following findings. Firms with spending on R&D activity increase exports to richer destinations and consequently increase total exports than those without. This suggests that firms in lower-middle-income countries like India need to engage in R&D activity to satisfy the quality requirement in richer countries and increase exports. However, there is no consistent evidence that firms with a new process/product have such a causal effect. The contrast may reflect that, in poorer countries like India, instead of introducing new processes/products, spending on formal R&D activity is one more appropriate measure of innovation activity for the international market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to deepen the understanding of the interconnection between hybrid product–service offerings and firms' internationalization strategies, focusing on market entry, export performance and subsidiary strategy development. Design/methodology/approach: The approach involves reviewing and summarizing the existing body of research in the area. This is complemented by the analysis of the 10 published papers in the current issue. Findings: The authors proposed a value-chain synergetic approach that ensures the international competitiveness of hybrid offerings. The authors' conceptual framework encompasses four themes: (i) internal factors encompassing capabilities and governance, (ii) supply-side factors related to ecosystem formation, (iii) demand-side factors encompassing customization and co-creation and (iv) enhancing factors such as assets digitization. The authors' analysis demonstrates how these synergistic value chain themes interrelate to empower hybrid offerings in the export market. Research limitations/implications: While the conceptual development presented in this paper is not exhaustive, the model highlights important research avenues in the internationalization of product–service hybrid offerings that need exploration. Practical implications: The proposed framework hold practical implications for firms aiming to enhance their competitiveness in the export market through the integration of hybrid product–service offerings. Originality/value: The authors' framework bridges the gap in international marketing literature by focusing on the interplay between hybrid product–service offerings and internationalization strategies, providing valuable insights into the factors driving servitization-led innovations in foreign markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the social network analysis (SNA) method to calculate the level of agricultural export market diversification in various countries, this study examined the impact of agricultural export market diversification on export volatility from the supply network perspective based on HS6-digit agricultural export data. We identified that the agricultural export market diversification significantly reduces the export volatility. Specifically, the effect of diversifying the export market of processed agricultural products in stabilizing export volatility is greater than that of primary agricultural products. The stabilizing effect of emerging markets and developing countries or regions is more evident than developed countries or regions. Moreover, the export market diversification can stabilize the volatility of agricultural exports through two mechanisms: increasing the international market share and extending the export duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the number of MSMEs that continue to increase every year is not directly proportional to the contribution of the country's export value. One of the low contributions of export value is influenced by MSMEs which are still having difficulty starting market expansion abroad. The purpose of this study is to find out the strategy of MSMEs to be able to internationalize and be able to compete abroad. This study uses qualitative methods using a phenomenological approach. Qualitative data was obtained through in-depth interviews with 3 MSMEs in Central Java that have successfully exported. The results showed that various things can affect the three MSMEs, namely by overcoming export barriers, receiving leverage from the government, and having competitive advantages to be able to successfully export and survive in the international market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach: This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings: The study found that international orientation and marketing capability had a positive impact on the export performance of Malaysian SMEs in the halal food and beverage sector. Originality/value: The briefing saves busy executives, strategists, and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate two puzzles in the export duration literature. The first puzzle has to do with the frequent entries and exits of firms in export markets, which are at odds with the large fixed export costs in such markets. We introduce convex production technologies in a trade model to show how variable marginal costs create direct linkages between export markets. As fixed export costs vary across destinations, more productive firms need not necessarily export to more destinations. Cost convexity implies that the probability of supplying a given export market is adversely affected by positive export shocks in other markets. This is supported by our empirical analysis of bilateral flows for over 200 agri‐food products to 176 destinations originating from six large exporting countries. The second puzzle has to do with the paradoxical effect of tariffs reported in empirical export duration studies. When endogeneity is addressed, tariffs increase the probability of an export failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how intermittent trade conflicts affect production, investment and exports of an industry that produces for both domestic and international markets. We construct a dynamic stochastic model of a representative profit maximising firm that is exposed to intermittent trade conflicts. We then extend the firm‐level model to an industry comprising a continuum of firms with heterogeneous production costs and calibrate its parameters to reflect the stylised facts of Chinese manufacturers between 2005 and 2007. We find that an exporting firm's response to the eruption of a trade conflict depends critically on its cost of production, with low‐cost firms temporarily adjusting production but continuing to export, and high‐cost firms permanently exiting the international market. We also find that an industry can respond quickly to the onset and cessation of a trade conflict. We further predict that in the long run, the severity of trade conflicts has increasing marginal impacts on industry exports, whereas the duration and frequency of conflicts have diminishing marginal impacts. Lastly, we argue that if the government desires to fully restore industry exports or value to pre‐conflict levels, the most efficient policy is to subsidise capital investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of exports, imports, and trade openness on Namibia's economic growth using the ARDL cointegration method. The results reveal a significant negative relationship between imports and economic growth, while exports and trade openness show positive and significant relationships with economic growth. Moreover, short-term economic growth is driven by exports, imports, and trade openness. The findings suggest that trade liberalisation and export-led growth are crucial for Namibia's economic development. Overall, this study supports the mercantilist theory, which emphasises the importance of participating in global markets by increasing exports and trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper studies the frequency and the average size of export shipments at the firm–product–destination level. Design/methodology/approach: This paper sets up a theoretical model about the shipping frequency and the shipment size of exports to a given market from individual exporters. Then it confronts the predictions of the model with trade data. Findings: This paper shows that patterns of export shipments are determined by (1) a product's export potential in a market, which is the exports revenue when the firm delivers the exports of the product to the market in a single shipment in each period; and (2) factors related to the firm's efficiency of managing shipments of the product exported to the market. Originality/value: This paper reveals some important patterns of export shipments. It provides a theoretical model that explains the patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to determine the moderating role of trust on the influence of export incentives over importer role performance. The mediating role of importer role performance and the impact of export incentives on exporter performance have also been investigated. Design/methodology/approach: This study used survey as the main data collection method to obtain data from 105 executives of exporting firms. An official database of export firms was provided to this study by the Department of Export Promotion, Ministry of Commerce of Thailand. Findings: Significant partial moderation effect of trust on the impact of export incentives over importer role performance has been seen. Also, this study found a partial mediating role of the importer role performance in mediating the association of export incentives and exporter performance. In addition, export incentives in the form of credible channel policies and price and financial incentives have been found to have a significant positive effect on importer role performance. Practical implications: This study will be of practical value for practitioners or managers of export firms because it is essential to enhance trust with importers and select the appropriate export incentives for importers. This could enhance competitiveness of the export firms. Originality/value: This is an original attempt to investigate the role of trust as moderator in influencing the impact of export incentives on importer role performance. Also, this study initially ascertains the mediating effect of importer role performance in mediating the effectiveness of both monetary and non-monetary incentives on exporter performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present document aims to determine the degree of competitiveness of Mexican fresh beef exports to the American market across the period 1967-2020, for this purpose the techniques of constant market participation and revealed comparative advantage was used. The results indicate that Mexico has competed against suppliers such as Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, improving its export competitiveness from being the fourth to the second largest supplier in the American beef market; Canada is the most outstanding country in the analysis because it has increased its share even at world level. It was identified that Mexico's RCA in this subsector showed a marked decline in the 1980s and 1990s, however, with the entry into force of NAFTA, the country recovered its export behavior. To promote the competitiveness of this economic activity, the importance of achieving greater diversification of markets for Mexican beef exports and improving trade relations with distributors is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of this research is to analyse the joint impact of export proactivity and coordination capacity as mediators on the relationship between export market orientation (EMO) and export performance and the relational norms and export continuity as EMO's antecedents. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses structural equation modelling for the analysis of 127 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from the agri-export sector in Peru. Findings: The research demonstrates the mediating role of export proactivity between EMO and export performance and the impact of relational norms as an antecedent of EMO as well as that of export continuity in export performance. Research limitations/implications: The cross-sectional study design has certain limitations; thus, longitudinal research is necessary to analyse the evolution of the impact of these variables. Future research should also consider new variables, such as absorptive capacity and institutional distance, in relation to EMO and export performance in emerging markets. Originality/value: This research paper provides a perspective that is an alternative to the traditional literature related to EMO since coordination capacity and export proactivity have been used as EMO's antecedents. However, in emerging countries, such as Peru, exports are based on comparative advantages. Under this context, it is necessary to analyse export proactivity and coordination capacity as mediators of the relationship between EMO and export performance and the relational norms and export continuity as EMO's antecedents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the relationship between innovation and export behaviour across manufacturing and services firms in Africa. The study is based on the general premise that innovation has a positive effect on firm's exports (self-selection hypothesis) and the complementary assumption that internationalisation drives firms to innovate (learning-by-exporting hypothesis). To test this complex, two-way link between innovation and exports, the study contributes to the existing literature by analysing the complementarity effects between product and process innovation in their relationship with exports. A combination of process and product innovation is expected to have a greater impact on the likelihood of firms entering the foreign market and on their export performance. Using data from 45 African countries, from 2006 to 2020, the multinomial probit and two-stage least squares models are estimated. There is support for the learning by exporting and the self-selection hypotheses for African firms. The findings also reveal the need to improve the business environment across African economies to foster greater exports and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between entrepreneurial orientations and internationalization has been examined extensively, but the recent developments in the rapidly changing environment point to the need for further examination of international entrepreneurs' orientations in their own embedding contexts and beyond. There is ample evidence suggesting a positive relationship between the firm's combined overall international entrepreneurial orientation, its extent of innovativeness, export (or international marketing), collaborative, and socio-cultural orientations and the scope and speed of its internationalization. The aim of this article is to examine the challenges and developments among the integral components of international entrepreneurial orientations and their associated activities, strategies, and resources to integrate their interactive impacts for better understanding of the broader concepts of international entrepreneurship orientations and international entrepreneurship capital in the increasing complexities of entrepreneurial internationalization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Companies in emerging markets have found that exporting is the most popular mode of entry in international business. However, popularity does not necessarily equate to successful export performance. This study applies the Resource-Advantage (R-A) theory as the platform to understand why some export companies perform better than others. Using survey data of 346 small and medium-sized Turkish exporters, results suggest that both export market orientation and marketing capabilities have direct positive effects on export performance. Moreover, competition intensity weakened the effects of export market orientation on export performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to inspiring growth over the past 20 years, the dynamics of Chinese exports have been the focus of many researchers. In contrast to current literature, this study examines the quadratic relationship between China's real exports to 154 partner countries and the income of trading partners from 1996 to 2019. The findings obtained from the second generational econometric analysis confirm cross-section dependence and heterogeneous slope among panel members. Second, while the GDP per capita of partner countries has a positive impact on China's exports, the quadratic of GDP per capita has a negative impact. These findings indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between China's exports and GDP per capita of its partner countries—thus, validating the trading Kuznets curve (TKC) hypothesis. The appreciation of the Renminbi (RMB) has statistically significant negative effects on China's exports. From a policy perspective, Chinese policymakers could consider the TKC hypothesis when determining market and export strategies. Additionally, the Chinese monetary authority could consider stabilizing the value of the RMB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to research how core product standardization/adaptation and firm characteristics may frame organizational design in exporting. The aim is to outline organizational design for optimal export performance and note that wrong organizational design may prevent effectiveness and success, despite how good the chosen strategy is. To achieve the above mentioned, empirical research grounded on positivist paradigm, quantitative approach, and survey techniques with descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analysis was employed, following well-known business principle that organizational structure follows strategy. Obtained findings indicate that organizational design may be framed on three parameters: standardization as an export marketing strategy for core products, firm size, and capital ownership. Those variables and their sub-levels are used for indicating prescriptions for organizational configuration, complexity, formalization, centralization, coordination and control, and suitable approach in international management depending on main export destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to expand the understanding of the type of strategies that can be successful for firms located in the South to get integrated and compete in modern export fruit markets. Design/methodology/approach: To achieve the research purpose of the paper the authors carry out an in-depth case study. They analyze the export strategy of Patagonian Fruits Trade, an Argentinean leading exporter of apple, pear and kiwi. Findings: Results revealed that Patagonian Fruits Trade developed a strategy focused on supplying decommoditization to compete in modern fruit export markets. A key aspect of the firms' business model relies on its capability to meet the demand of high-income markets by providing conventional, organic and biodynamic club varieties. However, the sustainability of the strategy heavily relies on the firm's capability to fund club varieties' licenses and on the firm's ability to negotiate with clients and suppliers. Research limitations/implications: Adopting a case study method limits the generalization of results. However, it provides new insights into the type of export strategies that can be successful in modern fruit markets as well as its main limitations. Originality/value: Results of the study, based on original empirical evidence, shed light on key factors for the integration of Southern fruit producers into modern fruit markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cretan olive oil is known for its premium quality worldwide. In the post pandemic international environment, the rising demand for olive oil due to its health benefits has generated greater competition amongst traditionally non-producer and producer countries. Olive oil exports affect both the financial growth and stability of companies that trade it and the economic prosperity of the Crete prefecture. Various factors can influence a company's export performance, and of those it is widely agreed that the presence of an export manager yields a positive impact. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of an export manager on export marketing policies. The application of the Chi-Square Test (χ2) was judged as the most suitable criterion for the elaboration of the research. The χ2 test showed that there are statistically significant correlations between variables. The findings of the research indicate an exports manager's influence on promotions abroad and in conducting market research before exporting to a new foreign market. The employment of an export manager and the level of his/her certified knowledge appear to have a positive impact on the export marketing policies of companies that export Cretan olive oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the impacts of discretionary adaptation (DP) on the export performances (EP) of U.S. small and medium-sized enterprises. Topics mentioned include the difference between DP and mandatory adaptation, and the other factors affecting EP including a firm characteristic and product positional advantage. Also explained are the study's theoretical implications for the international marketing literature.

This paper examines the effect of firm-level investment in capital on export entry and productivity growth among different firm size classes using matching and difference-in-differences techniques. We find that firm-level investment in capital reduces the burden of sunk costs of export market entry, thereby inducing small firms to enter export markets with ease and increase their productivity as a result of export market participation. New entrants who survive their first year of exporting also grow their investment levels to consolidate market share. We show that micro and small firms that initiate exporting are more likely to implement firm-level investment as well, one way of technology upgrading, to remain competitive in export markets. Moreover, firm-level investment helps small exporters to generate higher productivity once they engage in export markets. This may suggest that the observed market selection and growth of small firms could be the outcome of distinctive productivity improvements in these firms. We note that investing in capital, especially plant and equipment, may help micro and small firms improve their productive capacity to produce more output at lower unit costs as a result of low-marginal costs of production. Export-led growth policies should be directed at supporting micro and small firms access the much needed financing to upgrade their production processes and improve their productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drawing on the knowledge-based view of the firm (KBV) and Dynamic Marketing Capabilities (DMC), this paper examines the role of key internationalization knowledge absorption processes as learning strategies, namely market exploitation and market exploration in enabling internationalization knowledge absorption in export-oriented firms involved in manufacturing goods or producing electrical/engineering products. Design/methodology/approach: The data were gathered via a cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire (i.e. n = 315) on a sample of Bangladeshi manufacturing firms exporting in US and European markets. Findings: The findings suggest that an export firm's internationalization absorption strategies are positively associated with export performance. The authors also found that the mediator, DMC, strengthened the relationship between knowledge absorption and export performance. Moreover, the findings of moderated mediation model revealed that the direct and indirect effects of market exploitation on export performance are more prevalent when competitive intensity is low. While competitive intensity is high, the direct and indirect effects of market exploration on export performance are more prevalent. Practical implications: By introducing a higher-level dynamic marketing capability approach and linking it to ambidexterity constructs (learning though exploration and exploitation), export business professionals should appreciate the full spectrum of mid-level marketing capabilities they need to develop alongside their exploration and exploitation strategies to improve their export performance. This study directs attention to the competitive intensity conditions the exporting firm is facing. When export business professionals are faced with high-level of competitive intensity in the market, they should establish a clear focus on their exploration learning strategies if they wish to enhance their export performance. Originality/value: The authors contribute to two broad domains of literature: organizational learning and DMC strategy. The study results show that how the two components of international ambidexterity as organizational learning constructs (i.e. market exploration and exploitation) influence knowledge management processes within firms through a firm's possession of a fine configuration of higher-level marketing capability. This study also theoretically and empirically examines how higher-level DMC strategy can mediate the consequence of international knowledge absorption mechanism on firm export performance. From a practical perspective, this study provides useful lessons for exporting firms wishing to enhance their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction In the modern world, there is interdependence between the economies of different countries and it is difficult to find a country that has a closed economy. In other words, all the economies of the world are interconnected, but the degree of openness of the economy varies from country to country. One of the ways to reach global markets in transition countries is to develop the export of non-oil products, especially agricultural products, which cannot be achieved without considering the market structure of exportable commodities. Due to the high share of the country in the production of this product versus its small share in the export of this product and on the other hand the lack of comprehensive research on determining appropriate target markets and active presence in it, the present study seeks to examine the comparative advantage, The structure of the export market and finally the prioritization of the target countries of Iranian tomato export using numerical taxonomy (by prioritizing the target countries of Iran based on a set of indicators) to provide scientific solutions to producers of this product to identify and select the appropriate target market. Materials and Methods Considering the high potential of the country in the field of tomato production and export, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the comparative advantage, determining the structure of the export market and prioritizing the export target markets of this product in Iran. The study period of this research is 2001-2018. For this purpose, the present study has examined the business model and structure of the export market of tomatoes in Iran and the world using the revealed comparative advantage, symmetric revealed comparative advantage, concentration ratios and Herfindahl-Hirschman index. After introducing the indicators of comparative advantage, the market structure index will be examined. Market structure reflects the organizational characteristics of the market, including the concentration of sellers, buyers' concentration, entry conditions and the degree of homogeneity of goods, which can be identified by identifying the nature of pricing, market competition and market type between competition and complete monopoly. Then, in order to prioritize the target markets of Iranian tomatoes, the method of numerical taxonomy analysis was used, which can be used to rank the regions in terms of comparative advantages and potentials and capacities. In this method, first each set is transformed into a homogeneous set based on the desired indicators and then prioritization will be done based on the expressed indicators. Results and Discussion The study of tomato export trends in recent years shows that there is a growth in the export value of this product, but in contrast to the export advantage of Iranian tomatoes during the period under review has been accompanied by many fluctuations and this indicates a competitive risk for tomato exporters in the country. Therefore, adopting policies for permanent monitoring and policy-making to improve the level of competitiveness of Iranian exporters, such as raising the quality of packaging, advertising to introduce the product in new and developed markets, as well as setting preferential tariffs with other countries seems necessary. The study of the structure of the Iranian tomato market showed that during the period under review, the structure of the Iranian tomato export market was not diverse and focused on a few specific countries, which caused instability and a decrease in foreign currency income from tomato exports. The bargaining power of Iran in the world market of this product has decreased, which has ultimately been to the detriment of Iran and the benefit of importing countries. Therefore, it is recommended in the field of trade of this product by identifying new and emerging export target markets and shipping commodities to these countries, as well as increasing the number of export target markets and bringing Iran's export market closer to a competitive state, to prevent Iran's tomato exports to concentrate on a few limited and traditional markets (dominant firm). Conclusion In this study, using the method of numerical taxonomy analysis as an efficient method, we tried to identify Iran's export target markets during the period 2001-2009. Finally, according to the ten indicators of market attractiveness, potential target markets for future exports of Iranian tomatoes were selected. The results of prioritizing the target markets of Iranian tomatoes showed that out of 25 countries importing Iranian tomatoes, 23 countries were among the target markets for exporting Iranian tomatoes. Among the major actual markets of Iranian tomatoes, which account for the largest imports of this product from Iran, only 4 countries, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, UAE and Armenia are among the 10 countries with high priority, and the rest of the importers of tomatoes from Iran is considered as a target market with low priority. Therefore, in the export of tomatoes, a policy should be adopted that shifts the main focus to high-priority countries to penetrate them with full awareness of all the conditions of the target markets, especially the tastes of customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of unconventional monetary policies adopted by advanced economies in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis has had far reaching implications for global economic conditions. Although several transmission channels of quantitative easing to financial market and exchange rate conditions have been identified, there is a lack of empirical investigation on the spillover effects to exports for emerging market economies. The research presented in this paper focuses on assessing the asymmetric transmission of unconventional monetary policy in the US on exports for fifteen emerging market economies. Employing the panel ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) model, we find that the increase in large-scale asset purchases in the US corresponds to a decline in exports in the emerging market economies. The effect on exports is more sizable in the Fragile Five than in the other 10 emerging markets. Finally, although monetary policy shocks from the US transmit to impact trade in emerging markets, the effect is asymmetric. Specifically, the tapering of the quantitative easing does not have a statistically significant effect on exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the moderating effect of business networks on the export performance of firms. Design/methodology/approach: Following recent studies conducted from a network perspective, this moderating effect is studied for different types of business networks. To do this, a two-step Heckman-probit model is implemented for a sample of more than 2,000 manufacturing companies with information from the years 2006 to 2012. This study analyses the effect of nine variables of institutional distance between Spain and four geographical areas for collaborating and non-collaborating firms. Findings: The main contribution of this paper is suggesting that vertical networks reduce the negative effects of institutional distance faced by the company in the early stages of its export process. Practical implications: According to the results of this paper, managers should make a greater effort to expand their networks when they want to start exporting to further markets, as some networks reduces the negative effect of distance on export propensity. Moreover, the results also suggest that participating within a network may not be sufficient to increase the propensity to export of a firm, being important the kind of network in which companies participate. Originality/value: The originality of this paper lies in providing empirical evidence that distinct kind of networks have different effect on the internationalisation process of companies, and that they affect not only directly as previous studies showed but also indirectly moderating the negative effect of the differences between markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Organizações Rurais & Agroindustriais is the property of Organizacoes Rurais & Agroindustriais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Export entry deterrence is a result of export uncertainty, which inhibits the discovery of new exports and prevents a country from realising its true comparative advantage. This paper examines how firms resolve uncertainty through the combination of two learning channels: learning from others and their own export experience. Using Chilean customs data (2007–2016), I find that early entrants have a short export duration and have little export experience. When combining the two learning channels, I find that less experienced exporters are more responsive to new information. Significantly, when observing a 10% increase in average initial export growth, less experience firms have double the entry probability compared with more experienced firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advantage of being an economically dynamic and geographically close region, Vietnam - ASEAN trade relations have had high growth rates in recent decades. This has helped open new opportunities for Vietnamese exporters to get access to and expand its markets internally in a region of about 625 million population and larger external markets, as well as to get deeper engagement in the global value chain. However, the export of Vietnamese goods to these countries is always unpredictable and highly risky. Potential risks come from the policy of the states, from the parties and exporters involved, from the protection of domestic trade, from the customs and practices of the consumers. This has been especially true since the ASEAN Economic Community is officially established by the end of 2015. Risk identification is an important step to minimize and prevent risk and vulnerability in export activities for Vietnamese exporters while integrating into the region. By using a systematic, multi-dimensional approach, the paper uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies to identify the risks for Vietnamese exports to the ASEAN market, which is based on data of export status and studies about the actual situation of exporters. At the same time, on the basis of the development orientation between Vietnam and AEC, the article is to provide solutions to reduce risks that are applicable for the state and industrial communities, thereby improving the efficiency of Vietnamese exports to the ASEAN markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This firm-level study investigates the importance of innovation as a determinant of firm productivity and how firm productivity could impact firm export survival. This is the first integration of the innovation approach, productivity approach, and firm survival approach to explore their linkages at the regional level in ASEAN developing countries. Using the panel database from the World Bank Enterprise Survey, which covers six developing countries in ASEAN—the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar—and also covers six selected industries, we construct four equations: innovation inputs, innovation output, firm productivity, and export survival. The four equations' findings suggest that the technology level of the sector, firm size, and exports are significant factors for R&D expenditure (innovation input). R&D expenditure is a significant driver of a firm's product and process innovation (innovation output). Increasing firm productivity in the six ASEAN developing countries we considered is driven by process innovation rather than product innovation, and productive firms are more likely to survive in the export market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)