Search

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The structural and performance indexes provide objective information on the morphotype of the animals and their potential functionality. The aim of this study was to characterize the morphology of horses from an equestrian school and to analyze the conformational variation of the horses from a group of morphometric measurements: body weight (BW), withers height (HW), croup height(HC), back height (HB), body length (BL), girth circumference (GC), cannon perimeter (CP) and from these calculate some performance and/or conformation indexes: body index (BI), conformation index (CFI), compactness index (COI), dactyl-thoracic index (DTI), load step index 1 and load trot index 2 (LSI1 and LTI2), body mass index (BMI), ratio girt circumference-height GC:H and the degree of saddle (DS) in sport horses of four racial types: Colombian sport horse (CSH), criollo (CR), Argentine polo (PA) and English Thoroughbred (PSI). The data was taken from 29 horses (9 females and 20 males) with an average age of 10 years. The mean conformation index differed between breeds (P<0.01), and these were related to the morphological biotype of each breed. The morphotype for CCD and PSI defined them as longiline horses suitable for jumping, while CR and PA mesoline, suitable for sports saddle. The determination of morphological indices allowed the correct characterization of the conformation of sporting horses, from these indexes it is possible to objectively classify the functional purpose. In addition, some indexes (LSI1, LTI2, DS) would be indirect indicators of the end-welfare relationship in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Academica Ciencia Animal is the property of Revista Academica Ciencia Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal is the property of Revista Brasileira de Reproducao Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal is the property of Revista Brasileira de Reproducao Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to make a descriptive analysis of 5 cases of caesarean sections in mares. The five reported cases were treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the State University of Maringa, campus Umuarama (HVGA-UEM), from 2019 to 2021. Four Quarter Horse mares and one Crioula, complaining of prolonged delivery and dystocia due to different reasons. Of these, three cases were discharged 60% (3/5), while the other three 40% (2/5), due to postoperative complications and the severity of the clinical condition, progressed to death. Dystocia births are rare in mares, when compared to other species, this particularity, can be justified by the anatomical conformation of the reproductive system and the placental classification of mares, which provide rapid and effective contractions, which facilitate the progression of normal or eutocia birth. Thus, in cases of dystocia in mares, those in which obstetric maneuvers are unable to correct fetal malposition, cesarean section becomes the emergency procedure of choice. As a complementary measure, guided by the principles of animal welfare, owners were suggested not to place these animals in the next reproductive season, restricting their use only as embryo donors. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the survival of mares undergoing cesarean is 60% under the conditions of this study, uses had no vital signs at the time of the procedure and/or evolved to death during the post-surgical period immediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica is the property of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a genetic disorder or by undetermined cause characterized by the abnormal accumulation of glycogen and polysaccharides in skeletal muscle fibers. The present report describes two Percheron horses, from different properties in the municipality of Pouso Redondo - SC, with locomotor clinical signs that started after work. The clinical signs observed were rigid gait, mainly of the pelvic limbs, muscle weakness, and recumbency. In the first case, the animal was diagnosed with severe multifocal rhabdomyonecrosis, moderate multifocal myoglobin nephrosis and severe diffuse transmural fibrinonecrotic gastritis. PSSM was confirmed by the presence of polysaccharide inclusions in myofiber sarcolemma visualized by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. In the second case, the horse presented two episodes of muscle disorder after work. The therapeutic protocol was based on penicillin, flunixin meglumine and fluid therapy with ringer lactate. An increase in creatine kinase (669.0 UI/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (669.0 UI/L) was observed in the serum biochemical evaluation. Research for mutation in the GYS1 gene was performed, with a positive heterozygote result. After rest and gradual recovery, the horse was only submitted to light work, with no return of the clinical condition since then. Thus, this report describes two cases of PSSM with distinct clinical evolution and diagnostic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia da Unipar is the property of Associacao Paranaense de Ensino e Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M. is the property of Knowledge E DMCC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica is the property of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El objetivo de este escrito es presentar la opinión del autor en cuanto a la manera en que la Zootecnia debe contribuir a integrar el conocimiento tradicional con el conocimiento científico para promover el bienestar y desempeño de los equinos en los ecosistemas, comunidades o condiciones que cohabitan. Comenzando por una reseña de la historia del género Equus y la equitación universal, así como de la importancia de los equinos para la civilización, se procede a reflexionar sobre el concepto de Zootecnia y la necesidad de reconsiderar sus alcances conforme al contexto socioeconómico actual; para terminar con una propuesta de aplicación de la ciencia, la tecnología y las buenas prácticas para el manejo eficiente de los equinos, ilustrándolo con un modelo conceptual que integra cinco principios del bienestar y desempeño equino. El uso de refranes a lo largo del escrito, intenta mostrar que, por un lado, hay cosas de la equitación tradicional que han dado precedente a la ciencia, pero que, por otro lado, la verdadera experiencia en el manejo eficiente de los équidos no es la que dan los años sino la que se basa en la evidencia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Determine the morphometric values of the plantar metatarsal tendons and ligaments in clinically healthy animals. Materials and methods. Thirty animals were used throughout the study, the plantar metatarsal tendons and ligaments were evaluated starting from the plantaromedial aspect of the proximal region to the insertion of the suspensory branches in the sesamoids bones. The variables to be studied in each structure were cross-sectional area (cm2), lateral medial width (ALM) (cm) and dorsal palmar thickness (EDP) (cm). Results. It was found that the structure with the largest area in the proximal regions was the suspensory ligament (0.858 cm2) followed by the lateral digital flexor (0.759 cm2), in regions 1B and 2A the largest structure remained the suspensory ligament and in the region 2B, the deep digital flexor tendon was the largest structure (0.804 cm2). Conclusions. The behavior of the variables in the Colombian Creole horse is similar to that reported in the literature and finally the first reference values of morphometric measurements of the tendons and ligaments of the plantar metatarsal in this breed are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M. is the property of Knowledge E DMCC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma is an extremely rare malignant neoplasm, with few descriptions in the literature. Therefore, its etiology and treatment are not well understood. The present study aims to report the case of an equine histologically diagnosed with lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma in the lower eyelid region and third eyelid treated by surgical excision and intralesional chemotherapy. Case: A 17-year-old male mixed-breed equine weighing 300 kg was treated in the large animal clinic and surgery sector of the Federal University of Santa Catarina in the city of Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The equine revealed an alert and docile temperament without considerable physiological changes in the physical examination. In the evaluation of the right eye, a tumor mass was observed in the region of the lacrimal gland adhered to the third eyelid and lower eyelid, with a light red ulcerated appearance approximately 7 cm in diameter. Therefore, the surgical excision of the adhered tumor mass was performed, with the subsequent intralesional application of 2 mL of Vincristine Sulfate. In the histopathological evaluation following the surgical excision of the tumor mass, yellowish-white fragments of irregular nodules were observed measuring from 3.5×2.0×1.7 cm to 2.0×0.5×0.3 cm, in addition to microscopy focus clusters of weakly basophilic neoplastic glandular cells, some with a randomly arranged lacy aspect, forming disorganized acinar structures and others showed marking islands of the cells organized in a palisade shape by vascular delicate stroma. The neoplastic cells presented anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, prominent nucleoli sometimes binucleated and with basophilic intracytoplasmic secretory material, delimited by scarce connective tissue. In some areas, there were small foci of infiltrated lymphocytes and plasmocytes and areas of necrosis. The mass was surrounded by connective tissue, where red blood vessels were found outside the vessels (hemorrhage), and mitoses were observed 2 per field at high magnification (40x). After the surgical procedure, it was not possible to follow up and reassess of the patient, so there is no clarification on the possibility of tumor recurrence. Discussion: The case reported is uncommon, being only the second report of adenocarcinoma in the equine lacrimal gland. Therefore, there are few descriptions in the literature about its defined etiology and the best treatment method, although, surgical excision is the method of choice because it is a tumor of high recurrence and invasiveness. In this case, we opted for the exeresis of the tumor mass and later application of chemotherapy, a treatment that was relatively effective, to avoid recurrence and the failure of the technique. In these cases, monitoring the animal after the procedure is recommended, evaluating whether there was tumor recurrence, although this was not possible in the present possible. The third eyelid, lacrimal, and zygomatic salivary glands may be sources of intraorbital neoplasms. These neoplastic processes may have similar histological and behavioral characteristics, and their differentiation is, therefore, problematic. These structures may be differentiated based on the anatomical location, however, clinical appearance and symptoms are identical in most cases. Adenocarcinoma in the equine lacrimal gland is a neoplasm considered rare, so it is important to emphasize an accurate diagnosis through histopathological analyses to differentiate it from other frequent orbital neoplasms in horses, allowing more information about this tumor and establishing different treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enostosis like lesions are characterized by areas of intramedullary sclerosis affecting the long bones and their presence in any cases may be not associated with lameness. It has a migratory characteristic and, therefore there is the occurrence of lameness at different sites from the initial lesion. Its etiology is speculative and has been attributed to intraosseous increased pressure, of Havers’ canals compression, stimulation of unmyelinated fibers and circulating platelet aggregates. Diagnosis is made through nuclear scintigraphy and associated with radiographic examination. This paper aims to report a clinical case on the use of scintigraphy for the reference diagnosis of enostosis-type injury and treatment through surgical bone decompression. Case: A 2-year-old thoroughbred mare, weighing 483 kg, with a history of acute lameness of the left pelvic limb associated with the no previous signs of trauma and no noteworthy changes in radiographic and ultrasound images, was referred to the Horse Center Veterinary Clinic. In the examination of the locomotor system, the animal presented a 2/5 degree lameness in a straight line, with accentuated exacerbation of the same after flexion of the left femoro-tibio-patellar joint. In addition, presented a reduction in the caudal phase of the stride and croup asymmetry associated with mild myopenia. The findings of the scintigraphic exam characterized by intense focal area of hyperconcentration of medullary radiopharmaceutical in the proximal third of the right third metatarsal, and multiple areas of hyperconcentration in the aspect proximal to the distal third of the left tibia. In the radiographic images, multifocal radiopaque regions that coincided with the areas of radiopharmaceutical hyperconcentration were observed. The initial treatment was based on rest, use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and acetylsalicylic acid. In the 60 days’ later evaluation of the first exam, the patient returned to the clinic presenting 4/5 degree lameness and with an unsatisfactory evolution. Therefore, surgical bone decompression was performed on the left radius through intramedullary perforations with a 3.5 mm drill in the lesion sites. Approximately 30 days after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the clinic complaining of acute 2/5 degree lameness of the left pelvic limb. The patient was removed from his race career and destined for amateur jumping events where he is currently doing the same without presenting a clinical complaint of persistent lameness. Discussion: The presence of focal areas of radiopharmaceutical hyperconcentration in several bones of a limb, not just in the same lame limb, makes it even more difficult to understand this pathology. The intensity of radiopharmaceutical uptake evident in scintigraphy exams is related to the degree of lameness. Severe lameness is associated with intense radiopharmaceutical concentration indicating an acute stage of the disease, as well as a decrease in radiopharmaceutical concentration in follow-up exams, demonstrating an improvement in the degree of lameness. In the present clinical case described, there was a decrease in the radiopharmaceutical concentration in the right radius, but in the left radius, the limb in which spinal cord decompression was performed, it was still possible to observe radiopharmaceutical hyperconcentration. This was possibly due to an inflammatory bone process caused by surgical decompression. The literature suggests a favorable prognosis for the return to athletic function, with clinical resolution after following a period of rest and administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The patient in the described clinical case returned to sports activities with a reduced athletic performance requirement, replacing running events with basic and amateur jumping events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to its ocular microflora, the equine species is predisposed to develop mycotic ulcers which, when not properly treated, can lead to the formation of a stromal abscess. A stromal abscess occurs through the introduction of microorganisms into the corneal stroma. During re-epithelialization, the foreign body is encapsulated, thus creating a barrier that protects bacteria or fungi from treatment with antimicrobial medication. This framework can end up resulting in blindness due to chronic iridocyclitis, putting the animal’s vision at risk. The current work aims to report a case of corrective surgery for stromal abscess in a mare with the administration of intraoperative intrastromal fluconazole, in order to corroborate the effectiveness of the technique. Case: A 9-year-old mare was evaluated, with the complaint that her right eye was closed and “yellowish” and that she had already been treated with intramuscular injectable anti-inflammatory drugs based on flunexin meglumine (Banamine® - 50 mg) for 15 days, referring to a possible ulcer in the right eye. Ophthalmic screening resulted in a negative direct reflex and no threat response in the right eye. Examination of the conjunctiva showed congestion and chemosis. Examination of the cornea of the right eye was negative for Fluorescein and Green Lissamine tests, and opacity and corneal neovascularization were noted. The final diagnosis was a corneal abscess of probable fungal origin secondary to a keratomycosis. After the consultation, complementary blood and biochemical tests were performed, which showed normal results for the species in question, and treatment was started with eye drops based on atropine 1% (Fagra® - 20 mL), ciprofloxacin antimicrobial eye drops (Ciprovet Colirio® - 5 mL), and antifungal eye drops based on ketoconazole 1% (manipulated), in addition to an intramuscular injectable anti-inflammatory based on flunexin meglumine (Banamine® - 50 mg - 1.1 mg/kg SID) and an intramuscular injectable analgesic based on sodium dipyrone (Febrax® - 0.5 g - 15 mL/animal SID) until the day of surgery, which was booked for 3 days later. The surgical intervention was then instituted by the technique of anterior lamellar keratectomy followed by intrastromal hydration with fluconazole and the forming of a bipedicled flap, in order to remove the necrotic tissue and antigenic stimulation factors, while the conjunctival flap aimed to improve blood supply and protect the injured area, thus favoring local healing. For better postoperative quality for the animal, continuation of the same treatment as prior to surgery was prescribed for a period of 15 days. The return of the animal for the removal of the flap was scheduled for 45 days after surgery, however, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a delay of 135 days. When the animal returned the flap was still stable. A second surgery was instituted for the removal of the flap, during which it was possible to affirm that the cornea had recovered total integrity and partial transparency with only a leukoma in the previous location of the abscess. Discussion: The technique of anterior lamellar keratectomy together with the use of a conjunctiva flap for the treatment of stromal abscess in horses is a known technique that is used routinely, although some cases report the formation of a second infection in the same space. However, there are few reports on the use of intrastromal hydration with antifungal medication adjuvant to the surgical technique, which, as shown in this report, proved to be effective since even with the issue of a delay in removing the conjunctival flap, the eye remained whole and there was no second infection. The use of this technique can therefore be indicated for the treatment of stromal abscess in horses, given the safety that the application of intrastromal antifungal provides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the safety of uterine lavage using ozonated saline in mares. Each liter of saline (NaCl 0.9%) was ozonated at 50 of ozone per mL for 7 min using a medical ozone generator. Then, uterine lavage was performed during estrus or 4h post-breeding and each liter of saline remained inside the uterus for 10 min before being recovered. In experiment 1, two cycles of six mares were used in a crossover design. Lavage was performed with ozonated (Treated) or non-ozonated (Control) saline 4h after the infusion of dead sperm, and cytology samples and biopsies were collected 6 and 24h later. Experiment 2, endometrial biopsies were collected before lavage (T0) and at 15 (T15), 30 (T30), and 60 (T60) days post-treatment with ozonated (n=11) or non-ozonated (n=3) saline. In experiment 3 (n=10), the pregnancy outcome was evaluated subsequent to lavage with ozonated saline 4h after insemination. In Experiment 1, there were no difference at 6h post-breeding in PMNs count on endometrial cytology between treatment and control groups (P>0.05). However, PMNs tended (P=0.09) to be superior in the experimental treatment compared to the control at 24h post-breeding. In addition, the number of PMNs tended to be lower in the control cycle at 6 h (P=0.06) and 24 h (P=0.08) in endometrial biopsies. In Experiment 2, the endometrial architecture, the numbers of lymphocytes and PMN were not affected by the treatment (P>0.05). In Experiment 3, nine out of 10 mares were confirmed to be pregnant after treatment, and there was not pregnancy loss up to 60 days. In conclusion, uterine lavage with ozonante saline solution may cause a mild endometrial inflammation, however, doesn't harm the endometrium or impact pregnancy outcomes in healthy mares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To identify by molecular techniques the presence of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) in an equine sarcoid, and to carry out its histological characterization. Materials and methods. Using a sarcoid lesion from a Pinto Americano mare, nucleic acid extraction and identification by molecular techniques was performed. A partial region of the gene corresponding to the L1 segment of papillomavirus was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, then it was sequenced and analyzed using BLAST algorithm. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of the tissue was performed and analyzed under a 100X light microscope. Results. BPV-2 was detected in the equine sarcoid lesion, and the lesion was classified as nodular according to its morphological and histological characteristics. Histopathology showed a fibrotic lesion, with exophytic neoplasia and expansion of the spinous layer. Conclusions. The study established for first time the presence of BPV-2 in an equine sarcoid in Costa Rica using molecular techniques and its association with a nodular-type sarcoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil only one herd of locally bred Fjord horses exists, located in the state of Espírito Santo, established in 2003. These horses are used mainly in equestrian events and family outings. Since these animals have not yet been scientifically studied, the objective of this work is to characterize the morphology of these horses by linear measures and conformation indices. The morphology was evaluated by 22 measures of adult animals, used to calculate body, meloscopic, dactilo-thoracic and body indices. The measurement of the total head length was used in the eclectic system of linear proportions. The analysis of variance included the fixed effect of sex and the covariable age. There were no significant differences between the body measures of males and females. The animals had average withers height of 1.42±2.60 m and body weight of 472.1±40.4 Kg. The Fjord mares presented hip width proportion of 0.83, smaller than in males. The classification of the body index of the males and females indicated these animals are medioline, but according to the meloscopic index, they are classified as breviline. According to the dactilo-thoracic index, the males are considered to by hypermetric and the females eumeric. In conclusion, the animals can be classified as medium-sized with morphological traits of a robust body structure and good capacity for shifting their body mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of enteral or total parenteral nutrition, associated or not with glutamine, on gastrointestinal motility in horses subjected to starvation and refeeding. 16 healthy, mixed-breed adult horses of both sexes, four geldings and 12 mares, with ages ranging from four to 14 years and an average body weight of 248.40 + 2.28 kg, were divided into four groups, four animals per group: Group I (ENTGL): enteral fluid therapy with electrolytes associated with glutamine; Group II (PARGL): total parenteral nutrition (TPN) associated with glutamine; Group III (ENTFL): enteral fluid therapy with electrolytes; Group IV (PARFL): parenteral fluid therapy. The experimental design was entirely randomized, in a 4x12 factorial scheme (groups x harvest time), for each phase, and their means compared by the Duncan test at the level of 5% significance. Regardless of the experimental group, there was a reduction in gastrointestinal motility during the starvation phase, which was more pronounced in the PARGL and PARFL groups. Once the food was restored, gastrointestinal motility returned to normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embryo transfer (ET) is a biotechnology that allows to get more than one foal from a single mare during a breading season and also to prevent the removal of mares from their competition careers. Nevertheless, to achieve a successful outcome, the association of many factors must be considered, such as the management of donor and recipient mares, the stallions and the veterinarian's experience. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate (1) if some of characteristics related to the donor mares (e.g. breed and the reproductive status, may influence the embryo recovery; (2) if different donor mares location may have impact in breeding programs; (3) the effect of some reproductive techniques and embryo transfer methodologies. For such purpose, 156 uterine flushes and 88 embryo transfers were performed. Higher embryo recovery rates at day 8 (61.5%) and an overall pregnancy rate of 62.2% were obtained. An influence of the month of the year (P=0.04) and of the type of semen (fresh or frozen; P=0.03) on the number of positive embryo collections were identified. The use of fresh semen for donor mares' insemination and recovery at day 8 increased the number of embryos that were collected during this period, although lower results were obtained in July-August. No other significant effects upon the remaining determinants under testing were observed, although stallions were responsible for inducing 11% of the variability within embryo recovery rates. These results should be considered in mare embryo transfer centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equine cutaneous pythiosis is caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum, which generally produces rapidly progressive granulomatous ulcerative lesions on the distal parts of limbs and abdomen. It is a globally distributed disease with higher prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions. The objective of this case report was to describe granulomatous lesions with necrotic tissue and fibrin bloody exudate in the palpebral region of the left eye caused by Pythium insidiosum in a quarter horse mare in Veracruz State, Mexico. The diagnosis was based on the clinical characteristics of the lesion and histopathology. Due to the extent of lesions, surgical resection was performed in combination with immunotherapy. Treatment with immunotherapy proved to be an effective alternative to achieve complete resolution of skin lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty five horses of the Quarter horse breed, in sporting activity in the vaquejada modality in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, 15 males and 10 females, with an average age of 7.91 + 3.26 years, were examined in the property of origin or training center for low performance diagnosis associated with low back pain. The clinical examination of the thoracolumbar region was performed through inspection, palpation, ultrasonography, mobilization tests (ventral and thoracolumbar dorsoflexion; lateral flexion and thoracolumbar rotation; lateral flexion and cervical and thoracic rotation) in addition to analysis of the animal in motion. The main changes found were epaxial myositis, supraspinatus desmite, as well as atrophy of the multifidus muscle. Clinical treatment consisted of administering perispinal injections of triamcinolone Acetonide in a total dose of 200mg, in addition to controlled exercise. After treatment, all animals returned to performing their athletic activities at a performance level greater than or equal to that demonstrated before the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equines are animals widely used in sports events being prone to suffer accidents that can lead to injuries, like trauma in the spine. Horses that suffer from these accidents may have many clinical signs, including neurological, if there is damage to the spinal cord. For the diagnosis of these lesions, techniques as radiography and ultrasonography help in the identification of the severity and location of the damage. In the present report, a female equine, at age 10, was submitted to x-ray exams and diagnosed with cranial cervical dislocation, with fracture and bone fragments dispersed by the musculature. At age 17, it passed by a physical avaliation, which the animal presented pain and sensibility to palpation what extends from the cervical to lumbar and passed by new radiographic exams, indicating the presence of the bone fragments and luxation of C1-C2 articulation. In the treatment, steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were used associated with the application of platelet-rich autologous plasma at the injury site, a bioproduct rich in platelet growth factors that enhance the body's natural healing process. Resulting in an improvement in the animal's clinical condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine stallion sperm concentration by ImageJ analysis of images captured using a cell phone camera attached to a LED light microscope and compare the obtained results to those of a standard method (Neubauer chamber). A total of 108 gel-free semen samples (fresh, unextended semen = 89; cooled diluted semen = 19) were analyzed by both methods. For ImageJ analyses, photographs were taken from fields outside of the grid zone of Neubauer chambers, after visual counting with the standard method. Diluted samples were also analyzed using a commercial computer-assisted sperm analysis (CCASA) system. ImageJ overestimated sperm concentration by 2.5% compared with the standard method, whereas CCASA resulted in an overestimation of 165.7%. Given that Neubauer chamber counts have a 10% tolerance related to chamber variations and human errors, differences between the standard method and ImageJ were deemed acceptable, being under 10%. ImageJ and standard values correlated positively (r = 0.99, P < 0.0001). The Bland-Altman test showed excellent agreement between ImageJ and standard results, with a bias close to zero and a range of 30 × 106 cells/mL. On the other hand, there was a high estimated bias between the standard method and CCASA, with a range of -52.4 to 335.7 × 106 cells/mL, indicating a significant overestimation of results by CCASA. Analysis time was significantly lower by ImageJ than by Neubauer chamber counting. Equine semen concentration can be accurately determined using ImageJ, but photographs taken with a cell phone camera and light microscope may need to be enhanced before analysis. ImageJ analysis is a simple, fast, and low-cost method for estimation of equine semen concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equine infectious anaemia (EIA) is a globally distributed disease caused by a lentivirus. EIA is a notifiable disease that should be reported to the Official Veterinary Service (SVO). Outbreaks are controlled by sacrificing the EIA-positive animals. The study analysed the prevalence of EIA in 165 Equidae seized on public roads in the municipality of Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2015 to 2018. After the seizure and identification of the Equidae, blood was collected to diagnose EIA. A prevalence of 11.8% was observed among the Equidae seized, and the main risk factor was the region of seizure. A kernel-smoothed map showed areas with the highest density of EIA-positive Equidae in the centre and to the east of the study area. In this region, the chance of seizing an equine positive for EIA was greater (OR=3.6) relative to the remaining region. The implementation and maintenance of Equidae seizures and subsequent diagnostic testing for EIA in the municipality of Petrópolis were shown to have great importance for the control and prevention of the disease. Indicating the place of seizure on the identification cards of the animals enabled delineation of the locations in the municipality of Petrópolis, that had a higher risk of EIApositive animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: el hemangiosarcoma es un tumor maligno de origen endotelial raramente descrito en el tracto reproductivo de los equinos‚ en Colombia no existen reportes. Objetivo: describir un hemangiosarcoma en el tracto reproductivo de una yegua. Anamnesis: una yegua de 41 meses de edad de raza caballo Criollo colombiano‚ procedente de Chía‚ Colombia‚ remitida a la Clínica de Grandes Animales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia - UNAL por hemorragia vaginal persistente con histórico de intervención quirúrgica por hemorragia posterior a lavado uterino‚ lesión cerca del meato urinario. Hallazgos clínicos: en la vaginoscopia se observaron dos masas‚ una de ellas aproximadamente a 5 cm craneal del orificio uretral externo‚ y la otra en el techo de la misma zona‚ ambas de aspecto trabeculado con coágulos en la superficie‚ la yegua fue remitida para cirugía. Abordaje quirúrgico: bajo neurolepto analgesia en tasa de infusión constante‚ anestesia epidural y local‚ se realiza la extracción quirúrgica de las masas de la vagina dejando un margen de tejido sano de 1cm aproximadamente. La incisión quirúrgica fue suturada con vicryl 0 en patrón simple continuo. Las muestras fueron fijadas en formol neutro bufferado y enviadas para diagnóstico histopatológico al Laboratorio de Patología Veterinaria. Histopatología: en vagina se observa un crecimiento neoplásico de células endoteliales que forma canales bien diferenciados de diferente tamaño con patrón de crecimiento capilar y cavernoso‚ pleomorfismo celular leve‚ anisocitosis moderada‚ escasas células binucleadas o multinucleadas. Núcleos: redondos‚ ovoides‚ fusiformes‚ grandes‚ anisocariosis moderada‚ pleomorfismo moderado‚ megalocariosis moderada‚ cromatina en granular difusa‚ uno o dos nucleolos medianos o uno grande; Se observaron tres mitosis en 10 campos de 400 x (2‚37 mm²); se observa invasión de la túnica muscular. Inmunohistoquímica: inmunomarcación positiva para factor VIII severa y CD31 leve. Conclusión: se describe un hemangiosarcoma bien diferenciado en el tracto reproductivo‚ puntualmente en la vagina, de una yegua Criolla colombiana‚ un diagnóstico diferencial clínico a considerar en hemorragia vaginal recurrente. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: pituitary gland tumors are common in geriatric horses and adenomas of the Pars Intermedia are the most frequent. Active adenomas secrete excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) causing equine Cushing’s disease. This neoplasia has not been described in horses in Colombia. Objective: to describe a pituitary adenoma of the Pars Intermedia in a horse. Anamnesis: a 32-year-old neutered male equine of the Silla Argentina breed located in Bogotá‚ Colombia was reported in distress‚ weak condition and pathological decubitus without response to stimulation. The animal was euthanized and sent for veterinary diagnosis. Necropsy findings: severe hirsutism‚ bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal glands‚ and an enlarged pituitary gland that measured 2.0 × 2.8 × 3.0 cm in size and protruded into the sella turcica. The body of the pituitary gland was flattened when the base of the brain was subjected to tactile pressure. The cut surface of the pituitary gland was yellow and black in color with a nodule of 0.3 × 0.6 × 0.7 cm. Tissue samples from the pituitary and adrenal glands and the skin were collected. Histopathology: an adenoma originated in the Pars Intermedia of the pituitary gland was observed. Skin hormonal dermatosis was also observed. In addition‚ the adrenal glands showed bilateral diffuse hyperplasia of cortical cells arranged in nodules. Immunohistochemistry: ACTH‚ prolactin‚ neural specific enolase (NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were made on pituitary sections. ACTH was prominently detected and appeared as diffuse intracytoplasmic immunostaining in cells of the Pars intermedia. Prolactin‚ NSE and GFAP were negative. Electron microscopy: the adenoma was composed of round or polyhedral cells with intermediate filaments in moderate quantity. There were also reduced number of identifiable secretory granules and moderate accumulation of mitochondria with variable density. The ultrastructure identified adenoma cells with reduced granularity and secretory functions. Conclusion: a pituitary Pars Intermedia adenoma with associated clinical signs is described in a neutered horse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

la esporotricosis es una enfermedad micótica subcutánea causada por especies del complejo Sporothrix schenkii‚ afecta a los mamíferos y se considera zoonosis de importancia clínica. Existen tres formas de presentación: localizada‚ diseminada y linfática. Los signos clínicos incluyen lesiones nodulares‚ algunas ulceradas y supurativas con inflamación de la cadena linfática adyacente a la lesión‚ en algunos casos hay compromiso sistémico con signos generales como fiebre‚ depresión y anorexia. Anamnesis: se describe el caso de un equino macho entero adulto Cuarto de Milla‚ con aparición de nódulos de consistencia firme‚ algunos ulcerados en la base del pabellón auricular y cervical del lado izquierdo‚ hasta la región escapulo humeral‚ sin prurito ni dolor a la palpación‚ tres semanas de evolución sin respuesta a tratamiento previo (infiltraciones locales con triamcinolona). Hallazgos clínicos: depresión‚ evidencia de nódulos cutáneos algunos ulcerados con secreción de aspecto purulento. Diagnósticos diferenciales: esporotricosis‚ linfangitis‚ botriomicosis. Ayudas diagnósticas: citología punción con aguja fina e impronta de nodulaciones‚ evidencia de severa reacción inflamatoria mediada por neutrófilos‚ presencia de estructuras tipo hifas y formas levaduriformes. Cultivo micológico con resultado negativo. Histopatología tinción hematoxilina-eosina con resultado inicial de infiltrados inflamatorios granulomatosos (nodulaciones) con células plasmáticas‚ células gigantes e histiocitos y zona central necrótica. Se realiza tinción diferencial Plata Metenamina de Grocott Gomori‚ donde se observan estructuras fúngicas‚ confirmando el diagnóstico de esporotricosis. Tratamiento y resultados: terapia sistémica con yoduro de potasio a dosis de 38 mg/kg vía intramuscular cada 24 horas por 5 días e Itraconazol a dosis de 5 mg/kg vía oral cada 24 horas por 30 días‚ se observó respuesta favorable con disminución de tamaño de nódulos‚ sin secreciones‚ ni evidencia de nuevas lesiones. Conclusiones: la patología diagnosticada es una entidad de baja presentación en equinos‚ sobre la cual no existen otros reportes en Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal is the property of Revista Brasileira de Reproducao Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Researches on the detection of mycoplasmas in horses are relatively scarce. However, there are reports about their association to the respiratory-reproductive complex. In Cuba, the presence of these microorganisms in horses is unknown, so the objective of this work was to detect the presence of microorganisms of the class Mollicutes associated to the respiratory-reproductive complex in horses from Mayabeque, Cuba complex in horses from San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque. For this purpose, 97 animals from four localities of this municipality were analyzed. One hundred and thirty-one exudates (97 nasal and 34 preputial) were collected for diagnosis by microbiological culture and PCR. The presence of Mollicutes was detected in 37.11 % of the samples; of these 88.8 % corresponded to nasal exudates and 11.2 % to preputial exudates. The presence of Mollicutes was detected in all localities. Locality "D" and animals older than two years old had the highest number of positive results. An isolate was obtained from preputial exudate, which was identified as Acholeplasma spp. by biochemical tests. Studies related to the presence of Mollicutes in horses are being carried out for the first time in Cuba, so it is necessary to continue studies related to the epidemiology of these pathogens, as part of the control of the respiratory-reproductive complex in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to obtain the electrophoretic profile of serum proteins in cyclic mares and to verify the differences between the follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle in this species. Eighteen mares were used, totaling 36 serum samples, two of each mare. Samples were collected both in estrus and in diestrus. Total serum proteins were obtained by the Biureto method, by using commercial kits (LABTEST?), while the different protein subfractions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The electroforetogram of serum proteins evidenced the presence of 17 to 25 protein fractions, whose molecular weights ranged from 22 to 254 kDa. Two proteins that were not yet officially named were identified, of molecular weights (MW) of 23 kDa and 144 kDa. The mean values (± SEM) obtained for each variable in estrus and diestrus were, respectively: total proteins (g/dL) 7.11 ± 0.07 and 7.36 ± 0.07; albumin (mg/dL) 4790.83 ± 69.10 and 5027.19 ± 69.10; a1 acid glycoprotein (mg/dL) 4.90 ± 0.31 and 4.93 ± 0.31; ceruloplasmine (mg/dL) 15.28 ± 1.31 and 10.65 ± 1.31; haptoglobine (mg/dL) 22.70 ± 1.16 and 27.06 ± 1.16; transferrin (mg/dL) 329.00 ± 9.78 and 350.16 ± 9.78; IgA (mg/dL) 119.91 ± 6.30 and 107.03 ± 6.30; IgG (mg/dL) 1525.07 ± 40.18 and 1517.25 ± 40.18; MW 23 (mg/dL) 204.44 ± 8.61 and 219.79 ± 8.61; MW 144 (mg/dL) 22.13 ± 0.55 and 21.49 ± 0.55. No significant difference was verified in total proteins and its fractions in estrus and diestrus. The hormonal changes during the specific stages of the estrous cycle of the mare do not interfere with the serum proteinogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 34 months old Colombian creole mare was referred to veterinary clinic of CES University, in Medellin (Colombia), for the surgical extraction of chondroids in both guttural pouch. The patient was intervened by standing surgery using neuroleptanalgesia. The modified Whitehouse technique was subsequently performed on each guttural pouch to extract all the chondroids. Antibiotic and anti-inflammatory treatment, pre and postsurgical, was systemically administered using trimethoprim/sulfadiazine and flunixin meglumine, as well as local sodium penicillin G. After the intervention, the patient was discharged without complications and its respiratory condition came to complete solution. This case report will allow knowing in detail the modified Whitehouse surgical technique along with its surgical challenges and considerations. In Colombia, to date, there are no reports of its use in CCH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthopedic infections are conditions commonly observed in horses, often affecting important structures such as bone and synovial tissue. Septic source conditions are extremely important in horses as they may result in permanent lameness caused by irreversible joint lesions. Therefore, treatments that result in higher concentrations of antimicrobials in infected areas act more effectively eliminating the bacterial population in these tissues. Therefore, the regional limb perfusion has proven to be an excellent alternative. This review addresses the main issues of regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses. It will describe intravenous and intraosseous techniques, which involve the administration of an antimicrobial solution, in a part of the limb, previously isolated from the systemic circulation by applying a tourniquet. Regional perfusion has been described as a successful treatment for septic conditions at the distal region of the equine limb, since high concentrations of antimicrobial are achieved at the sites affected. In addition, it is easy to perform and presents a low risk of adverse systemic effects as well as reduced cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equine gastrointestinal colic cases represent one of the diseases with higher morbidity and mortality. Short and long term survivals are commonly correlated with the colic causes, being considered 50 % the survival rate of horses referred to surgery because of small intestine strangulative causes. The jejuno-caecostomy technique is recommended in cases of ileum necrosis or ischemia that indicates ileum removal. The survival rate after this procedure is low, being even lower than others common terminal-terminal enteroanastomoses. This study reports a case of jejuno-caecostomy followed by tiflopexy and tiflostomy performed in a colic horse. Case: A 12-year-old mare, mangalarga breed, with a history of acute abdomen during 18 h was referred to the FZEA- USP equine hospital. According to the owner, the animal suffered previous episodes of colic that had been solved without treatment. On this occasion, the owner, without veterinary advice, had administered 10 mL of flunixin meglumine, but the animal did not show improvement. During the examination, the patient presented tachycardia, tachypnea, toxemic mucosa, a large amount of enterogastric reflux, and it was possible to observe distended small intestine during rectal palpation. The horse was referred to surgery; it was possible to identify necrosis of the ileum and 30 cm of the aboral segment of the jejunum, caused by strangulation due to a pedunculated lipoma localized in the medial band of the caecum. Latero-lateral jejuno-caecostomy was performed between the medial and dorsal bands of the caecum, using polyglactin 910, n° 2.0, potassium penicillin 30.000 lU / kg, every 6 h, gentamicin 6.6 mg / kg, every 24 h, flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg / kg, every 12 h and maintenance fluid therapy were performed post operatively. The animal had ileus and severe enterogastric reflux for five days postoperatively, showing severe signs of endotoxemia, and parenteral hydration seemed to be not enough. So it was decided to hydrate the animal through the caecum. It was performed a tiflostomy and the implantation of a Foley catheter, nº 24, followed by tiflopexy. During this procedure, it was possible to diagnostic, via intra-abdominal palpation, a significant type I cecal impaction. Immediately after the procedure, the animal presented no more enterogastric reflux and started to defecate pasty manure. Two days after the procedure, the animal died. During necropsy, the anastomoses region showed a great healing process, without folds or stenosis and the functional test of the region was performed, showing no leakage, ensuring the success of the anastomosis technique; the tiflopexy was adequate, and the other intestinal segments presented normal. Discussion: In this report it was possible to observe several postoperative complications such as enterogastric reflux, type I caecum impaction, ileus, and endotoxemia, which was determinant for the death of the animal. Probably the cecal impaction was responsible for the enterogastric reflux and ileus, contributing with the endotoxemia and hydro electrolytic imbalance. These facts evidenced the necessity of faster and more efficient actions in future cases with similar complications, such as the accomplishment of a tiflostomy more precociously avoiding the impaction of caecum and minimizing the electrolytic imbalances of the patients. It was concluded that the delay in the patient referral, followed by the advanced hydro electrolytic imbalance and endotoxemia were the main factors responsible for the treatment failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sodium monensin is a molecule of the group of ionophores antibiotics (IAs) of the polyether carboxylic type produced from the fermentation of Streptomyces cinnamonensis. Cases of IA poisoning in animals usually occur accidentally. Fatal poisoning in horses, a non-target species and with particular sensitivity usually occurs by the consumption of these products from the toxic dose of 2-3 mg/kg. This report aims to describe the epidemiological and clinical-pathological aspects of an outbreak of ionophore antibiotic poisoning in horses due to the consumption of mineral supplementation indicated for ruminants based on sugarcane molasses. Case: Two horses were necropsied. During necropsy, fragments of various organs were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The information obtained from the animal trainer was that 19 horses received approximately 25 kg of low moisture mixture based on sugarcane molasses, enriched with macro and micro minerals, vitamins and additives containing 1000 mg of monensin/kg in the trough. One day after receiving the product, five horses began to develop ataxia, reluctance to move, difficulty of accompanying the herd and arising. Out of the five, three died after three days of evolution, one after six days (equine 1) and another after 15 days (equine 2) [morbidity 26.31%]. At necropsy, diffuse pallor was observed in the gluteus medius, quadriceps femoris, semimembranosus, biceps brachii and deep pectoral muscles. Microscopically the muscle fibers were tumefied with hypereosinophilic sarcoplasm of homogeneous appearance and with loss of striations, pynotic or absent nuclei (necrosis). Multifocal areas of fibers with sarcoplasmic fragmentation were observed, with clusters of irregular eosinophilic debris, flake (floct necrosis) or granule multifocal infiltrate, predominantly of macrophages, plasma cells and eosinophils with occasional multinucleated giant cells. In the heart there was focally a extensive area of necrosis and a discrete eosinophil infiltrate. Discussion: The diagnosis of ionophore antibiotic intoxication in horses was established by epidemiological and clinical-pathological aspects. In the horses affected in this outbreak, the intoxication was due to the ingestion of sugarcane molasses containing proportions of monensin, which is not indicated for equines, becoming an unusual source for this animal species. The clinical signs reported in the intoxication under study are mostly locomotors and are directly linked to poor distribution of sodium, potassium and calcium ions in muscle cells, leading to ionic disorders that modify the muscle neurotransmission by deregulating contraction and altering movement. Usually, death of horses poisoned with IAs is related to heart failure due to degenerative cardiomyopathy. However, due to the subtlety of the histological lesions in the heart, we believe that the cause of death may also be related to a possible respiratory failure owing to a degenerative myopathy of the diaphragmatic muscle. The anatomopathological changes found in the skeletal muscles of equine intoxicated with molasses are similar to those described in this species by other authors. Compounds based on sugarcane molasses formulated for cattle containing monensin should be considered as a potential source of poisoning for horses and as a cause of degenerative myopathy, which may be an alert for caring about the handling and feeding of these animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tendon injuries are common in horses and are commonly associated with lameness and athletic career disruption. Adhesions formed between the tendons and the surrounding tissues compromise the sliding and movement of the structures, compromising their functionality. Therefore, the control of adhesion formation is critical to restore the structural integrity of the tendon, as well as its biomechanical function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the biosynthetic cellulose membrane implanted in foals with surgically induced tendinitis of the superficial digital flexor. Materials, Methods & Results: Six healthy foals were used, which underwent tendinitis induction in the superficial digital flexor of the right and left forelimbs. The lesions was induced by local ischemia by crushing the tendon with hemostatic forceps. The biosynthetic cellulose membrane was implanted only in the right forelimb, involving the superficial digital flexor tendon in the region of the ischemia and the left forelimb was used as control. After surgery, both forelimb were immobilized with synthetic plaster cast for 15 days. Ultrasonography was performed in six foals immediately before (M0), at 15° (M1) at and 30° (M2) day, and three were evaluate at 45° (M3) and 60° (M4) day after surgery. Incisional biopsies were performed in three animals on the 30° day and in three animals on the 60° day after surgery. Histopathological examination involved the analysis of tissue disorganization, presence and type of inflammatory infiltrate and neovascularization, according to the score of 0 to 3. Ultrasonography allowed visualization of the membrane, which was characterized as a continuous hyperechoic line at the edges of the tendon at 15 days (M1). In addition, at 30 and 45 days after surgery, interruption of the hyperechoic line and reduction of echogenicity were observed, and no echogenic lines were observed at 60 days after surgery. During the biopsies, the fragments obtained from the treated limb were presented with easily detachable layers and separate layers of tissue during histological cutting and the slides preparations. There was no significant difference in relation to the histopathological scores between the treated and control member. The inflammatory infiltrate was predominantly of mononuclear cells and fibroblasts, with identification of giant cell in a foal at 30 days. Neovascularization was observed in all limbs, treated and controls at 30 days and in two treated limbs and three control at 60 days. It was possible to identify the synthetic cellulose membrane by histopathology in only two limbs treated at 30 days and in no limb at 60 days. Discussion: The degree of tendonitis induced in the present study was considered mild according to ultrasonographic analysis at 15 days after surgery. This fact limited the evaluation of the biosynthetic cellulose membrane in the prevention of adhesions, since they were not observed in both groups. However, the ability of the membrane to minimize adhesion formation can be suggest by the macroscopically observed individualization of the tissue layers during histological sections and slides preparation. Ultrasonographic analysis allowed the visualization of the membrane, as well as its positioning and the absorption process. Therefore, ultrasonography can be used in post-implantation monitoring of the membrane. The comparison of the histopathological scores demonstrates the biocompatibility of the biosynthetic cellulose membrane when implanted in foals submitted to surgically induced tendinitis, since there was no difference when compared to treated and control limbs. Therefore, it can be used safely in the treatment of tendon injuries in horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of fetal sexing by genital tubercle with that based on the evaluation of fetal gonads performed in field conditions in horses. A total of 27 Crioulo breed mares were used, which were submitted to the referred examinations of fetal sexing by transrectal ultrasonography at two different times. A single technique evaluation was performed on each animal and the sex of the foals was confirmed at birth. The sexing by the identification and positioning of the genital tubercle occurred between 59 and 65 days of gestation, resulting in a possible diagnosis rate of 51.9% (14/27) and accuracy of 85.7% (12/14). The sexing based on the evaluation of fetal gonads was performed between 117 and 126 days of gestation, with the possible diagnosis rate being 88.9% (24/27) and the accuracy 83.3% (20/24). The rate of possible diagnoses for each technique and accuracy of the tests during the two diagnostic windows were compared statistically using the chi-square test, with a significance level determined for P <0.05. The accuracy of both techniques did not present difference (P = 0.85), however, the possible diagnosis rate was higher by the technique based on the fetal gonads (P = 0.003). It was concluded that, under field conditions (not optimized), fetal sexing through the evaluation of fetal gonads presented better efficacy, with the main advantage being the higher rate of possible diagnoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to characterize the distribution of body condition score for elite Chilean rodeo horses in competition. Forty-eight Chilean breed horses (15 mares, 24 stallions and 9 geldings) were randomly chosen for evaluation while participating at the 64th National Championship of Chilean Rodeo 2012. Body condition score for each horse was assessed by visual inspection and palpation according to the Henneke system. The sport performance was recorded as qualified or not qualified to the final round of the competition. Frequencies of body condition score were tabulated according to gender and according to sport performance of the horses. Modes were calculated as central tendency measurements and body condition score was compared between gender and sport performance groups by means of the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05). The mode of the general body condition score had a value of 7, with range between 5 and 8. 87.5% of the horses had body condition score between 6 and 7 points and 6.3% of them exhibited obesity. No significant differences were found both for gender and sport performance. This is the first study reporting body condition score in Chilean élite horses and results suggest that in the breed the most frequent value for this variable lies between 6 and 7 points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Acadêmica: Ciência Animal is the property of Revista Academica: Ciencia Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of crib-biting and weaving in horses stabled in tie stalls and to investigate the relationship between gender, age, and stereotypies. One hundred and seventy-seven half-bred saddle horse residents of a riding school, of both genders and between the ages of 3 and 20, distributed in three buildings with the same management conditions, were observed. For the statistical analysis according to gender, the horses were classified into 2 groups: geldings (n = 110) and mares (n = 67). According to age, the horses were classified into 2 groups: namely, 3 to 7 years old (n = 31) and 8 to 20 years old (n = 146). During three consecutive days, a single evaluator spent one day per building observing the presence or absence of crib-biting and weaving. Each given day was divided into 2 periods of observation: from 7:30 to 13:00 and from 14:30 to 20:00. Stereotypies were observed in 4.5 % of the horses, i.e., 3.4 % of the horses showed crib-biting and 1.1 % showed weaving. We did not find horses showing crib-biting and weaving at the same time. No association was found between the prevalence of stereotypies and either gender or age of the horses. Our results suggest that visual and tactile contact with other horses, which occurs in tie-stall housing, could reduce the risk of developing weaving in tie-stall horses but not crib-biting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tarsus hyperflexion alters locomotion biomechanics in horses. This alteration is of frequent presentation in the Colombian creole horse (CCH). Objective: To determine the echographic alterations of lateral digital extensor (LDE) muscle, tendon, and synovial sheath in CCH with clinical signs of tarsus hyperflexion. Methods: Thirty horses were divided into two groups: 15 healthy horses with no history of locomotion defects (Group 1; control), and 15 horses with clinical signs of tarsus hyperflexion (Group 2). A cross-sectional and a longitudinal echocardiographic examination of the LDE muscle and tendon was performed in all horses, and a histopathological study was performed only to Group 2. Results: 86.7% of the horses showed echographic alterations, with 53.4% showing signs of adhesions in the LDE muscle and tendon in the lateral surface of the hock, where it crosses the tarsus. 33.3% presented increased tendon synovial sheath fluid. 13.3% showed no echographic alterations and 53.3% presented histopathological alterations. Conclusion: These findings may be related to the presentation of tarsus hyperflexion that could characterize the classic stringhalt in CCH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]