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Introduction: Tuberculosis is one of the oldest and best-known diseases that has been with mankind for many years. Despite the reduction of infectious diseases in Iran, tuberculosis still remains in some parts of the country, especially in the south of Iran. The aim of this study was the epidemiological investigation of tuberculosis in Sistan and Baluchistan Province. Methods: The current research was conducted cross-sectionally in 2022. The study population included all the patients with tuberculosis in Sistan and Baluchistan Province. Data were collected by census method and using standard checklist. Data analysis was done using SPSS v16 software and descriptive and analytical tests. Results: In this study, the files of 5382 patients with tuberculosis in Sistan and Baluchistan Province were examined. 2489 patients (42.6%) were men. The most affected group were 2309 elderly people (39.5%) and 20 patients (0.34%) with HIV. The number of 4309 patients (73.8%) were suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. There was a significant relationship between the elderly age group (P=0.04), female gender (P=0.02), non-Iranian nationality (P=0.02), and urban residences (P=0.03) with tuberculosis. However, no significant relationship was observed between marital status (P=0.06) and prison history (P=0.07). Conclusion: The incidence of tuberculosis fluctuated during the five years, but the overall incidence has been decreasing. Considering that some factors such as age groups, gender and symptoms such as cough, weight loss and chest pain increase the chance of contracting the disease. Therefore, doctors of health centers can take an important step in reducing the incidence of tuberculosis with timely visits and regular monitoring of the treatment process of patients.

Introdution: Primary biliary cirrhosis is a chronic cholestatic disease of the liver, characterized by the inflammation plus progressive and non-purulent destruction of the small biliary ducts, and the presence of auto antibodies against mitochondrial self-antigens. It seems that the prevalence of PBC in the western world is more than other parts of the world. This study aimed to identify all the patients with PBC in Isfahan and describe their epidemiological and demographic characteristics. Methods: The current study was a historical (retrospective) cohort investigation, which conducted between 2009 and 2017. We conducted this study by filling out questionnaires and obtaining the patients’ records and making telephone calls with previously admitted patients. Sampling was done as a census of all patients according to the study inclusion criteria. To analyze the data. SPSS software Version 16 was used and P-value

Objective: Cardiovascular risc factors may show significant changes over the years. A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies conducted in Turkey was performed to assess the latest profile and temporal changes in cardiovascular risk factors. Presented here are the data on hypertension (HT) and blood pressure (BP). Methods: Ovid Medline, the Web of Science Core Collection, and the Turkish Academic Network and Information Center (ULAKBIM) were searched for epidemiological studies conducted in Turkey during the last 15 years. In addition, the web pages of the Ministry of Health, the Turkish Statistical Institute, and associations of cardiology, nephrology, and endocrinology were searched for appropriate studies. Regional studies were excluded. The studies included were assessed with a bias score developed by our team, then categorized as having a low risk or a high risk of bias. The crude values of HT prevalence and BP were pooled using a random effects model. Meta-regression was performed to explain heterogeneity and to assess temporal changes. Results: The agreement between the 2 authors on the selection and bias scoring of the studies was perfect (Kappa ≥0.95). There were 7 (n=73218) studies providing HT prevalence data, and 8 (n=75879) studies with BP data. The heterogeneity between the studies was high. Meta-analysis of the studies with a low risk of bias indicated that the crude prevalence of HT is higher in women, but that BP levels were similar in both sexes. The HT prevalence and BP value decreased between 2003 and 2012; however, the number of hypertensives stabilized at approximately 15 million, and the number of uncontrolled hypertensives, despite some decrease, was around 11 million. Conclusion: Despite some improvement, HT is still an important public health problem in Turkey.

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious public health problem. Despite various epidemiological studies reporting prevalence of DM in Turkey, there is no meta-analysis or systematic review evaluating these studies as a whole and assessing temporal changes in the prevalence of DM. In this meta-analysis, the studies that have been conducted in the last 15 years and which provide information on the prevalence of DM in our country are examined. Methods: Epidemiological studies on cardiovascular risk factors in adult Turkish population that had been conducted within the last 15 years and having the capacity of either representating or potentially representing the country, were searched through Ovid, Medline and Web of Science Core Collection the Turkish Academic Network and Information Center (ULAKBIM) databases. Additionally, websites of Ministry of Health and related societies were investigated for additional studies. Random effects model was used in meta-analysis of low bias risk studies. Meta-regression was performed to evaluate the temporal change in DM prevalence. Results: There were 8 studies which provided information with regard to DM prevalence (n=84656). Four of these studies (n=56853) had low bias risk and four had high bias risk (n=27803). When compared with low bias risk studies, those with high bias risk had very large variation of DM prevalence (between 4% to 15%). Meta-analysis of the low bias risk group yielded a crude DM prevalence of 13.5% (95% CI: 11.6-15.5%) in the whole group, 14.2% (95% CI: 12.3-16.2%) in females, 12.6% (95% CI: 10.5-14.9%) in males. In meta-regression analysis of low bias risk group, mean age difference among the studies and the time period in which the study was undertaken were partially able to explain the inter-study heterogeneity (R2 values were 52% and 78%). Conclusion: This meta-analysis shows that DM is a highly prevalent public health problem in our country. Contrary to studies, which compare the recent studies with previous ones and report an increasing prevalence of DM, the present meta-analysis–despite its limitations-provides findings that the temporal increase of DM prevalence is at least paused over time. This situation underlines the need for new studies.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the profile of patients with osteoporotic fractures treated at a tertiary orthopedic hospital. Methods: Using questionnaires, 70 patients with osteoporotic fractures (OF) were compared with 50 outpatients with multiple osteoarthritis (OA) followed through an outpatient clinic. Results: The OF group was older (p 1 year), falls in the last 12 months, fractures due to falls, and needed more assistance (p

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly recognized as an important problem that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatic failure. It may be the most prevalent liver disease. However, knowledge of the epidemiology is limited. These findings encourage to conduct a larger sample size study to evaluate the real prevalence of NAFLD in the Russian population. It is important to know current prevalence of NAFLD. DIREG 2 study was performed under umbrella of leading Russian professional societies in partnership with Sanofi Russia.Objective: to estimate the prevalence of NAFLD within the general practitioners and gastroenterologist’s patient flow. It is important to know current prevalence of NAFLD in Republic of Bashkortostan and to compare with DIREG 2 results.Materials and methods. Epidemiologic, observational, multicenter study assessing the prevalence of NAFLD among patient’s outpatient practice. A total of 50145 patients (3232 in Republic of Bashkortostan) including those suspected of having NAFLD criteria were enrolled in the Program. The investigators were qualified doctors (GPs/therapist’s/gastroenterologists), providing outpatient care for the population. The epidemiological data were obtained, recorded during two routine patient visits to investigating centers.Results. Percentage of patients with revealed NAFLD within the patient flow primary or consistently coming to selected doctors for any reason including those suspected of having NAFLD was 37,3% in Russia vs 40,8% in Republic of Bashkortostan.Conclusion. Prevalence of NAFLD among patient flow of doctors in Russia is quite high. It has been revealed a high prevalence of NANCFLD within the patient flow primary or consistently coming to selected by doctors for any reason.

BACKGROUND Hypertension is one of the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China. METHODS A multistage, stratified sampling method was used to obtain a representative sample of persons aged 18 years or older in the general population of China. Blood pressure (BP) was measured by sphygmomanometer 3 times at 5-minute intervals. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥ 140mm Hg, or diastolic BP ≥ 90mm Hg, or self-reported use of antihypertensive medications in the last 2 weeks irrespective of the BP. RESULTS Altogether 50,171 subjects finished the survey across the entire country. The adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 29.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 28.9%–30.4%) and was higher among men than among women (31.2%, 95% CI = 30.1%–32.4%; vs. 28.0%, 95% CI = 27.0%–29.0%). The awareness, treatment among all hypertensive participants, control among all hypertensive participants, and control among treated hypertensive participants were 42.6%, 34.1%, 9.3%, and 27.4%, respectively. Multiple lifestyle factors were independently associated with presence of hypertension, including physical inactivity, habitual drinking, chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, high body mass index, and central obesity. CONCLUSIONS Hypertension is an important public health burden in China, and control of hypertension is still suboptimal. Several modifiable lifestyle activities were associated with hypertension and thus should be considered potential targets for intervention, with special attention to socioeconomically disadvantaged subpopulations in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and bother of postmicturition dribble in relation to age in the male population. Material and methods. Information for a population-based study was collected by means of a mailed self-administered questionnaire, which was returned by 4384 men out of 7470 (58.7%). The participants were men aged 30-80 years from the Pirkanmaa Region in Finland. The Danish Prostatic Symptom Score (DAN-PSS-1) questionnaire was used to evaluate their urinary symptoms. SPSS was used in the data analysis. Two-sided chi-squared test and Kendall tau-b test were used for analysis. Results. The overall prevalence of postmicturition dribble was 58.1% (95% confidence interval 56.6-59.6). Prevalence of postmicturition dribble increased with age ( p < 0.001). In men aged 60-80 years, two-thirds reported postmicturition dribble and approximately one out of four had dribbling into their trousers after voiding. In the 30-year-old group, over 40% reported postmicturition dribble and almost one out of five had also dribbling into their trousers. One out of five men in the 30-year-old group reported minor bother; the proportion of men reporting bother increased with age to one-third of the men in the oldest cohort ( p < 0.001). Conclusions. The prevalence of the postmicturition dribble was found to be high in this survey. Half of the 30-year-old men and two-thirds of the men aged 60-80 years had postmicturition dribble. Dribbling into trousers increased with age but as a severe symptom, it was rare (0.5%). Minor problems from postmicturition dribble were common, but major bother occurred seldom (1.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to critically evaluate reports from the Australian-wide National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing of very low rates of ICD-10 anxiety and depressive disorders in community resident older Australians. Data from the National Survey, which relied on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were re-computed and re-analysed to address concerns about population sampling, interview response patterns and alternate measures of mental health. Rates of anxiety and depressive disorders fell to low levels after 65 years and continued to fall thereafter. This is at odds with findings from gerontological surveys that used assessment tools better suited to frail older people. Scores on mental health scales, together with diagnostic algorithms that obviated CIDI skip patterns, showed much less change in mental wellbeing across generations. It is argued that sampling and case ascertainment bias combined to reduce rates of anxiety and depression in very old people, especially when adjustments are made for the high morbidity levels encountered in aged residential facilities. Functional mental disorders almost certainly rise in frequency in advanced old age, often in conjunction with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIMS:To systematically review the literature on the prevalence and incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and macular oedema (MO). METHODS:A search of the bibliographic databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL) was conducted up to October 2001. Selected relevant studies were scrutinized and included in the review. RESULTS:A total of 359 studies were included. The studies were reported in nearly 100 different journals and in over 50 countries. The majority of the studies were US-based, with large studies such as the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy dominating the literature. The studies were quite dated and highly heterogeneous in nature in terms of patient selection with variable inclusion criteria (age range, gender, diabetes duration and type, ethnicity, comorbidity, and DR status, assessment, and classification). CONCLUSIONS:There are inconsistencies between epidemiological studies, and differences in study methods may contribute to conflicting reports of prevalence and incidence of DR and MO in diabetic populations. As new therapies for DR and its associated complications emerge, the need to capture and monitor new epidemiological data becomes increasingly important to be able to assess the impact and effectiveness of these therapies. Robust, longitudinal capture of patient data is, therefore, essential to evaluate the impact of current practice on the epidemiology of diabetic eye complications.Eye (2004) 18, 963-983. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6701476 Published online 2 July 2004 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify people with epilepsy (PWE) in our Zambian catchment area of 55,000 people.Methods: A nine-item, previously validated screening instrument for detecting epilepsy in developing countries was forward-and-back translated into Chitonga. Early piloting indicated poor specificity among children, so three questions were added. Local census data were used to estimate the population at risk. Community health workers conducted screening interviews with household heads. All positive screens were referred for physician assessment. A blinded neurologist assessed a randomly selected subset (100 positives, 50 negatives) to determine screening instrument characteristics.Results: We identified 799 people with possible epilepsy (unadjusted prevalence 14.5/1000). The adapted instrument exhibited 86% specificity (adjusted prevalence 12.5/1000). False positives occurred primarily among children who had experienced multiple malaria-associated seizures. Age-specific rates were highest for children aged 5-15 years (26.2/1000) and for people over 65 years (15.9/1000). Males were disproportionately represented (55.8%vs. 44.2%, P<0.05), although this trend reversed after childbearing age.Conclusion: Even using a relatively conservative definition, we identified almost 700 PWE. Use of the recommended epidemiological definitions would likely have yielded higher prevalence rates. The age-specific prevalence did not follow patterns described where neurocysticercosis is the commonest cause of epilepsy. Trends in age- and gender-specific prevalence may offer a clue to the aetiology of epilepsy in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine if non-psychiatric morbidity increases with age in a group of low-income psychiatric outpatients. Data on demographics, presenting complaints, DSM-III diagnoses and use of psychiatric services were collected on all individuals (N= 382) admitted to a psychiatric outpatient clinic serving low-income population. Non-psychiatric morbidity was identified on the basis of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations. Bivariate analyses were done to determine the significance of the associations of comorbidity with other variables. A logistic regression was done using the presence or absence of comorbidity as the dependent variable. Age was the only variable which was significantly predictive of comorbidity. Additional resources should be allocated for the diagnosis and treatment of comorbidity among low-income elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Community Respiratory Health Survey is an international survey of the general population which aims to establish whether there are significant variations in the prevalence of asthma among European countries. The present paper reports the prevalence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms in a sample of subjects living in three areas of northern Italy: Turin, Pavia, and Verona. Samples of residents 20-44 years old (3000 subjects in Turin and Verona and 1000 in Pavia) stratified by sex (M:F = 1/1) were randomly selected from local health authority lists in the three participating areas. To correct the observed prevalence estimate for nonresponse bias, a method proposed by Drane was applied. Of the sampled subjects, 86% (6031) participated in the survey. Two different definitions of asthma were adopted: 1) prevalence of asthma attack in the last 12 months; 2) prevalence of asthma attack or treatment with antiasthmatic drugs, or both wheezing apart from the common cold and wheezing with shortness of breath. This combination of symptoms has been called current asthma. According to these definitions, the prevalence of asthma attack was 3.47% (3.74% in men and 3.14% in women), and the prevalence of current asthma was 5.01% (5.07% in men and 4.90% in women). The lowest prevalence was found in Pavia; the highest in Turin. Our findings support the hypothesis that the difference in prevalence reflects the difference in mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background and objectives: Nowadays, hematologic disorders are leading health problems in our country. This study attempts to help Public heath planners to do prevention measures and to get ready for doing emergency actions in future. Material and Methods: In this retrospective cross- sectional Study, we worked on all biopsy and aspiration of bone marrow cases (N=469) referred to Dansh pathobiology lab in Tehran, Iran (2007). The Smears were reevaluated by two pathologists. The data such as diagnosis, age, and gender were collected and reported. Results: The total number of annual cases are 469 people consisting of 262 male (55.9%) and 207 female (44.1%). The cases who are less than 15 (15.2%) mostly suffer from ALL-L2.The highest rate is related to 15- 50 year group who mostly have CML and AML .the patients who are more than 50 largely suffer from plasma cell myeloma and CLL . Conclusion: In view of the differences observed in the demographic characteristics of hematological disorder In Iran, we strongly recommend a large scale study to public health authorities providing the necessary planning for preventive measures. Key words: Hematologic disorder, epidemiology, prevalence.

In May 2013 the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has been published, which includes a substantially revised section on feeding and eating disorders. Throughout the DSM-5 the influence of development, gender and culture on the presentation of psychiatric disorders has been given more weight than any previous edition of the DSM ever did, and wherever possible it seeks to adhere to a lifespan appro. One of the consequences of the lifespan approach is the elimination of the prior DSM-IV chapter "Disorders Usually First Diagnosed During Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence." As a result of the removal of this chapter, the two separate categories "Feeding Disorders" and "Eating Disorders" from DSM-IV are integrated into a single category called "Feeding and Eating Disorders" in DSM-5 This DSM-5 chapter "Feeding and Eating Disorders" includes the following diagnoses: pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) was a major concern for the DSM-5 Eating Disorders Work Group, because it was by far the most common DSM-IV eating disorder diagnosis not only in community samples, but it also accounted for more than half of the eating disorder cases in clinical settings. The use of DSM-5 criteria will result in a large reduction in the proportion of EDNOS diagnoses by lowering the threshold for AN and BN and adding BED as a specific eating disorder. In consequence the prevalence rates for AN and BN will increase, but course and outcome studies of both AN and BN indicate no significant differences between DSM-5 and DSM-IV definitions. The lifetime prevalence of DSM-5 anorexia nervosa among women might be up to 4%, and of bulimia nervosa 2%. In a crossnational survey, average lifetime prevalence of binge-eating disorder was 2%. Community studies show that most people with eating disorders do not receive any treatment at all, either because they are not detected or because they refuse treatment due to shame or denial of their illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]