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In this paper, we address the issue of classified facilities and the problems they cause, as well as their impact on the urban environment at the urban level in Algeria. These facilities have caused many problems in terms of pollution of all kinds, at the level of the urban perimeter of the city, especially of the visual and auditory kind. Facilities of the first and second class are considered to be the most dangerous (factories, fuel pumping stations). However, harassment and annoyance are found at the level of urban agglomerations in which the facilities classified as category three and four (Technical blacksmithing, Carpentry) distributed in an irregular manner, which caused a distortion in the aesthetics of the city. Therefore, the study of the city of M'sila was addressed due to the accelerated spread of the third and fourth categories of classified facilities, and this amid its urban surroundings. These facilities emerged in such a chaotic manner that they are not subject to the laws of configuration and there is no clear study to determine how they exist in terms of number, distribution and spread within the city. In addition to that, the illegal transgressions of the exploiter (the artisan) by displaying his work on the pavement and obstructing the movement of pedestrians, and the dangers arising from the classified facilities by placing the work equipment near dwellings, although several new laws have been issued stipulating how to deal with this type of facilities, such as Law 03-10 of 19-07-2003 on environmental protection in the framework of sustainable development, and the last decree 06-198 of 31-05-2006, which regulates the regulation applied to institutions classified to protect the environment, Executive Decree 07-145 of 19-05-2007, which defines the scope of application, the content and the means to validate a study of the impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Freshwater is an essential element for sustainable development as well as for life. While water use intensifies and the volumes used by humans are constantly increasing, the issue of managing this vital resource arises forcefully. In fact, policies of water management differ from one country to another given the available resources, demographics, lifestyle and the availability of technology and human resources adapted. The sustainable management of water resources must be based on an integrated approach linking development and protection of the natural environment, the participation of all actors and concerned parties and on the recognition of the economic and social value of water. In this context, the question of water resources is posed urgently in Algeria. Thus, water management poses a difficult problem for the authorities considering water demand tends to increase as well as the overexploitation. The resources which are available are less than those which are required. The outdated fashion of water conveyance and insufficient storage capacity hinder the correct distribution of water to the consumers. Currently, the challenge faced by hydraulic Algeria is: how best to meet users (AEP, industry, agriculture) with relatively limited water resources. Consequently, the water management is not efficient. Indeed, Algeria is one of the northern countries of the Mediterranean basin which suffers from water shortage. The river flows are characterized by important seasonal and inter-year irregularities, especially in flood periods. Indeed, the knowledge of the climatic conditions has an important role in the economical planning: it permits the best management of the uncontrolled flows for short, mean, and long term. It there's nearly fifteen years that all water stakeholders in Algeria became aware of the necessity to reform the system of general water management. It was indeed soon perceived that despite costly investments in thirty years by the state, the needs remained inadequate, and that, moreover, the quantitative and qualitative protection of resources was not satisfactorily ensured. This paper aims to examine existing water problems in Algeria especially in the Wilaya of Tlemcen and to highlight the public policy of water management through a statistics data. The purpose, however, is to make appropriate recommendations which remain key challenges to enhance water demand satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an immediate image about the reality of the renewable energies as experienced by an Algerian company. Design/methodology/approach – The adopted approach focused on assessment of renewable energies' impact (especially the thermal solar power) on the environment and on the economic aspect of an Algerian company. Findings – The perception of environmental dimension is highlighted by means of an evaluation study supported by the calculation of quantities of CO2 emitted by two power stations (the new hybrid power station of Hassi R'mel (SPPI) and a conventional one (Sonelgaz)). Research limitations/implications – This research has limitations that the authors plan to study in perspective: assessing the impact of wind systems on the environmental and economic aspects. Practical implications – The analysis of obtained results shows and puts emphasis on the importance of renewable energies, especially thermal solar power, by identifying and evaluating the environmental and economic aspects of the new hybrid power station of Hassi R'mel (SPPI) and a conventional one (Sonelgaz) and by comparing the importance of their atmospheric emissions. Originality/value – The paper shows that this new technology represents in theory a solution for environmental problems and could also be economically competitive with conventional energies if wisely exploited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arabian Journal for Science & Engineering (Springer Science & Business Media B.V. ) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose – This paper proposes a risk management process that provides general specifications of the impact and hazard studies applied to a natural medium called Oued el-gourzi (Batna) in Algeria. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed approach can be divided into two phases. First, the diagnosis consists of medium description, analysis and assessment of pollution risk and second, the therapy which includes identification, qualification and implementation of means, follow-up and continuous amelioration. This approach is supported by the Fault-tree method. Findings – The approach defines risks that can affect a natural medium. Improvement of the medium security is required. The establishment of a program for the management and control of these risks is needed. Practical implications – In the context of impact studies, solutions required regarding the pollution of a natural medium are going to lead concerned authorities toward the establishment of a policy of preventive and curative measures. Instigators will be influenced by the comparison of indemnities and environmental investments of pollutants. Originality/value – The diffusion of information about risk management allows the establishment of relations between different actors by the risk management process and consequently ensures its credibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of our work is to determine whether the Algerian economic policy adopted since independence can claim sustainable development from an economic point of view, and how this could be accomplish in harmony with environmental protection. In order to achieve the objective of this study, we used an approach that consists of examining the main causes of the ecological problems in relation to the economic policy implemented by the Algerian state. The analysis of the results obtained led us to identify the link between economic and industrial policies and the modification of the environmental situation in Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public perception of drinking water quality and safety results from the interaction of multiple factors, including the public engagement, which requires sufficient knowledge and awareness. This issue has yet to be addressed in Algeria. This study investigated the residents' perception and awareness about the drinking water quality, safety, and water pollution events. A survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted amongst citizens living in the province of Biskra. Multinomial regression analysis was used to identify the predicted public perception factors about drinking water-related issues. Regardless of the degree of public trust in the drinking water sources, the main drinking water source reported by the participants was tank water (43.3%) followed by tap water (32%). Water quality standards are a measure of the condition of water relative to the contaminants. Water consumption profiles gave priority attention to taste (48.7%), odour (35%), appearance (34.7%), and colour (32%), reflecting a low level of knowledge about the water quality standards. Most of the residents (55.7%) reported a deficient communication about the preventive measures to protect public health. The higher level of education showed a statistically significant impact in discriminating between those who felt very satisfied and dissatisfied participants with the drinking water quality and those who felt between satisfied and dissatisfied (P = 0.023, P = 0.034, respectively). Additionally, education level had a statistically significant role in differentiating trust levels in drinking water quality between two groups, those belonging to either confident or relatively confident and the group of extremely worried respondents, with P = 0.000 and P = 0.000, respectively. Interviewed respondents with certain education levels showed higher trust in the safety of drinking water when compared to those with lower education levels. Gender had a significant role in differentiating the group of respondents who were relatively confident from those who were extremely worried (P = 0.016). The public knowledge about the standards of water quality, safety, and the pollution-related issues remains relatively low. This study is of interest to policy makers and public health authorities who implement actions for water contamination prevention and public health protection. These findings could have national implications and are also applicable, in general context, particularly in low and middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Research in Finance & Accounting is the property of Journal of Research in Finance & Accounting and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Talking about the concept of “environment” means treating a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary theme which revives a simultaneous consideration of multiple data social, economic, natural. To date, the protection of the environment as a whole becomes a challenge for many countries, policies for the preservation, education and scientific research strategies are aimed at the environment and sustainable development. It remains an idea of its young problem, still current. It is development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In the field of architecture and urban planning, environmental protection is an important place. With the growth experienced by this area, several environmental procedures have been invented to improve the quality of construction and use of buildings, a view mainly environmental but without neglecting the economic and social aspects. The environmental protection has long existed, it is found in the experiences of ancient cities such as Ksours. This legacy is an inspiration and an asset for the sustainable development of our cities today. According to Hassan Fathy only in the tradition, we respect and we continue the work of previous generation that new generation can really move and solve the problem. The materials used the distribution of space, protection of natural resources such as water and palm trees, recycling, are the strategies of the company of Ksours to live in a healthy and comfortable space. The objectives of this paper are: To highlight the history of environmental policy in architecture and urbanism in the world, in this case Ksours. Renewable energy and strategies of the preservation of the environment in the Ksours Sustainable development in Ksours: a notion that has long existed. Establish strategies to protect the environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Today, innumerable damages caused by the city and the action of a man on built and natural environments, are recorded in majority of developed countries and also under development ones, which had created in the last few years, complex problems difficult to solve like: pollutions, destructions of natural and rural landscapes, uncontrolled rejections of waste, problems of water and frequent variations of the climate. Algerian cities haven’t escaped to this truth and this situation is related with the history of the development process adopted in Algeria, during the years of post independence. The development of these cities was done without looking for or respecting environmental requirements. Theoretically, Algeria has a complete building formed by different plans and schemes covering environment, land use planning and urbanism fields to raise this challenge and avoid errors of the past, particularly before nineties and after, by adopting a holistic approach and giving a broadest sense of environment protection. But until now, just a few great actions recently carried out by the ministry of land use planning, environment and tourism are registered, and the rest confirms that these tools don’t have any effect suspected on ground, for various causes. The most important causes can be resumed in the lack of dialogue and coordination efforts between concerning actors and theirs institutions, and the absence of an explanation relating to the whole approach able to make these tools even they were appeared in different laws, working as a united body. That''s why these instruments were ineffective and the situation became difficult and critical. The present paper will focus on this reality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In order to facilitate the decision making in spatial applications, several methods are available to aggregate the performance of decision-makers. The multitude of these methods makes it difficult to choose one method over another. Two main types of methods are used, the outranking methods which are based on bottom-up approach and the hierarchical analysis methods which are based on top-down approach. These methods can be adapted to this kind of applications and can be integrated into GIS which is an essential tool in spatial management and decision making. Methods developed according to the first approach are different from those developed in accordance with the second one. This study aims to present a comparison between two multicriteria decision-making methods ELECTRE (Elimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité) Tri and AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to assess land suitability for agriculture. Twelve criteria [water reserve easily utilizable, drainage, permeability, potential of hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity, active limestone, cation exchange capacity, soil texture, soil useful depth, slope, availability of labor, proximity (roads)] grouped in five factors (agronomic, planning, land enhancement and improvement, soil conservation and environment protection, and socioeconomic conditions) were used in this study. An application has been carried out on the area of Mleta in Algeria. Two land suitability maps for durum wheat have been produced by the two procedures (optimistic and pessimistic) available in ELECTRE Tri, and another map has been obtained by AHP. After the comparison between the obtained results, it was apparent that ELECTRE Tri is more appropriate for the land suitability assessment for agriculture despite its complexity given the large number of required parameters. The subjective parameters available in ELECTRE Tri make it possible to take into account imprecise data. Another advantage of this method lies in the way of the decision-makers' preferences aggregation and the assignment of the land units to classes of predefined categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk and dairy products' production lines generate pollution in the form of food waste. The management of this waste concerns professionals that fit the purpose of this study to assess the chemical risk of the raw liquid effluents that are discharged from a milk processing plant located in Bechar (Southwest of Algeria) by analyzing the main chemical indicator parameters of water pollution following official analytical methods. A total of ten samples were analyzed during the months of February, March and April of the year 2019. The obtained results were interpreted according to the regulatory requirements recommended by the Algerian standard related to threshold limit of physicochemical parameters' values. The obtained results showed pollution signs revealed by high levels of the organic matters, expressed by significant means related to the following parameters: chemical oxygen demand (COD: 810.33 mg/L), 5 days-biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5: 797.91 mg/L), total suspended solids (TSS: 47.3 mg/L) and turbidity (174.014 NTU) exceeding those required by the national standard, except other physicochemical parameters, such as pH, conductivity, sulfate, nitrate and nitrite contents that did not exceed the threshold of acceptable values. Although these raw effluents present a high organic load expressed by average BOD5/COD ratio equal to 0.985, they constitute organic matters in a dissolved form (average value of the TSS/BOD5 ratio = 0.076). Furthermore, The COD/BOD5 ratio that had an average value equal to 1.015 underlines the biodegradability character of discharged dairy effluents. The high pollution levels which are aggravated by the lack of wastewater treatment can hurt the environment and the biological diversity and, therefore the humans' health. This requires an immediate intervention for a solution, where it is very important that proper wastewater treatment systems should be installed for the environment protection and for the ecological balance. Otherwise, it may constitute a risk to the public health on medium- to long-term by affecting the quality of the underground reservoir known as the main source of supply for the inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Bulletin of National Mining University is the property of National Mining University, State Higher Educational Institution and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)