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In the current work, CeO 2 nanoparticles were embedded in Ni-W alloy matrix by pulse electrochemical deposition on copper substrate to optimize their microstructure and corrosion resistance. The effects of CeO 2 concentration and deposition time on Ni-W/CeO 2 composite coating were investigated for optimized structure and improved corrosion resistance. The composite coatings present nodular-like surfaces with dense and compact growth profiles, containing 63.03–67.88 wt% Ni, 28.73–31.87 wt% W and 0.25–8.24 wt% Ce. The content of incorporated CeO 2 in coatings increased with the increase of CeO 2 concentration in electrolyte. The addition of CeO 2 particles has refined the grains of the prepared coating. The surface became rougher with the extension of electrodeposition time. Ni-W/CeO 2 composite coating electrodeposited at 10 g L−1 CeO 2 for 60 min possessed the highest corrosion resistance, indicating enhanced corrosion protection and long-term stability. This premium coating can be applied in harsh environments to prolong the lifespan of machinery, equipment, and parts in marine, vehicle, aerospace, and chemical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsed current has proven to be a promising alternative to direct current in electrochemical deposition, offering numerous advantages regarding deposit quality and properties. Concerning the electrodeposition of metal alloys, the role of pulsed current techniques may vary depending on the specific metals involved. We studied an innovative tin–ruthenium electroplating bath used as an anti-corrosive layer for decorative applications. The bath represents a more environmentally and economically viable alternative to nickel and palladium formulations. The samples obtained using both direct and pulsed currents were analyzed using various techniques to observe any differences in thickness, color, composition, and morphology of the deposits depending on the pulsed current waveform used for deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a 'follow-on' from a paper previously published in this journal dealing with the laboratory to pilot scaling up approach using Industry 4.0 manufacturing methods. In particular, the paper reports a strategy for developing a model for the electroforming of nickel from a sulphamate electrolyte at laboratory scale which could subsequently provide an educated approach for transferring the process to a larger scale. At the laboratory scale, a rotating disc electrode assembly was used, which is a standard instrument to determine electrochemical parameters. Thereafter, small scale nickel discs were electroplated using this equipment, and a model of this process was developed and validated against those experimental results. These parameters were then used to actually produce electroforms in a prototype, 18 L tank system. Cross-validation between practical experiments and simulations followed which allowed for fine-tuning the model until it was consistently predicting the real process results within an acceptable error. Overall, it was found that a secondary current distribution model could be used for reasonably accurate description for the electroforming process, and could provide a quick virtual tool at a production facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Due to the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites and the considerable volume change of lithium during cycling, the practical application of lithium metal batteries has stalled. The current collector with a 3D structure has been demonstrated to effectively inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites and mitigate the volume change of lithium, which can effectively promote the practical application of lithium metal batteries. The conventional electrodeposition method for constructing 3D structures on the surface of a copper current collector is prone to forming dendritic structures with sharp surfaces. However, the dendritic structure is susceptible to the tip effect, resulting in inhomogeneous lithium deposition. In this study, PAA molecules are adsorbed on the surface of copper to hinder and disperse its growth during electrodeposition, optimizing its growth mode. Thus, mulberry-like copper with a biomimetic structure is prepared on the surface of copper foil (M-CF). The mulberry structure not only provides additional electrochemically active sites and robust conductive frameworks for lithium deposition, it also efficiently mitigates the electric field concentration at the 3D structure's tip, optimizes lithium-ion transport flux, suppresses the growth of lithium dendrites. As a result, the M-CF anode is capable of stable Li plating/stripping over 500 cycles with a high average CE of 98.1 %. The assembled symmetrical battery is stably cycled over 1600 h at a low voltage hysteresis of 11 mV. The full cells paired with M-CF-Li-6 (Li: 6 mAh cm−2) anodes and LTO cathodes stably cycle more than 500 cycles, and the capacity retention rate is 95.3 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal coordination polymers (TM‐CP) are promising inexpensive and flexible electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction in water electrolysis, while their facile synthesis and controllable regulation remain challenging. Here we report an anodic oxidation‐electrodeposition strategy for the growth of TM‐CP (TM=Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn; CP=polyaniline, polypyrrole) films on a variety of metal substrates that act as both catalyst supports and metal ion sources. An exemplified bimetallic NiFe‐polypyrrole (NiFe‐PPy) features superior mechanical stability in friction and exhibits high activity with long‐term durability in alkaline seawater (over 2000 h) and anion exchange membrane electrolyzer devices at current density of 500 mA cm−2. Spectroscopic and microscopic analysis unravels the configurations with atomically distributed metal sites induced by d‐π conjugation, which transforms into a mosaic structure with NiFe (oxy)hydroxides embedded in PPy matrix during oxygen evolution. The superior catalytic performance is ascribed to the anchoring effect of PPy that inhibits metal dissolution, the strong substrate‐to‐catalyst interaction that ensures good adhesion, and the Fe/Ni−N coordination that modulates the electronic structures to facilitate the deprotonation of *OOH intermediate. This work provides a general strategy and mechanistic insight into building robust inorganic/polymer composite electrodes for oxygen electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrodeposition of copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and their alloys has been a subject of interest since the 19th century. Primarily due to their exceptional features such as good mechanical hardness and electrical conductivity, high resistance to corrosion, and electromigration, Cu–Ag electrodeposits continue to be investigated and developed to improve their properties for different applications. This paper reviews the state of the art in the field of electroplated Cu–Ag alloys in an aqueous solution, with particular emphasis on the observed properties and variety of electrochemical processes used to produce high-quality materials. Moreover, this review paper focuses on the experimental conditions employed for Cu–Ag electrodeposition, intending to understand the basis and manipulate the processes to obtain coatings with superior characteristics and for attractive usage. Finally, the most trending applications of these coatings are discussed depending on different parameters of electrodeposition to provide prospects for potential research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of targeted electrodeposition of metal coatings in the lead–bismuth binary system is considered. The analysis of metal content in the deposits is performed using square-wave stripping voltammetry of solutions containing both lead and bismuth. The results are supported by the data of scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The conditions for the formation of Pb7Bi3 (ε-phase), which is promising for the application in superconducting microelectronics, are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Localized electrochemical deposition microadditive manufacturing (AM) (LECD-µAM) technology represents a nontraditional manufacturing method applied for the layer-by-layer fabrication of metal microstructures via a fully automatic feedback mechanism. In terms of material utilization and complex structure formation, the proposed technology exhibits great potential for microstructure fabrication. The LECD-µAM technology introduced in this study involves the reduction of metal cations in the electrolyte to form metal microstructures. This study showed the flow simulation of an electrolyte in the cantilever probe and pressure distribution at the probe tip. In addition, the effect of extrusion pressure on the deposition structure was investigated experimentally. Combined with the experimental results, we discussed the effects of LECD-µAM technology on deposition outcomes and optimized parameters and designed a printing route for the deposition of complex metal microstructure arrays with smooth surfaces. The proposed technology attained a deposition rate and a microstructural copper content of 0.961 µm/s and 99.5%. In addition, LECD-µAM technology can be performed at room temperature, has low environmental requirements and cost, provides a good deposition surface, and holds great potential for the manufacture of three-dimensional and other complex microstructure arrays. Highlights: The technology realizes micron level complex structure additive manufacturing based on the hollow atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever probe. By designing the deposition path, adjust the extrusion pressure to control the deposition structure. The proposed technology attained a deposition rate and a microstructural copper content of 0.961 µm/s and 99.5%. It has the characteristics of faster speed and higher purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the electrochemistry spectroscopy of Sm(III), and electrodeposition of samarium metal in neutral ligand-based ionic liquid (solvate ionic liquid). Mixture consisted of a samarium precursor (either samarium triflate or samarium nitrate hexahydrate) in the solvate ionic liquid, 1.3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidone (DMI). FT-IR analysis of Sm(III)-DMI electrolytes indicates that Sm3+ ion coordinates with DMI through carbonyl group (C=O); the band splits into two with emergence of new peak at 1630 cm−1 and 1649 cm−1 for the triflate and nitrate solutions, respectively. Raman spectroscopy also confirms the solvation of Sm(III) with DMI through oxygen atom of the carbonyl group. Voltametric behaviour of Sm(III) ion indicates two-step reduction mechanism via Sm(III)/Sm(II) at ca. −2.0 V and Sm(II)/Sm(0) at ca. −3.0 V vs. Ag/Ag+ for both samarium(III)-containing electrolytes. Diffusion coefficient value of Sm(III) was determined to be 2.185 × 10−6 cm2/s and 2.418 × 10−8 cm2/s for triflate and nitrate electrolytes, respectively. Electrodeposition of samarium was achieved through constant potential electrolysis using copper substrate as the working electrode which yielded compact deposits from triflate-DMI and non-uniform granular deposit from nitrate-DMI electrolyte. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the as-deposited samples revealed the presence of metallic Sm (1081 eV) co-existing with its oxide form (1083 eV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-aspect-ratio micro- and mesoscale metallic components (HAR-MMMCs) can play some unique roles in quite a few application fields, but their cost-efficient fabrication is significantly difficult to accomplish. To address this issue, this study proposes a necked-entrance through-mask (NTM) periodically lifting electroforming technology with an impinging jet electrolyte supply. The effects of the size of the necked entrance of the through-mask and the jet speed of the electrolyte on electrodeposition behaviors, including the thickness distribution of the growing top surface, deposition defect formation, geometrical accuracy, and electrodeposition rate, are investigated numerically and experimentally. Ensuring an appropriate size of the necked entrance can effectively improve the uniformity of deposition thickness, while higher electrolyte flow velocities help enhance the density of the components under higher current densities, reducing the formation of deposition defects. It was shown that several precision HAR-MMMCs with an AR of 3.65 and a surface roughness (Ra) of down to 36 nm can be achieved simultaneously with a relatively high deposition rate of 3.6 μm/min and thickness variation as low as 1.4%. Due to the high current density and excellent mass transfer effects in the electroforming conditions, the successful electroforming of components with a Vickers microhardness of up to 520.5 HV was achieved. Mesoscale precision columns with circular and Y-shaped cross-sections were fabricated by using this modified through-mask movable electroforming process. The proposed NTM periodic lifting electroforming method is promisingly advantageous in fabricating precision HAR-MMMCs cost-efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To accelerate the practical application of water splitting in alkaline media, it is imperative to enhance the electrocatalytic performance for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). In this context, we demonstrate that a simple (one‐pot, one‐step) electrodeposition process of nickel (Ni) in the presence of 3,5‐diamino1,2,4‐triazole (DAT) results in the formation of fractally structured Ni films with a significantly increased surface area. The Electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) increases with the electrodeposition charge passed, with the film electrodeposited at 14 C cm−2 achieving a reduction in overpotential at −10 mA cm−2 (η10) to 65.7 mV, coupled with a remarkable increase in ECSA (114‐fold greater than that of Ni‐foil). Additionally, nickel deposited in the presence of DAT effectively mitigates deactivation during electrolysis, exhibiting a 3.6‐fold lower overpotential degradation compared to that of the smooth Ni foil. This simple electrodeposition technique, applicable to a variety of conductive substrates, is distinguished by its high catalytic performance in the HER, a feature of considerable significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a calculation and comparison of Fe, Co, Ni and Cu deposition rates in the tungsten codeposition process based on the electrodeposition of numerous tungsten alloys. Eight different tungsten alloys containing from two to five metals were electrodeposited in constant conditions in order to compare the exact reduction rates. The calculated rates enabled control of the alloy composition precise enough to obtain a high-entropy WFeCoNiCu alloy with a well-balanced composition. The introduction of copper to form the quinternary alloy was found to catalyze the whole process, increasing the deposition rates of all the components of the high-entropy alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides a systematic analysis of the literature data on the electrodeposition of composite coatings using plating baths based on a new generation of room-temperature ionic liquids known as deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Such systems offer several advantages over traditionally used aqueous electrolytes and organic solvent-based electrolytes. The colloidal–chemical properties of suspension and colloidal electrolytes for composite deposition are thoroughly examined. New theories describing the kinetics of the co-deposition of composite layers are characterized. The kinetics and mechanisms of electrochemical deposition processes of composite coatings with metallic matrices are discussed. Case studies regarding the electrodeposition of composite coatings based on electrodeposited copper, silver, zinc, tin, nickel, cobalt, and chromium from DES-assisted electroplating baths are described and systematized. The main prospective directions for further research in the discussed scientific area are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous studies, the comprehensive scaling-up of nickel electroforming on a lab-scale rotating disk electrode (RDE) suggested that secondary current distribution could adequately simulate such a forming process. In this work, the use of a 3-D, time-dependent, secondary current distribution model, developed in COMSOL Multiphysics®, was examined to validate the nickel electroforming of an industrial mechanical vane, a low-tolerance part with a demanding thickness profile of great interest to the aerospace industry. A set of experiments were carried out in an industrial pilot tank with computations showing that the model can satisfactorily predict the experimental findings. In addition, these experiments revealed that the local applied current density was related to the surface appearance (shiny vs matt) of the electroform.Simulations of the process at applied current densities ≤5A/dm2 satisfactorily predicted the experimentally observed thickness distribution while, simulations of the process at applied current densities ≥5A/dm2 underpredicted the experimentally achieved thicknesses. Nevertheless, it is proposed that the model can be used for either quantitative or qualitative studies, respectively, depending on the required operating current density on a case-by-case basis. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the microstructure of the electroforms and determine the purity of nickel (i.e., if nickel oxide is formed), with imaging suggesting that pyramid-shaped nickel particles evolve during deposition. Another interesting observation revealed a periodicity in the deposit's growth mechanism which leads to “necklace”-like deposit layers at the areas where the electroforms presented the highest thickness.

This paper presents a handful of electrochemical experiments related to one single system that opens up the way to teach a bunch of topics related to physical and inorganic chemistry, hence serving experience-oriented education of otherwise hard-to-understand fields. The key idea is the electrodeposition of metals from the same bath containing Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions onto electrodes that differ from each other either in size or position within the electrochemical cell. With the proper optimization of the current densities, pure Cu and a Ni-rich coating with shiny silver colour can be obtained on electrodes of large and small surface area, respectively. It will be explained in detail how to drive the discussion on the experiment so that the audience learns which processes can be treated as parallel ones (i.e. the deposition of two metals, Cu and Ni), the mass transport taking place in serial with the electrochemical reaction, and the occurrence of the mass transport limitation in an electrode process. Didactic aspects of the experiment are presented for both high school and undergraduate levels, and control experiments are also suggested to verify the conclusions achieved. Collateral topics of chemistry and materials science that can be brought up in connection with the experiment are also enumerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface modification of the Ti6Al4V alloy (ASTM grade 5), with the fabrication of vertically oriented TiO2 nanotubes, has been receiving increasing attention both as a way to provide advanced bioactive features and the ability to act as reservoirs for a localized, controlled drug release. In this work, TiO2 nanotubes were grown on the surface of a Ti6Al4V alloy through electrochemical anodization. An ethylene glycol-based electrolyte containing 0.5 wt.% NH4F and 2.5% (v/v) H2O was used. Post-anodizing heat treatments at 500 °C in air atmosphere were performed to achieve a crystalline oxide layer with a higher mechanical stability. Following these treatments, Zn or Cu nanoparticles were incorporated into the nanotubular structures through electrodeposition processes. Then, the antimicrobial performance of the obtained surfaces was assessed against Staphylococcus epidermidis, a Gram-positive bacterium common in implant-related infections. Lastly, the cytotoxicity of the produced surface was evaluated against MC3T3-E1 mouse pre-osteoblast cells. In general, Cu-doped TiO2 nanotubes presented an almost total antimicrobial action, while Zn doped samples had a lower, but still significant antibacterial effect. However, a highly cytotoxic effect against MC3T3-E1 cells was observed on all anodized samples due to the release of vanadium from the alloy. In spite of this, the surface modification reported in this work can be a valid solution for existing commercially available orthopedic implants, considering that similar solutions were already studied in in vivo assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of refining the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) microelectrode arrays (MEAs), this study investigates the application of ultrasonic vibrations in template-assisted electrodeposition. This was driven by the need to overcome limitations in the deposition rate and the height uniformity of microstructures developed using conventional electrodeposition methods, particularly in the field of in vitro electrophysiological investigations. This study employs a template-assisted electrodeposition approach coupled with ultrasonic vibrations to enhance the deposition process. The method involves utilizing a polymeric hard mask to define the shape of electrodeposited microstructures (i.e., micro-pillars). The results show that the integration of ultrasonic vibrations significantly increases the deposition rate by up to 5 times and substantially improves the uniformity in 3D MEAs. The key conclusion drawn is that ultrasonic-enhanced template-assisted electrodeposition emerges as a powerful technique and enables the development of 3D MEAs at a higher rate and with a superior uniformity. This advancement holds promising implications for the precision of selective electrodeposition applications and signifies a significant stride in developing micro- and nanofabrication methodologies for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐performance supercapacitive electrode materials have received significant attention from researchers worldwide, thus aiming for comparable performance similar to the extensively used rechargeable batteries. For emerging energy storage technologies like flexible supercapacitors, transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) have been in the spotlight due to their promising electrochemical features compared to other electrode materials. Among the synthesis techniques, electrodeposition‐mediated preparation of thin films of TMCs offered an affordable binder‐free approach for electrode fabrication that effectively improved the supercapacitor performance. Hence, this review mainly focussed on the electrodeposition‐based syntheses of single/ multinary chalcogenides and their composites for supercapacitors applications. Further, the effects of different deposition parameters were discussed for boosting the supercapacitor performance. Finally, this review outlined the existing challenges and future perspectives in this research domain, which will assist the upcoming exploration in the energy storage field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nanostructured CeO2–Ni coating is prepared on a steel substrate via two-step electrodeposition. An oxide scale with a multi-layer structure of Cr2O3–(Mn,Cr)3O4–(Ni,Mn,Cr)3O4–NiO has developed on the coated steel after 1680 h of oxidation in air at 800 °C. CeO2 is uniformly distributed in the spinel and NiO layers. The synergistic effects originating from nanostructured CeO2 and NiO not only reduce the growth rate of Cr2O3 and suppress the outward diffusion of Cr, but also improve the electrical performance of the surface scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dokuz Eylul University Muhendislik Faculty of Engineering Journal of Science & Engineering / Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Magnetic and electrical properties of nickel (Ni) thin films produced by the electrodeposition technique under a range of growth times (30, 40, and 60 s) are investigated thoroughly using Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) magnetometry and Magneto-Resistance setup, respectively. To deeply understand these properties, the elemental composition, surface morphology, and bulk crystalline structure are analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), grazing incidence X-ray reflectivity (GIXR), and X-ray diffraction measurements, respectively. EDS analysis confirms that these samples are free from impurities and contamination. An increase in coercive fields (~67 Oe) with wide distribution (58-85 Oe) across the film area and a slight variation in the shape of the loops are noticed by decreasing the film growth time (30 s). This is attributed to the deviations in the film surface morphology (defects), as confirmed by HRSEM and GIXR measurements. The angular dependence of the coercivity is nearly constant for each sample and most angles, indicating the similarity in the reversal behavior in such films. The sample resistance is found to be ~20.3 O and ~2.8 O for films with growth times of 40 s and 60 s, respectively. The coercivity of the AMR profiles and MOKE loops is consistent with each other, indicating that the magnetization at the surface performs similarly to that of their bulks. This article gives an indication that Ni films produced by this technique under such conditions are soft at longer deposition times and largely isotropic, which is more preferable in some magnetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium metal anode is almost the ultimate choice for high-energy density rechargeable batteries, but its uneven electrochemical dissolutiondeposition characteristics lead to poor cycle stability and lithium dendrites safety problems. The fundamental solution to the problems is to interfere electrodeposition process of lithium metal so that it can be carried out reversibly and stably. In this work, an inverse-opal structured TiO2 membrane with a thickness of only ~1 mm is designed to regulate the electrodeposition behavior of lithium metal, in which the ordered channels homogenize mass transfer process, the anatase TiO2 walls of the ion channels reduce desolvation barrier of solvated lithium-ions, and the spherical cavities with a diameter of ~300 nm confine migration of the adsorbed lithium atoms during electrocrystallization to diminish overpotential of lithium. These systematic effects cover and essentially change the whole process of electrodeposition of lithium metal and eliminate the possibility of lithium dendrite formation. The as-obtained lithium metal electrode delivers a Coulombic efficiency of 99.86% in the 100th cycle, and maintains a low deposition overpotential of 0.01 V for 800 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) is considered one of the most hazardous heavy metals for the environment and the animal health. Galena (PbS) represents the most common source of lead and is commonly processed by flotation. However, flotation processes are not always effective, causing the galena to end up in mine tailings dams or in large containers of lead-contaminated ore. The electro-remediation technique has been shown to be efficient in removing Pb from contaminated soils; however, there is a maximum electrodeposition capacity on the cathode, which limits the amount of lead that can be recovered. This paper presents the effect of the electrolyte type: HCl and FeCl3 and current density on the maximum electrodeposition capacity of Pb on a stainless-steel cathode employing a conventional electrochemical cell. The results revealed that it is possible recover 0.35 g/cm2 of Pb using an aqueous solution containing FeCl3. Furthermore, the results also reveal a similar maximum electrodeposition of lead when the systems are operated with HCl or FeCl3 at 150 A/m2. The lead electrodeposited on the cathode is very reactive when it is in contact with the air producing lead oxide or lead hydroxycarbonate species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-entropy materials has achieved much attention in the recent decade years. However, there is few reports on high-entropy MOFs due to the large difference of coordination ability for different metal ions. In this work, high-entropy ZIFs are successfully electrodeposited on the nickel foam substrate under high overpotential, and the effects of potential, electrodeposition time and metal precursor concentration on the morphologies and catalytic activity of deposits are examined. The results indicate that the prepared HE-ZIF is made of nanoparticles with a low crystalline structure, and it shows a high electrocatalytic activities for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) as it possesses an abundance of defects such as vacancy defects, lattice distortions and amorphous structure. The overpotential at the current density of 100 mA cm−2 is 290 mV with good durability in 100 h continuous test for OER in 1 mol L−1 KOH. • Low crystallinity HE-ZIF is synthesized by electrodeposition. • Rapid deprotonation of imidazole eliminates the coordination ability difference. • Amorphous structure and rich defects enhance the electro-activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper coatings are an important group of decorative-protective materials characterised by high corrosion resistance, excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, which lately gained more significance due to their antimicrobial activity. The main aim of the presented research was to electrodeposit homogenous copper coatings from the non-cyanide electrolyte solution in galvanostatic conditions on steel (1.4024) and nickel (Ni201) substrates, commercially used for surgical instruments. The effect of substrate finishes used in the production line, by shot peening with glass balls, corundum treatment and brushing on the coatings surface formation, was investigated. The substrates' and coatings' microstructural properties were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The current efficiency of the copper reduction on nickel and steel substrates was found to be above 95%. The copper layers adhere to both substrates, except those deposited on a brushed surface. Regardless of the substrate used, they have a nanocrystalline structure with an average crystallite size of 30 nm. Moreover, the coating surface morphology, which affects the nature of interaction with microorganisms, was effectively modified by the appropriate substrate finishing without changing the electrodeposition conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-aspect-ratio micro- and mesoscale metallic components (HAR-MMMCs) can play some unique roles in quite a few application fields, but their cost-efficient fabrication is significantly difficult to accomplish. To address this issue, this study proposes a necked-entrance through-mask (NTM) periodically lifting electroforming technology with an impinging jet electrolyte supply. The effects of the size of the necked entrance of the through-mask and the jet speed of the electrolyte on electrodeposition behaviors, including the thickness distribution of the growing top surface, deposition defect formation, geometrical accuracy, and electrodeposition rate, are investigated numerically and experimentally. Ensuring an appropriate size of the necked entrance can effectively improve the uniformity of deposition thickness, while higher electrolyte flow velocities help enhance the density of the components under higher current densities, reducing the formation of deposition defects. It was shown that several precision HAR-MMMCs with an AR of 3.65 and a surface roughness (Ra) of down to 36 nm can be achieved simultaneously with a relatively high deposition rate of 3.6 μm/min and thickness variation as low as 1.4%. Due to the high current density and excellent mass transfer effects in the electroforming conditions, the successful electroforming of components with a Vickers microhardness of up to 520.5 HV was achieved. Mesoscale precision columns with circular and Y-shaped cross-sections were fabricated by using this modified through-mask movable electroforming process. The proposed NTM periodic lifting electroforming method is promisingly advantageous in fabricating precision HAR-MMMCs cost-efficiently.

The fabrication of nonenzymatic glucose sensors is essential because of the enhancement in the selectivity and accuracy of these sensors. In this work, we used the electrodeposition approach to prepare a CeO2-based electrode for nonenzymatic glucose detection. A CeO2 branched-like nanostructure was successfully fabricated by electrodeposition on the surface of a Au substrate electrode at room temperature. The effects of cyclic voltammetry, CH3COOH content, and scan cycle number on the formation of the CeO2 branched-like nanostructure were investigated. The fabricated electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that a CeO2 branched-like nanostructure could be obtained with a CH3COOH content of 1.0 mL and a scan cycle number of 100 in a solution containing 0.015 M Ce(NO3)3, 0.01 M KCl, and 0.02 M CH3COONH4 and with a scan rate of 400 mV/s. The electrochemical characteristics of the sensor were examined by chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that the sensitivity of the sensor was 37.72 μA/mM·cm2 and the limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor was 0.093 mM. The findings in this work prove that it is feasible to fabricate CeO2-based sensors for nonenzymatic glucose detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal recovery from acidic chloride systems is significant for large-scale environmental remediation and sustainable metals recycling. However, there is a scarcity of electrodeposition processes suitable for acidic chloride media. Herein, an energy-efficient electrochemical recovery process for copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te) recovery was first presented. The combination of a turbulent reactor with stainless steel electrode and an acidic chloride-citrate electrolyte led to a notable improvement in dilute metal electrodeposition recovery from the HCl system. The addition of citrate generated a synergistic improvement in metal electrodeposition from dilute solutions, effectively inhibiting unfavorable electrochemical reduction pathways. The enhanced mass transfer facilitated by the reactor further enhanced the quality, recovery, and current efficiency of the deposited metals. As a result, >98% Cu, Se, and Te were successfully extracted as a fine powder with a high current efficiency of 90%. This strategy presents an alternative, low-cost, and efficient platform for metal recovery and wastewater remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the dynamics of lithium metal electrodeposition is crucial to designing safe and reliable lithium metal anodes. In this study, a grand potential‐based phase‐field model is developed to investigate the effect of a gas bubble (which forms due to the internal side reactions) on the dynamics of the dendrite growth during electrodeposition. It is observed that with the presence of a static gas bubble, the dendrite growth is largely accelerated, owing to the accumulation of lithium ions on the far side of the bubble away from the anode surface, which can serve as an ion "reservoir" for the dendrite growth, leading to the tilting of the lithium dendrites toward the bubble. The effects of the bubble size and distance to the anode are further studied, demonstrating that the larger the bubble size and the closer to the anode, the longer the lithium dendrites will grow. Notably, with a mobile bubble, the dendrite growth can be delayed due to the "stirring effect," where the motion of the bubble can facilitate the ion migration. This effect is maximized when the bubble moving speed is close to the electrodeposition speed. It is hoped that this study can serve as an example to exploit the effect of extrinsic factors on the dendrite growth dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold has many exciting properties that justify its use in a wide range of applications. While gold nanoparticles are frequently used, nanorings offer an interesting new geometry. Unfortunately, few technologies exist to fabricate nanorings, which are often created by multistep lithographic methods. Furthermore, nanoring arrays are even more difficult to achieve. Herein, a one‐step, one‐pot electrodeposition method to realize arrays of gold nanorings with tunable parameters is demonstrated. It is shown that the electrodeposition of gold nanoring arrays can be easily achieved when one submerges a water droplet containing HAuCl4 into an oil‐phase containing a quaternary ammonium salt. These conditions allow for the spontaneous emulsification at the water|oil interface. The nanorings can be deposited at the edges of the emulsion droplets that become adsorbed to the electrode. Changing the concentrations of species, submersion time, and electrodeposition parameters allows us to tune relevant parameters of the array of nanorings, including the thickness and size of the rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu2O is a p-type direct bandgap semiconductor with a band gap of 2~2.2 eV, which has excellent visible light absorption and utilization. However, slow charge transfer and poor stability hinder its practical application. In this paper, a facile electrodeposition approach successfully synthesized the heterostructure of p-Cu2O and n-Cu2O. The protective layer of n-Cu2O on the surface of p-Cu2O nanoparticles forms a p/n heterojunction. Due to the p/n heterojunction, the PEC performance of p/n-Cu2O is enhanced significantly. The charge separation efficiency of photogenerated electron/hole pairs in p/n-Cu2O is greatly improved. Therefore, p/n-Cu2O shows superior photoelectrochemical (PEC) CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) efficiency when used as a photocathode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity is becoming a major issue worldwide due to water pollution and population growth, calling for advanced techniques for water reclamation. For instance, advanced oxidation processes using semiconductor photocatalysts appear promising, yet the light-harvesting capacity of semiconductors must be optimized to ensure complete degradation of contaminants. For this, semiconductors have been modified using electrochemical, sol–gel, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, and microwave-assisted methods. Here, we review electro-fabrication strategies for generating photocatalytic systems for wastewater remediation. We found that the photophysical properties of electrogenerated photocatalysts can be optimized by modulating electrochemical parameters, customizing the electrolyte component, integration of other synthetic routes, innovative technology in the electrochemical setup, and optimization at the final crystallization stages. We focus on anodic dissolution, anodization, metal electrodeposition, current and potential, electrolyte agitation and formulation, additives, electrosynthesis temperature, solvents, crystallization and unconventional electrochemical setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalytic activities normalized to electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) were systematically evaluated and correlated with its composition (i.e., Mo content up to 26 at. %), crystal structure (i.e., face-centered cubic (fcc) to orthorhombic phase and the mixed phases with different phase ratios), and crystallinity. The electrodeposited with mixed phases exhibited highest ECSA (up to 228 cm2 per 1 cm2 geometric surface area) compared to deposits with single phase, which serves as the dominant factor to enhance exchange current density and overpotential. Low overpotentials per ECSA were observed with Mo content of 5.16 at% (fcc) and 24.1 at% (mixed phases). After normalizing with ESCA, The Tafel slope and exchange current density were indifference with Mo content, crystal phase, and grain size. The metallic Ni–Mo thin films have low mixed potential and overpotential at 10 mA/cm2 of 20 mV and 120 mV, respectively. • Ni–Mo with different composition, and crystal structure were electrodeposited. • Mixed crystal phases resulted in highest electrochemically active surface area. • Mixed phases Ni–Mo electrodeposits also show to enhance exchange current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystallography modulation of zinc (Zn) metal anode is promising to promote Zn reversibility in aqueous electrolytes, but efficiently constructing Zn with specific crystallographic texture remains challenging. Herein, we report a current‐controlled electrodeposition strategy to texture the Zn electrodeposits in conventional aqueous electrolytes. Using the electrolytic cell with low‐cost Zn(CH3COO)2 electrolyte and Cu substrate as a model system, the texture of as‐deposited Zn gradually transforms from (101) to (002) crystal plane as increasing the current density from 20 to 80 mA cm−2. Moreover, the high current accelerates the Zn nucleation rate with abundant nuclei, enabling uniform deposition. The (002) texture permits stronger resistance to dendrite growth and interfacial side reactions than the (101) texture. The resultant (002)‐textured Zn electrode achieves deep cycling stability and supports the stable operation of full batteries with conventional V/Mn‐based oxide cathodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to determine how the scan rate affects PANI layers' morphology and resonance parameters deposited on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The PANI layer was produced using the electrodeposition method with a scan rate variation of 10 to 50 mV/s. The PANI layer deposited at a scan rate of 10 mV/s has an aggregate morphology, whereas the morphology becomes more scattered at a higher scan rate. On the other hand, the homogeneity of the distribution of PANI particles increases due to the increase in the scan rate. The QCM impedance profile also changes with PANI layer deposition at different scan rates. The QCM impedance profile with the PANI layer that is most similar to the uncoated QCM impedance profile is at a scan rate of 10, 40 and 50 mV/s. The resonance parameters, which represent the inertial mass and the dissipative characteristics of the PANI layer, were investigated. The PANI layer with the smallest resonance parameter has a scan rate of 10 and 40 mV/s. Therefore, the 2 scan rates are the best candidates to be applied further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of affordable and clean electricity is yielding a surge in the research and development of sustainable electrochemical approaches to engineer the properties and behavior of materials. In this context, engineering treatments that harness electrodeposition promise to enhance the properties, behavior, and durability of concrete via mineral crystal precipitations in the pores and cracks of such material. Highly complex and increasingly studied, the effects of electrodeposition in concrete seemingly lack a unified assessment at the time of writing. This review encompasses the effects of electrodeposition on the properties and behavior of concrete to facilitate future studies that can help develop such a promising engineering technique. Specifically, starting from an overview of the fundamentals governing the electrodeposition process, this work revises knowledge on its effects on concrete properties and behavior and discusses open questions whose answers can boost the development and application of this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) has been widely used in the field of metal electrodeposition as an economical and environmentally friendly green solvent. Metallic bismuth films were prepared by electrodeposition from choline chloride-malonic acid (ChCl-MA) deep eutectic solvent (DES) containing BiCl3. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to study the structure of ChCl-MA-BiCl3, and the results showed that Bi(III) was in the form of [BiCl6]3− ions. The viscosity of ChCl-MA-BiCl3 ranges from 200 to 1200 mPa·s at temperatures from 363 K to 323 K. The conductivity of 0.01 M Bi(III) in ChCl–MA is 3.24 ms·cm−1 at 363 K. The electrochemical behavior and electrodeposition of Bi(III) in DES were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. The results showed that the electrodeposition reaction was a quasi-reversible reaction controlled by the diffusion and the nucleation of bismuth was a three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation. The diffusion coefficient of Bi(III) in ChCl-MA was 1.84 × 10−9 cm2·s−1. The electrodeposition product was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results showed that the deposition potential has a significant influence on the morphology of the bismuth film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that bismuth and bismuth oxides are present in the deposited film obtained by electrodeposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recovery of ruthenium from low-concentration solutions poses a significant challenge due to its scarcity and rising economic value, and nano-impact electrochemistry has emerged as a promising method for efficient recovery of critical metals from solution through deposition during impacts of non-metallic nanoparticles. In this study, we investigate the redox chemistry of ruthenium on carbon black via the impact technique and demonstrate the ability to recover ruthenium from solution. The reduction (electrodeposition) and oxidation of Ru3+ ions in solution onto carbon black nanoparticles can be observed during nano-impacts with the respective onset potentials of these redox processes agreeing with those obtained from solution voltammetry. Upscaled experiments focusing on the electroreduction process, led to the formation of RuOx deposits, confirmed through scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Under partially-optimised conditions, >90 % recovery of Ru(III) from a 1 mM solution was achieved in ca. 8 h. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrodeposition of metals into nanopores of templates represents a crucial area of study within the field of confinement-controlled electrochemistry. This review addresses the templated synthesis of nanocomposites (nonmetallic hard templates with one-dimensional cylindrical nanopores filled with metal or semiconductor) and single nanowires and nanotubes obtained by template dissolution. The focus is on the influence of electrochemical conditions such as electrolyte composition, electrodeposition regimes, and template characteristics on the morphological and physical properties of the resulting nanostructures. Additionally, this review introduces the theoretical modeling of mass transfer in templated electrodeposition, which is critical for understanding and optimizing the pore-filling processes and the uniformity of nanostructure formation. The potential applications of these nanostructures in fields such as electronics, optoelectronics, and catalysis are also discussed, highlighting their significant implications for advancing nanotechnology and materials science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrodeposition of foreign metals on a platinum (Pt) electrode can be used to alter the electrochemical properties of the modified electrode. The current study employed in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to characterize the spatial structures of a monolayer and multilayer lead (Pb) electrodeposited on an ordered Pt(100) electrode in 0.1 M perchloric acid (HClO 4) with and without formic acid under potential control. The Pt(100) bead crystal used in this study was pretreated by a modified annealing and quenching method, producing a long-range ordered, unreconstructed (1 × 1) surface. The underpotential deposition (UPD) of Pb on the Pt(100) electrode resulted in a pair of sharp and reversible peak at 0.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), prior to the bulk deposition at E < -0.45 V in 0.1 M HClO 4 + 1 mM Pb(ClO 4) 2. Cyclic potential sweeping in the UPD regimes resulted in a stable voltammogram, but bulk Pb deposition led to varying morphologies of the profiles. Atomic resolution STM images were obtained to reveal a well-ordered Pt(100)-(√2 × √2)R45°-Pb structure and elongated rows of Pb aggregates and local (√2 × 2√2) R45° in the initial and final stages of Pb UPD, respectively. Bulk Pb deposition at E < -0.5 V led to a crystalline Pb film, but a roughened Pt(100) surface was imaged after the Pb deposit was anodically stripped. The activity of the Pt(100) electrode toward formic acid oxidation was nearly tripled after being modified with a sub-monolayer of Pb, and increased by another 20 % when it was loaded with multilayer Pb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we reported the construction of Gold Nanospike (AuNS) structures on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) used for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection. This modification was prepared with a one-step electrodeposition method by controlling the electrodeposition parameters, such as applied potential and deposition time, via Constant Potential Amperometry (CPA). Those parameters and precursor solution concentration were varied to investigate the optimum electrodeposition configuration. The results confirmed that AuNS were homogenously deposited and well-dispersed on the working electrode surface of SPCE. The AuNS-modified SPCE was implemented as a non-enzymatic sensor toward dopamine and could enhance the electrocatalytic ability compared with the bare SPCE. Further examination shows that the sensing performance of the AuNS-modified SPCE produced an increase in electrochemical surface area (ECSA) at 17.25 times higher than the bare electrode, a sensitivity of 0.056 µA mM−1 cm−2 with a wide linear range of 0.2–50 µM and a detection limit of 0.33 µM. In addition, AuNS-modified SPCE can selectively detect dopamine among other interfering analytes such as ascorbic acid, urea, and uric acid, which commonly coexist in the body fluid. This work demonstrated that AuNS-modified SPCE is a prospective sensing platform for non-enzymatic dopamine detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an environmental-friendly water treatment technique, direct electrodeposition (ED) encountered some difficulties to recover low-concentration metallic ions. This work proposed a novel electrodeposition assisted with electrocoagulation (ED-EC) process to remove and capture Ag+ from ultra-low concentration wastewater. Influences of operating parameters on the removal efficiency were investigated. Results showed that the Ag+ removal ratio of ED-EC increased to > 97.4 % compared to direct ED (<90 %), and Ag+ was reduced to < 0.1 ppm from an initial concentration of 2–20 ppm. Low current density, low pH and high Ag+ concentration improved electrodeposition, but weakened the formation and adsorption of the flocs by electrocoagulation. Aqueous Ag+ was captured and enriched in the flocs and the cathode deposit, where the Ag contents were > 3000 g/t and > 97 wt%, respectively. The economic assessment indicated that recovering Ag by ED-EC produced considerable benefits. Thus, this study provides meaningful guidance for resource recovery from precious metal wastewater. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrodeposition of metals and alloys from aqueous solutions has been extensively studied in the literature. Recently, ionic liquids having only anions and cations (without solvent) have been used as electrodeposition baths of metals and alloys. Growth conditions may significantly affect the surface characteristics of coatings. In this study, Zn metal, Co metal and Zn-Co alloy-based electrodes were prepared on copper surfaces from ionic liquids solution consisting of stoichiometric 1:2 mixtures of choline chloride and ethylene glycol (Ethaline). The growth potentials of Zn (zinc), Co (cobalt) and Zn-Co (zinc-cobalt alloy) electrodes were analysed by cyclic voltammograms. Zn, Co and Zn-Co were electrodeposited independently on copper substrates using constant voltages and ionic liquid electrolytes containing the salt forms of these metals. The surface morphologies, compositions and structures of the synthesized coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscope, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometer, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffractometer. The coatings made of cobalt and zinc contained nanoflakes and hexagonal nano-layers, respectively. The smooth copper surfaces were evenly coated by these nanostructured thin film coatings. The nano and micro sized Co-Zn alloy particles electrodeposited from ionic liquid were observed to be agglomerated. The corrosion behaviour of Zn, Co and Zn-Co alloys was measured in 3.5% NaCl environment, using the Tafel method. The electrodeposition of the Zn-Co alloy resulted in higher corrosion resistances. While the Icorr (corrosion current) value of bare copper electrode was 40.7 μA cm−2, the Icorr value ​​of Zn-Co electrochemically coated on copper was determined as 1.26 μA cm−2. These findings indicated that the corrosion resistivity of the Co-Zn alloy coating was more than 30 times greater than that of uncoated copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being an additive manufacturing process with a bottom-up approach, electrodeposition principle has opened up new avenues for the multiscale metallic deposition and because of its attainment of high precision and dimensional accuracy, it has equally received the attention of researchers as well as of various industrial sectors. Considering the utility of this inexpensive manufacturing process, the present review paper deals firstly with the fundamental principles and applications of both electrodeposition and electroforming processes along with the associated challenges and shortcomings. Thereafter, various energy field-assisted methods such as abrasive-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted, magnetic-assisted, localized, photo-assisted, and gravity-assisted electrodeposition/electroforming have been discussed. Research progress associated with these techniques has been elaborately explained along with their principle of operation. The fabrication of various functional coatings, nanostructures, nanocomposites using such hybrid techniques have also been explored. In short, this review article throws light on the immense manufacturing possibilities in the area of electrodeposition/electroforming that can be taken up as future scope in the areas of high-performance coatings, micro/nano-manufacturing and functional materials, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient cathodic electrodeposition method is developed for coating Co‐based metal‐organic frameworks (Co‐MOF) on carbon fiber cloth (CFC), a widely used substrate in energy fields. The use of a highly active Co metal surface enables nucleation and growth of Co‐MOF in 3D rodlike crystal bundles. When used as a binder‐free electrode (Co‐MOF/CFC) for supercapacitors, it shows a high areal capacitance of 1784 mF cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2, good cycling stability and excellent rate capability. The assembled asymmetric all‐solid‐state supercapacitor device (Co‐MOF/CFC//AC) delivers a high energy density and power density. This work may open up an effective approach to realize the electrosynthesis of MOF films, promoting use in energy storage and conversion fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation of the 3D electrodeposition of Ag metal on Ag cathode surface is carried out under galvanostatic, different substrate temperatures, and current density conditions. Both deposition and diffusion processes are considered during the film electrodeposition, where each adatom diffuses via nearest‐neighbor hopping, exchange, and step‐edge atom exchange mechanisms. The interatomic interaction is described within the well‐known embedded atomic method (EAM) framework. The number of hopping, exchange, and step‐edge exchange mechanisms is evaluated using a power law of time nhop∝tα, nexch∝tβ, and nstep∝tγ, respectively. However, the step‐edge exchange mechanism depends on current density. The effects of deposited atom number, current density, and substrate temperature on the transitions of surface morphologies of the electrodeposited thin film are studied considering different combinations of the mechanisms. The results indicate that surface roughness increases when the number of deposited atoms and the current density increase, but when the substrate temperature increases the roughness decreases. In addition, the resulting surface has been found to be smooth if all diffusion mechanisms are involved in the electrodeposition phenomenon, while roughness occurs when diffusion takes place only via hopping mechanism. Furthermore, the surface roughness behavior is found to be related to clusters and islands distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Herein, a two‐step electrodeposition technique is adopted for the binder‐free fabrication of nanostructured bilayered active material electrodes to achieve a high‐performance supercapacitor with reducing charge‐transfer resistance. Hybrid nanostructured bismuth‐cobalt oxides/hydroxides electrode (Bi2O3@Co(OH)2) active materials are successfully grown on a 3D nickel foam substrate via versatile electrodeposition. Nanostructured Co(OH)2 is deposited on Bi2O3 coated nickel foams using different electrolytic concentrations (the comparable concentration ratios of Bi:Co = 1:0.5; 1:1; 1:1.5; 1:2). The prepared Bi2O3@Co(OH)2 electrode materials are characterized for structural, morphological, elemental composition, element distribution, and chemical states of atoms properties using standard, sophisticated tools. Cyclic voltammetry is recorded at increasing scan rates, whereas galvanostatic charge‐discharge data are measured at different current densities. The optimized electrode with the mole ratio of Bi:Co = 1:1 (denoted as BC‐II) revealed a higher areal capacitance than Bi2O3 and Co(OH)2 electrodes. The optimal BC‐II electrode exhibited the highest 947.1 mFcm−2 areal capacitance for current density 2 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH solution using the discharging time. The capacitance stability after 1000 GCD cycles at 10 mA cm−2 is maintained at 99.8% of its original value. The present study demonstrates a simple method for preparing active nanostructured oxide/hydroxide hybrid materials for improved supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, three-dimensional interconnected nanosheet-like binder-free Cu-Mn-S@NF composites were efficiently fabricated on nickel foam by one-step electrochemical deposition and optimized for metal ion deposition concentration to improve the problem of electrochemical performance degradation due to volume expansion of supercapacitor electrode materials. Owing to the unique structure that provides many active sites and a stable skeleton structure that fully promotes the diffusion of ions from the electrolyte into the electrode material, the three-dimensional interconnected nanosheet Cu-Mn-S@NF electrode material exhibits excellent electrochemical properties, and the structure prevents agglomeration and volume expansion during charge/discharge cycles, alleviating active material shedding. Under the three-electrode system, Cu-Mn-S@NF exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with a high specific capacitance of 2468.8 F g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1, and it still maintains a specific capacitance of 1940 F g−1 at a high specific capacitance of 10 A g−1, with a multiplier performance of 78.58%. The assembled Cu-Mn-S@NF//AC HSC can obtain a maximum specific capacitance of 153.1 F g−1 (1 A g−1), an energy density as high as 54.47 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 800 W kg−1, and 70.23% capacitance retention after 6000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Littlewood predominance diagrams are maps of phase stability with a potential in the ordinate and a pO2− on the abscissa. pO2− is the negative logarithm of the activity of O2− ions. In the current work, a new method for calculation of Littlewood predominance diagrams is presented. The method is particularly suitable for software and databases constructed according to the CALPHAD (CALculation of Phase Diagrams) methodology. This enhances the consistency of the calculations and enables inclusion of elaborate descriptions of non-stoichiometric phases. The calculation is based on Gibbs energy minimization so that identification of relevant reaction equations is not needed as input. A thermodynamic database with all the relevant phases, including metals, chlorides, oxides and oxychlorides is a perquisite for the calculation. The calculation results depend on the thermodynamic modeling and data. However, the algorithm does not depend on the details of the thermodynamic models used. That is, the same calculation method is applied irrespective of the thermodynamic model chosen. Sample calculations are given for the simple Mg-Cl-O system and for the more-complex Ca-Ti-Cl-O system. We use thermodynamic datasets published in the literature, as well as a small CALPHAD database for the Ca-Ti-Cl-O system constructed in the course of the present work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The fractal growth of chromium dendrites in electrodeposition was studied. • The DLA simulation results are consistent with the actual experimental results. • Dendrite morphology is closely related to particle motion. • The dendritic clusters are primarily composed of three-dimensional grains. This investigated the fractal growth behavior of dendrites during the electrodeposition of chromium metal within two-dimensional confined interface. The effect of influencing factors (voltage, electrolyte concentration, catalyst concentration, and deposition time) on the morphology and fractal dimension of the deposited dendrites was investigated using zero-dimensional point electrodes and one-dimensional wire electrodes. The results indicate that as the voltage and electrolyte concentration increase, the fractal dimension of the point electrode decreases, while that of the wire electrode increases. Additionally, increasing the concentration of the catalyst and the deposition time led to an increase in the fractal dimension for both the point electrode and the wire electrode. This is due to the morphology of the dendritic clusters growing more open or denser depending on the aggregation mode of particles under different experimental conditions. This further leads to changes in fractal dimension. A diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) model was developed to simulate the motion of particles during deposition. The model demonstrates that the changes in fractal dimension and the morphology of the aggregates formed by particles moving randomly are consistent with the experimental results. Finally, the distribution of grains on the sediment surface revealing that fractal dendrite clusters in a two-dimensional sediment interface consist of three-dimensional grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]