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The aim of the study is to determine and describe endogenous and exogenous factors in the development of financial services in a turbulent economic environment. In the study, the authors used general economic and specific methods of scientific knowledge, including: formalization, abstraction, dialectical, graphic, decomposition, monographic, analysis and synthesis, abstract-logical, generalizations, observations, comparisons and others. The article systematizes and analyzes the basic factors that determine the development and functioning of the financial services market. It is proved that an important role in the development of the financial services market is played by economic factors, among which the authors selected certain groups and studied the peculiarities of their formation.

Forecasting using the economic factor as indicators seems significant related. The experts also suggest predict the number of traffic in transport by approaching the econometric models. This paper predicting the upcoming number of air freight until 2030. The result shows GDP is significant related to number of air freight. However, the economic crisis also contributes to decreasing the value. Also, the Covid-19 impact the economic in the country. Predicting the number of air freight in 2020 is going down. The number seems gradually grow after two years and assume the pandemic is over soon

This article attempts to further theoretical and empirical understanding of the extent to which the economic factor had been critical in determining the Egyptian foreign policy between 1978 and 2010. While the following 32 years recorded major shifts in Egypt’s domestic, regional and international affairs, the larger parameters of its foreign policy were forged in the 1970s when specific economic pressures largely determined in which direction Cairo would move. Thus, this analysis seeks to substantiate the argument that the primacy of the domestic sphere has remained recurrent. It also is contended that while economy may have been the catalyst of major foreign policy shifts in Egypt, it was indeed regime security that was—and remains—the primary determinant of the Egyptian foreign policy. The article, hence, concludes that Egypt’s foreign policy was thus determined by economic factors only to the extent that it did not endanger the security of the regime.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo argumentar que Nicolau Maquiavel admite a possibilidade de o comércio poder coexistir com a liberdade de uma república. Essa possibilidade seria vislumbrada a partir de seus comentários à Alemanha, elogiada pela preservação da liberdade e cujos cidadãos teriam no comércio sua principal fonte de renda. Para cumprir seu objetivo o artigo se divide em duas partes: na primeira pretende-se indicar que para Maquiavel o fator econômico ocasionador de corrupção não seria exatamente o comércio, mas um excessivo acúmulo de riquezas passível de ocorrer em qualquer atividade econômica; na segunda busca-se compreender a visão de Maquiavel sobre a Alemanha para em seguida investigar a participação deles no comércio. A conclusão do artigo é que para Maquiavel a coexistência do comércio com o vivere libero seria uma possibilidade cuja efetivação dependeria das ordenações da república.

The study about the relationship between climate and economy is essential because it’s understanding is the key to formulate the effective economic policy. El Nino is one of the climate phenomena's that directly impact Indonesia, so it is necessary to analyze its effect on the macroeconomic condition such as inflation. This study aims to analyze the impact of El Nino as an external factor and the impact of another relevant economic factor on the macroeconomic condition such as inflation at the regional level (province) in Indonesia. The method used is a spatial panel method to capture the effect of inter-regional spatial interactions. The results show that El Nino has a positive effect on inflation in the southern Indonesian provinces that are affected by El Nino, but no effect in northern Indonesia. The other significant determinants of regional inflation are minimum wage, local revenue, local government spending, and infrastructure. There is significant spatial dependence on regional inflation in Indonesia, indicating that the inflations of its neighboring provinces influence the inflation of a province.

Die Digitalisierung der Lebens- und Arbeitswelt wirkt sich grundlegend auf den Tourismus aus und hat bereits neue Markt- und Kommunikationsformen hervorgebracht. Verreist wird aber weiterhin analog. Die Anforderungen an einen Tourismus 4.0 sind hoch, aber längst nicht erfüllt: Neue Gästewünsche müssen mit entsprechenden digitalen Angeboten und Services von Gastgebern und touristischen Organisationen bedient werden. Größte Hindernisse sind fehlende personelle und finanzielle Ressourcen sowie fachliche Kompetenzen aufseiten der Akteure. Wo die Reise im digitalen Tourismus hingeht, ist bei Hoteliers und Gastronomen, Reiseveranstaltern und touristischen Marketingorganisationen sowie auch in der Wissenschaft noch offen. Um die digitale Transformation im Tourismus erfolgreich gestalten zu können, müssen innovative Strategien ganzheitlich entwickelt und koordiniert umgesetzt werden. Diese Prozesse müssen in Hinblick auf die Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie neu gedacht werden. The digitalisation of everyday life and the workplace are having profound effects on tourism and have created new forms of market and communication. However, travelling remains analogue. Much is demanded of Tourism 4.0 and many demands remain unmet. Travellers have new wishes that must be satisfied with appropriate digital offerings and services by hosts and tourist organisations. A lack of personnel, financial resources and subject expertise on the part of the actors hinders this process. Where digital tourism is headed remains unclear not only for hoteliers, restauranteurs and tourist marketing organisations but also for academics. The successful management of the digital transformation in tourism requires the holistic development and coordination of innovative strategies. These processes have to be rethought in light of the effects of the coronavirus pandemic.

Agriculture is an important branch in Ukraine&rsquo, s economy. The share of agriculture&rsquo, s GDP in the national economy is more than 10%. The development of agriculture stimulates the development of other sectors in national economy. According to the results of the analysis of the employment dynamics in Ukraine&rsquo, s agriculture, it was concluded that there was a negative tendency. That is why the aim of the article is to specify the factors of impact on employment in Ukraine&rsquo, s agriculture and to assess the degree of their influence. To achieve this goal, the different methods were used: system analysis&mdash, for determination the factors influencing employment in agriculture, factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, principal components method&mdash, for evaluating the impact of various factors on the employment in agriculture of Ukraine. It was found that the most significant social-demographic factors of impact on employment in Ukraine&rsquo, s agriculture include the total rural population at the age 16&ndash, 64 and the demand for labor force in agriculture, and the most important economic factor is labor productivity. Determining the factors and measures of their impact on employment will substantiate public policy measures, methods and mechanisms for their implementation to solve employment problems in Ukraine&rsquo, s agriculture.

This research is warranted, since the Northwestern Federal District accounts for a significant proportion of Russia’s exports. The study aims to reveal the connection between the federal district’s external and internal economic development and to identify the extent to which institutional support for international economic cooperation facilitates brisk international trade. The authors consider international trade from the perspective of its procedural and institutional components. The study stresses dependence between the total international trade and internal economic performance of Russia’s North-West. Another focus is an analysis of institutional support for the development factors and the levels and areas of international economic cooperation. The analysis shows that the Northwestern regions’ external and internal economic development is interdependent and there is considerable support for international cooperation at different levels and in different areas. To a degree, this is explained by the federal district’s geographical position and transport connections, the ‘Nordic’ character of the economy shared by the Russian and neighbouring territories, and the multi-tier nature of the institutional framework for international economic cooperation in the international region.

In this article, an optimal reinsurance problem is formulated from the perspective of an insurer, with the objective of minimizing the risk-adjusted value of its liability where the valuation is carried out by a cost-of-capital approach and the capital at risk is calculated by either the value-at-risk (VaR) or conditional value-at-risk (CVaR). In our reinsurance arrangement, we also assume that both insurer and reinsurer are obligated to pay more for a larger realization of loss as a way of reducing ex post moral hazard. A key contribution of this article is to expand the research on optimal reinsurance by deriving explicit optimal reinsurance solutions under an economic premium principle. It is a rather general class of premium principles that includes many weighted premium principles as special cases. The advantage of adopting such a premium principle is that the resulting reinsurance premium depends not only on the risk ceded but also on a market economic factor that reflects the market environment or ...

The paper presents the results of sociological study devoted to the evaluation of the social expectations of women associated with the realization of their right to maternity capital. Different social attitudes and intentions of 308 women who have two and more children with respect to realization of the program of the maternity capital were investigated. Characteristics of cognitive, emotional and behavioral readiness to participate in the governmental program of increasing fertility were assessed. The results confirm the adequacy and objectivity of the social expectations of women. They made the decision about the birth of a second child without taking into account the expected payment of the maternity capital (for 33.8% respondents maternity capital had “no meaning”; for 36.4% respondents it was just a “pleasant additional payment”). The reproductive behavior of women was based on family traditions (91.9% respondents were born in big families with two or more children) and awareness of their personal responsibility for bearing and raising children (45.8% respondents were ready “for any difficulties for their children”, 23.1% respondents consider their children as “happiness and meaning of their lives”). However, 22.0% of women made their decision about the birth of the second child with expectations for the maternity capital. They were the women from the low-income families (29.6%). Promotion the childbirth in low-income families may lead to the increasing number of dysfunctional families and children who find themselves in difficult life situations. All this facts may lead to different social problems in the future.

From the perspective of long-term equilibrium, the proportion of a region’s economy and population in the country should roughly be equal. In this paper, the quotient of GDP proportion and population proportion is defined as R, whose value and characteristics of volatility accurately reflects the feature of distribution and equilibrium between economy and population. By using GIS visualization technology, this paper finds that the economic and demographic distribution in Chins is still far from matching currently, with a trend of polarization between east and west. However, from 2000 to 2015, the matching degree of economy and population at the national level is actually on the rise. This paper then divides apart the economic factor and demographic factor that cause the R value to change, and comes to a conclusion that the status between the economy and the population in most provinces is affected by economic factor to a greater extent, and the role of population factor is relatively minor.

The Sino-US trade relationship has become one of the most important bilateral trade relationships in the world, however there are emerging more and more conflicts between them which may have negative impact on global trade. This paper reviews the US trade policy towards China and analyzes the reasons why these policies are changing over time. Based on related economic and political theories, this paper points out that there are political reasons, economic reasons and external factors that account for the changing of the US trade policies towards China. Furthermore, among these factors, the Sino-US political relationship laid the foundation of the bilateral trade relationship especially at an early stage, and the economic factor explains most of the bilateral trade after 2000. Meanwhile, the fluctuation of the bilateral trade could largely be explained by the struggle of the balance of the US domestic interest groups, and the balance of some external factors like international treaties.

We study corporate investment by considering both external economic factor and managerial behavior, in particular the dynamic interaction between inflation uncertainty and managerial overconfidence by employing a sample of Chinese companies. The empirical findings demonstrate that lower inflation uncertainty increases over-investment, and managerial overconfidence exacerbates such effect. Further analysis shows that over-investment in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is mainly driven by managerial overconfidence, and the negative association between inflation uncertainty and overinvestment is due to managerial overconfidence. The effect of managerial overconfidence is mute in non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs). In addition, we find asymmetric impact of inflation uncertainty on corporate over-investment during different economic cycles.

The main risk of loss of market value of labor power is known as the onset of old age, when most (and then all citizens) lose their physical and mental ability to perform work functions. In a civilized country economic responsibility for the maintenance in old age (et al. Associated with disability risks) is divided between the man himself along with his employer and the state. However, the proportion of participation in fi nancial support to pensioners seriously adjusted in diff erent national pension systems, depending on the historical and social traditions, as well as the specifi c macroeconomic and demographic factors. Currently in our country came together in a complex site all the negative factors that determine the material support of pensioners. This is primarily the ongoing demographic crisis (increase in life expectancy of certain categories of the population) and deepening the lingering fi nancial crisis, which took into its sphere and the state budget It is proved that the pension rights of workers in the market environment are inextricably linked to labor rights. The more complex and mutually intertwined these rights in insurance economic relations formation of pension rights for Krohn corporate groups, and for each insured person.

External environmental factors, which include political environment, economic environment and social environment, affect the success of public housing projects in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to establish the effect of these factors on public housing project success using structural equation modelling (SEM) techniques. The study was conducted in Nigeria by means of interviews, a pilot study and a main survey. Five hundred and fifty (550) questionnaires were administered to construction professionals who work as developers, consultants or contractors and those working in public housing agencies. Two hundred and seventy-six (276) questionnaires were returned completed. The data collected were analysed by means of SEM. The results reveal that (i) the economics factor significantly affects public housing project success, (ii) the social factor significantly affects public housing project success, and (iii) the political factor significantly affects public housing project success. The study developed a comprehensive model that can assist housing policy makers, consultants, developers, contractors and other stakeholders in the planning and development of public housing programmes.

Inflation is factor that influence the (IHSG) Composite Stock Share Price Index. Above also explains, if Inflation rates rise then the Composite Stock Share Price Index will go up, but we see that the theory will not be the same forever with the practice or application. For that we intend to see if it was true what was mentioned by the theory. To find out we took Composite Stock Share Price Index data that listed on BEI Jakarta from the period 1 January 2013 - until 31 December 2015. Then we took the Inflation rate data from the period 1 January 2013 - until 31 December 2015. Inflation is the one of economic factor can influence Composite Stock Share Price Index . If the inflation more high than before it can impact of Composite Stock Share Price Index. Otherwise, In this study we will examine Composite Stock Share Price Index from the results obtained output of coefficient over than 0.05 as much as 0.159 so the final inflation isn’t influence of Composite Stock Share Price. Key Words: Inflation and Composite Stock Share Price Index .

Analysis of patterns of food consumption of carbohydrate-based society in the city of Bengkulu aims to determine the pattern of food consumption, identify factors - factors that affect carbohydrate-based food consumption in the city of Bengkulu and to determine the elasticity of consumption of rice and tubers at their own price, cross and income. This study uses analysis of almost ideal demand system (AIDS) and the elasticity of demand. The sample used in this study is the survey data SUSENAS (Socio-Economic Survey) In 2012 as many as 292 households. The results of this study were (1) Patterns of food consumption of carbohydrates in the city of Bengkulu showed that total rice consumption expenditures greater than the bulbs, which is USD 61.021,71 / week and tuber 26.617,43 USD / week. Factors affecting food consumption patterns of carbohydrate in Bengkulu city is the economic factor. The economic factor is the price of food consumed requirement itself. Price elasticity is performed on the combined restriction on both rice and tubers food sources are unitary inelastic, inelastic cross elasticity and income elasticity is unitary elastic. Keywords: consumption, carbohydrates, grains, tubers

This study is motivated by the number of crimes in Indonesia in 2015-2017 that are fluktuative. Efforts and policies to prevent and reduce crime have been carried out by state in this case the security apparatus (Polri), but the implication is that not all regions can reduce the number of crimes. Therefore this study tries to examine whether economic factors influence the number of crimes. The model used in this study is a random effect model with a period of research from 2015 to 2017. The results of the study indicate economic inequality has a positive effect significant on the number of crimes, while the variables of economic growth, poverty and unemployment do not affect significant to the number of crimes.

There is an increasing importance of sustainability in the development of companies' business strategies. Due to its impact on the environment, this is particularly essential for companies of the transport and logistics sector. The paper explores several factors that influence the environmental behaviour of transport and logistics companies in Austria. It discusses the importance of the economic impact on environmental management decision in detail and analyses the sector's specific characteristics in terms of environmental behaviour. A case-based approach involving multiple field studies with face-to-face expert interviews and secondary data analysis was used to evaluate environmental performance and specific practices. Due to various factors like a lack of end-user contact and high levels of competition, the transport and logistics sector does not show much environmentally friendly behaviour. We can confirm that the economic factor is crucial for companies' decisions on the implementation of environmental practices. Using selected cases, we will demonstrate how environmental measures contribute to overall business performance. Furthermore, suggestions are given as to how the government can further support transport and logistics companies in this regard. Because there is little evidence of tangible environmental practices in the sector of transport and logistics and their impact on the business performance, this study is both exploratory and explanatory in its nature. (authors' abstract)

Over the past two decades, clean technologies (cleantech) have emerged as an important economic factor with remarkable progress. Fueled by growing concerns about climate change and diminishing fossil fuel resources, governments have put aggressive stimulus packages in place to support emerging technologies that drive cleantech businesses. The industry operates in highly regulated market conditions which in turn raises the question of whether economists have addressed private and public information requirements. To answer this question and to explore the relationship between environmental economics and clean technologies, this paper examines German literature using co-citation analysis methods. Based on the co-citation analysis of 588 documents, our results suggest that researchers have provided a rather small and fragmented set of business knowledge for the cleantech industry. Despite its economic and environmental importance, research on the private use and economic impact of cleantech remains scarce.

We evaluate the impact of economic and non-economic factors on women’s empowerment of Self-Help Group (SHG) members. We estimate a structural equation model (SEM) and correct for ordinality in the data to account for the impact of the latent factors on women’s empowerment. Our SEM results reveal that for the SHG members, the economic factor is the most effective in empowering women. Greater autonomy and social attitudes also have a significant women empowerment impact.

Long-term load forecasting (LTLF) is a challenging task because of the complex relationships between load and factors affecting load. However, it is crucial for the economic growth of fast developing countries like China as the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to be 7.5%, according to China’s 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010). In this paper, LTLF with an economic factor, GDP, is implemented. A support vector regression (SVR) is applied as the training algorithm to obtain the nonlinear relationship between load and the economic factor GDP to improve the accuracy of forecasting.

PurposeIn July 2009 the Universidade Lusíada de Famalicão organized the International Conference on Managing Services in the Knowledge Economy 2009 (MSKE 2009). http://clegi.fam.ulusiada.pt/MSKE2009/. MSKE 2009 was an interesting forum which gathered 60 specialists from 20 countries in different areas such as knowledge management, intellectual capital, human resource development, social policy, law and international economics. In the human resource development field, five relevant contributions were selected to compose the current issue. The purpose of this introductory paper is to review the literature on the role of human resource development (HRD) in the current knowledge based and services driven economy.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews the importance of knowledge as a crucial economic factor and the importance of services as the main area of economic business. It shows how HRD relates to services and knowledge.FindingsStarting at the time of the Agricultural Revolution when human resources (HR) were marginally considered, the paper ends in the globalized and technologic advanced world of 2010 in which HR are a decisive production factor and are analyzed by different very important scientific perspectives. Crucially, in the present new order of the world, services are the main economic sector in advanced countries. The important role of HRD as a factor of success in a world dominated by services and knowledge is explained. The major open questions and controversies related to HRD are enumerated.Research limitations/implicationsQuite a number of open questions remain in the HRD field. Those questions relate to individuals, educational system, organizations, and to society as a whole. Those questions are analyzed in detail in this introduction. The current special issue includes papers dealing with five separate topics related to the open questions: academic curricula needed for the service sector; role of universities and workplace work‐related arrangements of the educational system; intellectual capital management; career advancement; career aspirations.Originality/valueThe paper introduces the special issue of the Journal of European Industrial Training on “HRD in the knowledge based and services driven economy”.

Cost of production is considered an important economic factor that can refer to the efficiency of using resources. Due to the increase in prices of farm inputs and cost of farm operations, are of cultivated area of both faba beans and lintel crops has recently decreased. It is therefore, the objective of the present study to assess the effect of changes in production costs on the economies of faba beans and lentils crops. The main findings of the study are : * Cost of production of studied crops(faba beans and lentils) took an increasing trend estimated as 109.2 L.E and 104 L.E a year during the period 1990-2008 respectively. * Average costs of agricultural operations were 973 L.E and 995 L.E for faba beans and lentils in 2008 respectively. These costs represent about 48.3% and 51.4% of total variable costs of the two crops respectively. * Labor and machinery costs were the most effecting costs in farm operations, while costs of fertilizers and seed were the most effecting farm inputs for both the two crops. * Farm price for the two crops took an increasing trend estimated as 16.6L.E and 24.8 L.E a year during the period 1990-2008. Whole sale and retail prices have also taken an increasing trend during the same period. * As relation between production cost and farm price, the study reveals that a change of 10% of cash per ton of bean will lead to a change of 7.9% in farm price, while a change of lentil cost per ton of 10% will lead to a change in its farm price by about 6.9%. * The study concludes that there are no comparative advantage of both crops. * The study recommends that efforts should be made to decrease cost of local resources to increase the comparative advantage of such important legume crops.

The GDP concept has historically been used to measure human wellbeing and progress. This analytical purview is now coming into question. The GDP concept limits analysis to the economic factor and ignores the social and cultural. Analysis should focus on how well the people are doing. An avalanche of studies is now being directed toward dethroning the GDP as the sole indicator of human well-being and progress. This has been manifest in the derivation of many social indexes which indicate that while the global economy as well as the American economy are experiencing GDP growth, basic needs are not being fulfilled.

The aim of this paper is to analyze wage differentials, and the economic factors behind them, across the Spanish provinces between 1995 and 2001. The results obtained by applying several complementary techniques show that: a) geographic location matters in explaining provincial wage differentials because each province tends to experience wages similar to those of its neighbors; b) these differentials are not very large but, although declining, they are likely to persist in the future; c) the degree of intradistribution mobility is low; d) the main economic factor behind provincial wage differences is the discrepancy in provincial labor productivity; and e) there is a negligible link between provincial unemployment rates and wage levels. Lo scopo di questo lavoro e analizzare i differenziali salariali e i fattori economici che li determinano nelle province spagnole tra il 1995 e il 2001. I risultati ottenuti mediante l’applicazione di diverse tecniche complementari mostrano che: a) la posizione geografica ha importanza nello spiegare i differenziali salariali provinciali perche ogni provincia tende ad avere i salari al livello dei suoi vicini; b) tali differenze non sono molto grandi ma, anche se in declino, probabilmente continueranno in futuro; c) il grado di mobilita intra-distribuzione e basso; d) il principale fattore economico alla base delle differenze salariali provinciali e il divario di produttivita del lavoro; e) vi e un legame trascurabile tra i tassi di disoccupazione provinciale e i livelli salariali.

This examination of the temporal dynamics of the international Monday effect is based on 50 countries. Observed between-country differences are characterised by an economic factor based on four indices. The prior day effect captures the tendency for price changes to follow those on the prior day. A bad (good) day occurs when the price change on the prior day is negative (positive). A panel regression with panel corrected standard errors, is used to characterise the way that the Monday effect and the cognate prior day effect systematically vary between countries over the period 1994 to 2006. At the start of the data in 1994, there is a considerable prior day effect which is larger for poor countries. This between-country difference declines over time and has essentially disappeared by 2006. The bad non-Monday effect and the bad-Monday effect also decline over time. Further analysis with six leading economies provides evidence that the prior day influence on Mondays and non-Mondays dates back to at least 1973.

In this article diversification is characterized as a strategy which defines the new and traditional production areas, also comprehensive complex and economically favorable production areas of the agricultural enterprises. At the same time, special attention is paid to scientific justification of diversification by highlighting dynamic reaction to the changing economic factor in the background effect of natural factors of the agricultural productions. The main directions that make profitable results in the agriculture are determined by the latest researches and analysis. The results of the production diversification are classified as natural, economic and social factors. Though, the expansion the newest achievements of the technical progress in production and the increase level of the industrial areas in the agriculture, the natural factors are fairly dominated in the agriculture. By conditioned production diversification, the natural factors influence to the measure of the production and the producer`s income, working in the agricultural sphere. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4p311

This paper examines the determinants of China's defense expenditure over the period 1960—1999, and two sub-samples before and after transition for 1960—1980 and 1981— 1999, applying official Chinese data and SIPRI Yearbook data. An empirical econometric model is set up on the basis of standard neo-classical theory. The empirical results suggest that earlier defense expenditure, changes in the strategy environment, and GDP are major determinants of China's defense expenditure on the long run. For the split periods, the national security environment, economic factor, and earlier defense expenditure are the main determining factors prior to 1981, but earlier defense expenditure is the main determinant after 1981 (when official Chinese data are used). The impact of Taiwanese military spending on Mainland China's demand for defense expenditure was not statistically significant.

We examine the conditions under which state legislatures in the United States orga- nized public utility consumers during the 1970s and 1980s by creating independent consumer advocates with resources and authority to intervene in public utility rate-making procedures. While economic factors, notably utility fuel cost increases, were important predictors, state political conditions were estimated to have a larger impact on the probability of implemen- tation. We find that the pattern of adoption is consistent with the hypothesis that legislatures deploy institutions as a mechanism for insulating regulatory policies against future reform: in general, Democrat-controlled governments were significantly more likely to implement con- sumer advocates when they were less certain about being re-elected to office during this period. We find also that the effect of political re-election expectations was particularly acute for the creation of advocates representing solely residential consumers, a relatively disorganized in- terest group. Our results suggest that legislatures organize and publicly fund interest groups to protect supportive but vulnerable groups against adverse future political environments.

In recent years, an anti-commercial altemative to the software industry has emerged, targeting specifically its system of copyright and of market based production and distribution. In this paper, an attempt is made to explain sociologically the reasons for the remarkable success of what is known as Free Software. The proposed explanation is based on the analysis of the origins and the development of this altemative. The main idea is that the success of Free Software is due to the confluence of three factors: an ideologic factor (the power struggles in the field of software development), a technological factor (the productive potential of using the Internet) and an economic factor (power struggles in the software and hardware markets). En los últimos años ha surgido en el mundo de la informática una alternativa desmercantilizada (conocida como Software Libré) al sistema de propiedad intelectual y de mercado de programas informáticos que está consiguiendo un importante y sorprendente éxito. En este trabajo se trata de explicar las causas de este éxito desde una perspectiva sociológica. El modelo propuesto, construido a través de un análisis del origen y desarrollo de esta alternativa, está basado en la idea de que el éxito del fenómeno estudiado se debe a la confluencia de tres factores: un factor ideológico-social (las luchas de poder en el campo de los informáticos), un factor tecnológico (las potencialidades productivas del uso de Internet) y un factor económico (las luchas de poder en el mercado informático).

This paper is focused on circumscribing in what manner labour force structure, as distinct economic factor, will influence, in next decades, process of building up a silver economy in EU. For this, we use statistical data, put to use so as to generate a proper prognosis of future increase in size of ageing population in EU, relative to size of total population. This task is accomplished using the strategy of comparing positions of different countries in European Union, the more economically developed Western EU economies and the less developed Eastern EU economies, so that to be able to argue whether European Union has its (certain) opportunities – and, of course, its drawbacks – for constructing its ‘silver economy’, and, the scope of these opportunities (which necessarily counterbalance drawbacks).

We calculate the historical payback time (PBT) and internal rate of return (IRR) for domestic photovoltaic systems installed at different times between 2003 and 2014, in three different Italian locations (North, center, South, thus representing different levels of energy yield). We show that over time, even though rather different regimes of governmental incentivization and end-user energy prices existed, such economic parameters have hardly been affected. Remarkably, this is true even for the case of systems installed in 2014 - i.e. where no incentivization of any kind is considered, but grid parity has been attained. In this case the PBT is 10.6, 9.3, 8.5 years for the locations in the North, center, and South, respectively; the IRR is 9.1%, 10.4%, 11.3%, respectively. These observations are in marked contrast with the common understanding that the dramatic reduction of installations in Italy after 2011 is due to a reduction of the economic convenience for the end-user, suggesting that the economic factor only plays a marginal role in current PV market dynamics.

The overriding conclusion of the majority of recent policy studies is that political factors play an insignificant role in influencing policy outputs. We establish a number of models, comprising both economic and political variables, which are used in an attempt to indicate the relative salience of rival determinants of public welfare commitment in advanced democratic states. Though we cannot dismiss some influence of economic factors, the main findings run counter to the conventional wisdom of policy studies in indicating the greater salience of political factors as determinants of public welfare outputs.

The notion of an energy source unconstrained by the thermodynamic limitations of the Carnot cycle has been a goal since energy became an 'economic factor'. The fuel cell has long been part of this 'idealised objective', but somehow it has never quite lived up to its promise. Is this about to change? Have developments in materials technology and the increasing cost of energy, coupled with environmental considerations, at last made the fuel cell a practicable reality? This article looks at solid-oxide fuel cells and the implications for combined heat and power plant.

This article explores the slowdown of remittances to Mexico and the role that may have been played by some key variables from the United States economy. The findings show that several measures of United States economic activity and different proxies for the unemployment of Mexican nationals living in the United States do not appear to have a strong impact on remittance transfers. On the other hand, this study finds that United States housing variables do seem to affect remittance transfers. In particular, there is a special prominence of the impact shown by the number of housing starts in the United States. Overall, the results seem to suggest that there is not a single United States economic factor that is responsible for the decrease of remittances to Mexico but rather a combination of factors. Among these factors, the decrease in United States housing activity seems to play a major role.

Mathematical analysis has been introduced into the analysis and decision of commercial bank outlets, by which ten index of influencing factors are selected to establish the analysis of outlets distribution and decision-making model; Hengshui Branch of Chinese Construction Bank in Hebei is taken as a sample, in which the factor analysis and cluster analysis are employed for the research and analysis, therefore, a breakthrough has been achieved in the thought of commercial banks and approaches of analysis and decision-making. The research in the paper shows that the mathematical analysis can completely provide scientific data for the distribution of commercial bank outlets; the division will provide evidence for analysis and decision-making of commercial bank, such as marking factor, competitive factor, geography factor and economic factor, which has provided scientific methods and evidence for the optimized resource distribution of commercial banks.