Search

The Federal District and particularly the city of Brasilia constitute a booming market for organic and agro-ecological products. This paper develops a characterization of the modes of family farmer’s organization for marketing of organic and agro-ecological products in the Federal District of Brasilia. The methodology has associated an analysis of documents and statistics and interviews of the various actors of the two main chains of products in the Federal District: producers of the agro-ecological fairs, farmer’s organizations, supermarkets, extension agents and technicians of public agencies. Family farmers have progressively invested the short food chains with direct sales and agro-ecological fairs, through specific and innovative modalities of coordination and organization. The main results show a combination between formal and informal status and institutions and the mobilization of renewed forms of reciprocity, mutual help and collective learning., Resumo: O Distrito Federal e em particular a cidade de Brasília constitui um mercado em plena expansão para produtos orgânicos e agroecológicos. O artigo desenvolve uma caracterização dessas modalidades de organização dos agricultores familiares para a comercialização de produtos orgânicos e agroecológicos no DF A metodologia tem associado uma análise de documentos e estatísticas e entrevistas semi-diretivas dos diversos atores das duas principais cadeias de produtos orgânicos e agroecológicos no Distrito Federal (produtores das feiras, organizações de produtores orgânicos e agroecológicos, supermercados, técnicos dos serviços de assistência técnica e dos órgãos públicos, etc.). Os produtores familiares têm conseguido progressivamente investir o circuito da venda direita e das feiras agroecológicas, mediante modalidades de coordenação e de organização específicas e, de certo modo, inovadoras. Os resultados indicam que os agricultores combinam vários estatutos e instituições formais e informais, mobilizando novas formas de ajuda mutua e de aprendizagem coletiva.

International audience

Inclusive business is hailed as a win-win scenario for the development of poor communities; yet there is little insight into how these inclusive businesses work and, more importantly, for whom. This book aims for a thorough understanding of the range of inclusive businesses in agriculture by examining: the structures they implement, the actors involved, and whether they are effectively inclusive of smallholders. It presents a range of case studies and is therefore empirically based and practically oriented. By offering a critical assessment of inclusive businesses overall, it allows for a better perception of what works where, and under which conditions. It provides useful insights that will benefit smallholders, agri-businesses, support groups, policy makers and investors who are willing to promote more inclusive businesses, that foster a better integration of smallholders into commercial value-chains and a more equitable and sustainable agricultural sector.

En este trabajo se analiza la contribución de los Sistemas Agroalimentarios Localizados y los Circuitos Cortos de Comercialización a la dinamización económica incluyente a partir del estudio de seis casos de activación de recursos específicos en concentraciones de Agroindustrias Rurales con en- ESTUDIOS LATINOAMERICANOS, NUEVA ÉPOCA, NÚM. 40, JULIO-DICIEMBRE, 2017, PP. 39-58. * Un avance de este trabajo se publicó en el libro Mercados y desarrollo local sustentable, coordinado por Marie-Christine Renard Hubert, que responde a los avances de investigación de la Red de Sistemas Agroalimentarios Localizados (Red Sial México). ** Doctor en Ciencias Económicas por la Universidad de Versalles (Francia) e ingeniero por la Escuela Nacional de las Industrias Agrícolas y Agro-alimentarias de Francia. Es funcionario del Centro de Cooperación Internacional en Investigación Agronómica para el Desarrollo (CIRAD) de Francia y funcionario internacional asociado del Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA), México. Sus líneas de investigación son: Agroindustria Rural (AIR), Sistemas Agroalimentarios Localizados (Sial), calificación geográfica de productos y desarrollo territorial en América Latina. Dirigió durante más de 10 años el Programa Cooperativo de Desarrollo de la Agroindustria Rural de América Latina y el Caribe (PRODAR). Ha coordinado proyectos de desarrollo rural en la Selva Lacandona en México. Desde 2014 es coordinador del componente de Dinamización Económica Territorial Incluyente del Proyecto Insignia “Inclusión en la agricultura y los territorios rurales” del IICA. Es Caballero de la Orden Nacional del Mérito Francés.

La clémentine de Corse, c'est l'histoire d'une centaine d'agriculteurs qui luttent contre plus grand qu'eux et qui parviennent, à force d'intelligence et de persévérance, à assumer et faire valoir leurs différences. Si aujourd'hui la Corse peut regarder sans rougir les plus grands pays producteurs d'agrumes, cela n'a pas toujours été le cas dans le passé. Pendant son long voyage à travers le temps, la clémentine de Corse a traversé des phases de turbulence et des crises profondes. Certains ont tenté d'usurper son nom et sa feuille. D'autres ont voulu lui imposer une voie qui n'était pas la sienne. Pourtant, la filière a su se relever en faisant le choix de la qualité et du terroir. Dans cet ouvrage, nous dévoilons l'histoire d'une réussite exceptionnelle. Celle de femmes et d'hommes qui se battent jour après jour, depuis les années 1960, pour construire un espace où les règles du jeu diffèrent : une niche dans laquelle les bons fruits sont ceux qui ont un petit calibre, un goût acidulé, et un petit cul vert.

La recherche de ressources fourragères et hydriques est souvent identifiée comme principal facteur de mobilité des pasteurs sahéliens. Ces déplacements stratégiques ne sont pas neutres pour d'autres acteurs cohabitant avec les producteurs sahéliens. Pour certains, ces déplacements constituent une stratégie adaptative face à un environnement incertain, alors que pour d'autres, ils sont source de problèmes de divers ordres (conflits, surpâturage, difficultés de ciblage pour les politiques publiques, etc.). Depuis sa création en 2006, la Laiterie du Berger (LDB), unique industrie de collecte et de commercialisation du lait pastoral, a fait le pari d'acheminer la nourriture vers les pasteurs, de leur garantir un débouché laitier, et incidemment, de réduire voire d'éliminer la transhumance pour sécuriser son système de collecte de lait. Ce travail montre la façon dont les marchés laitiers formalisés modifient et (re)structurent les différents régimes de mobilité des pasteurs du Ferlo, sans pour autant éliminer les mouvements qui relèvent d'une stratégie séculaire de gestion d'un environnement d'incertitudes et d'opportunités.

International audience; This book gives an overview of frameworks, methods, and case studies useful for the analysis of the relations between agriculture and the city, in Europe and the Mediterranean. Its originality lies in the analysis of urban food systems sustainability from an actors’ perspective. All the chapters consider the key role of actors in the definition of innovations and pathways, which enhance sustainability, seen as an ongoing process. Part 1 presents systemic approaches of agricultural-urban interactions at the city-region scale in France, Egypt, Italy and Morocco. Part 2 deals with methods and tools for urban planning and local development, utilized to design and assess sustainable food systems. The Part 3 inventories the recent changes in urban agriculture and the new forms of governance which are emerging in European cities (Athens, Berlin, Lisbon, Montpellier, Paris and Zurich). These results are useful for students, academics and activists involved in local policies and projects.

To date, available information on the herbal industry in Malaysia is less streamlined and coordinated. There is a need for a database containing comprehensive information on the herbal industry in Malaysia. To meet this aspiration, studies on herbal industry value chain is important. This book is written based on a study conducted from 2014 to 2016 with four main objectives: (1) To develop a database on the herbal chain players, (2) To identify the demand and supply of raw materials and products of herbal products, (3) To identify the gaps in the landscape of the herbal industry, and (4) To identify the issues and challenges in the herbal industry. This study used two approaches, namely qualitative and quantitative, involving primary and secondary data collection. Secondary data on the list of registered herbal chain players was obtained from Department of Agriculture (DOA), Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE), Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia (MOSTI), SME Corp Malaysia, Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA), National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), Farmers' Organization Authority (Lembaga Pertubuhan Peladang, LPP), Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), Halal Industry Development Corporation (HDC) and FRIM. Based on the baseline information, an extensive survey using questionnaire was conducted from 2 September 2014 to 15 January 2015 to gather information on the distribution and status of the chain players in the herbal industry in Peninsular Malaysia. This extensive survey identified, and marked using GPS, a total of 6545 herbal industry players ranging 6200 to 6900 at 95% confidence. It includes five categories of player, namely planting material supplier (PMS), cultivator, producer, wholesaler and retailer in Peninsular Malaysia. A detailed survey was subsequently conducted from 10 March till 31 July, 2015 using stratified sampling method to obtain detailed information from herbal chain players. Based on Michael Porter's value chain model (1985), three sets of questionnaire were used during the survey. In this detailed survey, a total of 679 players (10% sampling rate and stratified sampling) were interviewed. The detailed survey showed the following important findings and implications. (a) Even though the herbal industry has been developed for long time, it is still in infancy. This study showed that 83% of the herbal chain players operated after the new millennium. About 69% of the chain players had only 1–3 herbal staff while another 22% had 4–6 herbal staff. Besides, 95% of PMS and 71% of cultivators operated less than 1 ha. Most of the players were still using manual system/equipment indicating the need to enhance technological adoption to bring the industry to a higher level. Furthermore, 60% of chain players did not have proper storage. As high as 91% of product buyers were locals. There is lack of proper marketing strategies. The industry is highly dependent on marketing through existing network relationship. This limits the products to reach a wider range of customers. (b) The number of herbal industry established increased by 219% during the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006–2010) and Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011–2015) compared to the previous same period. It is parallel to the focus given by the government to increase the value added products of the herbal industry through the generation of new economic resources under the National Key Economic Areas (NKEA) which was introduced in 2010. This shows that the government plays the most important role in developing the industry. (c) Sustainability of the raw materials for the industry is an issue needs to be properly handled by the policy makers. Tongkat ali and kacip fatimah were two key species in Malaysian herbal industry whose supply was still heavily dependent on the natural forest where the resources are depleting. Domestication of these species is important. (d) Authentication of raw materials is crucial for future development as majority of planting material suppliers and cultivators did not know the origin of their planting materials and did not verify the species. Authentication and verification are basic requirements in producing high quality raw materials and products. (e) Most of the chain players were Malays accounted for 88% of all players. The herbal industry needs to be further developed as this could help to narrow the economic gap between the Malays and non–Malays in the country. (f) Of the total 672 chain players, 54% attained diploma or degree. The potential to further develop the industry will be facilitated as players were generally educated. (g) Majority (93%) of workers in the herbal industry were locals, indicating that Malaysian workers are willing to get involved in the herbal industry and there is less need to depend on foreign workers.

El libro "Políticas públicas para la agroecología en América Latina y el Caribe" acaba de ser publicado y presentado el 5 de octubre de 2017 en Porto Alegre (Brasil) durante el seminario internacional sobre esa misma tematica. Reúne los principales resultados del estudio realizado en el marco de la Red “Políticas Públicas y Desarrollo Rural en América Latina "Red PP-AL. El libro tiene 26 autores de 15 instituciones asociadas de la Red PP-AL. Presenta los resultados de la aplicación de una grilla de análisis de políticas públicas para la agroecología aplicada en 8 países (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, México, Nicaragua). Estos ocho estudios de caso a nivel de país están precedidos por un capítulo conceptual y metodológico y seguidos por un capítulo de evaluación comparativa regional que también examina las tendencias transversales, las perspectivas y hace recomendaciones para la investigación y el desarrollo. para tomadores de decisiones. El análisis tiene en cuenta cuatro entradas: los diseños de la agroecología presente en la política, la trayectoria de los movimientos sociales y políticas, contenidos e instrumentos de política, sus efectos a nivel sectorial o territorial, los principales retos y perspectivas. Los resultados del estudio indican un reconocimiento de la agroecología como una alternativa para la agricultura sostenible, en particular al clima, geopolítico y las crisis financieras que afectan a la agricultura convencional, pero sigue siendo muy marginal en términos de producción, comercialización y espacio en medio de políticas públicas que son globalmente contrarias o incluso hostiles a los principios de la agroecología. Si se han hecho esfuerzos de difusión y formación tanto de los movimientos sociales, organizaciones de agricultores, escuelas técnicas, universidades, ONG y servicios públicas de innovación y extensión agrícola, todavía carece de un fuerte vínculo con los consumidores y sus organizaciones para formar coaliciones amplias para una dieta sana y respetuosa del medio ambiente. La formación de tales coaliciones también depende de las alianzas entre las corrientes de la agroecología, la agricultura orgánica, biodinamia, permacultura, sino también con los movimientos y las políticas públicas para la seguridad y la soberanía de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición es el ejemplo de Programas de Hambre Cero y Agricultura Urbana en América Latina.

La palabra tianguis viene de la lengua náhuatl "tianquiztli" que quiere decir mercado. Se usaba para referirse a los mercados internos locales realizados en Mesoamérica en la época de México antiguo. Actualmente en México está germinando un movimiento de tianguis y de mercados orgánicos locales, detonado por una diversidad de actores sociales, en la búsqueda de alternativas en la producción y el consumo local de alimentos. Este artículo pretende dar cuenta de los mecanismos organizativos que se desarrollan en los tianguis , como procesos de innovación socioambiental provenientes de la sociedad civil, en el marco del sistema alimentario mexicano . Este trabajo está estructurado en tres partes. La primera explica el marco teórico-metodológico en el que se realizó la investigación, así como el área geográfica a la que circunscribe; la segunda presenta las condiciones del surgimiento de los tianguis alternativos locales en México, su contexto y diversidad (orgánicos, agroecológicos, de agricultura familiar); y, finalmente, el tercer apartado, establece la reflexión sobre los mecanismos organizativos en los tianguis alternativos locales como procesos de innovación socioambiental. El estudio conduce a reflexionar sobre los tianguis (mercados) como espacios de innovación ambiental, con raíces históricas, que fungen como estrategias de trabajo autogestionado, autoconsumo y abastecimiento local de alimentos; asimismo, estos tianguis coadyuvan a establecer relaciones con el territorio bajo valores ambientales y éticos.

This thesis includes four parts to characterize Buffalo milk and veal chains at different chain levels, the objectives of the first part were to identify the diversity of different chains and more deeply to determine main actors along the milk value chains in three villages to understand how these chains work. Also, milk analysis was applied to study the effect of location on milk composition, milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and somatic cell count (SCC). Field visits and interview are used to collect data. Milk samples were collected from farmers through 2013/14. Results indicated that there were a short chain and a long chain. Short chain achieved higher profit for farmers and reasonable price for consumers compared to long chain. While long chain provide s a lot of jobs. MUN, SCC and milk composition could be used as diagnostic tools for different regions to identify the most priority services and extension needs at village level. The aim of the 2nd part was to suggest a methodology to characterize the diversity of dairy farming systems in Egypt to understand the traditional dairy sector. Data were collected from 65 farmers in three villages through three consecutive seasons. Based on multiple factorial and cluster analyses, six farmer s' group were identified. Milk production was a major activity in very small land farms, the sustainability of this sector facing the lack of technical support and lack of pricing system for milk and feedstuffs, more governmental and NGOs projects needed to supply farmers with high quality forage seeds, high producing animals and veterinary services. So, considering the diversity of farming systems, one agricultural policy will not fit all farmers' categories taking into account the region and the season. The objective of the 3rd part was to apply a SWOT analysis on a traditional milk chain, particularly buffalo skimmed milk chain around greater Cairo, which considered as one of the main dairy markets in Egypt. Main stakeholders of the chain were farmers, milk collection points, milk collection center, and dairy processing units. SWOT analysis allowed highlighting the major role of social network to explain the flexibility and adaptation of this sector to the major constraints in linked with international competitiveness and national constraints, mainly on land access. These elements could help decision makers and developers to prioritize sustainable development activities in link with agriculture global agenda. The aim of fourth part was to characterize the veal supply chain using survey analysis for different actors along the chain and to understand the preference of some meat consumers to veal meat through comparing meat quality parameters of buffalo meat categories in Egyptian market including meat quality analysis of veal, fattening males and culled females. Survey analysis results indicated that 65 % of Egyptian farmers sold veal as early as possible. About 61 % of these farmers sold their animals for economic reasons, 14 % for technical reasons and 25 % for both reasons. Fat content and cholesterol levels were lower in veal meat compared with fattening calves or culled females; the same trend was observed for shear force value s and cooking loss percentage. These results explained why the veal meat is regularly consumed by elders, sick peoples and employees with limited physic al activities, veal showed high tenderness and more attractive color, in contrast veal contained lower fat and cholesterol levels.

The aim of this study was to suggest a methodology to characterize the diversity of dairy farming systems in Nile valley lands (NVLs) and newly reclaimed lands (NRLs) in Egypt to understand the traditional dairy sector. Data were collected from 65 farmers in three villages through three consecutive seasons. Interviews and field visits were done at farm level. Based on multiple factorial and cluster analyses, six farmer groups were identified according to land and livestock assets, milk production and selling. Milk marketing was influenced by season, farmers' traditions, and market access. Structure highlights the dominance of small scale crop-livestock system, farm family depends on milk as a source of protein and fat for family food and as a main source of income especially in old lands, while in NRLs, there was a higher crop-livestock integration and complementarity to cover family and farm expenses, so paid services strategy could fit dairy sector in new land. Milk production constitutes a major activity in very small land farms, the sustainability of this sector facing the lack of technical support and lack of pricing system for milk and feedstuffs, where more governmental and non-governmental projects needed to supply farmers with high quality forage seeds, high producing animals and veterinary services. So, considering the diversity of farming systems, one agricultural policy will not fit all farmers' categories. Also, governmental and non-governmental services should be reasoned according to the region and the season.

The monetarisation of the economy and the construction of roads in the Central African forest by industrial forestry are changing the social and strategic practices linked to the mode of production of the Pygmy peoples. From a case study of the Bofi Pygmies of Grima, a village in the south-west of the Central African Republic, the article describes the appearance of a new kind of temporary settlement, the trade camp. This camp enables the seminomadic peoples to sell the forest products they gather and bushmeat directly to the urban traders, without the intermediary of the villagers. This evolution is in line with - and reinforces - a general dynamic of changing social relations within forest populations. The stances of each stakeholder (Pygmies, villagers, traders, authorities) are analysed, and a comparison between the official discourse and what is identified as being left unsaid is proposed. Finally, the article outlines some elements of thought on the influence of these changes on the natural resources available and the long term viability of the emerging new social model.

Le Lac constitue un pôle d'attraction majeur pour une grande diversité d'éleveurs sahéliens des quarre pays riverains. La biomasse animale globale est estimée entre 2 à 3 millions d'UBT (Unité de bétail tropical), dont deux tiers à trois quarts de bovins. L'attractivité du lac tient à la disponibilité de l'eau ainsi qu'à la diversité et à l'abondance des ressources fourragères dont les herbes vivaces des zones de décrue et des îles sont les plus spécifiques. Avec l'accroissement des cultures, les pailles de céréales et d'autres sous-produits diversifient les systèmes fourragers. L'augmentation parallèle des surfaces cultivées et des troupeaux a été permise par des complémentarités techniques et une intégration spatiale toujours plus poussées entre l'agriculture et l'élevage, en particulier par l'exploitation des pâturages marécageux. L'élevage reste très majoritairement le fait des pasteurs nomades et des agro-pasteurs transhumants. De nombreux agro-pêcheurs installés au Lac ainsi que les élites urbaines des grandes villes proches acquièrent du bétail confié aux éleveurs mobiles. La diversité générique reflète le contexte du Lac : malgré les brassages de populations, le côtoiement des cheptels et les stratégies de croisement, chaque race animale demeure bien identifiable. Parmi les bovins, la race Kouri est la plus emblématique du lac Tchad par son phénotype, mais est menacée de dilution. La commercialisation du bétail sur pied, aujourd'hui largement tournée vers les marchés du sud du Nigeria, constitue une opportunité de développement pour le lac Tchad. Quel que soit le système d'élevage, il est nécessaire d'améliorer l'encadrement sanitaire et les conditions de circulation du bétail (transport, sécurité, douane).

L'accroissement démographique rapide des villes au sud de la méditerranée s'est accompagné d'une urbanisation consommatrice de terres fertiles. Toutefois des espaces interstitiels difficilement constructibles, entre les espaces construits, hébergent encore des exploitations agricoles. C'est le cas notamment des 3 vallées traversant l'agglomération de Meknès, au Maroc. Sur la base d'enquêtes auprès de 80 agriculteurs et 42 consommateurs et d'entretiens avec des décideurs et commerçants de cette ville, nous avons montré la diversité des systèmes de production présents dans la ville (maraîchage et élevage laitier et à viande principalement). Malgré la proximité de la ville, peu de produits sont vendus directement aux consommateurs. Dans le cas du maraîchage, une action urgente est à engager pour fournir de l'eau d'irrigation de qualité aux agriculteurs de ces vallées afin qu'ils renoncent au détournement des eaux usées produites par la ville. Les meilleurs atouts de l'agriculture dans les villes au sud de la Méditerranée sont d'une part de rendre possible l'existence de paysages verdoyants et ouverts permettant d'améliorer le bien-être des citadins et l'attractivité touristique de ces villes et d'autre part l'intérêt récent de citadins pour des produits de qualité vendus en circuit court.

Dans cet article, nous analysons les facteurs institutionnels et organisationnels qui ont influencé le développement des politiques et la reconnaissance des agricultures familiales an Brésil. Nous identifions les principales étapes et les différentes instances impliquées dans la reconnaissance et la promotion de l'agriculture familiale. Nous analysons plus particulièrement les programmes et politiques qui oeuvrent pour l'insertion des agriculteurs familiaux aux marchés nationaux et internationaux. Nous vérifierons enfin que la reconnaissance des agricultures familiales par les pouvoirs publics montre des hésitations dans les formes de penser les modalités d'action publique et invite à repenser les modèles de développement agricole.

Partie 5 "Quinoa crop in Andean countries", chapitre 5.1.bCet ouvrage a été conçu dans le cadre de l'Année Internationale du Quinoa (FAO) en 2013.; Quinoa has been a staple food for Andean populations for millennia. Today, it is a much-appreciated product on the international health-food, organic and fair-trade food markets. Quinoa producers in the southern Altiplano of Bolivia initiated this change approximately 40 years ago. On high desert land, they succeeded in developing a thriving agricultural crop for export. Although they enjoy lucrative niche markets, quinoa producers are not specialized farmers, nor do most of them live yearround in the production area. These are some of the paradoxes that characterize quinoa production in the southern Altiplano of Bolivia. Following a description of the origin, diversity and biological traits of the ‘Quinoa Real’ ecotype, on which production in this area is based, this chapter explores the importance of quinoa in local agrosystems and in the systems of agricultural and non-agricultural activities managed by southern Altiplano families. Geographic mobility and pluriactivity are part of the ancestral lifestyle of these populations and have to date determined how territorial resources are used and producers are organized in the context of quinoa’s commercial success. Quinoa production in the region is presenting signs of agro-ecological and social vulnerability; however, it has the capacities to respond and adapt accordingly. Key points for the sustainability of local agrosystems are: i) harmonization of communal and individual regulations concerning access to and use of land in socially equitable agrosystems with a balance between crops and animal husbandry, ii) international standards for the recognition of ‘Quinoa Real’ in export markets, iii) continuous updating of rules and regulations so that local agrosystems can adapt to unpredictable changes in the socio-ecological context on different scales of space and time.

À l'échelle mondiale, un tiers des superficies irriguées pour l'agriculture est basé sur l'exploitation des ressources souterraines, grâce au développement fulgurant des puits et des forages. En sécurisant l'irrigation, l'accès à l'eau souterraine permet d'augmenter les rendements et les volumes de production. Il s'accompagne également d'un changement des assolements avec l'introduction de cultures à haute valeur ajoutée, comme les cultures maraîchères. Ces changements ont des conséquences, en aval, sur les filières agricoles, qui se structurent et s'organisent autour de la mise en marché des produits. Au Maroc, comme dans beaucoup de pays du Sud, ces changements rapides s'effectuent dans un contexte de forte informalité et certaines filières, quoique d'ampleur nationale, restent mal connues. C'est le cas de la filière d'oignon d'été dans le Saïs, dont la production a fortement augmenté ces dernières années, grâce à l'irrigation privée. Autour de cette production agricole se sont développées un ensemble d'activités, souvent informelles, liées notamment à la commercialisation. Cet article vise à montrer (i) comment la filière s'est organisée suite à l'explosion de l'irrigation privée et de la production, (ii) quels sont les acteurs concernés, leur rôle et leurs relations, puis (iii) quelle est la répartition des coûts et des marges bénéficiaires le long de la chaîne de production et de commercialisation. Nombreux sont ceux qui, attirés par le dynamisme économique de la région et de la filière, se lancent dans cette activité. Toutefois, l'augmentation des coûts de production et la baisse apparente des prix de vente, liée à la saturation du marché, questionnent l'avenir de ces filières, tout autant que la baisse des ressources disponibles.

La question de la coopération entre acteurs suscite de nombreux travaux. Pour moderniser l'agriculture marocaine, l'Etat marocain a mis en place un programme décennal: le Plan Maroc Vert (PMV), qui incite les agriculteurs à se réunir en coopérative ou association. Les premiers résultats du PMV montrent une réticence de ces agriculteurs à coopérer. Notre objectif est d'éclairer cette question de la capacité à coopérer: quelles conditions réunir pour développer la coopération? Nous avons mis un accent particulier sur les questions d'apprentissage, en menant une série d'entretiens compréhensifs avec des agriculteurs, en particulier des coopérateurs et des techniciens du développement de la plaine du Saïs à proximité de Meknès. Nous avons analysé les freins à la coopération et les facteurs de pérennité des coopératives, identifiant huit apprentissages de coopération, puis construit une grille d'analyse des apprentissages. Cette grille peut être utilisée pour identifier les leviers d'action possible pour améliorer les situations de coopération, notamment dans le cadre du Plan Maroc Vert.

Au pays des catastrophes naturelles et du sous-développement économique chronique, le projet haïtien de production et d'exportation de banane bio est une vraie bonne nouvelle. Les premiers fruits devraient être expédiés vers l'Europe d'ici septembre 2015. Le projet initial est de 1 000 ha, mais une réserve foncière de plus du double est disponible. Ce projet pourrait, à moyen terme, augmenter sensiblement l'offre mondiale de banane bio, dont le leadership est détenu par le voisin dominicain. En outre, le projet a un atout essentiel : il est conçu pour être parfaitement intégré au tissu économique et social local... en un mot, inclusif !

This chapter deals specifically with the many forms of collective action that family farmers undertake. It focuses, on the one hand, on the diversity of functions performed through collective action and, on the other, on the deeply evolutionary nature of organizational forms developed – even though some are part of long-term trends – and concentrates on three specific issues: innovation, insertion of agricultural products into markets, and the formulation and orientation of public policy. These multiple commitments have contributed in a more general way to the consolidation of local democracy where organizations of family farmers play an important role. Farmers have been coming together in organizations for a very long time in Western European countries and in those which experienced high levels of European emigration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The movement is slower and more recent in developing countries; it follows on from the independence of former colonies and the democratization movements of the 1990s. And yet, collective dynamics in these countries often play today a central role in local and national political arenas.

La dépendance alimentaire de l'Algérie a obligé l'État dès les années 1970, à mettre en oeuvre une série de politiques d'amélioration de la production laitière. Cependant ces politiques ont souvent été peu efficaces. Le secteur informel représente un défi majeur pour l'Etat car il semble insensible aux politiques publiques dédiées à la structuration de la filière lait tant à l'échelle régionale que nationale. Et pourtant les pratiques informelles présentent un ancrage socioculturel et régional qui leur permet de fonctionner activement et efficacement. La présente thèse a comme principal objectif de comprendre les logiques formelles et informelles, et leur articulation, à l'oeuvre dans le bassin laitier de Souk Ahras situé au nord-est de l'Algérie, où le secteur informel canalise plus de 60 % des quantités de lait mises en marché. Ces logiques sont appréhendées sous l'angle de deux théories néo-institutionnelles complémentaires : la théorie des coûts de transaction et la théorie des institutions de North. Un important travail de collecte et d'analyse de données a été réalisé sur l'ensemble de maillons de la filière lait à Souk Ahras, de la production jusqu'à la consommation. Nos résultats montrent la pertinence d'appréhender les notions de formel et d'informel par les pratiques plus ou moins respectueuses des normes et des règles publiques, plutôt que par les acteurs ou les circuits. Cette thèse met en évidence deux grands ensembles de facteurs explicatifs du comportement des acteurs: les facteurs endogènes (recherche d'efficience économique en termes de coûts de production et de transaction) et les facteurs exogènes (la saisonnalité et les incitations du marché et de l'environnement institutionnel). L'incapacité des acteurs à mettre en place certains investissements nécessaires à l'enforcement des règles formelles (coûts de production et de transaction élevés), leur conduit à des pratiques informelles. La saisonnalité est une source d'incertitude qui réduit la crédibilité des engagements des acteurs et limite par conséquent leur capacité d'investissement et d'enforcement des règles formelles. Le marché favorise certaines pratiques informelles via un système de prix plus rémunérateurs pour les produits issus de ces activités. Bien qu'il incite à l'adoption de certaines règles formelles, l'environnement institutionnel reste défaillant vu l'inefficacité de ses institutions et de son système d'incitation. Les résultats émis dans cette thèse permettent des recommandations pour les politiques publiques dédiées à la structuration et au développement de la filière lait local.

International audience

Partie 5 "Contexto del cultivo en su área originaria", chapitre 5.1.bCet ouvrage a été conçu dans le cadre de l'Année Internationale du Quinoa (FAO) en 2013.; Alimento de base de las poblaciones andinas desde hace milenios, la quinua se ha convertido hoy en un producto apreciado en el mercado internacional de alimentos dietéticos, orgánicos y equitativos. Este cambio lo iniciaron los mismos productores del Altiplano Sur de Bolivia hace aproximadamente unos 40 años. En medio de un desierto de altura, ellos lograron desarrollar una floreciente producción agrícola de exportación. Aunque cuentan con lucrativos nichos de mercado, los productores de quinua no son agricultores especializados, ni residen de forma permanente en la zona de producción. Estas son algunas de las paradojas que caracterizan la producción de quinua en el Altiplano Sur de Bolivia. Después de describir el origen, la diversidad y los rasgos biológicos del ecotipo Quinua Real en el cual se basa la producción de esta zona, se plantea la importancia de la quinua en los agrosistemas locales y, más allá, en los sistemas de actividades agrícolas y no agrícolas manejados por las familias del Altiplano Sur. Movilidad geográfica y pluriactividad forman parte del modo de vida ancestral de estas poblaciones y determinan hasta hoy en día las condiciones de uso de los recursos territoriales y la organización de los productores en el contexto del auge comercial de la quinua. La producción actual de quinua en la región presenta rasgos de vulnerabilidad agroecológica y social, así como capacidades adaptativas para enfrentarlos. Se resaltan como puntos clave para la sostenibilidad de los agrosistemas locales: i) la concertación de reglas comunales e individuales para el acceso y uso de la tierra en agrosistemas socialmente equitativos y equilibrados entre cultivo y ganadería, ii) las normas internacionales para el reconocimiento de la Quinua Real en los mercados de exportación, iii) una actualización continua de las reglas y normas para mantener la adaptabilidad de los agrosistemas locales a los cambios imprevisibles del contexto socio-ecológico a varias escalas de espacio y de tiempo.

International audience; The International Year of Quinoa (IYQ) in 2013 celebrates this Andean plant for its potential contribution to the fight against hunger and poverty. The development of this sector can also have a territorial impact, depending on the context and on the accompanying process, as shown by the comparison between the Salars region in the south of the Bolivian Altiplano, the Central Chile region and the Mapuche region in southern Chile.; El año internacional de la quinua en 2013 resalta el potencial de esta planta de origen andino para luchar contra el hambre y erradicar la pobreza. El desarrollo de la cadena productiva también puede tener un impacto sobre el territorio, según el contexto y el acompañamiento, tal y como queda reflejado en la comparación entre la zona de los salares, en el sur del altiplano boliviano, la región central de Chile y la zona mapuche en el sur de Chile.; L'Année internationale du quinoa en 2013 met en lumière cette plante d'origine andine pour son potentiel de lutte contre la faim et la pauvreté. Le développement de la filière peut aussi avoir un impact sur le territoire, selon le contexte et l'accompagnement, comme le montre la comparaison de la zone des Salars, au sud de l'altiplano bolivien, de la région Centre du Chili et de la zone mapuche au sud du Chili.

(eds M.C.S. Wopereis et al.) 179 The ‘informal’ or ‘farmer seed’ system includes farmers managing their own seed, but also informal seed trade among farmers and purchase from the paddy grain market. Establishing commercially viable seed systems for rice is particularly challenging in subSaharan Africa, because of the predominance of farm-saved seed for rice crops, the easy production of rice seed as it is self-pollinating, the complexity of African rice cropping systems and the great diversity of rice varieties. In most of West and Central Africa, formal rice seed systems have been more developmentthan market-oriented. Such seed initiatives have the development goal of assisting farmers in accessing seed of new varieties, rather than a commercial goal of creating profitable seed enterprises. They are often characterized by heavy and inefficient bureaucratic structures within classic seed regulatory frameworks. These constraints are exacerbated by slow processes of variety development and evaluation (addressed in Kumashiro et al., Chapter 5, this volume), and slow variety release and registration (addressed in Sanni et al., Chapter 6, this volume). In East and Southern Africa, examples exist of well-functioning commercially viable seed Introduction

What we identify as market-based innovations in agrifood systems, based in particular on contributions presented during the ISDA conference, are mainly organizational or institutional innovations involving different actors, which are linked through their direct or indirect interventions in value chains (i.e. producers, agribusiness processors, retailers, consumers, NGOs and public bodies). These links reflect increasingly sophisticated forms of intermediation and coordination in the chains (contract mechanisms and procurement schemes, certification, labelling and branding strategies, etc.) which, in many instances, represent major innovations in the chains with significant implications for sustainability. These innovations may be linked to a wide range of sustainability concerns, particularly environmentally related issues (such as resource degradation and exploitation) or unequal trade relations, and involve an increasing variety of stakeholders.

Présentation de l'éditeur : Rice is a strategic and political crop in many African countries. The hikes in rice prices since 2007 have shown the vulnerability of many African countries that depend on the world market for rice imports and the need to boost Africa's domestic production. The purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive overview of Africa's rice sector and ongoing rice research and development activities, and indicate priorities for action on how to realize Africa's Rice Promise', i.e. the notion that Africa has sufficient land and water resources to produce enough rice to feed its own population and, in the long term, generate export revenues. The critical challenge facing the African rice sector is to enhance performance in production, processing and marketing to respond to a major concern that needs to be turned into an opportunity: the growing demand for rice as a preferred staple. This book discusses challenges and opportunities related to: sustainably increasing rice production and rice productivity; enhancing rice quality and marketing; promoting conducive policies for smallholder and agribusiness development; and strengthening impact-oriented rice research, extension and knowledge management. The analyses and case studies presented in this book will be a valuable resource for researchers, development agents from public and private sectors, rice value- chain actors and policy makers concerned with Realizing Africa's Rice Promise. Main contents. Foreword. Acknowledgements. Introduction. Section 1. Rice in Africa: an overview. 1. From Warda to AfricaRice: an overview of rice research for development activities conducted in partnership in Africa. 2. Africa's rice economy before and after the 2008 rice crisis. 3. Estimation of cultivated area, number of farming households and yield for major rice-growing environments in Africa. 4. Farmer perceptions of the biophysical constraints to rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa, and potential impact of research. Section 2. Rice genetic diversity and improvement. 5. A continent-wide, product-oriented approach to rice breeding in Africa. 6. Rice varietal release systems in Africa. 7. Diversity of rice and related wild species in Africa. 8. Gene flow in African rice farmers' fields. 9. Making rice genomics work for Africa. 10. Unlocking the Oryza glaberrima treasure for rice breeding in Africa. 11. Rice genetic improvement for abiotic stress tolerance in Africa. 12. Integration of molecular markers in rice improvement: a case study on resistance to rice yellow mottle virus. 13. Hybrid rice in Africa: challenges and prospects. 14. Development of an integrated rice seed sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: meeting the needs of farmers. Section 3. Sustainable productivity enhancement. 15. Towards a better understanding of biophysical determinants of yield gaps and the potential for expansion of the rice area in Africa. 16. Managing weeds of rice in Africa. 17. Managing the major diseases of rice in Africa. 18. Managing insect pests of rice in Africa. 19. Bird damage to rice in Africa: evidence and control. 20. Increasing rice productivity through improved nutrient use in Africa. 21. Assessing and improving water productivity of irrigated rice systems in Africa. 22. Inland valleys: Africa's future food baskets. Section 4. Rice value chain development. 23. Consumer preferences for rice in Africa. 24. Tailoring African rice value chains to consumers. 25. Improving grain quality of locally produced rice in Africa. 26. Developing competitive rice value chains. 27. Mechanizing Africa's rice sector. Section 5. Working with rice communities. 28. Integrating gender considerations in rice research for development in Africa. 29. Towards a new approach for understanding interactions of technology with environment and society in small-scale rice farming. 30. Innovative and effective ways to enhance rural learning in Africa. 31. Raising rice yields and beyond: an experience of collective l

International audience; The International Year of Quinoa (IYQ) in 2013 celebrates this Andean plant for its potential contribution to the fight against hunger and poverty. The development of this sector can also have a territorial impact, depending on the context and on the accompanying process, as shown by the comparison between the Salars region in the south of the Bolivian Altiplano, the Central Chile region and the Mapuche region in southern Chile.; El año internacional de la quinua en 2013 resalta el potencial de esta planta de origen andino para luchar contra el hambre y erradicar la pobreza. El desarrollo de la cadena productiva también puede tener un impacto sobre el territorio, según el contexto y el acompañamiento, tal y como queda reflejado en la comparación entre la zona de los salares, en el sur del altiplano boliviano, la región central de Chile y la zona mapuche en el sur de Chile.; L'Année internationale du quinoa en 2013 met en lumière cette plante d'origine andine pour son potentiel de lutte contre la faim et la pauvreté. Le développement de la filière peut aussi avoir un impact sur le territoire, selon le contexte et l'accompagnement, comme le montre la comparaison de la zone des Salars, au sud de l'altiplano bolivien, de la région Centre du Chili et de la zone mapuche au sud du Chili.

Alimento de base de las poblaciones andinas desde hace milenios, la quinua se ha convertido hoy en un producto apreciado en el mercado internacional de alimentos dietéticos, orgánicos y equitativos. Este cambio lo iniciaron los mismos productores del Altiplano Sur de Bolivia hace aproximadamente unos 40 años. En medio de un desierto de altura, ellos lograron desarrollar una floreciente producción agrícola de exportación. Aunque cuentan con lucrativos nichos de mercado, los productores de quinua no son agricultores especializados, ni residen de forma permanente en la zona de producción. Estas son algunas de las paradojas que caracterizan la producción de quinua en el Altiplano Sur de Bolivia. Después de describir el origen, la diversidad y los rasgos biológicos del ecotipo Quinua Real en el cual se basa la producción de esta zona, se plantea la importancia de la quinua en los agrosistemas locales y, más allá, en los sistemas de actividades agrícolas y no agrícolas manejados por las familias del Altiplano Sur. Movilidad geográfica y pluriactividad forman parte del modo de vida ancestral de estas poblaciones y determinan hasta hoy en día las condiciones de uso de los recursos territoriales y la organización de los productores en el contexto del auge comercial de la quinua. La producción actual de quinua en la región presenta rasgos de vulnerabilidad agroecológica y social, así como capacidades adaptativas para enfrentarlos. Se resaltan como puntos clave para la sostenibilidad de los agrosistemas locales: i) la concertación de reglas comunales e individuales para el acceso y uso de la tierra en agrosistemas socialmente equitativos y equilibrados entre cultivo y ganadería, ii) las normas internacionales para el reconocimiento de la Quinua Real en los mercados de exportación, iii) una actualización continua de las reglas y normas para mantener la adaptabilidad de los agrosistemas locales a los cambios imprevisibles del contexto socio-ecológico a varias escalas de espacio y de tiempo. Palabras-clave: adaptabilidad social, agricultura familiar, Bolivia, ecotipo, normas territoriales, pluriactividad, Quinua Real, sistema socio-ecológico, sostenibilidad agrícola (Texte intégral)

Présentation de l'éditeur : The rise in world agricultural prices in 2008 revealed the fragility of food security in many developing countries. Poor populations in sub-Saharan Africa are the biggest victims of this fragility. Rainfed food crops can play a unique role on the continent by supplying regional markets, increasing farmers' incomes, and creating jobs in rural areas. Working within the framework of the regional dynamics launched in West and Central Africa, AFD, CIRAD and IFAD initiated three studies to (i) map the food crop production and consumption areas in the zone, (ii) identify the contributions of research on these supply chains, and (iii) analyze food crop project practices. This book summarizes this research, accomplished with African research and regional expertise centers (AGRHYMET, WECARD). It reports on current knowledge of the main food crop supply chains in the region: rice, corn, cassava, millet-sorghum, yam, groundnut and cowpea. Other areas remain to be explored to strengthen existing dynamics: how can intermediation professions be supported? How can a regional approach to these supply chains be developed so as to disseminate best practices, expand markets and foster synergy? What role in supporting these supply chains could be (re)assigned to research? How can the financing constraint, which is present throughout the supply chain, be overcome? This book aims to provide keys to decipher supply chain operations and the challenges facing food crop supply chains in this region. Contents: Overview / Synthèse. Background. Part 1. Supply chains and production areas. 1. Production dynamics. 1.1. A threefold increase in grain production. 1.2. A threefold increase in the production of roots and tubers. 1.3. Oilseed production lagging behind booming demand. 1.4. Legume crops making inroads? 1.5. Rising but insufficient food availability. 2. Consumption dynamics. 2.1. Two main diet types. 2.2. A preponderance of rural consumption and self-consumption. 2.3. Rapid growth of urban markets. 3. Supply chain analysis. 3.1. The rice supply chain. 3.2. The corn supply chain. 3.3. The cassava supply chain. 3.4. The millet-sorghum supply chain. 3.5. The yam supply chain. 3.6. The groundnut and cowpea supply chains. 4. Crosscutting observations. 4.1. Integrate interactions between supply chains and cropping systems. 4.2. Adopt a regional approach to production areas. 4.3. Which stakeholders should be favored? 4.4. Concluding remarks. Part 2. On the interest of a supply chain approach. 5. Strengthen intermediation between agricultural production and food demand. 5.1. A sector composed mostly of very small enterprises. 5.2. Ways to strengthen agrifood processing activities. 6. Foster an enabling environment. 6.1. Actions on the regional level. 6.2. Actions in partnership with the state. Part 3. A few best practices. 7. Finance supply chain operations. 7.1. Finance inputs. 7.2. Seasonal finance: the example of PACCEM in Mali. 7.3. Finance marketing. 7.4. Finance agricultural investment. 7.5. Improve the credit environment. 7.6. Link credit and marketing. 8. Promote technical innovations and strengthen agricultural research. 8.1. A few examples. 8.2. The limits of projects focusing on technical innovation. 8.3. No "Quick fix". 8.4. Adapt technologies to the local environment. 8.5. Take dynamics into account and support them. 8.6. The determining factors in innovation processes. 8.7. Support structure for supply chain stakeholders. 9. Crosscutting observations. 9.1. Favor program success criteria. 9.2. Improve information systems. 9.3. Agreements among technical and financial partners. Conclusion. Appendices. Appendix 1. Characteristics of the rice demand by country. Appendix 2. Price stabilization policies based on origin. Appendix 3. Model analysis grid. Appendix 4. Sources of information (partial list). Appendix 5. Comparative analysis of the competitiveness of Nigeria, Brazil and Thailand in cassava, corn and rice productio

This chapter focuses on food systems using an innovative dual approach. First of all, by considering them in interaction with energy and chemical systems within ecosystems, it poses the question of resource allocation (land and biomass). Second, a socioeconomic approach then highlights the diversity of these food systems. Different types of systems co-exist and reflect different ways of producing, processing, distributing and consuming food products. The 'global' food system is a constantly changing combination of these different types of systems, ail of which influence each other. Thanks to this dual approach to food systems, new research questions have emerged. New analytical frameworks would enable a clearer understanding of the interconnections between food systems within ecosystems, on the one hand, and their diversity and constant recombination on the other.