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International audience; Gamhepathiopine (also known as M1), is a multi-stage acting antiplasmodial 2-tert-butylaminothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one hydrochloride that was first described in 2015. The development of this compound is limited by poor microsomal stability, insufficient aqueous solubility and low intestinal permeability. In order to obtain new optimized derivatives, we conducted a scaffold hopping strategy from compound M1, resulting in the synthesis of 20 new compounds belonging to six chemical series. All the compounds were tested on the K1 multi-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum and the human HepG2 cell-line, to evaluate their antiplasmodial activity and their cytotoxicity. Analogues’ biological results also highlighted the mandatory presence of a heteroatom at position 5 of the thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one moeity for the antiplasmodial activity. However, modifications at position 7 were detrimental for the antiplasmodial activity. We identified furane bioisostere 3j as a promising candidate, showing good blood stage antiplasmodial activity, better water solubility and highly improved intestinal permeability in the PAMPA assay.

International audience; Drimane sesquiterpenoid dialdehydes are natural compounds with antiproliferative properties. Nevertheless, their mode of action has not yet been discovered. In this publication, we have demonstrated that various drimanes are potent inhibitors of MCL-1 and BCL-xL, two proteins of the BCL-2 family that are overexpressed in various cancers, including lymphoid malignancies. Subtle changes in their structure significantly modified their activity on the target proteins. The two most active compounds are MCL-1 selective and bind in the BH3 binding groove of the protein. Complementary studies, by NMR and mass spectrometry analyses but also synthesis showed that they are covalent inhibitors of MCL-1, via the formation of a pyrrole adduct. In addition, cytotoxic assays revealed that these two compounds show a cytotoxic selectivity for BL2, a MCL-1/BCL-xL dependent cell line and induce apoptosis.

An antileishmanial structure–activity relationship (SAR) study focused on positions 2 and 8 of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring was conducted through the synthesis of 22 new derivatives. After being screened on the promatigote and axenic amastigote stages of Leishmania donovani and L. infantum, the best compounds were tested against the intracellular amastigote stage of L. infantum and evaluated regarding their in vitro physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, leading to the discovery of a new antileishmanial6-chloro-3-nitro-8-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropylsulfonyl)methyl]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine hit. It displayed low cytotoxicities on both HepG2 and THP1 cell lines (CC50 > 100 µM) associated with a good activity against the intracellular amastigote stage of L. infantum (EC50 = 3.7 µM versus 0.4 and 15.9 µM for miltefosine and fexinidazole, used as antileishmanial drug references). Moreover, in comparison with previously reported derivatives in the studied series, this compound displayed greatly improved aqueous solubility, good mouse microsomal stability (T1/2 > 40 min) and high gastrointestinal permeability in a PAMPA model, making it an ideal candidate for further in vivo studies on an infectious mouse model.

Surface functionalization of lipid-based nanocarriers (LBNCs) with targeting ligands has attracted huge interest in the field of nanomedicines for their ability to overcome some physiological barriers and their potential to deliver an active molecule to a specific target without causing damage to healthy tissues. The principal objective of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on LBNC decoration used for biomedical applications, with an emphasis on the ligands used, the functionalization approaches, and the purification methods after ligand corona formation. The most potent experimental techniques for the LBNC surface characterization are described. The potential of promising methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry to characterize ligand surface corona is also outlined.

International audience; To study the antikinetoplastid 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine pharmacophore, a structure-activity relationship study was conducted through the synthesis of 26 original derivatives and their in vitro evaluation on both Leishmania spp and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. This SAR study showed that the antitrypanosomal pharmacophore was less restrictive than the antileishmanial one and highlighted positions 2, 6 and 8 of the imidazopyridine ring as key modulation points. None of the synthesized compounds allowed improvement in antileishmanial activity, compared to previous hit molecules in the series. Nevertheless, compound 8, the best antitrypanosomal molecule in this series (EC50 = 17 nM, SI = 2650 & E° = −0.6 V), was not only more active than all reference drugs and previous hit molecules in the series but also displayed improved aqueous solubility and better in vitro pharmacokinetic characteristics: good microsomal stability (T1/2 > 40 min), moderate albumin binding (77%) and moderate permeability across the blood brain barrier according to a PAMPA assay. Moreover, both micronucleus and comet assays showed that nitroaromatic molecule 8 was not genotoxic in vitro. It was evidenced that bioactivation of molecule 8 was operated by T. b. brucei type 1 nitroreductase, in the same manner as fexinidazole. Finally, a mouse pharmacokinetic study showed that 8 displayed good systemic exposure after both single and repeated oral administrations at 100 mg/kg (NOAEL) and satisfying plasmatic half-life (T1/2 = 7.7 h). Thus, molecule 8 appears as a good candidate for initiating a hit to lead drug discovery program.

Background Pyridoclax is an original lead, recently identified as very promising in treatment of chemoresistant ovarian cancers. To correct the unfavorable intrinsic physico-chemical properties of this BCS II drug, a formulation strategy was implied in the drug discovery step. Pyridoclax-loaded nanoemulsions (NEs) were developed to permit its preclinical evaluation. Results The resulting nanoemulsions displayed a mean size of about 100 nm and a high encapsulation efficiency (>95%) at a drug loading of 2 wt%, enabling a 1,000-fold increase of the Pyridoclax apparent solubility. NEs have enabled a sustained release of the drug as assayed by a dialysis bag method. In addition, anti-tumor effects of the Pyridoclax-loaded nanoemulsions (PNEs) showed a 2.5-fold higher activity on chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells than free Pyridoclax. This effect was confirmed by a drastic increase of caspase 3/7 activation from 10 µM PNEs, as newly objectified by real time apoptose imaging. The Pyridoclax bioavailability was kept unchanged after encapsulation in nanoemulsions as determined in a mice model after oral administration. Conclusion Thus, NEs should permit valuable Pyridoclax oral administration, and valorization of this promising anticancer drug by maintaining its original anticancer activity, and by reducing the Pyridoclax therapeutic concentration.

International audience; An antikinetoplastid pharmacomodulation study was done at position 8 of a previously identified pharmacophore in 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine series. Twenty original derivatives bearing an alkynyl moiety were synthesized via a Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction and tested in vitro, highlighting 3 potent (40 nM ≤ EC50 blood stream form≤ 70 nM) and selective (500 ≤ SI ≤ 1800) anti-T. brucei brucei molecules (19, 21 and 22), in comparison with four reference drugs. Among these hit molecules, compound 19 also showed the same level of activity against T. cruzi (EC50 amastigotes = 1.2 μM) as benznidazole and fexinidazole. An in vitro comet assay showed that nitroaromatic derivative 19 was not genotoxic. It displayed a low redox potential value (-0.68 V/NHE) and was shown to be bioactivated by type 1 nitroreductases both in Leishmania and Trypanosoma. The SAR study indicated that an alcohol function improved aqueous solubility while maintaining good activity and low cytotoxicity when the hydroxyl group was at position beta of the alkyne triple bond. Hit-compound 19 was also evaluated regarding in vitro pharmacokinetic data: 19 is BBB permeable (PAMPA assay), has a 16 min microsomal half-life and a high albumin binding (98.5%). Moreover, compound 19 was orally absorbed and was well tolerated in mouse after both single and repeated administrations at 100 mg/kg. Its mouse plasma half-life (10 h) is also quite encouraging, paving the way toward further efficacy evaluations in parasitized mouse models, looking for a novel antitrypanosomal lead compound.

International audience; Pyridoclax is considered a promising anticancer drug, acting as a protein-protein interaction disruptor, with potential applications in the treatment of ovarian, lung, and mesothelioma cancers. Eighteen sensibly selected structural analogues of Pyridoclax were synthesized, and their physicochemical properties were systematically assessed and analyzed. Moreover, considering that drug-membrane interactions play an essential role in understanding the mode of action of a given drug and its eventual toxic effects, membrane models were used to investigate such interactions in bulk (liposomes) and at the air-water interface. The measured experimental data on all original oligopyridines allowed the assessment of relative differences in terms of physicochemical properties, which could be determinant for their druggability, and hence for drug development.

International audience; Lipophilicity must be necessarily determined in drug discovery since this physicochemical property will directly influence the pharmacokinetics of a drug as its pharmacodynamics profile. Pyridoclax is an original lead, recently identified as very promising in treatment of chemoresistant cancers. The partition coefficient (Kp) of this anticancer drug was determined by microplate assays, well adapted in drug discovery, since being rapid, and requiring only poor drug amounts. The analytical approach was performed either by UV derivative spectrophotometry after validation thanks to a set of basic, neutral and acid reference substances, or originally, by raw fluorescence spectrophotometry by taking advantage of the pyridoclax intrinsic fluorescence. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) were formulated from soybean-, egg-, or dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine, characterized in terms of granulometric properties, ζ potential (determined by DLS), and of phospholipid content (quantified by 1H NMR, also in presence of cholesterol). Whatever the detection method used, log Kp of pyridoclax were in the same magnitude order, and pyridoclax appeared as a lipophilic compound. It was also established that interactions between this lead and biomimetic membranes were influenced by the relative fluidity of the membranes, as confirmed by results of a liposome leakage assay

International audience; Herein we describe the drug design steps developed to increase the radical scavenging and β-amyloid aggregation inhibitory activities of a previously described series of benzylidenephenylpyrrolizinones. Among the newly synthesized derivatives, some benzylphenylpyrrolizinones exhibited interesting results in regard to those activities. Initial druggability parameters were measured, and suggest these compounds as a suitable starting point for potential alternatives in treating Alzheimer's disease

International audience; This work describes the synthesis and the biological evaluation of novel benzylidenephenylpyrrolizinones as potential antioxidant, metal chelating or amyloid β (βA) aggregation inhibitors. Some derivatives exhibited interesting results in regard to several of the performed evaluations and appear as valuable Multi-Target Directed Ligands with potential therapeutic interest in Alzheimer's disease. Among them, compound 29 particularly appears as a valuable radical and NO scavenger, a Cu(II) and Fe(II) chelating agent and exhibits moderate βA aggregation inhibition properties. These activities, associated to a good predictive bioavailability and a lack of cytotoxicity, design it as a promising hit for further in vivo investigation

International audience; In this work, we describe the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel series of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDL) displaying both nanomolar dual-binding site (DBS) acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects and partial 5-HT4R agonist activity, among which donecopride was selected for further in vivo evaluations in mice. The latter displayed procognitive and antiamnesic effects and enhanced sAPPα release, accounting for a potential symptomatic and disease-modifying therapeutic benefit in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

A series of nitrated 2-substituted-quinolines was synthesized and evaluated in vitro toward Leishmania donovani promastigotes. In parallel, the in vitro cytotoxicity of these molecules was assessed on the murine J774 and human HepG2 cell lines. Thus, a very promising antileishmanial hit molecule was identified (compound 21), displaying an IC(50) value of 6.6 μM and CC(50) values ≥ 100 μM, conferring quite good selectivity index to this molecule, in comparison with 3 drug-compounds of reference (amphotericin B, miltefosine and pentamidine). Compound 21 also appears as an efficient in vitro antileishmanial molecule against both Leishmania infantum promastigotes and the intracellular L. donovani amastigotes (respective IC(50) = 7.6 and 6.5 μM). Moreover, hit quinoline 21 does not show neither significant antiplasmodial nor antitoxoplasmic in vitro activity and though, presents a selective antileishmanial activity. Finally, a structure-activity relationships study enabled to define precisely the antileishmanial pharmacophore based on this nitroquinoline scaffold: 2-hydroxy-8-nitroquinoline.

The study of molecular interactions at the level of biological membranes is a key issue for the screening and the development of new drugs. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia in the world and is the leading socio-economic problem in health care. The appearance and progression of this neurodegenerative disease are associated with the aggregation of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). A therapeutic strategy against AD consists in the development of molecules able to interfere with specific steps of Aβ aggregation. To identify such compounds, experimental methods are required to monitor and characterize the Aβ peptide during its fibrillation process. These methods must be simple enough to remain compatible with drug discovery. In this PhD project, we have proposed to combine experimental methods to allow a multiparametric characterization of potential Aβ1-42 fibrillation modulators, by integrating liposomes of defined composition as biomimetic neuronal membranes. It is indeed established that neuronal lipids are an important factor in the formation of amyloid fibers and their toxicity. The liposomes were formulated by the lipid film rehydration method, and their physicochemical properties characterized by NMR, DLS, ζ potential. The experimental determination of the compounds partition coefficient could be carried out by spectrophotometry, including in an original way, by fluorescence, these liposomes, in miniaturized tests. Kinetic studies of Aβ1-42 peptide aggregation were performed in the presence of liposomes.The ThT fluorescence was monitored to follow the Aβ peptide fibrillation pathway, used in its wild form or with an oligomeric mutant, oG37C. A fluorophore leakage analysis from liposomes, supported by DLS measurements, was performed to evaluate the impact of peptide/membranes interactions to predict any destabilization effects. The toxic fibers formed by Aβ being mainly organized in β-sheets, the data were correlated with the analysis of the peptide secondary structure by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. After the implementation of this approach on different model molecules and a hit of potential interest in the AD treatment, all of this work has resulted in a multiparametric test allowing the molecules/Aβ/membranes interactome characterization and the discrimination of Aβ1-42 peptide aggregation modulators. This approach may be advantageously transposed to other amyloid diseases.; L’étude des interactions moléculaires au niveau des membranes biologiques est un enjeu capital pour le développement et le screening de nouvelles molécules médicamenteuses. La MA est la forme de démence sénile la plus répandue dans le monde et représente le principal problème socioéconomique en matière de soins de santé. L'apparition et la progression de cette maladie neurodégénérative sont associées à l'agrégation du peptide Aβ.Une stratégie thérapeutique contre la MA consiste à développer des molécules capables d'interférer à des étapes spécifiques de l’agrégation du peptide. Pour les identifier, des méthodes expérimentales sont nécessaires pour suivre et caractériser le peptide Aβ au cours de son processus de fibrillation. Ces méthodes doivent être suffisamment simples pour rester compatibles avec une démarche de drug discovery. Dans le présent travail de thèse, nous avons proposé de combiner des méthodes expérimentales pour permettre une caractérisation multiparamétrique de modulateurs potentiels de la fibrillation du peptide Aβ1-42, en y intégrant des liposomes de composition définie, comme membranes neuronales biomimétiques. Il est en effet établi que les lipides neuronaux sont un facteur important dans la formation des fibres amyloïdes et leur toxicité. Les liposomes ont été formulés par la méthode de réhydratation de film lipidique, et leurs propriétés physico-chimiques caractérisées par RMN, DLS, potentiel ζ.La détermination expérimentale du coefficient de partage de composés d’intérêt a pu être réalisée par spectrophotométrie, y compris de façon originale, par fluorescence, en utilisant ces liposomes, dans des tests miniaturisés. Des études cinétiques de l’agrégation du peptide Aβ1-42 ont été effectuées en présence de liposomes. La fluorescence de la ThT a été mesurée pour suivre la voie de la fibrillation du peptide Aβ, utilisé dans sa forme sauvage ou celle d’un mutant oligomérique, l’oG37C. Une analyse de fuite d’un fluorophore à partir des liposomes, appuyée par des mesures en DLS, a été réalisée afin d'évaluer l'impact des interactions entre le peptide et les membranes pour prévoir tout effet de déstabilisation. Les fibres toxiques formées par Aβ étant principalement organisées en feuillets β, les données ont été corrélées à l'analyse de la structure secondaire du peptide par spectroscopie ATR-FTIR. Après avoir mis en œuvre cette approche sur différentes molécules modèles et un hit d’intérêt potentiel dans le traitement de la MA, l’ensemble de ce travail a abouti à un test multiparamétrique permettant la caractérisation de l’interactome molécules/Aβ/membranes et la discrimination de modulateurs de l'agrégation du peptide Aβ1-42. Cette approche pourra être avantageusement transposée à d'autres maladies amyloïdes.

The study of molecular interactions at the level of biological membranes is a key issue for the screening and the development of new drugs. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia in the world and is the leading socio-economic problem in health care. The appearance and progression of this neurodegenerative disease are associated with the aggregation of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). A therapeutic strategy against AD consists in the development of molecules able to interfere with specific steps of Aβ aggregation. To identify such compounds, experimental methods are required to monitor and characterize the Aβ peptide during its fibrillation process. These methods must be simple enough to remain compatible with drug discovery. In this PhD project, we have proposed to combine experimental methods to allow a multiparametric characterization of potential Aβ1-42 fibrillation modulators, by integrating liposomes of defined composition as biomimetic neuronal membranes. It is indeed established that neuronal lipids are an important factor in the formation of amyloid fibers and their toxicity. The liposomes were formulated by the lipid film rehydration method, and their physicochemical properties characterized by NMR, DLS, ζ potential. The experimental determination of the compounds partition coefficient could be carried out by spectrophotometry, including in an original way, by fluorescence, these liposomes, in miniaturized tests. Kinetic studies of Aβ1-42 peptide aggregation were performed in the presence of liposomes.The ThT fluorescence was monitored to follow the Aβ peptide fibrillation pathway, used in its wild form or with an oligomeric mutant, oG37C. A fluorophore leakage analysis from liposomes, supported by DLS measurements, was performed to evaluate the impact of peptide/membranes interactions to predict any destabilization effects. The toxic fibers formed by Aβ being mainly organized in β-sheets, the data were correlated with the analysis of the peptide secondary structure by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. After the implementation of this approach on different model molecules and a hit of potential interest in the AD treatment, all of this work has resulted in a multiparametric test allowing the molecules/Aβ/membranes interactome characterization and the discrimination of Aβ1-42 peptide aggregation modulators. This approach may be advantageously transposed to other amyloid diseases.; L’étude des interactions moléculaires au niveau des membranes biologiques est un enjeu capital pour le développement et le screening de nouvelles molécules médicamenteuses. La MA est la forme de démence sénile la plus répandue dans le monde et représente le principal problème socioéconomique en matière de soins de santé. L'apparition et la progression de cette maladie neurodégénérative sont associées à l'agrégation du peptide Aβ.Une stratégie thérapeutique contre la MA consiste à développer des molécules capables d'interférer à des étapes spécifiques de l’agrégation du peptide. Pour les identifier, des méthodes expérimentales sont nécessaires pour suivre et caractériser le peptide Aβ au cours de son processus de fibrillation. Ces méthodes doivent être suffisamment simples pour rester compatibles avec une démarche de drug discovery. Dans le présent travail de thèse, nous avons proposé de combiner des méthodes expérimentales pour permettre une caractérisation multiparamétrique de modulateurs potentiels de la fibrillation du peptide Aβ1-42, en y intégrant des liposomes de composition définie, comme membranes neuronales biomimétiques. Il est en effet établi que les lipides neuronaux sont un facteur important dans la formation des fibres amyloïdes et leur toxicité. Les liposomes ont été formulés par la méthode de réhydratation de film lipidique, et leurs propriétés physico-chimiques caractérisées par RMN, DLS, potentiel ζ.La détermination expérimentale du coefficient de partage de composés d’intérêt a pu être réalisée par spectrophotométrie, y compris de façon originale, par fluorescence, en utilisant ces liposomes, dans des tests miniaturisés. Des études cinétiques de l’agrégation du peptide Aβ1-42 ont été effectuées en présence de liposomes. La fluorescence de la ThT a été mesurée pour suivre la voie de la fibrillation du peptide Aβ, utilisé dans sa forme sauvage ou celle d’un mutant oligomérique, l’oG37C. Une analyse de fuite d’un fluorophore à partir des liposomes, appuyée par des mesures en DLS, a été réalisée afin d'évaluer l'impact des interactions entre le peptide et les membranes pour prévoir tout effet de déstabilisation. Les fibres toxiques formées par Aβ étant principalement organisées en feuillets β, les données ont été corrélées à l'analyse de la structure secondaire du peptide par spectroscopie ATR-FTIR. Après avoir mis en œuvre cette approche sur différentes molécules modèles et un hit d’intérêt potentiel dans le traitement de la MA, l’ensemble de ce travail a abouti à un test multiparamétrique permettant la caractérisation de l’interactome molécules/Aβ/membranes et la discrimination de modulateurs de l'agrégation du peptide Aβ1-42. Cette approche pourra être avantageusement transposée à d'autres maladies amyloïdes.