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V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen postopek izdelave interaktivne spletne karte občine Žužemberk. V prvem delu naloge so opisane značilnosti karte ter predstavljene različne vrste kart, predstavljeni so tudi postopki kartografskega oblikovanja in kartografske generalizacije. V nadaljevanju sledi predstavitev občine Žužemberk s poudarkom na turistični ponudbi, ki bo kot tematska vsebina prikazana na karti. Zadnji del naloge obsega redakcijski načrt ter opis izdelave karte v programskem paketu OCAD. The thesis describes the process of making a web interactive tourist map of the Municipality of Žužemberk. The introductory part includes description of map's characteristics and different types of maps, followed by presentation of cartographic modelling and cartographic generalization procedures. The following part of thesis describes the Municipality of Žužemberk, emphasising on the tourist information which is displayed on the map. In the last part an editorial plan and creation of the map using OCAD are described.

Diplomska naloga je namenjena predstavitvi različnih višinskih sistemov in primerjavi izračunanih višin med višinskimi sistemi znotraj izbranega nivelmanskega poligona. Za testno območje je bil določen del Primorske, in sicer od Kopra do Kozine. Nivelmanski poligon, ki poteka od reperja 9000 preko 48 vmesnih reperjev do reperja 2839, v dolžino meri 37,351 kilometrov, višinska razlika med najnižjim in najvišjim reperjem pa znaša 497,98692 metra. Celotna klasična geodezija temelji na točki, tretja koordinata točke pa je višina. Višine so za geodezijo in številne druge stroke zelo pomemben element, zato je pomembno, da pri izbiri višinskega sistema upoštevamo zahteve več različnih uporabnikov in strok. Kateri višinski sitem izbrati oziroma kakšne so prednosti in slabosti posameznih višinskih sistemov pa je bila vodilna misel moje diplomske naloge. Diplomska naloga za testno območje podaja višine v več višinskih sistemih, in sicer v normalnih ortometričnih višinah, geopotencialnih kotah, dinamičnih višinah, ortometričnih višinah in v normalnih višinah. Uradni višinski sistem v Sloveniji so normalne ortometrične višine, v veliko evropskih državah pa imajo za uraden višinski sistem nadmorskih višin normalne višine, kar bi bilo, kot sem tudi sam ugotovil, najprimernejše in najkoristnejše tudi za Slovenijo. Normalne višine zadovoljijo vsem petim osnovnim pogojem za optimalni višinski sistem, poleg tega so zelo dobro povezane z elipsoidnimi višinami. The main topic of this diploma work is to present several height systems and to compare calculated heights between different height systems in selected leveling line. For the test area part of Primorska from Koper to Kozina was selected. Levelling line is 37,351 kilometers long and is passing from point 9000 to point 2839, between 9000 and 2839 is 48 other points. Height difference between the lowest and the highest point is 497,98692 meters. Whole classical geodesy is based on point and the third coordinate of point is height. Heights are very important for geodesy and many other professions, because of that is very important that when one has to choose gone height system, it has to consider requests of many professions. Which height system is better to choose and what advantages or disadvantages has one height system, was common thread of my diploma work. We have determined heights of the chosen levelling line in different height systems in the test area. These are: normal orthometric heights, geopotential number, dynamic heights, orthometric heights and normal heights. The official height system in Slovenia are normal orthometric heights. The official height system in many European countries are normal heights and this height system would be most appropriate and useful for Slovenia too. Normal heights satisfy all five basic conditions for ideal height system. Normal heights are also very good connected with ellipsoidal heights.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena problematika degradiranih območij v Sloveniji. Degradirana območja predstavljajo prostorski potencial za razvoj dejavnosti. Usmerjanje prostorskega razvoja na degradirana območja je v duhu racionalne rabe prostora, ter varuje pred spremembo namembnosti druga zemljišča (npr. kmetijska). Žal pa število, velikost in raznolikost degradiranih območij ni znano, območja niso evidentirana, reševanje problematike ni sistemsko. Na območju Osrednjeslovenske statistične regije je mogoče zaslediti številna območja, ki so že dalj časa podvržena degradaciji, ali pa so v postopku opuščanja dejavnosti, kar vodi v nastanek degradiranega območja. Pri delu smo se osredotočili na občino Medvode in njeno okolico. Namen dela ni popis vseh znanih degradiranih območij v našem obravnavanem prostoru, temveč identifikacija učnih primerov za posamezne tipe degradiranih območij in njihova podrobnejša predstavitev. Na podlagi popisa, ki se je izvedel s pomočjo popisnih listov, je izvedena analiza degradiranih območij. Rezultate analize smo primerjali z rezultati, pridobljenimi v projektu z naslovom Sonaravna sanacija okoljskih bremen kot trajnostno razvojna priložnost Slovenije (Špes s sod., 2011). This diploma work presents issues about derelict sites in Slovenia. Derelict areas represent territorial potential for further development of the activities. Guidance of the spatial development degradation is reflected in a rational use of the region and protects the purpose of use of other lands (for example: agricultural). Unfortunately, we do not know the exact numbers, size and diversity of derelict sited, areas are not recorded, solutions for this problem are not systematic. In the Statistical Region, we can see many of the areas, that are undergoing a degradation for a longer period, or they are undergoing a ceasing activity, which leads to derelict sites. In my diploma, I focused on the town Medvode and its surrounding. The purpose of my work is not to record all the derelict sites for this addressed area, but to identify learning examples for each type of derelict sites and their detailed presentation. Based on the record, that was carried out with the help of the census documents an analysis of derelict sites was made. The results of the analysis were compared with the results that were obtained in a project with the title: Sonarava Sanacije okoljskih bremen kot trajnostno razvojna priložnost Slovenije.

V diplomski nalogi ugotavljamo spremembe na površju preko izračuna prostornine med dvema ploskvama. To smo naredili na primeru melišča na Potoški planini, za katerega smo imeli na voljo oblaka točk skenirana z enoletnim zamikom. Ob tem nas je zanimala razlika pri izračunu prostornin brez in z uporabno postopka ploskovnega ujemanja, ki transformira oblak točk tako, da so razdalje med točkami v obravnavanih oblakih čim manjše. Izračune prostornin smo tako naredili z in brez uporabe ploskovnega ujemanja v državnem D96 koordinatnem sistemu in v lokalnem koordinatnem sistemu. Iz dobljenih rezultatov ne morem trditi, da je postopek ploskovnega ujemanja na našem primeru imel vpliv na izračunano prostornino, ob samem izrisu sprememb prostornin na terenu pa je vpliv opazen. This graduation thesis's main goal is to assess surface changes, which is done with computing of volume between two surfaces. It was done on a practical example of a scree on Potoška planina, for which we had two sets of observations made with one year in between. Simultaneously we wanted to determine the difference in computed volume with and without using the process of surface matching, which transforms a point cloud so that the distances between point clouds are minimal. Calculation of volume was done in national D96 coordinate system and in a local coordinate system. After analyzing the results, it is difficult to claim, that surface matching had any influence on computed volume, but graphical representation of results shows a different picture.

Namen diplomske naloge je bil analizirati podatke elaborata nove izmere na območju katastrske občine Novo mesto iz leta 1987. Najprej smo predstavili postopek nove izmere ter podali kratek pregled zakonodajnega okvirja. Osrednji del naloge predstavlja empirični del, kjer smo analizirali in podrobno opisali vsebino in sestavne dele elaborata nove izmere z IDPOS-om 1456-4001. Podatke in elaborat smo dobili na geodetski upravi Republike Slovenije. V zadnjem delu naloge smo na omejenem študijskem območju izvedli rekonsturkcijo dela katastrskega načrta in rekonstruirano stanje primerjali z današnjim zemljiškokatastrskim prikazom in zemljiškokatastrskim načrtom iz leta 1983. The main purpose of this graduation thesis was to analyse the data of the new cadastral surveying documentation, in the area of the cadastral municipality of Novo mesto, from the year 1987. Firstly, we introduced the procedure of the new cadastral survey and gave a short overview of legal regulations at that time. The main part of the thesis represents empiric part, in which we analysed and presented contents of the surveying documentation with the IDPOS 1456 – 4001 in detail. The data were obtained from the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia. In the last part of the thesis, a part of the land cadastral map has been reconstructed in the selected study area. Furthermore, we compared reconstructed map with the current land cadastral index map and with the georeferenced land cadastral map from the year 1983.

V diplomski nalogi primerjamo potek lastniških (katastrskih) mej z značilnimi reliefnimi linijami v katastrski občini Črešnjice. Vse analize so izvedene na podlagi podatkov grafičnega podsistema zemljiškega katastra, podatkov laserskega skeniranja Slovenije in terenski izmeri. Naša domneva je, da v nekaterih značilnih primerih linije parcelnih mej potekajo vzporedno ali celo sovpadajo z značilnimi reliefnimi oblikami kot so brežine teras, gozdne ceste, gozdne poti in podobno ter, da je s prepoznavanjem značilnih reliefnih linij mogoče določiti celo potek meje katastrske občine. V okviru naloge so predstavljene teoretične osnove položajnih natančnosti, podatkov zemljiško-katastrskega prikaza, poskusi izboljšav zemljiško-katastrskega prikaza, uporabljeni podatki, območje obdelave, uporabljena programska oprema ter opis terenskih meritev. Rezultati so primerjalne analize lastniških mej parcel in značilnih reliefnih oblik pridobljenih iz podatkov aerolaserskega skeniranja ter terenskih meritev. In our graduation thesis we compare the marcation of owner's (land registry) borders with typical relief lines in the land registry municipality Črešnjice. All the analyses are carried out on the basis of graphic system data of the land register, laser scanning data of Slovenia and terrain measurements. Our assumption is that in some typical cases the border lines of the land are running parallel or even coincide with typical relief shapes such as shore terraces, forest paths and similar features. It is even possible to determine the border demarcation of the land registry municipality by recognizing the typical relief lines. Furthermore, this thesis presents the theoretical base of position accuracy, land registry display data, attempted land registry display data improvements, data used, the area of processing, software used and the description of terrain measurements. The results are compared with owners' land borders and typical relief shapes obtained from aerial laser scanning data and terrain measurements.

Terestrično lasersko skeniranje je metoda zajema podatkov, kjer v krajšem časovnem obdobju zajemamo milijone točk. Rezultat skeniranja je oblak točk, katerega nato obdelujemo do želenega rezultata s programsko opremo, ki to omogoča. V diplomski nalogi smo skenirali dva glasbena instrumenta in uporabili dva skenerja: Riegl VZ–400 in Leica Nova MultiStation MS50. Pri obdelavi podatkov smo uporabljali AutoCAD in RiSCAN PRO. Končni oblak točk smo nato posredovali podjetju, ki se ukvarja s 3D graviranjem stekla. Rezultat diplomske naloge je steklena kocka, v katero je vgraviran oblak točk, ki predstavljajo saksofon. Terrestrial laser scanning is a method of data collection, which in a short period of time captures millions of points . The result of the scan is a point cloud, which is then processed to the desired result with the software that makes this possible. In this thesis, we scanned two musical instruments and used two scanner: Riegl VZ - 400 and Leica Nova MS50 MultiStation. When processing the data we have used AutoCAD and PRO Rîşcani. The final point cloud was then forwarded to the company that deals with 3D engraving of glass . The result of the thesis is a glass cube, which is engraved with a cloud of points representing the saxophone.

Danes je v nalogah zemljiškega katastra uporaba tehnologije GNSS za določitev položajev točk nujno potrebna. V primernih pogojih za izvedbo izmere GNSS lahko položaje točk določamo neposredno z različnimi geodetskimi metodami izmere GNSS. V primerih nezmožnosti sprejema signalov s satelitov GNSS zaradi ovir na primernih mestih z GNSS vzpostavimo točke, preko katerih s klasičnimi metodami geodetske izmere določimo položaj v referenčnem koordinatnem sistemu. V diplomski nalogi smo se osredotočili na praktično uporabo različnih metod izmere GNSS pri določitvi koordinat zemljiškokatastrskih točk dveh urejenih parcel. Primerjali smo koordinate, ki so bile dobljene z različnimi metodami izmere GNSS ter kombinacijo GNSS in klasične izmere. Pri primerjavi koordinat smo za referenčne privzeli koordinate, pridobljene z obdelavo opazovanj statične izmere GNSS. Glede na te smo določali kakovost določitve koordinat z ostalimi metodami. Nadalje smo različno pridobljene koordinate uporabili za izračun površin zemljišč in ocenjevali vpliv kakovosti koordinat na izračunano površino zemljišča. Ugotovili smo, da je trikratna ponovna določitev koordinat z metodo RTK nujno potrebna, saj se v enkratni določitvi lahko zgodi, da je položaj točke zaradi vplivov na opazovanja določen nepravilno, kar nadalje vpliva na nepravilno določitev površine zemljišča. V nalogi smo ugotovili, da nepravilna določitev koordinate ene točke velikosti nekaj dm privede do napake v izračunu obravnavane površine zemljišča v vrednosti 14 m2, kar znaša 0,18% celotne površine parcele. Nowadays in the functions of a land cadastre, the use of GNSS technology in determining point positions is absolutely essential. In appropriate conditions for carrying out a GNSS survey, the positions of the points can be directly determined using various surveying methods of the GNSS survey. In situations where the signals from the GNSS satellites cannot be received due to obstacles, we can set up reference points using the GNSS, than we can use conventional surveying methods for determination of the positions in the reference coordinate system. Our thesis focuses on the practical use of the various GNSS surveying methods when trying to determine the coordinates of land cadastre points of two land plots with determined boundaries. We compared the coordinates obtained with different GNSS methods and with a combination of GNSS and conventional surveys. For the comparison, we used the coordinates obtained through processing observations of the static GNSS surveys as reference. Based on these, we established the quality of coordinate determining with other methods. Furthermore, we used the differently obtained coordinates to calculate the surface area and evaluated the impact of the coordinate quality on the calculated surface area. We found out, that it is essential to repeat the RTK measurements three times, because if done only once, the position of the points can be determined falsely due to external influences on the observation. In turn, that can also result in an incorrectly calculated surface area. Our thesis identified that, in determining the coordinates, a mistakes of just a few decimetres can lead to a far bigger mistake of 14m2 (0,18%) in the surface area calculations.

Med gradnjo male hidroelektrarne v Markovcih je bila višinska točka – reper, ki je omogočala prenos višine na prelivna polja, uničena. V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen proces stabilizacije in določitve definitivnih višin novih reperjev. Izvedena je bila izmera geometričnega nivelmana z navezavo na dva izhodiščna reperja R36 in R37 za določitev definitivnih višin dveh novo stabiliziranih reperjev ter ponovna izmera reperjev na prelivnih poljih. Opravljena je bila primerjava višin reperjev na prelivnih poljih z zadnjo izmero iz leta 2011 ter analiza rezultatov. During the construction of small hydropower plant in Markovci, an elevation point – the benchmark, that allowed the transfer of height on spillways, was destroyed. The thesis presents the process of stabilization and determination of definite heights of the new benchmarks. We performed a survey of geometric levelling with a reference to the two baseline benchmark R36 and R37 to determine the definite height of two newly stabilized benchmarks and a re-measurement of the benchmarks on spillways. A height comparison was made of the benchmarks on the spillways with the last measurement in 2011 and an analysis of results.

V diplomski nalogi predstavljamo rezultate preizkusa kakovosti delovanja instrumenta JAVAD TRIUMPH-LS pri izmeri RTK. Preizkus smo naredili po navodilih standarda ISO 17123-8 in sicer na dveh deloviščih ob različnih vremenskih pogojih in ob različnih načinih postavitve instrumenta na točko. V prvem primeru smo instrument postavljali na stative, v drugem primeru pa smo s prisilnim centriranjem instrument postavili na stebra. S preizkusom smo potrdili kakovost delovanja instrumenta JAVAD TRIUMPH-LS, kot jo predpisuje proizvajalec, vendar velja poudariti, da smo pri drugi izvedbi preizkusa, ko smo instrument postavili na stebre, pridobili precej boljše rezultate ponovljivosti določitve koordinat. Po večkratno narejenem preizkusu po standardu ISO 17123-8 lahko rečemo, da instrument JAVAD TRIUMPH-LS tudi ob uporabi notranje antene in brez vključenega inklinometra za upoštevanje popravkov zaradi nagiba omogoča pridobitev rezultatov, kot jo podaja proizvajalec. Drugi del naloge se je navezoval na ponovljivost določitve koordinat ene točke za primer, ko smo instrument postavili bliže tlom. V tej situaciji smo dodatno na tla položili folijo, ki bi lahko predstavljala vir odboja signala GNSS. V danem primeru nismo ugotovili bistvenih razlik v določitvi koordinat in lahko na osnovi rezultatov zaključimo, da višina antene ne vpliva na kakovost določitve končnih koordinat točk. In the graduation thesis we present the results of the examination of the quality and operation of the instrument JAVAD TRIUMPH-LS in RTK survey. The test was done according to the instructions of standard ISO 17123-8 at two worksites in different weather conditions and with different ways of installing the instrument on the point. In the first case we have an instrument erected at the bar, but in the second case we use forced centering instrument placed on a pillar. With the test we confirmed the quality of the operation of the instrument JAVAD TRIUMPH-LS, as is provided by the manufacturer, although, it should be noted that in the second case, when we put instrument on the pillars, we get much better repeatability of the results of the determination of coordinates. After multiple test made according to standard ISO 17123-8, we can say, that the instrument JAVAD TRIUMPH-LS, even when we using internal antennas and when we exclude inclinoimeter, which take into account corrections resulting from the inclination, obtain the results as given by the manufacturers. The second part of the graduation thesis was about the reproducibility determination of the coordinates of one point, for the case, when we put the instrument closer to the ground. In this situation, we placed the foil around, which may constitute a source of multipath. In this case we did not find significant differences in determining the coordinates and may, based on the results conclude, that the antenna height does not affect the quality of the final determination of coordinates of points.

Smučarski skoki so športna panoga, za katero velja, da je v zadnjem času med bolj priljubljenimi zimskimi športi v Sloveniji. Zaradi uspehov ''slovenskih orlov'' se je priljubljenost in popularizacija tega športa močno povečala. Poleg tega Slovenija gosti tekmo svetovnega pokala v Planici, ki je pravi športni praznik. V diplomski nalogi smo obravnavali temo Projekt skakalnice v Ljubljani: kartografska upodobitev območja. Tu je nekdaj že stala skakalnica, sedaj pa je oživela ideja o izgradnji nove. Skozi diplomsko nalogo smo predstavili informacije o lokaciji, novem projektu ter izdelali redakcijski načrt karte. Nov projekt smo umestili v načrtovano območje ter izdelali kartografsko upodobitev le tega. Poleg osnovne karte smo izdelali še prikaz reliefa, karte nagibov, karto senčenja ter prikaz prereza območja nekdanje in načrtovane skakalnice. Pri tem smo uporabljali več različnih programov. Kot dodatno zanimivost v diplomski nalogi smo informativno izračunali tudi prostornino potrebnega izkopa za doskočišče načrtovane skakalnice. Ski jumping has recently become one of the most popular sports in Slovenia. The sports discipline has gained popularity and became widespread due to the great achievements of “Slovene Eagles.” Slovenia traditionally hosts the Ski Jumping World Cup Final, which takes place in Planica. Due to popularity the event turnes into the Slovenian sports holiday under the Ponce. In the diploma thesis the topic of Cartographic Representation of the Ljubljana Ski Jump Hill Project is discussed. An old ski jump hill used to be located in the area, but now the idea of building a new ski jump has been revived. The diploma thesis discusses data on the location of the project proposal and includes the editorial map plan. The project proposal has been georeferenced into the planned location and the cartographic representation of the area has been produced as well. The relief map, the inclination map, the hill-shading map, the cross-section representation (profile) of the location of the new and the old ski jump maps have been added to the main map. The maps have been created by the use of different software, and as a matter of interest, the estimated volume of the necessary excavation for the ski jump hill landing surface of the new ski jump has been calculated.

V diplomski nalogi smo analizirali kakovost opazovanj GNSS ob uporabi različnih anten. Preizkusili smo anteno, vgrajeno v ohišje instrumenta Javad Triumph-LS, zunanjo anteno in najmanj dovzetno anteno za odboj signalov od objektov, ki jo imenujemo antena s kovinskim ohišjem. Po raziskavi in preverjanju kakovosti opazovanj GNSS v programih TEQC in Leica SPIDER QC smo potrdili postavljeno hipotezo, da nam antena s kovinskim ohišjem zagotovi najboljša opazovanja. V drugem delu smo preverili, ali se s pokritjem kovinske ovire z belo rjuho oz. leseno ploščo manjša odboj signala od ovire. Ugotovili smo, da se signal v največji meri odbija od kovine. Obenem smo si prizadevali raziskati, kateri so ostali dejavniki, ki vplivajo na velikost večpotja. Predvsem je potrebno paziti na višinske kote in geometrijo satelitov. Opazovanja GNSS smo na terenu izvedli s statično izmero in smo jih nato naknadno obdelali v programskem paketu Leica Geo Office, kjer smo za določitev položaja točk A in B uporabili navezavo na virtualno referenčno točko in stalno delujočo postajo. S tem smo želeli preveriti vpliv oddaljenosti referenčne točke na kakovostno določitev položaja. Ugotovili smo, da so odstopanja v horizontalni smeri milimetrskega velikostnega reda, v vertikalni smeri pa centimetrskega. In the diploma thesis we analysed the quality of GNSS observations when using various antennas. We tested an internal antenna, installed into a Javad Triumph-LS housing, an external antenna and the choke ring antenna, which is the least sensitive to the reflection of signals from objects. After the survey and quality assessment of GNSS observations in programs TEQC and Leica SPIDER QC we confirmed the presupposed hypothesis that the choke ring antenna provides us best observations. In second part we checked whether the coverage of the metal barriers with white sheet or wooden panel reduces signal reflection from obstacles. We concluded that the signal mostly reflects by the metal. At the same time, we also tried to explore other factors affecting multipath size. Mostly, it is necessary to pay attention to the elevation angles and geometry of the satellites. GNSS observations were performed with static method and postprocessed in program package Leica Geo Office, where we determined the positions of points A and B in two modes: virtual reference station (VRS) and permanent station. This way, the influence of distance to reference point on quality position was tested. We concluded that the deviations were of milimeter magnitude in horizontal and of centimeter magnitude in vertical direction.

V diplomski nalogi primerjamo geoidne višine interpolirane iz uradnega modela geoida Slovenije SLOG2000, testnega izračuna novega geoida SLOG2010 ter globalnega geopotencialnega modela EGM2008 na območju juţnega pobočja Krvavca. Primerjamo tudi geoidne višine izračunane iz meritev GNSS in trigonometričnega višinomerstva. V nalogi smo predstavili tudi teoretična ozadja višinskih sistemov, geoida ter različnih metod izračuna geoida. Opisali smo posamezne modele geoidov, ki smo jih uporabili. Izračunali smo odstopanja posameznih modelov od »merjenih« vrednosti in jih ocenili po kakovosti. Iz meritev smo določili tudi potek lokalnega geoida, ki smo ga izračunali kot regresijsko ploskev. In the graduation thesis we compared geoidal heights interpolated from Slovenian national geoid model SLOG2000, preliminary calculations of new model SLOG2010 and global geopotential model EGM2008, on the southern slope of Krvavec. Also compared are geoidal heights calculated from GPS measurements and trigonometric levelling. In the thesis we also present theoretical basics of height systems, geoid and different methods of geoid determination. We described the specific geoid models used and calculated deviations of those from »measured« values, then evaluated them by quality. On the basis of measurements we calculated the local geoid plane as a regression surface.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena izdelava aplikacije za tablične računalnike, ki nam omogoča tehnično podporo za odločanje pri katastrskih opravilih na terenu. Funkcionalnost aplikacije smo preizkusili na realnem primeru, pri čemer se je aplikacija izkazala kot zelo uporabna, vendar pa so se pokazale tudi določene slabosti uporabe aplikacije. V nalogi sta podrobneje opisana programa GeoPRO in QGIS, ter sama izdelava aplikacije in njen preizkus na terenu. Predstavljen je tudi geografski informacijski sistem (GIS), njegova mobilna uporaba in tablični računalniki. Na koncu so predstavljene možnosti uporabe izbranih slojev. In diploma thesis we presented the creation of application for the Tablet PC, which allows us the technical support for decisions support in cadastral field operation. The functionality of the application has been tested in the field case study and we got positive response results, but some weaknesses has also appeared. In the thesis, there are (in details) described programmes Geo PRO and QGIS and the process of making the application and particulary the results of its use on the field. The information system (GIS) and its mobil use and the Tablet PC is also presented. Finally, there are presented the possibilities to use selected layers .

V diplomski nalogi smo predstavili vpliv plimovanja trdne Zemlje na spremembo 3D položaja točk nove kombinirane geodetske mreže 0. reda. Opisali smo namen vzpostavitve, stabilizacijo točk in predvideno opremo, ki bo nameščena na petih točkah kombinirane geodetske mreže 0. reda. Prav tako smo predstavili osnovna teoretična ozadja plimovanja trdne Zemlje, opisali različne modele plimovanja in poudarili upoštevanje plimovanja trdne Zemlje pri povezavi terestričnega koordinatnega sistema z višinskim sistemom. Na primeru dveh točk mreže 0. reda, Areh in Priložje, smo modelirali plimovanje trdne Zemlje. Pokazali smo spremembe 3D položaja in spremembe težnega pospeška, ki se pojavijo zaradi vplivov privlačnih sil nebesnih teles. Spremembe smo prikazali za dva različna letna časa. Ugotovili smo, da ima plimovanje trdne Zemlje večji vpliv na spremembe položaja v poletnem času, kadar pride tudi do amplitud, ki znašajo do okoli 35 cm v višinski komponenti. Pomembna je tudi ugotovitev, da položaj točk znotraj Slovenije nima vpliva na spremembe zaradi plimovanje trdne Zemlje, oz. je minimalen. In this diploma thesis, we present the impact of solid Earth tides on the 3D point position modification of the new combined 0. order geodetic network. We described the purpose of point establishing and stabilization as well as the intended equipment to be installed at five points of the combined 0. order geodetic network . We also introduced a basic theoretical background of solid Earth tides, described different models of tides and emphasized the accountability of solid Earth tides in conjunction of terrestrial coordinate system with vertical coordinate system. We modelled the solid Earth tides on the example of two points of the 0. order network, Areh and Prilozje. We have shown the 3D position modification and the modifications of the gravitational acceleration which occurs due to the impact of celestial bodies attraction. The modifications are shown for two different seasons. We found out that the solid Earth tides have greater impact on the position modification during summertime when there are also the amplitudes of up to about 35 cm of the vertical component. It is also important that the area of Slovenia has no effect on modifications due to solid Earth tide or it is minimal.

V diplomskem delu je predstavljena možnost uporabe arhivskega gradiva franciscejskega katastra za predstavitev prostora v tedanjem času in rekonstrukcijo meritev na določenem območju. V teoretičnem delu diplome je predstavljena zgodovina zemljiškega katastra, s poudarkom na opisu zgodovine zemljiškega katastra na območju današnje Slovenije, ki se zaključi s podrobnejšim opisom franciscejskega katastra. Osredotočili smo se na uporabnost indikacijskih skic za določitev merskih območij (ledin) in rekonstrukcijo meritev na določenem območju. Analitično je obravnavano območje katastrske občine Črešnjice, za katero so izvedene analize vidnosti med točkami in vidnost območja z izbranih točk. Za analize vidnosti smo uporabili arhivske podatke o trigonometričnih in grafičnih točkah na študijskem območju in digitalni model reliefa (DMR), ki smo ga pridobili na Ministrstvu za okolje in prostor. Analize so potrdile, da je s pomočjo indikacijskih skic mogoče določiti merska območja in rekonstruirati meritve franciscejskega katastra. Rezultati so predstavljeni tako grafično kot numerično. This thesis introduces the possibility of using archive material from the Franciscan cadastre to describe spatial entities in that time and to reconstruct the measurement process in a certain area. The theoretical part of the thesis presents the history of land cadastre with an emphasis on the description of the history of land cadastre in Slovenia, concluded with a detailed description of the Franciscan cadastre. We focused on the applicability of indication sketches to determine the measurement areas (fallows) and to reconstruct the measurement process in a study area. Analytically we focused on the area of cadastral community of Črešnjice for which we have carried out analyses of visibility among points and of visibility of the area from certain points. To analyse the visibility we used archive data on trigonometric and graphic points in the study area and the digital terrain model (DTM), which we acquired from the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning. The analyses confirmed that it is possible to determine measurement areas and to reconstruct the measurement process from the Franciscan cadastre with the help of indication sketches. The results are presented graphically as well as numerically.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen projekt izdelave posterja, ki s poudarjeno kartografsko vsebino prikazuje enega izmed sedemnajstih trajnostnih razvojnih ciljev, katere je kot ključne za razvoj sveta do leta 2030 v letu 2015 oblikovala Organizacija združenih narodov (OZN). Komisija za planinsko kartografijo Mednarodnega združenja kartografov je prevzela izdelavo kartografsko oblikovanega posterja trinajstega trajnostnega cilja »Podnebni ukrepi«. Cilj oblikovanja vsebine posterja je z metodami in načeli planinske kartografije predstaviti sedanje stanje in predvidene potrebne podnebne ukrepe. Tako osrednji del posterja vsebuje karto sveta s prikazom reliefa, ki prikazuje posledice podnebnih sprememb. Poleg nje so na kartografski način predstavljeni možni ukrepi, ki stremijo k trajnostni prihodnosti s pridobivanjem obnovljivih virov energije v gorskih območjih. Graduating thesis presents a poster project with cartographic perspective which more precisely shows one of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals that were proposed by United Nations (UN) in 2015. Commission on Mountain Cartography from International Association of Cartographers took over the production of cartographic designed shaped poster of the thirteenth Sustainable Development Goal titled “Climate Action”. The aim of creating the content of the poster is to present current situation and to provide the necessary climate measures with the methods and principles of mountain cartography. The central part of the poster contains a world map with relief showing the effects of climate change. Besides the world map possible measures aiming towards a sustainable future with the acquisition of renewable energy sources in mountainous areas from the cartographic perspective are presented.

Namen diplomske naloge je predstaviti tipe degradiranih območij na aktualnih primerih iz koroške statistične regije. V nalogi smo uporabili metodo dela, ki je bila razvita v projektu »Celovita metodologija za popis in analizo degradiranih območij, izvedba pilotnega popisa in vzpostavitev aţurnega registra«. V teoretičnem delu so podane definicije in zakonodaja s področja degradiranih območij. Predstavljeni so regionalni in evropski projekti, ki podajajo priporočila za sanacijo degradiranih območij. Aplikativni del naloge vsebuje rezultate terenskega popisa. Predstavljenih je sedem primerov različnih tipov degradiranih območij, ki smo jih popisali na območju koroške statistične regije. Prikazanih je nekaj primerov dobrih praks sanacije in revitalizacije degradiranih območij. V zaključku so predstavljene končne ugotovitve analize degradiranih območij in problematika njihove sanacije. The purpose of graduation thesis is to present types of brownfield sites on actual examples from the Carinthia statistical region. Used methodology based on project »Celovita metodologija za popis in analizo degradiranih območij, izvedba pilotnega popisa in vzpostavitev aţurnega registra«. Theoretical part includes definitions and legislation from area of brownfield sites. Presented are regional and european projects which are planning remediation of brownfield sites.. Practical part of thesis contains results of the fieldwork. There are presented seven examples of different types of brownfield sites, that we have found on the area of Carinthia statistical region. Shown are some examples of good practices of the rehabilitation and revitalisation of brownfield sites. At the end are presented final findings of the analsis of brownfield sites and the issue of dealing with their rehabilitation.

V diplomski nalogi smo predstavili osnove navigacije v globalnih navigacijskih satelitskih sistemih ter njeno uporabo v letalski navigaciji. Predstavljeni so globalni satelitski navigacijski sistemi, ter opis določitve položaja GNSS-sprejemnika na osnovi kodnih opazovanj, ki je osnova za ostale naloge navigacije. Opisani so osnovni pojmi v splošni in letalski navigaciji ter osnovne naloge navigacije. Na koncu sledi opis uporabe GNSS-navigacije v letalstvu, kjer smo opisali osnovni princip uporabe GNSS-navigacije med letom in med prihodom na letališče ter pristajanjem in vzletanjem zračnih plovil. Uporaba GNSS-navigacije med pristajanjem in vzletom je prikazana na primeru letališča Gradec v Republiki Avstriji. In this thesis we present basics of GNSS navigation and it's use in flight navigation. We present global satellite navigation systems and description of determination of receiver's postition on base of code observations. Determination of receiver's position is base for other tasks of navigation. In next part we are describing basic terms and concepts in general navigation and in flight navigation. At the end we are describing use of GNSS navigation in aviation. Described are basic principle of GNSS navigation during all phases of flight – approach, landing and take-off. Practical use of GNSS navigation during approach, landing and take-off is illustrated with it's use at Graz International Airport.

V diplomski nalogi smo za primer slovensko-italijanske državne meje obravnavali evidentiranje državne meje in usklajenost podatkov zemljiškega katastra s podatki o državni meji. V ta namen smo uporabili gradiva iz uradne evidence državne meje in zemljiškega katastra v Republiki Sloveniji, podatke arhiva o evidentiranju državne meje pri območni geodetski upravi v Novi Gorici ter zakonodajo in drugo strokovno literaturo s področja obravnave. V diplomskem delu so najprej predstavljeni osnovni pojmi področja obravnave diplomske naloge, nato je predstavljena slovensko-italijanska državna meja, vključujoč njeno spreminjanje v zgodovini ter oris današnjega poteka. Sledi predstavitev vsebine in postopkov tako imenovane mejne dokumentacije, ki vključuje tudi praktične primere, s katerimi se srečujemo na slovensko-italijanski meji. Ti primeri se nanašajo predvsem na usklajevanje katastrskih podatkov s podatki o poteku državne meje in na pripravo podatkov nove mejne dokumentacije. V diplomski nalogi smo poskušali opredeliti tudi vzroke za nastanek teh neskladij, za katere smo ugotovili, da so večinoma posledica digitalizacije mejne dokumentacije in zemljiškokatastrskih načrtov, lahko pa tudi napak zaradi prepisov, prerisov ali prenosov podatkov med različnimi mediji, formati in oblikami evidentiranja. The main topic of the thesis is registering of state border and adjustment of land cadastre data with the state border data for the case of Slovenian-Italian border. For this purpose, data from the official state border evidence and land cadastre data in the Republic of Slovenia have been used additionally, archive data about evidencing of state border at the regional office of the Surveying and Mapping Authority in Nova Gorica have been used, and legislation as well as other professional literature from the study field have been studied. In the thesis, some basic terms from the study field are explained in the beginning, followed by the description of Slovenian-Italian border, including its changes through the history and its current situation. Further on, the contents of state border documentation and procedures for recording of the state border are presented, accompanied by the examples from the practice at the Slovenian-Italian border. These study cases are mostly about the adjustment of the cadastre data with the data about state borderline from the official evidence, and about the procedures for preparing new documentation about the state border. In the framework of this thesis, we tried to define the reasons for such a discrepancy between the land cadastre data and data about state border, which lead us to the conclusion, that this was mainly the consequence of digitalisation of the state border documentation and of the cadastral maps. Copying, tracing and transfer of the data among different media, formats and forms of evidence also played an important role.

V diplomski nalogi primerjamo podatke iz različnih virov z namenom ugotoviti kakovost podatkov množičnega zajema podatkov. V nalogi med seboj primerjamo položaje in višine točk, pridobljene s terensko izmero GNSS ter ortofota in digitalnega modela višin. Izmera točk je potekala pod viaduktom Verd in v bližnji okolici. V prvem delu naloge predstavimo teoretična izhodišča, kjer opisujemo ortofoto, digitalni model višin DMV 5 in izmero GNSS. Drugi del naloge predstavlja praktični del, kjer opišemo potek izmere na terenu in določitev koordinat z RTK-metodo izmere in kombinirano metodo izmere. Med seboj primerjamo položaje točk na ortofotu in položaje, dobljene z izmero GNSS ter višine točk, dobljene z GNSS-višinomerstvom in točke, interpolirane iz DMV 5. Poleg numeričnih vrednosti, ki prikazujejo odstopanja položajev oziroma višin točk, jih prikažemo tudi grafično. Zaključni del vsebuje glavne ugotovitve diplomske naloge in ideje za nadaljnje delo. The aim of the thesis is to estimate the quality of data from various geodetic databases. We have compared positions and elevations of discrete points from geodetic GNSS positioning to those acquired from orthophoto and national digital elevation model. Field measurements have been performed under the Verd viaduct and in the surrounding area. The first part of the thesis consists of the theoretical framework with an emphasis on the orthophoto, the digital elevation model (DMV 5) and GNSS surveying description. The second part is practical and includes description of RTK as well as combined GNSS and classical positioning we have used for positioning. Further we have compared positions from orthophoto and from GNSS surveying as well as heights, obtained from GNSS and the national digital elevation model DMV 5 interpolation. In addition to the numerical values we have used graphical elements to depict the differences in the positions and in heights separately. The thesis concludes with the main findings and recommendations for further research work.

V diplomski nalogi predstavljamo rezultate različnih obdelav statične metode izmere, ki smo jo izvedli ob idealnih terenskih pogojih za izvedbo opazovanj GNSS. Terensko izmero GNSS smo naredili v treh serijah in pri tem uporabili instrumente različnih proizvajalcev. Na ta način smo dobili oceno, kakšen vpliv ima kombinacija instrumentov različnih proizvajalcev na določitev položaja točk. Ob pridobivanju opazovanj smo satelitski signal registrirali na podlagi vseh razpoložljivih satelitov z nastavljenim višinskim kotom 0°. Z naknadno obdelavo smo z višanjem višinskega kota simulirali ovire ob sprejemnikih ter opazovali vpliv na določitev baznih vektorjev ter koordinat točk z namenom pridobitve ocene, do kakšnega višinskega kota je vpliv ovir ob sprejemnikih zanemarljiv. Za dani primer smo preverili tudi vpliv uporabljenih različnih tipov efemerid (broadcast in končne precizne) na določanje položaja. Na podlagi obdelav z različnimi intervali registracije in različnim časovnim intervalom trajanja opazovanj smo pridobili oceno, ali je bolj smiselno pridobivati opazovanja dalj časa ali s krajšim intervalom registracije satelitskega signala. Položaje točk, ki smo jih dobili z relativno obdelavo statične izmere GNSS, smo primerjali z absolutno določenimi položaji po metodi PPP. Pri tem smo uporabili spletna programa MagicGNSS in TrimbleRTX ter primerjali rezultate. Na koncu smo na različne načine pridobljene koordinate uporabili v izračunih za oceno vpliva koordinatnih odstopanj na izpeljane količine (dolžine, kote in površine). The thesis presents static processing results of fieldwork GNSS observations performed in nearly ideal conditions. Three sessions of static observations were performed at the field by different combination of GNSS receivers’ usage at the end of the baselines. While obtaining observations the cut-off angle was set on 0°, but during the processing we simulated obstacles near GNSS receivers by increasing cut-off angle. We estimated how the obstacles influence the coordinates and tried to find the answer of which cut-off angle in the presence of obstacles could be negligible. We checked the effect of different types of ephemeris (broadcast and final precise) usage on final coordinate’s determination. Based on different strategy processing results, i.e. different sampling rate as well as shorter observation duration, we studied which factor has more influence on the coordinates’ quality. Coordinates acquired from relative post-processing were further used as the reference for studying the absolute PPP (Precise Point Positioning) post-processing results, where PPP coordinates were calculated by online applications MagicGNSS and TrimbleRTX. Finally, different coordinates were used in distances, horizontal angles and areas calculations to find out how different quality of coordinates affects indirect acquired quantities.

V diplomski nalogi primerjamo podatke iz baze DTK 5 s podatki terenske izmere z GNSS na izbranem območju gozdnih cest Šišenskega hriba. Ker terenska izmera z GNSS omogoča določitev 3D-položajev točk, smo vzporedno naredili tudi primerjavo višin tako, da smo interpolirane višine iz DMV 5 primerjali z višinami, pridobljenimi z GNSS-terensko izmero. Izmero smo izvajali v dokaj neugodnih razmerah za GNSS in ob tem primerjali zmožnost določitve položajev točk z instrumentoma Leica Viva GS15 in Javad Triumph-LS. Medtem, ko smo z instrumentom Javad Triumph-LS v času še nepopolne zazelenitve listnatega gozda lahko tudi v oteženih pogojih uspešno določili položaje množici točk, smo bili ob uporabi instrumenta Leica Viva GS15 manj uspešni, zato smo točkam položaje določili s kombinacijo klasičnih in GNSS meritev. Na danem testnem območju smo ugotovili, da so odstopanja v horizontalni ravnini glede na DTK 5 in višinska odstopanja glede na DMV 5 večja na območjih z visoko vegetacijo. Položajne razlike na območjih brez vegetacije so bile precej manj očitne. In the following diploma thesis, we compared the data from the database DTK 5 with the data from field measurement by GNSS in a selected area of forest roads of Šišenski Hill. Since the terrain measured by GNSS enables the determination of the 3D position of points, we also made a parallel comparison of heights, so that we were able to compare the interpolated heights measured by DMV 5 with the heights obtained from GNSS field measurement. The measurement was carried out in rather unfavourable conditions for GNSS and during the measurements we also compared the ability to determine positions of points with the instruments Leica Viva GS15 and Javad Triumph-LS. Despite difficult conditions, at the time of still incomplete greening of deciduous forest, we were successful at determining the position of plurality of points with usage of instrument Javad Triumph-LS. With the usage of instrument Leica Viva GS15 we were less successful. Therefore, we determined the points’ positions with a combination of GNSS and classical geodetic measurements. At the given test area, we discovered that the deviations in the horizontal plane according to DTK 5 and height deviations according to the DMV 5 are higher in areas with high vegetation. Positional differences in areas without vegetation were much less obvious.

Tema diplomskega dela je uporaba terestričnega laserskega skeniranja in obdelava skeniranih podatkov za ugotavljanje premikov prelivne stene. V diplomskem delu je najprej opisan teoretičen del zajemanja in obdelave podatkov laserskega skeniranja. Praktični del diplomskega dela je obsegal skeniranje prelivne stene male hidroelektrarne Melje (MHE Melje) s terestričnim laserskim skenerjem Leica Nova MultiStation MS50. Skenirane podatke smo obdelali s programskim paketom Pointsense, ki je vgrajen v programu AutoCad. Rezultat obdelave je žični ali 3D model prelivne stene. Računali smo še horizontalno in višinsko natančnost detajlnih točk ravnin, ki služijo kot pomoč za izdelavo žičnega modela. The theme of the thesis is the use of terrestrial laser scanning and processing scanned data to determine the movement of the overflow wall. The thesis first describe the theoretical part of the collecting and processing data from laser scanning. Practical part of the thesis consisted of scanning the overflow wall Melje small hydroelectric power plant (SHP Melje) with terrestrial laser scanner Leica Nova MS 50 MultiStation. The scanned data was processed with the software package Pointsense, which is built into AutoCad. The result of the processing is wireframe or 3D model of the overflow wall. We continue to count horizontal and vertical accuracy of detailed points of the planes that serve as an aid for making wireframe.

Pri gradnji objektov imajo zemeljska dela velik vpliv na stroške projekta. Izračuni prostornine zemeljskih del so zato v inženirski geodeziji pogost postopek. Zaradi pogostosti postopka je smiselno, da je delo optimizirano in avtomatizirano. V diplomski nalogi je na kratko opisan izračun prostornine zemeljskih del po metodi prečnih profilov, delovanje programa za izračun prostornine in delo s programom. Poudarek diplomske naloge je praktični del, kjer smo izdelali program, ki izračuna prostornino zemeljskih del in izriše prečne profile. Program je napisan v programskem jeziku Java. When constructing a facility, earthworks have a great impact on the cost of the project. Calculating the volume of earthwork is therefore a common procedure in the field of Geodesy. Because of the frequency of the procedure it is smart to make it as efficient and automated as possible. This bachelor thesis deals with calculating volumes of excavations and volumes of embankments. The emphasis of the thesis is in the practical case study where we developed a computer program for calculating the volume of earthwork. The program is written in Java language.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena analiza kontrole oblike hrbtišča Bloudkove velikanke. Analizo kontrole oblike skakalnice smo izvedli z grafičnimi in analitičnimi postopki na osnovi oblaka točk, ki smo ga dobili s terestričnim laserskim skeniranjem hrbtišča. Bolj podrobno analizo smo opravili za os hrbtišča ter na delu hrbtišča, kjer naj bi nastala manjša poškodba. V nalogi je opisan postopek izmere, uporabljena merska oprema in obdelava pridobljenih podatkov. Večina rezultatov je izračunanih s primerjavo projektiranih dimenzij in oblik s tistimi, ki smo jih določili iz oblaka točk. Ugotovili smo, da profil v osi skakalnice po višini odstopa do največ 4 cm in da se je konstrukcija na mestu poškodbe v smeri normale udrla za 6 cm. In this thesis, we represented the control analysis of the landing hill profile in Planica's Bloudek large ski jumping hill. The more detailed analysis was made on the upper part of the landing hill profile, where minor damage was supposed to appear. The analysis of the control shape of the jumping hill was made by laser scanning the landing slope and thus forming a point cloud. In the thesis, we describe the measuring procedure, and which measuring equipment was used, as well as the processing of the attained data. Most of the results were calculated by comparing the projected dimensions and shapes with the dimensions defined from the point cloud. We have determined that the profile of the jumping hill axis deviates to a maximum 4 centimetres in height, and, that the construction collapsed 6 centimetres in the direction of the normal level on the damaged area.

Ena osnovnih nalog geodezije je natančna določitev položaja (koordinat) v terestričnih koordinatnih sistemih. Zaradi hitrega tehnološkega napredka in razvoja satelitske geodezije lahko danes to nalogo izvajajo tudi uporabniki, ki ne poznajo konceptov satelitskega pozicioniranja. A ne zanima nas le položaj, zelo pomembna je tudi položajna kakovost. Trenutno niti GNSS-sistemi niti GNSS-sprejemniki ne zagotavljajo ustreznih podatkov o kakovosti pridobljenega položaja. Osrednja motivacija za nastanek naloge je ravno pomanjkanje teh podatkov. V diplomski nalogi so predstavljeni osnovni koncepti kodnih opazovanj GNSS. Opisani so sistemi in podsistemi GNSS, ki se jih poslužujejo enofrekvenčni sprejemniki. Pripravili smo dva preizkusa položajne kakovosti: statični in kinematični način. Oba smo izvedli v »skoraj popolnih« in zahtevnih razmerah za sprejem satelitskega signala. One of the basic tasks of geodesy is determination of accurate position (coordinates) in terrestrial coordinate systems. Due to a rapid technological and satellite geodesy development, also a common user nowadays is able to find out his position accurately, despite not being familiar with concepts of satellite aided positioning. Besides position itself, the position quality is of great importance. We may stress that nor GNSS nor GNSS-receivers do not provide relevant information regarding quality of acquired position. Absence of relevant information about positioning quality was the motivation for our testing of few GNSS sensors, available in present-day single-frequency GNSS receivers. GNSS and supporting systems, used by single-frequency GNSS receivers are also described. Two tests were set up for testing position quality: static and kinematic mode. Both were conducted in »near perfect« and difficult conditions. for the reception of satellite signal.

Namen diplomske naloge je analiza in rekonstrukcija katastrskih načrtov na temelju podatkov elaboratov geodetskih storitev za namen izboljšave kakovosti ZKP za študijsko območje v Mestni občini Novo mesto. V diplomski nalogi smo obravnavali katastrsko občino Črešnjice. Teoretični del diplomske naloge vsebuje zgodovinski pregled razvoja zemljiškega katastra v Sloveniji ter zakonski okvir zemljiškega katastra od začetka do danes. V nadaljevanju so na podlagi merjenih podatkov rekonstruirani elaborati, analizirana sestava elaboratov, uporabljeno mersko orodje in metode izmere. Vhodne podatke za analizo smo pridobili na Arhivu Republike Slovenije ter Območni geodetski upravi Novo mesto. Primerjali smo rekonstruirane elaborate z veljavnim zemljiškokatastrskim prikazom ter koristnost elaboratov pri izboljšavi kakovosti zemljiškokatastrskega prikaza. The main purpose of this graduation thesis is the analysis and reconstruction of old cadastral surveying documentation for improvement of land cadastre index maps for the study area in the city municipality of Novo mesto. In this graduation thesis we were dealing with the cadastral municipality Črešnjice. Theoretical part includes historical review of development of land cadastre in Slovenia and legal setting from beginning up today. In the continuation, there is reconstruction of cadastral surveying documents, analyses of formation of cadastral surveying documents, used measuring tool and methods. The input data for the analysis were obtained at the Archive of the Republic of Slovenia and regional office of The surveying and mapping authority in Novo mesto. The results represent comparison of reconstruct cadastral surveying documentation with current land cadastral index map and usability of cadastral surveying documentation for quality improvement of the land cadastre index map.

V diplomski nalogi smo primerjali višine točk, ki smo jih določili s terensko izmero oziroma so bile rezultat aerolaserskega skeniranja. Prvi cilj diplomske naloge je bil opredeliti kakovost višin iz aerolaserskega skeniranja na poraščenih terenih, zato smo za delovišče izbrali gozd v bližini Radovljice. Nadalje smo želeli opredeliti zmožnost določanja položaja s tehnologijo GNSS v listnatem gozdu v obdobju brez bujne vegetacije in pokazati prednost uporabe kombinirane GNSS in klasične terestrične izmere na območjih, kjer imamo težave z direktnim sprejemom signala GNSS. Hipotezo, da na območju listnatega gozda v času brez bujne vegetacije lahko določamo položaj z GNSS, za konkretno delovišče lahko potrdimo, vendar velja omeniti, da bi za to bilo potrebno izvesti precej bolj obsežne teste tudi na drugih deloviščih tekom celotnega leta. Nadalje smo ugotovili, da je ocena kakovosti določitve višin iz aerolaserskega skeniranja s terensko izmero zelo dober postopek za ugotavljanje razlik med višinami, vendar je hkrati tudi zamuden postopek, ki ga splošno ne moremo uporabljati. Uporabimo ga primerih, ko na osnovi poznavanja pomanjkljivosti delovanja tehnologije množičnega zajema podatkov že vnaprej predpostavimo slabšo kakovost določitve višin. The main purpose of this graduation thesis is the comparison of heights, gathered from two completely different procedures. First by aerial laser scanning and second by the terrain field work. We have evaluated the quality of heights on the specific area with high vegetation. For this reason we have decided to perform terrain work in the forest near Radovljica. Furthermore, we wanted to define the GNSS point determination ability in a deciduous forest in the period, excluding lush vegetation. By using combination of GNSS and classical terrestrial methods we have shown advantages of such positioning in the areas with problematic direct GNSS signals’ reception. In this particular case we can confirm the hypothesis, that GNSS positioning in deciduous forest is possible over the period with less vegetation. However, we emphasize that far more studies in different locations and times over the year should be performed to get a general assessment of the possibility of GNSS positioning in deciduous forests. From the results of height quality evaluation we can conclude, that heights from aerial laser scanning should be checked using different technologies, especially by terrain field work. At the same time this is a time consuming procedure that cannot be used in all cases where lidar heights are for wide area studies. Such a procedure of evaluation of quality of heights is used in cases, where a lower quality of results from aerial laser scanning due to the deficiencies of the technology itself is assumed.

Namen diplomske naloge je na območju novozgrajenih objektov Univerze v Ljubljani, Fakultete za kemijo in kemijsko tehnologijo in Fakultete za računalništvo in informatiko, izdelati prečne profile Glinščice ter topografski načrt stanja po končanih gradbenih delih. Za potrebe izmere je bila vzpostavljena geodetska mreža. Približne koordinate točk so bile določene z GNSS-RTK metodo izmere v koordinatnem sistemu D48/GK. Topografska izmera je bila izvedena s klasično terestrično izmero. Za določitev višin točk mreže ter detajlnih točk je bila opravljena izmera po metodi trigonometričnega višinomerstva, mreža je navezana na mestno nivelmansko mrežo 1. reda. Predstavljena je obdelava pridobljenih podatkov, prikazani so rezultati izravnave in končni topografski prikaz ter izrisani prečni profili potoka. Topografski načrt je izdelan v programu GeoPro. Za vse izvedene postopke je bila opravljena tudi analiza natančnosti, ki potrjuje, da so končni izdelki zadovoljive kakovosti. The purpose of this thesis is to create transverse profiles of Glinščica and a topographic map of the situation after completion of construction work in the area of new buildings at the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Faculty of Computer Science and Informatics. For the purpose of the measurements a geodetic network was established. The points of the geodetic network were recorded by GNSS measurement. The topographic survey was carried out by a classic terrestrial measurement. In order to obtain the altitude data, the method of trigonometric levelling was carried out as well as a connection to the city first order levelling network. The processing of the acquired data, the results of levelling and final topographic view and transverse profiles are all presented and shown in the present thesis. The land survey plan is made in the program GeoPro and serves to show the situation after the work carried out in the area. On the river, transverse profiles were obtained to get altitudes on the basis of which the line of the level is defined. An analysis of the accuracy of the altitude presentation was also carried out.

V diplomski nalogi so opisani posamezni koraki izdelave elaborata za vpis širokopasovnega omrežja elektronskih komunikacij v ZK GJI na območju občine Krško. V nalogi so najprej predstavljeni zakonski predpisi, na osnovi katerih se evidentirajo podatki v ZK GJI. Potem sledi opis načina zajemanja objektov in omrežij elektronskih komunikacij, priporočena lokacijska natančnost ter metode izmere (klasične in GNSS metode izmere). V nadaljevanju sledi opis uporabljenega instrumentarija pri izmeri, opis programske opreme ter način obdelave podatkov ter vpis v ZK s pomočjo programskega modula Infra 2. Na koncu diplomske naloge je predstavljena vsebina elaborata za vpis v ZK GJI in potrebni dokumenti za posredovanje zajetih podatkov na Geodetsko upravo republike Slovenija. The thesis describes the individual steps of writing a detailed expert report to enter the broadband network of electronic communications in the municipality of Krško into ZK GJI. It begins by presenting the legal regulations covering the recording of data into ZK GJI. That is followed by a decription of the manner of recording buildings and networks of electronic communications, the recommended location accuracy and the methods of measurement (classic and GNSS methods of measurement). That is followed by a description of used measuring apparatus, the actual software used and the ways of processing the data and entry into ZK using the programme module Infra 2. The thesis concludes with a presentation of the contents of the detailed expert report for entry into ZK GJI and of the documents neccessary to forward the captured data to the Surverying and mapping authority of the Republic of Slovenia.

V nalogi smo preverili kakovost določitve položajev točk v koordinatnem sistemu ETRS89 z različnimi dolžinami trajanja opazovanj pri RTK-metodi izmere GNSS. Dolžine so se nanašale na interval od 5 sekund pa vse do 5 minut po kakovostno izvedeni inicializaciji. Postopek ugotavljanja razlik je potekal podobno, kot poteka preizkus RTK-instrumentov po standardu ISO17123-8. Na delovišču v bližini Trbovelj smo vzpostavili mrežo treh točk, katerih položaje smo najprej določili s statično izmero GNSS z naknadno obdelavo opazovanj. Podatke opazovanj GNSS statične metode izmere smo obdelali na več načinov z navezavo na različne stalne postaje državnega omrežja SIGNAL: Trebnje, Celje, Ljubljano ter z navezavo na virtualno referenčno stojišče VRS. Pri tem smo ugotavljali, kolikšen je najkrajši časovni interval izvedbe opazovanj za kakovostno določitev položaja s statično metodo izmere. Nadalje smo položaje istih točk določili z RTK-metodo izmere ob uporabi instrumenta Leica 900. Položaje smo določili večkrat z neodvisnimi inicializacijami in z različnimi dolžinami trajanja opazovanj po inicializaciji. Ugotovili smo, da v primeru uporabe instrumenta Leica 900 pri RTK-določitvi položaja ni bistvenih razlik, če izvajamo nadaljnje meritve na detajlnih točkah krajši ali daljši čas po izvedeni inicializaciji. In this graduation thesis we have checked the quality of RTK-point positioning in the coordinate system ETRS89 with various occupation durations. The occupation durations were related to the interval from 5 seconds and up to 5 minutes after the successful initialization. The process of identifying differences has been performed similar to the methodology of RTK-instrument testing according to the standard ISO17123-8. First we have established a three-point network at the area of Trbovlje and further performed static GNSS measurements. By several different post-processing strategies we have acquired coordinates that were used as the reference for further studies. We have used observations from three permanent stations of the national continuously operating reference station network SIGNAL, i.e. Trebnje, Celje, Ljubljana and finally also VRS station to acquire final coordinates from post-processing. Meanwhile we have tried to find out the minimal occupation duration for quality baseline determination from fast-static measurements. Positions of the three points were determined using Leica 900 instrument for RTK-method performance. Positions were determined by several independent initializations and by different occupation durations. We have found that in the case of the instrument Leica 900 there are no significant differences between positions of detail points, acquired from different occupation durations after the initialization.

Diplomska naloga obravnava geodetska dela pri gradnji montažnega objekta Incom, ki so predpisana z zakoni, predpisi. Predstavljena so geodetska dela, ki jih je bilo potrebno izvesti pred, med in po gradnji objekta. Najprej je potrebno izdelati geodetski načrt obstoječega stanja. Sledi razvitje geodetske mreže na območju gradnje ter priprava parcele za gradnjo. Na podlagi izdelane projektne dokumentacije in izdanega gradbenega dovoljenja sledi zakoličba objekta ter objektov gospodarske javne infrastrukture. Na koncu so predstavljena geodetska dela izvedena po gradnji objekta, kamor spadajo izdelava geodetskega načrta končnega stanja ter tehnične dokumentacije. The thesis describes the geodetic works on the assemble construction of building Incom that are regulated in laws and other legal acts. It represents geodetic work before, during and after the construction. First it is necessary to make the geodetic plan, the development of geodetic net and preparation of parcels for construction. Based on the project documentation and the building permit, the buildings and objects of economical public infrastructure are marked out. At the end the geodetic works after construction are described which includes making geodetic plan and technical documentation.

V diplomski nalogi predstavljamo uporabo RTK-metode izmere pri izračunu volumna nasipa tekom terenske izmere. Za določitev položajev točk smo uporabili instrument Leica Viva GS15, ki vključuje programe za izračun volumna iz diskretnih točk. V dani nalogi smo z namenom ocene napake, ki izhaja iz različno razporejenih diskretnih točk na nasipu, položaje točk določili dvakrat neodvisno. V nadaljevanju smo iste položaje diskretnih točk uporabili za naknadni izračun volumna v programu Surfer, ki vključuje več možnosti interpolacij ploskev in posledično več možnosti za izračun volumna. Cilj je bil ugotoviti, na osnovi katere interpolacije in velikosti mrežne celice poteka izračun volumna z s programom Survey+, ki ga vključuje instrument Leica Viva. Za konkretno delovišče smo ugotovili, da na velikost izračunanega volumna vpliva velikost območja, medtem ko izbira velikosti mrežnih celic na izračun izrazito ne vpliva. Pokazali smo, da izbira različnih interpolacij precej vpliva na izračunano vrednost volumna in da je smiselno izračunati volumen na osnovi dveh neodvisnih vzorcev. Nazadnje smo potrdili, da v programu Survey+ instrumenta Leica Viva poteka izračun volumnov s triangulacijo z linearno interpolacijo ob velikosti mrežnih celic približno centimeter. The graduation thesis presents the application of RTK-positioning method for calculating the volume of the landfill in real time. At the field work we have used instrument Leica Viva GS15, which includes programs to calculate the volume from discrete points while measuring. The first purpose of the study was to estimate the error resulting from two sets of discrete point positions that were gathered independently. Two independent sets of points’ positions were used to estimate the difference of volume computation due to different spaced discrete points on the landfill. Furthermore, we have used the same positions of discrete points for the subsequent volume calculation in the program Surfer, which includes several interpolations and consequently several options of volume calculation. The objective was to examine which interpolation method and grid-cell size is used for volume calculation in the Leica Viva Survey+ software. For the specific landfill we found out that the volume calculation is strongly affected by the size of the area of the landfill, while the size of the grid distinctly does not affect the final solution. We have shown that various interpolations significant impact the calculated volume, and that it makes sense to calculate the volume from independent samples of discrete points. Finally, we confirmed that the Survey+ program uses triangulation with linear interpolation at the grid about the size of a centimeter.

V diplomski nalogi predstavljamo rezultate terenskih izmer GNSS v maju 2014 in aprilu 2015, in sicer pred in po vklopu nove GNSS-stalne postaje v omrežje SIGNAL. Nova GNSS-stalna postaja se nahaja v Idriji, zato so bila delovišča terenske izmere vezana na problematična območja Notranjske in dela Gorenjske. Delovišča so se nahajala v Gorenji vasi, Žireh, Idriji in Črnem Vrhu. Na teh območjih je bila pred vključitvijo nove stalne postaje zaradi večjih oddaljenosti od stalnih postaj GNSS velikokrat problematična izvedba opazovanj z RTKmetodo izmere in obdelava opazovanj statične izmere GNSS. Na vsakem od posameznih delovišč smo izvedli statično izmero GNSS in RTK-metodo izmere z namenom primerjave položajev točk. Cilj diplomske naloge je bil ugotoviti, za koliko se je izboljšala kakovost določitve položaja z RTK-metodo izmere na območju delovišč z vklopom nove GNSS-stalne postaje v omrežje SIGNAL. In our thesis, we present the results of the GNSS fieldwork measurements of May 2014 and April 2015, namely before and after the integration of the new GNSS permanent station into the network SIGNAL. The new GNSS permanent station is located in Idrija, so the sites of the fieldwork measurements were bound up with the problematic areas of Inner Carniola and a part of Upper Carniola. The sites were located in Gorenja vas, Žiri, Idrija and Črni Vrh. In these areas, the realization of the observations with the RTK measurement method and the processing of the observations of the GNSS static measurement were often problematic before the integration of the new permanent station because of larger distances from the permanent stations. At each individual site, we performed the GNSS static measurement and the RTK measurement method with the purpose of comparing the points positions. The aim of our thesis was to establish how the quality of defining the position with the RTK measurement method in the area of the sites improved with the integration of the new GNSS permanent station into the network SIGNAL.

V diplomski nalogi primerjamo višine, pridobljene z GNSS-višinomerstvom, z višinami iz digitalnega modela površja, izdelanega z malim brezpilotnim letalnikom. Meritve so potekale v naselju Vače v okviru terenskih vaj. Koordinate točk smo na terenu pridobili z RTK-metodo izmere GNSS. Istočasno z izmero GNSS je območje preletaval brezpilotni letalnik podjetja Geavis d. o. o. S pomočjo programske opreme so v podjetju iz posnetih fotografij izdelali digitalni model površja, ki je bil predmet primerjave višin, ter ortofoto, ki smo ga uporabili pri obdelavi podatkov. GNSS-točke smo klasificirali v tri razrede: cesta, pokošen travnik, nepokošen travnik. S primerjavo obeh načinov pridobitve višine na istih točkah smo ločeno po razredih izračunali višinske razlike. Ugotovili smo, da le-te večinoma presegajo doseženo točnost določitve položajev z RTK-metodo izmere. Višinske razlike so najmanjše na pokošenem in največje na nepokošenem travniku. Iz tega lahko zaključimo, da je pri interpretaciji višin iz digitalnega modela reliefa oziroma površja, narejenega z brezpilotnim letalnikom, potrebna določena mera kritičnosti, še posebej na območjih z večjo vegetacijo. In this graduation thesis heights gathered from GNSS levelling are being compared with heights from digital surface model (DSM), made with an unmanned aerial vehicle. The measurements took place in the Vače village. Points in the field were measured with the real time kinematic method of GNSS levelling. At the same time an unmanned aerial vehicle, owned by Geavis d. o. o. company, flew over the area and took photographs of it. Using their software they made a digital surface model, which we used for camparison. They also created an ortophoto to help us recognize points on site. Measured points were divided into three classes: road, mowed grassfield and unmowed grassfield. From compared heights of the same points, acquired from GNSS and DSM, for each class differences in heights were computed. They exceeded the possible accuracy of RTK-method of GNSS-levelling, with smallest differences at the mowed grassfield and biggest at the unmowed ones. Based on our results we suggest caution when using DSM height data from unmanned aerial vehicle, especially in the areas with high vegetation.

Pri transformaciji koordinat pridobljenih z GNSS izmero v lokalni koordinatni sistem je potrebno tudi višine preračunati iz elipsoidnih v nadmorske za kar potrebujemo dobro določen model geoida. V nalogi sem preveril, kolikšno je odstopanja državnega modela geoida SLOG2000 (Pribičević, 2000) od dejanske vrednosti na območju Radovljice z interpolacijo ravnine, ki predstavlja potek geoida na izbranem območju. Ravnina je bila interpolirana preko točk na katerih se je izvajala statična GNSS izmera s katero smo določili elipsoidne višine in nivelman za pridobitev nadmorskih višin. Po analizi rezultatov je bilo razvidno, da državni model geoida na obravnavanem območju odstopa za povprečno 10 centimetrov. At the transformation of the GNSS measured coordinates to the local coordinate system it’s necessary to convert heights from the ellipsoid system to heights above sea level (altitude), for what we need well defined geoid model. In this thesis I checked what is the derogation of national geoid model (SLOG2000) from the actual values on the area of Radovljica by interpolation of the local geoid undulation plane which represents actual values. Plane was interpolated over the points on which we conducted static GNSS survey for ellipsoid heights and leveling measurements for the above sea heights. Result analyze showed that average national geoid model derogation on the selected area is 10 centimeters.

Namen diplomske naloge je določitev meje strnjenih vaških naselij glede na različne kazalnike na podlagi razpoložljivih prostorskih podatkov. V teoretičnem delu so predstavljene različne definicije meje naselja od slovenske prostorske zakonodaje do različnih avtorjev, ki so se ukvarjali s proučevanjem naselij. Na podlagi razpoložljivih podatkov in izbranih kazalnikov smo na primeru treh testnih naseljih Gorica in Studenčice v Občini Radovljica ter Kočna v Občini Jesenice, določili mejo naselja za vsakega od obravnavanih naselij. Vsa tri naselja spadajo po tipologiji v strnjena vaška naselja (Fister, 1993, 20). Mejo naselja smo določili s pomočjo podatkov o katastrski občini (GURS, 2014), o meji naselja iz Registra prostorskih enot (GURS, 2014), o Evidenci dejanske rabe kmetijskih in gozdnih zemljišč (MKO, 2013), o namenski rabi prostora (Prostorski red Občine Radovljica, 2012 in Občinski prostorski načrt Občine Jesenice, 2013) ter na podlagi določanja odmikov (angl. »buffer«) od objektov. Dobljene rezultate za posamezno naselje smo medsebojno primerjali. Ugotovili smo, da meje naselja ne moremo določiti na podlagi meje katastrske občine in meje naselja iz Registra prostorskih enot. Ostalih pet kazalnikov je dalo primerljive rezultate. Ugotavljamo, da je za smiselno določitev meje strnjenega vaškega naselja nujna kombinacija večjega števila kazalnikov ter kadar je le mogoče tudi terenski ogled. Prenos kazalnikov za posamezen tip naselja na raven vseh naselij v Sloveniji je težaven zaradi velike raznolikosti Slovenije ter različnih naravnogeografskih okolij, ki na podlagi preizkusa na treh izbranih primerih naselij ni mogoč. The purpose of the thesis is to determine the boundaries of dense rural settlements according to various indicators on the basis of available spatial data. In the theoretical part we’re presenting different definitions of the boundaries of the village of Slovenian spatial planning legislation to the various authors who have dealt with the study of settlements. Based on the available data and the indicators we defined in the case of three test areas Gorica and Studenčice in Municipality of Radovljica and Kočna in Municipality of Jesenice, we set boundary of settlement for each of mentioned settlements. All three settlements belonging by the typology to the compact village settlements (Fister, 1993). Boundary of the village were determined using data on cadastral municipality (GURS, 2014), on the border of the village from the Register of Spatial Units (GURS, 2014), on the Record of the actual use of agricultural and forest land (MKO, 2013), on purposely land use (Spatial order Municipality Radovljica, 2012 and the Municipal spatial Plan of the Municipality of Jesenice, 2013) and on the basis of determining deviations (»buffer«) of objects. We compared the results obtained for each village and found out that the boundaries of the village can’t be determined on the basis of the cadastral municipality borders and boundaries of the village from the Register of spatial units. The other five indicators gave comparable results. We can establish that for a reasonable determination of boundaries of the compact village settlements, is essential to combine a large number of indicators and whenever possible the field visit. Transfer of indicators for each type of settlement to the level of the whole settlements of Slovenia is difficult due to the great diversity of Slovenia and because of nature-geographical environments variety and is not possible only on basis of the test on those three selected cases of settlements.

Diplomska naloga opisuje direktivo INSPIRE, ki zahteva, da članice Evropske unije v določenem roku uredijo prostorske podatke tako, da bodo v skladu s predpisanimi določili. Podan je pregled trenutnega stanja prostorskih podatkov v Nemčiji in Sloveniji, ki obsega koordinacijsko strukturo za izvajanje direktive, zbirke podatkov, ki jih vodita državi, ter upravljavce zbirk podatkov. Povzeta sta dva konkretna primera implementacije direktive, ki prikazujeta zahteve direktive INSPIRE to sta temi iz prve skupine direktive, in sicer »Referenčni koordinatni sistemi« ter »Hidrografija«. Podana je primerjava izvajanja direktive med Slovenijo in Nemčijo za omenjeni področji. This bachelor thesis presents INSPIRE directive, which claims that EU members define time implement spatial data as it is defined in its data specification. It contains an overview of the current state of spatial data in Germany and Slovenia, which includes coordination structure of both countries, spatial data sets and its managers. There are two current examples of implementing the rules described and those are »Coordinate reference systems« and »Hydrography«. The comparison of implementing the rules of INSPIRE directive between Slovenia and Germany is made for above mentioned examples.

V diplomski nalogi smo analizirali namensko rabo prostora na podlagi občinskih prostorskih aktov na območju občin Ormož, Središče ob Dravi in Sveti Tomaž, ki so bile do leta 2006 del skupne predhodne Občine Ormož. Primerjali smo spremembe prostorskih sestavin dolgoročnega in srednjeročnega plana Občine Ormož (PS DSPO, 2003) z veljavnimi občinskimi prostorskimi načrti (OPN Ormož (2013), OPN Središče ob Dravi (2012) in OPN Sveti Tomaž (2011)). Podrobno namensko rabo smo izvedli za mesto Ormož, pri čemer smo PS DSPO (2003) dopolnili z Urbanistično zasnovo mesta Ormož (UZ, 1994). Podatke smo uredili in analizirali v programu ArcGIS 10.2, vse rezultate smo prikazali v preglednicah in s kartami. Na celotnem območju smo ugotovili manjšo porast stavbnih zemljišč na račun zmanjšanja kmetijskih zemljišč, veliko sprememb pa je posledica drugačne metodologije razvrščanja v posamezne kategorije namenske rabe prostora. In the diploma paper we analyzed the land use changes on the basis of municipal spatial planning documents. The analysis referred to the municipalities of Ormož, Središče ob Dravi, and Sveti Tomaž which had all represented one common Municipality of Ormož until 2006. We compared the changes of spatial planning components in long-term and middle-term plans of the Municipality of Ormož (PS DSPO 2003) to the valid municipal spatial plans (Ormož (2013), Središče ob Dravi (2012) and Sveti Tomaž (2011)). We conducted a detailed spatial planning analysis for the town of Ormož, completing PS DSPO (2003) with the urban design town planning of Ormož (UZ, 1994). The data were analyzed and sorted in the program ArcGIS 10.2, all the results were shown in tables and maps. In the whole region we found out that there was a small increase of construction land on account of the decrease of farm land. A lot of changes have arisen as the consequence of different methodology and sorting into individual categories of land use allocation.

V diplomski nalogi je opisana izdelava programa za izravnavo višinskih mrež VIM.NET v okolju Microsoft .NET, natančneje z uporabo programskega jezika VB.NET. Program je naslednik programa ViM avtorjev Tomaža Ambrožiča ter Gorana Turka, vendar pa programa razen izmenjevalnih datotek ter namena nimata skoraj nič skupnega. VIM.NET, kot se imenuje nastali program, je spisan s pomočjo drugačne tehnologije ter ima poleg novega uporabniškega vmesnika tudi novo programsko ozadje. V diplomski nalogi je opisano teoretično ozadje programa, ki se nadaljuje z navodili za namestitev in pravilno uporabo, opisom uporabniškega vmesnika ter z načrti za prihodnost novega programa. In the graduation thesis you will find a description of the development of a program for height network adjustment built using the Microsoft .NET framework, more specifically using the programming language VB.NET. The program is considered a spiritual successor to the program ViM by authors Tomaž Ambrožič and Goran Turk, as the two have little more in common than the interchange file format and their purpose – VIM.NET, as the newly developed program was named, was written using a vastly different technology and has a new user interface as well as a new background. This thesis presents the theoretical background of the program, followed by installation instructions, instructions for proper use, description of the user interface and finally the plans for the future of the new program.

Diplomska naloga temelji na analizi trga zemljišč na območju Pomurske statistične regije. Predstavljeni so osnovni pojmi s področja trga nepremičnin in dejavniki, ki vplivajo na vrednost nepremičnine. Zbrani so podatki o oglaševanih in prodajnih cenah zemljišč na območju Pomurske statistične regije. Na podlagi podatkov je izdelana statistična analiza posameznih cen zemljišč na različnih razvojnih stopnjah in primerjava med oglaševanimi in prodajnimi cenami zemljišč na območju celotne regije, lokalnih skupnosti v regiji in na območju treh izbranih lokalnih skupnosti z največ podatki. Zaradi pomanjkanja podatkov o cenah zemljišč na nekaterih razvojnih stopnjah je v zaključku ocenjena tudi tržna vrednost zemljišč na podlagi metode razvoja zemljišča. S pomočjo izračunane odškodnine zaradi spremembe namembnosti zemljišča, komunalnega prispevka in projekta za pridobitev gradbenega dovoljenja so ocenjene tržne vrednosti zemljišč na obravnavanih razvojnih stopnjah na območju občine Moravske Toplice. Rezultati analize so pokazali, da obstajajo velike razlike med oglaševanimi in prodajnimi cenami zemljišč, ki so posledica različnih dejavnikov, odvisnih predvsem od lokacije zemljišča in razmerja med ponudbo in povpraševanjem na trgu zemljišč. Razlika je tudi pri ceni oglaševanih in prodanih zemljišč na enoto pri prehodu iz ene razvojne faze v drugo. The diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the land market in the Pomurska statistical region. The basic concepts of the real estate market are presented, as well as the factors which affect the value of real estate. Data on advertised and selling prices of land properties in the Pomurska statistical region was collected. Based on the collected data, a statistical analysis was made for land prices in several developmental stages, as well as a comparison between advertised and selling prices of land properties across the region and local communities. Due to lack of data on land prices, the market value of land at various development stages in the municipality of Moravske Toplice was assessed using the land development method. The results of the analysis have shown that there is a big difference between the advertised and selling prices, which is the consequence of various factors, mainly depends on the location of the land and the balance between supply and demand on the real estate market. There is also a difference between the advertised and selling prices of land properties per m2 at different land development stages.

V diplomskem delu smo predstavili arhivska gradiva franciscejskega katastra za Štajersko in preverili uporabnost teh podatkov za rekonstrukcijo stanja v prostoru ter izvedli analizo sprememb v prostoru. Teoretični del naloge sestavlja kratek pregled zgodovine zemljiškega katastra po svetu in v Sloveniji ter predstavitev grafičnega in pisnega operata takratnega katastra. Analitično je obravnavano območje katastrske občine Destrnik, kjer smo preverjali spremembe v prostoru med stanjem v letu 1824 (podatki franciscejskega katastra) in današnjim stanjem (podatki zemljiškega katastra iz leta 2014) ter spremembe v prostoru v zadnjih dvanajstih letih (2002–2014). V ta namen smo izvedli primerjalne analize rabe zemljišč, parcelne strukture in izdelali karto območja ledin. Za izvedbo analiz in izdelavo tematskih kart smo uporabili programsko orodje ArcGIS 10.2. Ugotovili smo, da se je na obravnavanem območju v rabi zemljišč in tudi v parcelni strukturi zemljišč v zadnjih dveh stoletjih zgodilo veliko sprememb. Rezultati so predstavljeni grafično v obliki tematskih kart in numerično v preglednicah. This graduation thesis includes a presentation of archived documents of the Styrian Franziscean Land Cadastre, a verification of the usefulness of this data for reconstruction of the geospatial situation in the region, and an analysis of changes there. The theoretical part of the graduation thesis is composed of a short review of the worldwide and Slovenian land cadastre history, and a presentation of the graphic and attribute elements of the cadastre from that period. The analysis was conducted in the area of the Cadastral Community of Destrnik, where spatial changes in the area were examined, comparing the situation in 1824 (data from the Franziscean Land Cadastre) to the current situation (data from the land cadastre from 2014), and establishing changes in the period of last twelve years (2002–2014). For that purpose, a comparative analysis of land use and land plot structure was carried out, and map of fallows was made. The software tool ArcGIS 10.2 was used for the analysis and creation of thematic maps. The main findings are that there have been many changes in land use and plot structure in the last few centuries in the analysed area. The results are presented graphically using thematic maps, and numerically in tables.

Opravljen je bil podroben pregled delovanja in tehnoloških zmožnosti optičnih satelitov s trenutno najvišjimi prostorskimi ločljivostmi. Zbrani so bili tehnični podatki obravnavanih satelitov, med katerimi so najbolj dovršeni sateliti operaterja DigitalGlobe. V kontekstu zgodovinskega razvoja, so v drugem delu obravnavane storitve, ki jih vršijo obravnavani ponudniki visokoločljivostnih posnetkov. Poleg nakupa osnovnega posnetka, ima danes uporabnik na vol jo široko paleto specifičnih produktov in storitev, glede na njegove potrebe v zvezi z kvaliteto, časom dostave posnetkov itd. Opravljena je primerjava cen in širok spekter tipov naročil, katerih se lahko poslužujemo. Na koncu je predstavljeno trenutno stanje industrije visokoločljivostnega daljinskega zaznavanja. Trendi, ki se pojavljajo zaradi tehnološkega napredka, vključevanja novih ponudnikov in zmanjšanega državnega financiranja botrujejo k večjemu naboru ponudbe storitev, večji ažurnosti in boljši ločljivosti posnetkov. A detailed review of technological features and capabilities of currently most advanced optical satellites in terms of spatial resolution was done. Technical data of selected satellites was gathered among witch, the most advanced ones are operated by company DigitalGlobe. In the second part of this analysis we reviewed the available services of individual high-resolution imagery providers in the context of historical development. Besides purchase of basic images, a user can choose among a wide variety of different products and services, depending on his needs in terms of quality and delivery of images etc. A comparison of prices and different types of orders available to the end user was made. In the last part, a review of current state of high-resolution remote sensing market is made. Trends that are occurring due to technological advancements, participation of new service providers and a decrease in governmental financing, is contribut ing to wider range of available services, faster delivery and better accuracy of imagery.

Namen diplomske naloge je predstaviti in analizirati spremembe osnovne in podrobne namenske rabe prostora občin Tolmin in Kanal na podlagi sprejetih prostorskih aktov, ki se nanašajo na spremembe in dopolnitve prostorskih sestavin srednjeročnega in dolgoročnega družbenega plana občin, urbanistične načrte in občinska prostorska načrta. Omejili smo se na obdobje od leta 1982 do 2012. Osnovno namensko rabo smo izdelali in analizirali za celotni območji občin, podrobno pa le za naselja Tolmin z okolico ter Kanal in Deskle z okolico. Obdelane podatke smo prikazali na kartah v merilu 1:75000 in 1:50000, za osnovno namensko rabo prostora, ter 1:7500 in 1:17500 za podrobno namensko rabo prostora. Za vse kategorije namenske rabe prostora smo izračunali površine in njihove deleže glede na obravnavana območja, razlike med površinami ter naredili primerjavo površin s številom prebivalstva v posamezni občini. Uporabili smo število prebivalstva iz leta 2002 in 2014. Rezultati so pokazali zmanjšanje območij stanovanj in najboljših kmetijskih zemljišč ter povečanje območij centralnih dejavnosti, proizvodnih dejavnosti in zelenih površin. The purpose of this study is to present and analyze the changes of basic, and land use on the space of the municipalities Tolmin and Kanal. It is based on the accepted spatial acts, which refer to the changes and completions of the spatial components of the middle-term and long-term social plan for the municipalities, the urban plans and the municipal spatial acts. The study is limited to the period between the years 1982 and 2012. The basic use is made out and analyzed for the entire area of both municipalities, whereas the land use only for town Tolmin with its surroundings and towns Kanal and Deskle with their surroundings. The basic use is represented on the maps in scale 1:75000 and 1:50000 and land use on the maps in scale 1:7500 and 1:17500. Calculations were made for surfaces and their parts of the entire area for all categories of basic and land use. Also differences between the surfaces and comparison of surfaces to the number of inhabitants were calculated. For analyzing results was used number of inhabitants from the years 2002 and 2014. The results show decrease of residential areas and best agricultural lands, but on the other side, increase of precincts of the central activities, activities of production and the green areas.

V diplomski nalogi obravnavamo način določitve transformacijskih parametrov 3D-podobnostne transformacije med starim in novim državnim koordinatnim sistemom. Transformacijske parametre določamo za območje Bohinjske Bele. Na začetku naloge smo podali teoretično razlago o koordinatnih sistemih, opis posameznih koordinatnih sistemov (D48/GK, D96/TM in ETRS89) ter opis postopka transformacije med njimi. Ker je velik del izračunov potekal s pomočjo spletne aplikacije SiTraNet, sledi opis le te. V naslednjem delu smo opisali praktični del naloge. Najprej smo okvirno predstavili območje, sledi opis meritev s statično metodo GNSS in postopek, kako priti do končnih koordinat. Ko so zbrani vsi podatki, je mogoče opraviti izračun transformacijskih parametrov. Opravili smo primerjavo rezultatov transformacij s parametri, ki smo jih izračunali sami in tistimi, ki so podani v okviru spletne aplikacije SiTraNet. V zadnjem delu smo opisali postopek izdelave geodetskega načrta na območju dela vojašnice na Bohinjski Beli, ki je glavni razlog za izdelavo te diplomske naloge. Sledi še zaključek, v katerem smo predstavili ugotovitve in zaključke dela na nalogi. In the graduation thesis we will determine the relation between the new and old national coordinate system in Slovenia for the elaboration of the detailed survey plan. The survey plan has to be elaborated in the old national reference system but the measurement method used for the coordinate determination enables coordinates in the new one. For the establishment of the relation between the old and new national coordinate system we will deal with 3D-similarity transformations. In the beginning the brief theoretical presentation of individual coordinate systems (D48/GK, D96/TM and ETRS89) used in Slovenia is given, which is followed with the descriptions of basic relations between them. Following is the description of the internet application SiTraNet which is used in most of the calculations. The practical part is described next. Firstly we in short present the area under consideration and after we describe the methods of measurements for the coordinate determination. We will compare the transformation results with the parameters we calculated and the parameters that were found on SiTraNet application. The last part describes the practical procedure of the survey plan elaboration. The conclusion includes our findings at the end.

V zadnjem obdobju se je pojavil trend naraščanja uporabe malih brezpilotnih letalnikov na različnih področjih civilne uporabe. Fotogrametrično snemanje z malimi brezpilotnimi letalniki omogoča pridobitev aeroposnetkov visoke prostorske ločljivosti za manjša območja, ki se lahko uporabijo za izdelavo fotogrametričnega oblaka točk in ortofota. V nalogi smo preizkusili uporabnost takšnega sistema za snemanje in izdelavo geodetskega načrta manjšega urbanega območja. Pri tem nas je predvsem zanimalo, katere detajle geodetskega načrta se iz tako pridobljenih podatkov lahko zajame, kje so prednosti in omejitve ter morebitne težave. Detajl smo zajemali iz fotogrametričnega oblaka točk s programom RiSCAN PRO v dveh korakih. V prvem koraku smo detajl zajeli zgolj iz fotogrametričnega oblaka točk, v drugem koraku pa smo si za interpretacijo vsebine pomagali z ortofotom. Naredili smo tudi primerjavo med zajetimi podatki iz fotogrametričnega oblaka in podatki terestričnega laserskega skeniranja. Po vseh korakih zajema smo izdelali geodetski načrt. Končne ugotovitve in oceno uporabnosti bližnjeslikovnih aeroposnetkov za izdelavo geodetskega načrta smo podali v zaključku. Over the last couple of years the usage of small UAV (unmanned aerial vehicles) in various fields of civilian use has grown extensively. Photogrammetric image acquisition with small unmanned aerial vehicles allows us to acquire high spatial resolution images of small areas, which can be used for the production of photogrammetric point clouds and orthophotos. In this graduation thesis we have examined the usefulness of a UAV system for data acquisition and the generation of a geodetic plan of a small urban area. We were focused to find out which details for the geodetic plan can be obtained from the data acquired by UAV, as well as to investigate the strengths, the limits and potential problems of the used method. The detail was acquired from the photogrammetric point cloud with the RiSCAN PRO software in two steps. In the first step, the detail was acquired only from the photogrammetric point cloud, in the second step, the orthophoto has been additionally used for interpretation of the contents. The comparison between the detail obtained from the photogrammetric point cloud and the data acquired by terrestrial laser scanning was done as well. After all these steps the geodetic plan was accomplished. Final observations and the evaluation of the usefulness of close-range aerial images for the generation of the geodetic plan are given in the conclusion.

V diplomski nalogi predstavljamo rezultate terenske izmere GNSS v januarju in marcu 2014 na delu Cerkniškega jezera, podrobneje v okolici vasi Dolenje Jezero. Izmeri smo delali v času pred in po žledolomu ter kasnejši nadpovprečno povečani višini vodostaja jezera. V nalogi opisujemo rezultate in ugotovitve s področja določitve srednje nadmorske višine gladine jezera ter kakovosti uporabljenega DMR-ja. Prvi del diplomske naloge se nanaša na teoretični opis metod izmere GNSS, v nadaljevanju pa se osredotočimo na opis GNSS izmere na terenu. V praktičnem delu naloge izpostavimo težave, ki so se pojavile pri obdelavi opazovanj statične metode izmere GNSS. Preverili smo natančnost RTK-metode izmere z navezavo na VRS na danem območju. Glavni del naloge zajema grafične prikaze srednjih nadmorskih višin gladine jezera, določenih s pomočjo merjenih diskretnih točk z RTK-metodo izmere. Cilj naloge v tem delu je primerjava podatkov RTK-metode izmere vodostaja s simulacijo vodostaja, izvedeno na podlagi DMR-ja v času poplav. V povezavi s primerjavo rezultatov na grafični podlagi ortofota predstavimo nihanje vodne gladine. V zaključnem delu diplomske naloge so podani predlogi za možno nadgradnjo naloge v prihodnosti. This thesis presents the results of field measurement of GNSS at a part of lake Cerknica, more specifically in the surroundings of the village Dolenje Jezero, in January and March 2014. We took measures before and after the sleet storm and later when the amount of water was increased above the average water level of the lake. We describe the results and findings of determining the medium-altitude surface of the lake and the quality of the DTM. The first part of the thesis concerns the theoretical description of the methods GNSS surveying, later we focused on the description of GNSS surveying on the field. In the practical part of the thesis the problems encountered in the processing of observations static GNSS surveying methods are highlightened. We checked the accuracy of RTKmeasurement method with reference to the VRS in a given area. The main part of the thesis includes graphic displays of a medium altitude surface of the lake set by using the measured discrete points with RTK-method of surveying. The aim of the task in this part is to compare the data of the RTK-method measurement of water levels to the DTM based simulation of water level during the flood. Fluctuation of water levels was introduced with the comparison of the results on the graphic basis of orthophoto. The final part of the thesis points out the suggestions for a possible upgrade of the task in the future.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen problem nevarnih skal v občini Straža. S polarno metodo izmere so bile na terenu določene nevarne skale ter izračunana povprečna položajna natančnost posnetih detajlnih točk. Diplomska naloga vsebuje tudi različne prikaze skal ter prečne profile terena. Izvedena je tudi RockfallNET analiza, ki podaja vpliv gozda na padajoče skale. The aim of this diploma thesis is to presents the problem of dangerous rocks in municipality Straža. The rocks were set by the polar method of surveying and calculated the average positional accuracy of the detailed points. The thesis also contains various displays of rocks and the transverse profile of the terrain. An analysis was done with program RockfallNET, which gives as result protection of forest against falling rocks.

V nalogi obravnavamo določitev koordinat točk z GNSS-metodami izmere na območju, ki se nahaja v okolici slovensko-hrvaške državne meje, podrobneje v Razkrižju, v Šafarskem in v Gibini. Za vzpostavitev koordinatne osnove smo uporabili hitro statično izmero GNSS in RTK-metodo izmere. Opazovanja hitre statične metode izmere smo obdelali dvakrat neodvisno: najprej z navezavo na stalno delujočo postajo GNSS slovenskega omrežja SIGNAL v Lendavi, nato pa z navezavo na stalno delujočo postajo GNSS hrvaškega omrežja CROPOS v Čakovcu. Analizirali smo in primerjali delovanje omrežja stalnih postaj Hrvaške in Slovenije. V prvi fazi smo primerjali rezultate naknadne obdelave hitre statične metode izmere GNSS z navezavami na stalne postaje različnih državnih omrežij. V drugi fazi smo naredili RTK-metodo izmere GNSS na hrvaškem ozemlju, enkrat v okviru omrežja SIGNAL, drugič pa v okviru omrežja CROPOS, in pridobljene rezultate primerjali. Ker smo meritve izvajali na trajno stabiliziranih točkah z danimi koordinatami v koordinatnem sistemu D48/GK, smo na danem območju v Sloveniji naredili tudi hitro analizo kvalitete uradnih transformacijskih parametrov 7-parametrične transformacije za območje Pomurja. The thesis deals with determining the coordinates of the points with GNSS surveying methods in the area located near the Slovenian - Croatian border, to be more specific in Razkrižje in Šafarsko and Gibina. To establish a coordinate basis, we have used fast static GNSS surveying and RTK measurement method. Measurements of fast static survey methods were analyzed independently twice: first, by connecting to the constantly active Slovenian GNSS network station SIGNAL in Lendava, and then by connecting to the constantly active Croatian GNSS station network CROPOS in Čakovec. We have analyzed and compared the performance of the networks of permanent GNSS stations in Croatia and Slovenia. In the first phase, we have compared the results of the post-processing of fast static GNSS measurement methods with a link to permanent refernce stations of various national networks. In the second phase we have performed RTK–surveying method GNNS on Croatian territory, first with the network SIGNAL and second time in the context of network CROPOS, and obtained results were compared. Since the measurements were carried out on permanently stabilized points with given coordinates in a coordinate system D48/GK, we have made in selected area in Slovenia a quick analysis of the quality official transformation parameters 7-parametric transformation for the area of Pomurje.