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Watermarking images is essential for several reasons like security, validation etc. The extracted watermark should have similar characteristics as that of the watermark image embedded during the watermarking process. Also, it is important that the watermark image should not differ the features of the host image after embedding. In order conceive this features, it is important to have a technique of watermarking. In this paper, such an attempt has been made to incorporate the novel techniques of watermarking using single value decomposition (SVD), discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) and social group optimization algorithm (SGOA). The simulation-based experiment has been carried out to evaluate the performance of the technique in terms of structural similarity index (SSI). The Matlab environment is used for the simulations.

Digital data sharing is increased day by day due to the rapid access of the Internet by mass people. Multimedia, for example text, image, video, and audio can be easily accessed by unauthorized users. To ensure multimedia security, researchers are focusing on digital image watermarking. A robust watermarking system must satisfy the basic design requirements like imperceptibility, robustness, security, and payload capacity. Watermarking can be embedded into a host image through different transform operations, such as discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and singular value decomposition (SVD). However, a single transformation does not ensure all the design requirements simultaneously. To fill this gap, a hybrid blind digital image watermarking with a combination of DCT, DWT, and SVD is proposed in this paper. At first, the Arnold map is used to encrypt the watermark image. Then DCT is applied to it and to the host image followed by DWT before SVD. After that, the watermarked image is generated by embedding the watermark image into the host image. The performance is evaluated under various attacks and experimental results show that our algorithm ensures improved robustness while preserving high imperceptibility and enhanced security than the state-of-the-art methods.

Visible watermarking offers direct copyright protection to the naked eye using visible pattern superimposed in the host image. However, due to their exposure, the watermark pattern becomes an easy target to remove by malicious entities that generates copyright-free images. Until now, in the scientific literature several semi-automatic visible watermark removal attacks have been proposed, showing enough visual quality of the recovered host image. In this paper, we propose a watermark design based on modified Seam Carving technique to provide robustness against removal attacks including inpainting-based attacks, Independent Component Analysis (ICA)-based attacks, and image matting-based attacks. Robustness against the attacks is measured using common image quality assessments and a watermark visibility assessment based on the Human Visual System (HVS). Experimental results show robustness of the proposed method against above mentioned watermark removal attacks under the most severe situation, in which adversary has the logotype used as a watermark pattern because it is public in Internet. The proposed method can be applied to any visible watermarking algorithms to make them robust against illegal removal attempts, without sacrificing their original functionality, such as reversibility for authorized users.

In this paper, we propose secure plaintext image storage protocols in the cloud environment for image owners managing and controlling their outsourced images. To solve control and privacy issues, conventional schemes suggest outsourcing images in the encrypted form. However, encrypted images lose their usability and visibility. For example, image owners cannot quickly find their stored images in the cloud. The proposed protocols encourage plaintext image storage in the cloud with copyright protection of images, visible display, lossless retrieval and controlled deletion via techniques of homomorphic encryption and digital watermarking. We allow the image owner to embed and remove the watermark in a privacy-preserving way without compromising the security of the original data and the computed results. Moreover, the image owner can securely detect the cloud's dishonest act of not completely deleting an image as required or leaking an image without permission. Compared with existing works, our work achieves more functions. We prove that the proposed work achieves the controllable management of the outsourced plaintext images without privacy leakage to unauthorized parties and demonstrate the utility and the efficiency of our protocols through experimental evaluation.

In this paper, a Phase Congruency based digital color image watermarking algorithm is proposed which provides a higher degree of robustness against attacks and excellent imperceptibility. Here, Phase Congruency has been used to detect the local feature regions of the host image and then the watermark has been infused into it using a new technique called ‘Adaptive α-β Blending’. An accurate Human Visual System modeling has been incorporated via Lifting Wavelet Transform to take the full advantage of perceptual watermarking. The coefficients of the α-β blending are selected adaptively based on the Phase Congruency feature map of the host image. Furthermore, the watermark is secured with a cryptographic algorithm called Arnold’s Cat Map to prohibit further eavesdropping. From rigorous testing, results indicate that our approach is robust against various geometric, non-geometric and combined attacks while maintaining a sublime imperceptibility.

Image watermarking technique aims at high imperceptibility of the embedded watermark with minimal distortion in the watermarked images. In frequency-domain, block-based Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is a popular method which can be improved by different scaling factors. This paper presents an adaptive scaling factor for selected DCT coefficients in image watermarking. The image blocks that have lowest pixel variances are chosen as the embedding locations. The optimal scaling factors for selected DCT coefficients on the middle frequencies are obtained by finding the best quality of images. The embedding process is performed using the obtained scaling factors. The proposed technique was investigated to verify the robustness and imperceptibility against various image-processing attacks. It is proved that our technique achieves higher robustness against noise addition, filter and compression than the existing schemes in most cases. Our technique produces greater imperceptibility than the existing schemes.

With the rapid development of network media, increasing research on reversible watermarking has focused on improving its robustness to resisting attacks during digital media transmission. There are some other reversible watermarking schemes that work in the encrypted domain for preserving the privacy of the cover image. The robustness of the watermarking and the privacy preserving of the cover image have become the key factors of reversible watermarking. However, there are few robust reversible watermarking schemes in the encrypted domain that could resist common attacks (such as JPEG compression, noise addition) and preserve privacy at the same time. In addition, the embedding capacity of a robust watermark and the efficiency of the encryption method must be considered. Recently, cloud computing technology has led to the rapid growth of network media, and many multimedia properties are owned by multiple parties, such as a film’s producer and multiple distributors. Multi-party watermarking has become an important demand for network media to protect all parties’ rights. In this paper, a Robust Reversible Watermarking scheme in Encrypted Image with Secure Multi-party (RRWEI-SM) based on lightweight cryptography is first proposed. Additive secret sharing and block-level scrambling are developed to generate the encrypted image. Then, the robust reversible watermarking based on significant bit Prediction Error Expansion (PEE) is performed by Secure Multi-party Computation (SMC). For applications with high robustness, a Modified RRWEI-SM is proposed by exploiting a two-stage architecture. Furthermore, both the RRWEI-SM scheme and Modified RRWEI-SM scheme are separable and can be applied to multiparty copyright protection. The experimental results and theoretical analysis demonstrate here that the RRWEI-SM and the Modified RRWEI-SM are secure, robust and effective.

Abstract: Watermarking is a process of embedding a message inside a digital signal like an image, video or text. It is used for several key reasons such as authenticity verification, ownership recognition and hidden communication. In this paper, we discuss about image watermarking, where secret messages are stored in images. Introduction: We propose a dual watermarking approach, which is based on Discrete Cosine Transform, Discrete Wavelet Transform and Singular Value Decomposition methods. This paper considers one watermark as robust and other water mark as fragile. Method: The robust watermark is embedded in Discrete Wavelet Transform- Singular Value Decomposition - domain and is used to transmit hidden messages. The fragile watermark is embedded in Discrete Cosine Transform domain and is used for verification of secret message of the robust watermark. The proposed algorithm is tested in the experimental results section and shows promising results against denoising, rotation, translation and cropping attacks. Result: The results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm in terms of mean squared error, structural similarity and peak signal to noise ratio is S4considerable as compared with the existing methods. Discussion: We present the comparison results with Himanshu et. al. in table 10, from which we can see that our method performs better with gaussian noise and rotational attack only lacking with Salt and Pepper noise. Fig. 7 and Fig. 8, in terms of resulting PSNR shows the variation of noise variance and degree of rotation. From the graphs it is evident that out method performs better against Gaussian and rotational attack. Conclusion: In this paper a dual watermarking method is proposed in which one watermark is fragile which is called as authentication watermark whereas the other watermark is robust and is called as the information watermark. The authentication watermark is embedded in the fractional part of DCT domain in the cover image and the information watermark is embedded in the diagonal vector of the LL sub-band.

Digital Image Watermarking plays an important role when it comes to maintaining digital color picture authentication information. The proposed paper consists mainly of a digital watermarking scheme consisting of discrete wavelet transformation and involving the generation of pn sequence number to embed the watermark and also to extract the watermark from the host image. The technique suggested includes both embedding the watermark and removing it from the host file. Both the method of embedding and extraction consists of generating the pn sequence number values using the random numbers. The technique for all three of the RGB signal sources is included. The watermark symbol is located independently within the RGB image's red, green, and blue channels. The suggested technique further reveals the improved mode of digital watermarking of images through fragile watermarking of images and semi-fragile digital watermarking of images.

In this paper, a novel reversible blind dual-color image watermarking algorithm is proposed by using singular value decomposition (SVD), Hachimoji Deoxyribonucleic Acid (HDNA) biogenetic encryption, coupled map lattice-based Tent–Sine system (TSS-CML) and mathematical Julia set. For watermark embedding, the watermark image is firstly encrypted using 8-bases HDNA sequences, TSS-CML and Julia set image. Then the encrypted HDNA watermark is obtained. Next, decompose the host image into equal non-overlapping blocks and utilize SVD on the randomly selected blocks. Further, embed the HDNA watermark through modifying the relation between the elements in the first column of the matrix U or V. The watermarked image can be eventually attained by carrying out the inverse SVD on all selected blocks. Also a reliable extraction algorithm is designed to recover the watermark from the possibly attacked watermarked images without resorting to the original image. Experimental and analysis results demonstrate that the proposed watermarking scheme has not only an excellent imperceptibility but a strong robustness against the common image processing attacks, geometric attacks and some composite attacks. In addition, the running time taken for hiding and exacting is about 1 s, which is suitable for real-time network transmission and application. In conclusion, the proposed method outperforms the related dual images watermarking algorithms in terms of time performance, extraction effect and robustness.

To protect the patient information in medical images, this article proposes a robust watermarking algorithm for medical images based on Harris-SURF-DCT. First, the corners of the medical image are extracted using the Harris corner detection algorithm, and then, the previously extracted corners are described using the method of describing feature points in the SURF algorithm to generate the feature descriptor matrix. Then, the feature descriptor matrix is processed through the perceptual hash algorithm to obtain the feature vector of the medical image, which is a binary feature vector with a size of 32 bits. Secondly, to enhance the security of the watermark information, the logistic map algorithm is used to encrypt the watermark before embedding the watermark. Finally, with the help of cryptography knowledge, third party, and zero-watermarking technology, the algorithm can embed the watermark without modifying the medical image. When extracting the watermark, the algorithm can extract the watermark from the test image without the original image. In addition, the algorithm has strong robustness to conventional attacks and geometric attacks. Especially under geometric attacks, the algorithm performs better.

To improve the robustness of image watermarking algorithms against geometric attacks such as cropping, rotation, scaling, shearing, projective mapping, a robust image watermarking algorithm based on DT CWT and Schur decomposition is proposed. Firstly, we use Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DT CWT) to decompose the U component of the original image (cover image), the decomposed low frequency component is divided into non-overlapping N × N blocks, and Schur decomposition is applied in each block. Secondly, we modify maximum primary diagonal value of the upper triangular matrix of each block to embed the watermark. Finally, the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) features of the watermarked image (stego-image) is saved as the SIFT key for watermark extraction. When extracting the watermark, we first use the SIFT features of stego-image and changed stego-image to obtain the geometric torsion, thereby a spatial synchronization can be guaranteed. And we then use the maximum election statistics to improve the quality of the extracted watermark. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm can resist geometric attacks, and is more robust than the existing watermarking methods.

Aiming to reduce the distortion in the existing reversible watermarking for 3D mesh models, this paper generalizes two-dimensional (2D) region nesting to ${n}$ -dimensional space, and proposes a general region nesting based semi-fragile reversible watermarking for authenticating 3D mesh models by combing watermark generation based on vertex projection and mesh topology. For any ${n}$ -dimensional space, each hypercube space is partitioned into several nested watermark sub-spaces, and the watermark is embedded by placing the original vertex and the mapped vertex on a straight line. The watermark is extracted by acquiring the position of the vertices, and its original coordinates can be restored by inverse mapping. Furthermore, a new coordinate system is built for 3D mesh models based on reference vertices to achieve semi-fragility, and the watermarks generated by vertex projection and mesh topology is utilized for integrity authentication. Experimental results and analysis show that the proposed scheme can significantly reduce the distortion, achieve semi-fragility in RST (Rotation, Scaling and Translation) and vertex reordering, identify the tampering type, and accomplish tampering location at vertex level. It has great potential to be applied for content authentication of 3D mesh models.

Digital watermarking is one of the techniques used for copyright protection as well as authentication purpose. In this paper, digital watermark embedding and extraction techniques have been used in which a nested type of watermarking (a watermark inside another watermark) has been presented. The main purpose of using the nested watermarking method is, it increases the embedding capacity so that a large amount of information could be embedded. In this method, one watermark is embedded into another watermark. The resultant watermark is considered as main watermark. The main watermark is encrypted and then embedded into the main image. The main goal in encrypting the watermarks before embedding is increased safety. A5/1 encryption algorithm is used for the encryption and decryption purpose. Therefore, our research work focuses on two important things i.e., increased watermark embedding capacity and increased safety.

Dynamic watermarking (DW)-based detection methods can effectively detect replay attacks, however these detection methods cannot achieve the desired effectiveness for generalised replay attacks (GRA...

Forensic watermarking is used to track down digital pirates after they illegally redistribute video content. Although existing algorithms often resist common signal processing attacks, they are not always robust against camcording attacks. As a solution in the state of the art, registration methods are used to align the attacked video to the original one. However, watermark detection still fails when the quality is sufficiently decreased or when exposed to targeted attacks. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel fallback system that aims to detect the watermark when traditional methods fail. More concretely, we demonstrate that a primary watermark embedded by a traditional scheme indirectly creates a secondary watermark signal during video encoding. This secondary watermark consists of compression artifacts and is detected by the fallback system. Additionally, the proposed system incorporates video registration to cope with camcording attacks. The experimental results indicate that the fallback system has a striking increase in robustness compared to the existing methods. For example, the observed false-negative rate for targeted attacks improves from 100% to 0%. Moreover, the fallback is camcording resistant even when the traditional method combined with registration is not. In conclusion, the proposed system can be used as a fallback when traditional detection fails.

Ownership evidence can be directly exposed through visible watermarks which can avoid the attempts of copyright abuses. JPEG images are widely used for many commercial applications in Internet, because of its reduced size and the requirement of low bandwidth. In this paper, a visible watermarking scheme is proposed for JPEG compressed images. This scheme is based on the modification of frequency coefficients of original image with respect to the frequency coefficients of watermark image. In JPEG compression, forward discrete cosine transform (DCT) phase is processed to embed visible watermarks. Different sizes of color and grayscale watermark images can be embedded in the carrier image with high visibility. Experimental results confirm the quality of the proposed visible watermarking scheme.

In this study, a fragile watermarking technique is introduced for verifying images based on QR decomposition and Fourier Transform (FT). At first, we apply the FT to the host image to achieve the frequency domain, yielding a high-quality image. Then the resulting image is decomposed using QR factorization. In the meantime, the watermark image is decomposed only via QR factorization. Then, we add a coefficient of matrix R from the watermark image to the matrix R from the host image. This process embeds a proportion of the watermark image inside the host image. According to the experiments, our scheme is susceptible to the weakest attacks, so it is a fragile watermarking technique. So it helps to understand whether an image is manipulated or not. The validation dataset is composed of some images from the USC-SIPI image database.

Medical information management has progressed in the last few years because of the advances in information technologies. Nowadays, it is possible to share medical images among specialists geographically distant to interpret, discuss, and get improved diagnostics. However, any alteration of transmitted image metadata may lead to issues related to information security, such as detachment and authentication. Detachment refers to link the data of an electronic patient record to an incorrect medical image, while authentication aims to identify the image source. These security problems are critical as they may cause the loss of sensitive data or wrong medical diagnoses. Digital watermarking is an emerging technique that faces these security problems as it allows to embed the metadata directly into the medical image. This paper proposes a hybrid and robust watermarking technique to prevent detachment and authenticate medical images. The quantization index modulation algorithm under dither modulation in conjunction with forwarding error correction is used to embed relevant metadata as a robust-imperceptible watermarking to avoid detachment. The visible-imperceptible watermarking paradigm, whose use is an innovation in medical images, is applied to insert a second watermark in the spatial domain to perform authentication. The experimental results show the contribution of the proposed scheme and its efficiency regarding robustness and imperceptibility.

In recent years, digital watermarking has improved the accuracy and resistance of watermarked images against many assaults, such as various noises and random dosage characteristics. Because, based on the most recent assault, all existing watermarking research techniques have an acceptable level of resistance. The deep learning approach is one of the most remarkable methods for guaranteeing maximal resistance in the watermarking system's digital image processing. In the digital watermarking technique, a smaller amount of calculation time with high robustness has recently become a difficult challenge. In this research study, the light weight convolution neural network (LW-CNN) technique is introduced and implemented for the digital watermarking scheme, which has more resilience than any other standard approaches. Because of the LW-CNN framework's feature selection, the calculation time has been reduced. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the robustness of two distinct assaults, collusion and geometric type. This research work has reduced the calculation time and made the system more resistant to current assaults.

Sharing of digital media over internet is becoming easier due to content authentication and security provided by digital watermarking. It also locates application in other fields like copyright protection, tele-medicine, military, tamper detection, and many more. This paper represents the robust watermarking approach using Paillier homomorphic cryptosystem with Arnold transformation. In this, the watermarking system is primarily prepared at an encrypted DWT-DCT domain. Cryptosystem is exploited at this time to encrypt the original media. For more security of multimedia content, the watermark image is scrambled through Arnold scrambling technique. The embedding process is done here to produce the encrypted watermark image followed by the encryption process. At recovery phase, decryption of encrypted watermark image to get the original and watermark image is done. The experimental result has shown that watermarking method is more robust and offers the security of digital media.

Watermarking of digital images is a well-known technique that is widely used for securing image contents. A successful watermarking method must be accurate, reversible, resilient, and robust against various attacks. In this paper, we propose a reversible and robust color image watermarking method. A new set of multi-channel fractional-order polar harmonic transforms and their geometric invariants have been derived. These highly accurate and geometrically invariant features are used in the watermarking process. The binary watermark’s bits were scrambled using a 1D chaotic sine map to increase the security level. A set of experiments were performed to evaluate the proposed watermarking method, and its performance was compared with recent color image watermarking methods having similar colors. The obtained results showed high visual imperceptibility and superior robustness against geometric and signal processing attacks.

A technique for increasing the stability of methods for applying digital watermark into digital images is presented. A technique for increasing the stability of methods for applying digital watermarks into digital images, based on pseudo-holographic coding and additional filtering of a digital watermark, has been developed. The technique described in this work using pseudo-holographic coding of digital watermarks is effective for all types of attacks that were considered, except for image rotation. The paper presents a statistical indicator for assessing the stability of methods for applying digital watermarks. The indicator makes it possible to comprehensively assess the resistance of the method to a certain number of attacks. An experimental study was carried out according to the proposed method. This technique is most effective when part of the image is lost. When pre-filtering a digital watermark, the most effective is the third filtering method, which is averaging over a cell with subsequent binarization. The least efficient is the first method, which is binarization and finding the statistical mode over the cell. For an affine type attack, which is an image rotation, this technique is effective only when the rotation is compensated. To estimate the rotation angle, an affine transformation matrix is found, which is obtained from a consistent set of corresponding ORB-descriptors. Using this method allows to accurately extract a digital watermark for the entire range of angles. A comprehensive assessment of the methodology for increasing the stability of the method of applying a digital watermark based on Wavelet transforms has shown that this method is 20 % better at counteracting various types of attacks

In today's smart world, the privacy protection of data is an important issue. Data is distributed, reproduced, and disclosed with extensive use of communication technologies. Many non-traditional challenges arise with the rapid increase of IoT devices for system design and implementation. However, security and privacy are the main issues in IoT. With advanced technologies, an illegal copy of the content can easily be generated and shared. Therefore, it is crucial for users to protect and secure their data. In the said perspective, an efficient third-generation watermarking technique is proposed, which works on the computational intelligence model to insert a large amount of robust watermark and make an extra effort to hide more information than first and second-generation techniques. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm is employed to guarantee secure communication, which has a significantly less computational cost. The proposed technique evaluated parameters including security, robustness, imperceptibility, and capacity. The results of the proposed technique are compared to existing text watermarking methods, which illustrates it is secure, robust, imperceptible, and inserts a large amount of watermark information through computational intelligence.

Digital images available on the Internet can be effortlessly copied and redistributed. Many image watermarking methods have been developed and are used as technical solutions to trace the ownership. Various watermark embedding and extraction techniques were considered and used in order to obtain reliable extraction and robustness against attacks. This paper presents a new color image watermarking method based on modification of the reflectance component in the Hue-Saturation-Value (HSV) color space. In the watermark embedding process, the reflectance component extracted from the S component is modified in accordance with Just Noticeable Difference (JND) thresholds derived from the V component. Guided image filtering is used in watermark extraction to predict the original reflectance component, and blind extraction is achieved by subtracting the predicted component from the watermarked one. The performances of five watermarking methods, including the proposed method, were evaluated and compared for accuracy and robustness at the equivalent quality of watermarked images. The results demonstrate that the proposed method provides an improved quality of extracted watermark by both objective and subjective quality measures. It is also more robust than the previous methods against various types of image processing based attacks, including the Stirmark benchmark.

Images frequently are helpless to burglary and copyright encroachment. There are numerous events where pictures were illegally copied from websites for utilization or monetary profit and were gotten away from equity, prompting misfortunes for the battled proprietors or innovators. Techniques for securing and recognizing digital pictures and their owners from adversaries are thus required. In this paper, a watermarking procedure in hybrid domain is proposed for copyright assurance of images. The strategy inserts watermarks in Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform (NSCT) and Redundant Discrete Wavelet Transform (RDWT) areas to accomplish better invisibility, and robustness. The blind extraction of watermark can be performed associating the arbitrarily produced PN arrangements. The experimental results demonstrate that the combination of NSCT – RDWT improves the nature of watermarked image when tried on standard and medical images. The experimental results indicated that the proposed scheme provides good imperceptibility and robustness against various kind of watermarking attacks. The main strength of proposed scheme is that it provides good imperceptibility for watermarked images up to 58 dB along with good robustness for watermark image up to 0.99 against various types of attacks and equally works for various kind of images such as greyscale and medical images. Further, the performance of proposed scheme indicated that the quality of generated watermarked medical image has fulfilled all parameters and benefits for secure telemedicine applications.

In this article, a defense method with watermarking to detect linear deception attack under Kullback–Leibler (K–L) divergence detector in cyber–physical system (CPS) is proposed. It is known that linear deception attacks can reduce the performance of remote estimator without being detected by the K–L divergence detector. In order to detect this kind of attack, we use watermarking to encrypt and decrypt data transmitted through wireless networks. When the attack does not exist, the transmitted data can be restored to ensure the remote estimation performance. In the presence of linear deception attacks, these data are marked with a watermarking so that they can assist the K–L divergence detector to discover the attack. The watermarking encryption method is proved to be helpful for K–L divergence detector to discover attack, or weaken the impact of the attack in different situations. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to further illustrate the results.

It is vital to authenticate the content of speech signals to prevent the framing of innocent individuals. Furthermore, lack of speech content authentication may lead to repudiation. The research problem of authenticity vs falsehood is timely considering the recent worldwide interest in fake news and viral manipulated media. Liu & Wang proposed an algorithm to detect tamperings in speech content, based on semi-fragile watermarking. These techniques embed a watermark imperceptibly in the speech signal. Semantic changes to the speech will destroy the watermark, while signal processing operations will not affect the watermark. One main criterion for these speech content authentication schemes is the ability to withstand tampering attacks. We present a cryptanalysis attack framework for watermark based media authentication schemes. To exemplify this, two media authentication schemes and corresponding attacks are modelled within this framework. We discuss the main reasons leading to the attacks and propose a strategy to strengthen the Liu & Wang algorithm against such attacks.

With the development of the Internet coupled with expanding the accessibility of multimedia, various copyright issues have resulted. Several researchers have been working on watermarks to provide the security, durability, and a perception of multimedia. This paper a review of some recent works is presented related to video watermarking techniques, this study focuses on the pros and cons of recent video watermarking, areas of application, and the different types and attacks that are standing against these watermarking techniques. The results obtained from this study showed that watermark techniques based on the transfer domain, are more popular than those of the spatial domain.

Security and privacy have been continuously compromised in the modern multimedia network by various signal processing attacks. As a result, digital data owners are losing copyright protection, data security, and content authentication. A secure and robust digital watermarking scheme must protect digital works from the copyright and neutralize and counteract these potential threats. However, the existing audio watermarked strategies based on discrete wavelet transform face robustness issues relating to external attacks, and the embedding of unencrypted watermarks (text, image, and voice) easily violates security. Besides, these schemes failed to achieve a balance between the conflicting watermarking parameters, embedding capacity, and imperceptibility. As a solution, a robust dual-domain twofold encrypted image-in-audio watermarking scheme is proposed that initially exploits the binary image through Arnold encryption and Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem codes. Thus, it improves the watermark image's security, and intruders can’t extract the watermark information directly. Prior to watermark embedding, both the encrypted image and the host audio signal are decomposed by dual-tree complex wavelet transforms , short-time Fourier transform, and singular value decomposition. It gives back two matrices, one for the encrypted image and the other for the host audio signal. The singular values of the matrices are used for embedding purposes. These threefold transformations improve capacity, imperceptibility, and complimentary level robustness against various digital signal processing attacks. The proposed system is evaluated experimentally based on improved security, robustness, embedding capacity, and imperceptibly compared to existing audio watermarking approaches.

Digital watermarking is the effective method of copyright defence. Typically robot-proof watermarks used to secure copyright, and are immune to some deletion or adjustment of protected documents. Fragile watermarks are typically used for content identification and are vulnerable to small alterations. In this paper, we suggest a hybrid watermarking approach that combines a solid and fragile watermark with copyright and material authentication. This mechanism is often resistant to manipulation and to clone attacks at the same time. The relationship between a delicate watermark and a stable watermark is characterised by our involvement. DCT coefficients are used to integrate the values of the watermark.

The image watermarking is widely used to provide the security. This paper provides the conceptual framework on image watermarking which is widely used for security purpose within the epoch of data and communication technology. Detailed discuss has been provided on the basis of the three phases. In the first phase of present paper focus has been made on image watermarking and data set will be prepared on which watermarking technique will be executed. Second phase need to locate a specific watermarking technique [LWT- WALSH HADMARD-SVD] which will provide appropriate results in term of PSNR and processing time. In second phase various attacks will be tested on images so that implemented method must stand against various attacks. Last phase emphasise on reverse process will be executed to extract cover and watermark image. Proposed technique is based on the secure encryption watermark .It is associated with image encryption. The encryption algorithm had been introduced in which watermarking information was based on the size of an image. It is clear from the outcomes of the hybrid proposed technique shows that it provides more security than the existing technique. Proposed techniques provide high level of security as compared to existed technology.

Data watermarking technology is an effective means to protect the copyright of big data. In order to embed robust and highly available data watermarks, firstly, based on the game theory, a Nash equilibrium model between watermark robustness and data quality is established to solve the optimal number of data group. Then, the mapping relationship between data group and watermark bit is established by using secure hash algorithm.Finally, under the constraint of data usability, the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the optimal solution of data change for each data group, and then the data is changed accordingly to complete the embedding of watermark bit. In order to verify the copyright ownership of big data, the corresponding watermark extraction method is also given in this paper. Watermark extraction is the inverse process of watermark embedding. First, it traverses all the groups and extracts the bits that might be embedded in each group. Then, the actual embedded watermark bit is finally determined by most election strategies. The experimental results show that the proposed method can not only detect watermarks under different attack conditions, ensure the robustness of big data watermarks, but also achieve better data quality, and the comprehensive effect of data watermarks is better than the existing methods.

One of the problems in the digital world is the secure transmission of information through insecure communication channels which has been selected as the main concept discussed in this research. This article, by thoroughly analyzing the types of attacks in video watermarking, learns the basics used in the proposed method and offers a solution to deal with the most important categories. Therefore, it presents a secure solution against collusion attacks by introducing a three-dimensional discrete cosine transform algorithm. According to the evaluations, it can be claimed that the proposed solution is resistant to collusion attacks, which is the most important attack in the field of digital watermarking. Another strength of the proposed algorithm compared to other methods is its higher capacity in watermarking. The proposed algorithm, using its special blocking method, has the ability to cover all types of video, both dynamic and static. Various tests have been applied to the selected dataset to analyze the security and the performance of the proposed algorithm. The results show that if the proposed algorithm is used in watermarking, in addition to high accuracy, it can have an acceptable resistance to attacks.

In order to contribute to the security of medical image, we present in this paper a blind and robust watermarking technique that allows the integration of the electronic patient’s record into retinal images. In our work, we present an approach developed to find a compromise between capacity and imperceptibility. The proposed blind watermarking approach is based on the color values difference calculation between pixels to determine the substitution to be made. We proposed in this work ten possible variants of this approach to determine which offers the best compromise between the capacity and the imperceptibility. Following the evaluation of the approach by metrics designed for reliability tests, some variants confirm remarkably good results either by objective or subjective evaluation. The capacity and imperceptibility evaluations reveal very encouraging results. We obtained good results concerning the imperceptibility with a PSNR greater than 69 dB for some variants due to the insignificance of the least significant bits modification. An evaluation of the watermark’s robustness demonstrates the proposed schemas generate reasonably robust watermarked samples against various attacks. A high-quality watermark with a normalized cross-correlation greater than 0.9 for some variants is obtained. However, some variants remain weak in terms of robustness because any simple treatment can modify the LSBs, which makes the extraction impossible.

Application of fragile watermarking on biometric images stored at a server or cloud ensures proper authentication and tamper detection when access to the servers was shared. In this paper, a hybrid domain fragile watermarking technique for authenticity of color biometric images, using hybridization of various transforms such as discrete cosine transform (DCT), fast discrete curvelet transform (FDCuT), and singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed. The hybrid transform coefficients are modified according to the scrambled color watermark to obtain watermarked color biometric image. The security of this technique is strengthened with the usage of Arnold scrambling, and by using multiple secret keys. The proposed technique is analyzed on FEI Brazilian face database. The experimental results show that this technique performs better than the existing fragile watermarking techniques.

Non-blind watermarking is a form of watermarking with a watermark image validation process that requires a host image. The use of the transform domain is more robust and imperceptible. The transform domain method is resistant to various forms of digital image attacks. In this study, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) were selected as watermark insertion algorithms. DCT is faster and more resistant to attacks, especially in image compression attacks, but has lower imperceptibility than DWT. DWT is also known to be resistant to noise attacks, filtering, blurring, cropping, and has high imperceptibility depending on the sub-band selection but is not resistant to image compression attacks. Based on each algorithm's advantages and disadvantages, there is an opportunity to combine it to analyze and compare the insertion results with DCT and DWT itself. To test the results of imperceptibility, we used the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), while to test the robustness, we used Cross-Correlation (CC) and Bit Error Ratio (BER). Without attacks, the PSNR on the proposed method can reach 71 dB. The CC value without attack can reach a perfect value of 1 and BER = 0. The highest attack test result is CC = 1 on the filtering attack. From the various tests we have conducted, it has been proven that the DCT-DWT is more imperceptive and robust than previous studies

Digital watermarking has emerged as a potential solution to the copyright protection related issues of digital data. This paper presents key paradigms of research in robust watermarking techniques for copyright protection, copy protection, and authentication of digital multimedia. The main issues that derive research in robust watermarking schemes are imperceptibility, security, and robustness. The purpose of this paper is to provide a gist of robust watermarking schemes in the transform domain with the help of some brief theories proposed in the literature. Frequency transformation techniques such as DCT, DFT, and DWT, RDWT have been the most widely used methods to develop robust watermarking algorithms in the transform domain. The general framework of the watermarking system, recent application areas, characteristics, classification of information hiding methods, and various performance evaluation parameters considered by researchers have also been presented in this review. Broadly, this study reviews and compare performance summary of the several state-of-art robust watermarking methods available. This survey paper will be beneficial for the researchers keen to contribute to the field of robust digital watermarking particularly in the transform domain.

Digital watermarking techniques can be used to solve the authenticity and copyright protection issue of images. In this work, the authors have proposed an adaptive color image watermarking scheme based on DWT by combining alpha blending and entropy concept. Entropy is one of the important features of images and can be used for watermark insertion. There are two domains in which watermarking can be carried out i.e. spatial and transform domain. Here, watermark embedding is carried out in the of Y component of YCbCr color space. This paper also lays down the proper justification for the selection of the Y component to embed the watermark. The performance of the proposed scheme is tested over seven different standard color images. The average PSNR and SSIM of the proposed scheme are 51.6145 dB and 0.9992 respectively. Whereas, NCC of the proposed scheme under no attack condition is 1. Further, the performance of the proposed scheme is compared with other state-of-the-art techniques.

Orthogonal polar image moments which are defined over a unit disk, are used often in watermarking applications. One such image moment is polar harmonic Fourier transformation (PHFT). The quality of the extracted watermark depends on the accuracy of the computed image moments. Various methods have already been used for the computation of the moments with varying degrees of accuracy. This study proposes application of a novel image moments computation method which is a synergy of analytic, and numerical techniques, to image watermarking. The computed moment results in a robust watermark extraction. The PHFT have rotation, and scaling invariance property, which allows the watermark to resist various geometric attacks. In addition to the geometric attacks the watermark has the capability to resist various signal processing attacks. The performance of the proposed watermarking scheme is performed with the methods used in recently published articles. The experimental results show that the proposed method has the better performance compared to other techniques, and has better capability to resist various attacks.

In order to enhance the security of exchanged medical images in telemedicine, we propose in this paper a blind and robust approach for medical image protection. This approach consists in embedding patient information and image acquisition data in the image. This imperceptible integration must generate the least possible distortion. The watermarked image must present the same clinical reading as the original image. The proposed approach is applied in the frequency domain. For this purpose, four transforms were used: discrete wavelets transform, non-subsampled contourlet transform, non-subsampled shearlet transform and discreet cosine transform. All these transforms was combined with Schur decomposition and the watermark bits were integrated in the upper triangular matrix. To obtain a satisfactory compromise between robustness and imperceptibility, the integration was performed in the medium frequencies of the image. Imperceptibility and robustness experimental results shows that the proposed methods maintain a high quality of watermarked images and are remarkably robust against several conventional attacks.

Depth-image-based rendering (DIBR) has become an accessible rendering technology for 3D video. A variety of digital watermarking methods have been proposed to protect the copyright of DIBR 3D video works. However, the robustness and imperceptibility of the existing methods need to be improved. Therefore, we apply the DIBR rendering features to propose a watermarking method to enhance the watermarking effect. First, to improve the robustness, we combine the DIBR rendering rules to construct steady feature data as the selection criterion of watermark embedding position. We detect the scale invariable feature transformation (SIFT) feature points from centre views and match them in every two adjacent views. Each two matched feature points construct one matching vector. The gradient-probability distributions of the vectors are used as the feature data to determine the watermark embedding position. Thus, the embedding positions are robust to the affine transformation and geometric attacks, and the watermark robustness improved. Second, to improve the imperceptibility, we design a joint watermark extraction strategy based on the similarity of the rendered left and right images. The watermark data are embedded into the centre view with low embedding strength and jointly extracted from the left and right images. This strategy guarantees the extraction accuracy while reducing the impact of watermark embedding on the original centre view. Experimental data show that the proposed method has good robustness and imperceptibility.

In current research on reversible visible watermarking algorithm, the original visible watermark image plays an important auxiliary role, and some algorithms also entirely depend on it to restore host image without any distortion. Therefore, in order to realize semi-blind reversible visible watermarking algorithm, the conventional reversible watermarking algorithm is used to embed compressed visible watermark image data into non-visible-watermarked region of host image. However, the amount of compressed image data obtained by conventional image compression algorithm is relatively large. Therefore, a method based on vectorization compression for the visible watermark image is proposed in this paper. Firstly, it performs edge detection on visible watermark image to obtain a discrete points set $\Gamma $ of vector contour curve. Then, the discrete points in $\Gamma $ are simplified by improved Douglas–Peucker algorithm, after that it obtains compressed vector contour data of visible watermark image. In addition, a reversible visible watermarking algorithm based on convolutional relief and image alpha fusion is proposed, which realizes reversible embedding of visible watermark image and lossless restoration of host image. The experimental results show that the proposed vectorization compression method has more advantages than traditional image compression algorithms, which greatly reduces the storage space of visible watermark image with high fidelity. Additionally, the embedded watermarking image has translucent 3D relief effect, and the fusion of host image and visible watermark image becomes more natural and harmonious.

Biometric template protection of speech signals and information hiding in speech signals are two challenging issues. To resolve such limitations and increase the level of security, our objective is to build multi-level security systems based on speech signals. So, speech watermarking is used simultaneously with automatic speaker identification. The speech watermarking is performed to embed images into the speech signals that are used for speaker identification. The watermark is extracted for authentication, and then the effect of watermark removal on the performance of the speaker identification system in the presence of degradations is studied. This paper presents an approach for speech watermarking based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) in different transform domains and singular value decomposition (SVD). The speech signal is decomposed in different transform domains with EMD to yield zero-mean components called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). The watermark is inserted into one of these IMF components with SVD. A comparison between different transform domains for implementing the proposed watermarking scheme on different IMFs is presented. The log-likelihood ratio (LLR), correlation coefficient (Cr), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and spectral distortion (SD) are used as metrics for the comparison. According to the simulation results, we find that the watermark embedding in the discrete sine transform domain provides higher SNR and Cr values and lower SD and LLR values. The proposed approach is robust to different attacks.

Protection of intellectual property rights has become one of the focuses of social concerning. To reduce those disputations, the watermark is implanted into the media by the content owner to declare original copyright. Among which, the high payload can achieve the accurate tampering localization, but maybe bring low visual quality watermarked image. Both accurate tampering localization and high watermarked image quality seem contradictory. For this, this paper proposes a hybrid-Sudoku based fragile watermarking scheme for digital image tampering detection. The hybrid-Sudoku based scheme provides a double perspective mechanism to embed the watermark. In the first perspective of the Sudoku, the watermark is virtually embedded into each pixel pair, resulting in the temporary coordinate information. Then, the temporary coordinate information is concealed into cover image based on the second perspective of the Sudoku. Finally, several common attacks are utilized to evaluate the tampering detection performance of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve a considerable accuracy in tampering localization and provide the satisfactory visual quality of watermarked image, with PSNR of 47.80 dB. Additionally, the design enhances the security and imperceptive of the hidden watermark.

Digital image watermarking has been witnessed as a powerful tool that can be used in image ownership identification, copyright protection and content authentication applications. In this paper, a dual-domain watermarking scheme for digital image authentication with self-recovery capabilities is proposed. The proposed scheme has a high ability to recover tampered image regions while pertaining high watermarking imperceptibility and high robustness under various types of attacks. The proposed scheme employs two watermarks: 1) content-dependent, and, 2) content-independent, where the content-dependent watermark contains two-bit sequences for authentication and recovery operations. The authentication bits are generated based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) of each block, while the recovery bits are generated from the average value within selected sub-blocks. The independent watermark is embedded using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), whereas, the dependent watermark is embedded directly into the first and second least significant bits (LSB) of the image pixels. The developed dual-domain watermarking scheme has exhibited high robustness performance against various attacks with high imperceptibility and watermarking capacity as well. For authentication purposes, the proposed scheme incorporated three developed measures to detect the authenticity of the probe image, and, to accurately localize tampered regions. The experimental results have shown that the proposed scheme has a high imperceptibility, compared to other existing schemes, and can effectively distinguish malicious from incidental attacks with accurate tampering localization. Moreover, the proposed scheme exhibits high performance against moderate-to-strong incidental attacks such as noise and low-quality JPEG attacks.

Cover-lossless robust watermarking is a new research issue in the information hiding community, which can restore the cover image completely in case of no attacks. Most countermeasures proposed in the literature usually focus on additive noise-like manipulations such as JPEG compression, low-pass filtering and Gaussian additive noise, but few are resistant to challenging geometric deformations such as rotation and scaling. The main reason is that in the existing cover-lossless robust watermarking algorithms, those exploited robust features are related to the pixel position. In this article, we present a new cover-lossless robust image watermarking method by efficiently embedding a watermark into low-order Zernike moments and reversibly hiding the distortion due to the robust watermark as the compensation information for restoration of the cover image. The amplitude of the exploited low-order Zernike moments are: 1) mathematically invariant to scaling the size of an image and rotation with any angle; and 2) robust to interpolation errors during geometric transformations, and those common image processing operations. To reduce the compensation information, the robust watermarking process is elaborately and luminously designed by using the quantized error, the watermarked error and the rounded error to represent the difference between the original and the robust watermarked image. As a result, a cover-lossless robust watermarking system against geometric deformations is achieved with good performance. Experimental results show that the proposed robust watermarking method can effectively reduce the compensation information, and the new cover-lossless robust watermarking system provides strong robustness to those content-preserving manipulations including scaling, rotation, JPEG compression and other noise-like manipulations. In case of no attacks, the cover image can be recovered without any loss.

Robust watermarking is a valuable methodology used in protecting the copyright and securing digital images. In this paper, new fractional-order multi-channel orthogonal exponent moments (MFrEMs) and their invariants to geometric transformations are derived for the first time. We utilized these highly accurate moments to construct a new robust watermarking algorithm for color images. This algorithm consists of three phases. First, the bits of the binary watermark scrambled by using a 1D Sine chaotic map. Second, the fractional-order MFrEMs are calculated from the host color image. Finally, a quantization process is performed, where the scrambled bits of the binary watermark embedded into the host color image. Various experiments were conducted to test the proposed watermarking algorithm and compare it with the existing robust watermarking algorithms for color images. The obtained results ensure the proposed robust watermarking algorithm’s superiority over existing algorithms regarding the visual imperceptibility and robustness against various attacks.

Digital image watermarking is the process of embedding and extracting a watermark covertly on a cover-image. To dynamically adapt image watermarking algorithms, deep learning-based image watermarking schemes have attracted increased attention during recent years. However, existing deep learning-based watermarking methods neither fully apply the fitting ability to learn and automate the embedding and extracting algorithms, nor achieve the properties of robustness and blindness simultaneously. In this paper, a robust and blind image watermarking scheme based on deep learning neural networks is proposed. To minimize the requirement of domain knowledge, the fitting ability of deep neural networks is exploited to learn and generalize an automated image watermarking algorithm. A deep learning architecture is specially designed for image watermarking tasks, which will be trained in an unsupervised manner to avoid human intervention and annotation. To facilitate flexible applications, the robustness of the proposed scheme is achieved without requiring any prior knowledge or adversarial examples of possible attacks. A challenging case of watermark extraction from phone camera-captured images demonstrates the robustness and practicality of the proposal. The experiments, evaluation, and application cases confirm the superiority of the proposed scheme., Comment: This paper has been accepted for publication by the IEEE Transactions on Multimedia. The copyright is with the IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/TMM.2020.3006415

One of the most common ways documents leak is taking a picture of document displayed on the screen. For investigation of such cases data leakage prevention technologies including screen watermarking are used. The article gives short review on the problem of screen shooting watermarking and the existing research results. A novel approach for watermarking text images displayed on the screen is proposed. The watermark is embedded as slight changes in luminance into the interline spacing of marked text. The watermark is designed to be invisible for human eye but still able to be detected by digital camera. An algorithm for extraction of watermark from the screen photo is presented. The extraction algorithm doesn’t need the original image of document for successful extraction. The experimental results show that the approach is robust against screen-cam attacks, that means that the watermark stays persistent after the process of taking a photo of document displayed on the screen. A criterion for watermark message extraction accuracy without knowledge about the original message is proposed. The criterion represents the probability that the watermark was extracted correctly.