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Intakes of dietary fibre in Australia are lower than recommended. An understanding of food choices associated with fibre intake can help to inform locally relevant dietary interventions that aim to increase its consumption. This study aimed to profile the relationship between dietary choices and fibre intake of Australians. Using Day 1 data from the 2011⁻2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey ( n = 12,153, ≥2 years), dietary fibre intake was classified by quartiles for children (2⁻18 years) and adults (≥19 years). Intakes of the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG) food groups were calculated, as well as the major, sub-major, and minor food groups from the Australian Food Composition Database. Each of these food groups provide a progressively greater level of detail. Associations with ADG food groups and major food groups were determined, and the leading sub-major and minor food group sources of fibre for low (Quartile 1) and high (Quartile 4) fibre consumers were profiled. Energy-adjusted intakes of wholegrain and/or high fibre but not refined grain (cereal) foods, vegetables, and fruit were positively associated, and discretionary foods negatively associated, with quartile of fibre intake ( p < 0.001). The top three sub-major food group sources of fibre were regular breads, cereal mixed dishes, and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals in high fibre consumers and regular breads, cereal mixed dishes, and potatoes in low fibre consumers. White breads was the leading minor food group contributor in low fibre consumers, and apples and lower sugar wheat based breakfast cereal were the leading fibre contributors in high fibre consumers in children and adults, respectively. Higher intakes of wholegrain, fruits, and vegetables, and a lower discretionary intake were associated with higher fibre intake. Encouraging these foods as part of any public health intervention is likely to be effective for increasing dietary fibre intakes.

Dietary fibre is important for regular laxation and reduces chronic disease risk. The National Health and Medical Research Council outlines daily fibre intake targets, yet the proportion of the population that meets these targets is unknown. Using the 2011⁻2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, we profiled fibre intake among Australian children and adults. Data from one-day dietary recalls were analysed ( n = 12,153, ≥2 years) as well as demographic and anthropometric factors. The median fibre intake was 18.2 g (interquartile range [IQR] 13.2⁻25.0) in children and 20.7 g (IQR 14.3⁻28.7) in adults. We found that 42.3% (95% CI 40.5⁻44.1%) of children and 28.2% (95% CI 27.3⁻29.1%) of adults met the Adequate Intake (AI), and less than 20% of adults met the Suggested Dietary Target (SDT) to reduce the risk of chronic disease. Older children (aged 14⁻18 years), girls, young adults (19⁻30 years), males, and those of lower socio-economic status were less likely to meet the AI ( p < 0.001). Those with a higher energy intake were more likely to meet the AI. Anthropometric measures were not associated with fibre intake or the likelihood of meeting the AI. Fibre is a nutrient of concern in Australian diets, with most children and adults falling short of recommendations. Adolescents, girls, young adults, men, and those of lower socio-economic status were less likely to meet the recommendations and may benefit most from public health interventions., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Kellogg Australia had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

In situ experiments and two lamb digestion trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of chemically treating recycled newsprint (NP). Treatment of NP with 2% HCl (percentage of NP DM) followed by autoclaving for 4 h was most efficacious and was used in an in vivo digestion trial with 25 ram and wether lambs in a randomized complete block design (RCB). On a DM basis treatment diets were: 1) control, 95% alfalfa hay (AH); 2) 75% AH, 20% HCl-treated NP (HCl-NP); 3) 55% AH, 40% HCl-NP; 4) 75% AH, 20% untreated NP; and 5) 55% AH, 40% untreated NP on a DM basis. Lambs fed Treatments 2 and 3 had ad libitum DMI (1,043 and 1,036 g/d, respectively) similar to the DMI of those fed the control treatment (1,024 g/d); however, lambs fed Treatments 4 and 5 had lower (P < .05) ad libitum DMI (578 and 426 g/d, respectively) than lambs fed Treatments 1, 2, and 3. Apparent DM digestibilities were lower (P < .05) by lambs consuming Treatments 2, 3, 4, and 5 (52.6, 44.5, 52.0, and 48.2%, respectively) than by those consuming Treatment 1 (60.7%). Apparent OM, CP, NDF, and ADF digestibilities followed trends similar to DM. In the second digestion trial, 15 ram and wether lambs were used in a RCB to compare Treatments 1, 2, and 3. For this second digestion study, NP was treated with 4% HCl (percentage of NP DM), autoclaved for 4 h, and diets were fed at 2% of BW. As in Trial 1, apparent nutrient digestibilities decreased (P < .05) with increasing amounts of HCl-NP. Our results suggest that HCl-NP can be fed to sheep at 40% of the diet without a decrease in DMI; however, apparent nutrient digestibility decreases with increasing levels of HCl-NP.

Microbial metabolism of specific dietary components, such as fiber, contributes to the sophisticated inter‐kingdom dialogue in the gut that maintains a stable environment with important beneficial physiological, metabolic, and immunological effects on the host. Historical changes in fiber intake may be contributing to the increase of allergic and hypersensitivity disorders as fiber‐derived metabolites are evolutionarily hardwired into the molecular circuitry governing immune cell decision‐making processes. In this review, we highlight the importance of fiber as a dietary ingredient, its effects on the microbiome, its effects on immune regulation, the importance of appropriate timing of intervention to target any potential window of opportunity, and potential mechanisms for dietary fibers in the prevention and management of allergic diseases. In addition, we review the human studies examining fiber or prebiotic interventions on asthma and respiratory outcomes, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and overall risk of atopic disorders. While exposures, interventions, and outcomes were too heterogeneous for meta‐analysis, there is significant potential for using fiber in targeted manipulations of the gut microbiome and its metabolic functions in promoting immune health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 3 experiments growing rabbits were divided into 2 groups. In each case half received a basal ration while the other half was given this ration supplemented with a ground fibrous material: 20% hay, 10% straw or 10% paper. All the diets were fed in pelleted form. In all the experiments the rabbits fed on the diets containing the added fibrous materials gained in weight slightly more rapidly and had slightly higher food conversion ratios than did those on the control diet, but the differences in the means were not significant. A study of the small intestine and caecum weights expressed as percentages of body weight and as the weights of 1-cm lengths showed that the added fibrous materials increased these weights except in 1 instance where the results were the same. Significant changes were recorded in the case of hay in both the percentage weight and the weight of 1-cm lengths of caecum and in the straw experiment in the weight of 1-cm lengths of small intestine. There were no significant changes in the results from the paper-fed rabbits.

The structure of a hemicellulose B fraction (B-1) isolated from grape skins (Vitis vinifera) of the Palomino variety has been studied by methylation analysis, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and partial acid hydrolysis. Hemicellulose B-1 appeared to be homogeneous by gel filtration with a weight-average molecular weight of 22 600. This polysaccharide is a linear xyloglucan chain composed of xylopyranosyl and glucopyranosyl residues linked by beta-(1-->4) glycosidic bonds. Attached to this backbone, 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronopyranosyl acid, D-glucopyranosyl, and L-fucopyranosyl residues occur at position 2 in a ratio of one residue for every five units of xylose in the main chain, with D-xylopyranosyl residues attached at position 6 of glucose units in a ratio of one residue for every two glucose-derived moieties in the main chain.

Plant food wastes generated through the food chain have attracted increasing attention over the last few years not only due to critical environmental and economic issues but also as an available source of valuable components such as dietary fibers. However, the exploitation of plant waste remains limited due to the lack of appropriate processing technologies to recover and tailor fiber functionalities. Among the different technologies developed for waste valorization, mechanical techniques were suggested to be a promising and sustainable strategy to extract fibers with improved functionalities. In this context, the present review describes different mechanical technologies (conventional and innovative) with potential applications to produce micro/nanofibers from various plant residues, highlighting the operating principle as well as the main advantages and pitfalls. The impact on the structural, technological, and functional properties of fibrous materials is comprehensively discussed. The extent of fiber modification not only highly depended on the technology and operation conditions used but also on fiber composition and the application of posttreatments such as dehydration. Other variables, including economic and environmental issues such as equipment cost, energy demand, and eco-friendly features, are also reviewed. The outputs of this review can be used by both the industrial sector and academia to select a suitable combination of fiber and processing technology for designing novel foods with improved functionalities that fulfill market trends and consumer needs., (© 2022 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

The aim of this study is to review recent data on dietary fiber (DF) and the glycemic index (GI), with special focus on studies from the Nordic countries regarding cardiometabolic risk factors, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and total mortality. In this study, recent guidelines and scientific background papers or updates on older reports on DF and GI published between 2000 and 2011 from the US, EU, WHO, and the World Cancer Research Fund were reviewed, as well as prospective cohort and intervention studies carried out in the Nordic countries. All of the reports support the role for fiber-rich foods and DF as an important part of a healthy diet. All of the five identified Nordic papers found protective associations between high intake of DF and health outcomes; lower risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, colorectal and breast cancer. None of the reports and few of the Nordic papers found clear evidence for the GI in prevention of risk factors or diseases in healthy populations, although association was found in sub-groups, e.g. overweight and obese individuals and suggestive for prevention of type 2 diabetes. It was concluded that DF is associated with decreased risk of different chronic diseases and metabolic conditions. There is not enough evidence that choosing foods with low GI will decrease the risk of chronic diseases in the population overall. However, there is suggestive evidence that ranking food based on their GI might be of use for overweight and obese individuals. Issues regarding methodology, validity and practicality of the GI remain to be clarified.

Apples (Malus domestica Borkh.), as part of a varied healthy diet, are a source of valuable nutrients such as carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, pectin, antioxidants, dietary fiber, minerals, and others. Apples are seasonal fruits that, for their longer-lasting storage throughout the year, should store in a cool place or processed. The present study aims to analyze the quality indicators of three apple cultivars, Florina, Golden Delicious and Freedom, which were dried in sun, shade, dehydrator and lyophilizer. The methodological framework of the study includes: a theoretical overview of apple drying methods, apple cultivars suitable for drying and some chemical indicators; determining a methodology for drying and analyzing the chemical indicators; analysis of quality indicators for fresh and dried apples; deriving recommendations for drying fresh fruit, storage and rehydration. In the research was found that in drying methods in sun and shade, the external environment greatly influences the duration of apple fruit drying and its quality. While drying in a dehydrator and lyophilizer, the external environment does not affect the time and quality of the dried apple fruits. Also, it was found that the lowest moisture content are freeze-dried fruits, which can be stored for more than three years in special foils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the dry and rainy seasons of the Northeastern Zone of Peru, a chemical characterization of five species of bamboo prevalent in the area (Guadua lynnclarkiae, G. takahashiae, Bambusa vulgaris, G. weberbaueri, and Dendrocalamus asper) was conducted. Then, the effect of supplementing bamboo leaves (0, 20, and 40% inclusion of D. asper) on the intake and live weight gain of 18 Gyr × Holstein heifers was evaluated for 28 days. Among the species evaluated, D. asper has the greatest crude protein (CP) concentration (158-166 g/kg Dry matter- DM), post-ruminal CP supply (127 g/kg DM), and in vitro organic matter digestibility (444-456 g/kg DM) but similar concentrations of crude ash (124 g/kg DM), calcium (2.4-2.8 mg/g), phosphorus (0.7-2.1 mg/g), protein fractions A, B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , C (45, 5, 35, 56, and 17g/kg DM, respectively), rumen-undegraded CP (31% CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 685g/kg DM), and acid detergent fiber (ADF, 357 g/kg DM) than the other species evaluated. Dry matter intake was higher in the control treatment and in the 20% bamboo leaf inclusion treatment than in the 40% bamboo inclusion treatment. Intake of CP and NDF decreased with the increase in bamboo inclusion. Despite the differences in DM, CP, and NDF intake, the live weight gain remained similar across treatments. However, there was a greater feed conversion in the 20% bamboo leaf inclusion treatment. During the dry season, bamboo leaves can be used as an alternative supplement at a maximum inclusion of 20% without affecting the live weight gain., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Interventions to prevent excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) have had a limited impact on maternal and infant outcomes. Dietary fiber is a nutrient with benefits that counters many of the metabolic and inflammatory changes that occur during pregnancy. We will determine if a high dietary fiber (HFib) intervention provides benefit to maternal and infant outcomes. Pregnant women will be enrolled in an 18-week intervention and randomized in groups of 6–10 women/group into the intervention or control group. Weekly lessons will include information on high-dietary fiber foods and behavior change strategies. Women in the intervention group will be given daily snacks high in dietary fiber (10–12 g/day) to facilitate increasing dietary fiber intake. The primary aim will assess between-group differences for the change in maternal weight, dietary fiber intake, dietary quality, and body composition during pregnancy and up to two months post-partum. The secondary aim will assess between-group differences for the change in maternal weight, dietary fiber intake, and dietary quality from two months to one year post-partum and infant body composition from birth to one-year-old. Effective and simple intervention strategies to improve maternal and offspring outcomes are lacking. Changes during the perinatal period are related to the risk of disease development in the mother and offspring. However, it is unknown which changes can be successfully targeted to have a meaningful impact. We will test the effect of an intervention designed to counter many of the metabolic and inflammatory changes that occur during pregnancy. The University of Kansas Medical Center Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved the study protocol (STUDY00145397). The results of the trial will be disseminated at conferences and in peer reviewed publications. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04868110 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are used in manufacturing food contact materials, including non-stick cookware coatings and oil- and moisture-resistant paper coatings. The chemical stability of PFCs poses an issue for human safety, as they do not degrade well naturally and hence may accumulate in the body. In terms of food safety, since dietary intake is thought to be a major source of exposure to PFCs, it is necessary to assess the migration of PFCs from food packaging articles to food under typical cooking and storage conditions. An analytical method was developed for assessing the migration of 16 PFCs from food contact materials to food simulants using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The applicability of the method for regular inspection was assessed by monitoring 312 samples. Based on the results of the exposure assessment, all food contact materials deemed to be safe for use, which evaluated migrated concentrations and dietary food intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ruminant is able to transform plant fibres and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) into edible foods for human consumption. In an effort towards improving our understanding of this process, we sought to challenge convention and examine how the source, amount and site of NPN delivery in the gastrointestinal tract of the ruminant may affect fibre digestibility, rumen stability and N metabolism. In the first study presented here, we used four ruminally cannulated non-lactating heifers in a Latin square design to infuse 59 g/days of N in the form of ammonia (A) or urea (U) into either the rumen (R) or the abomasum (A). We found that intake was higher (p = .03) for animals receiving supplementary NPN as urea compared with ammonia. In addition, abomasally infused urea (UA) improved fibre fermentation by 9.4% (p = .05) and decreased ruminal pH fluctuations (lower slope in the cumulative pH parameters, p = .04) when compared with the same amount of urea infused ruminally (UR). In a second study, using the same group of heifers, we infused 50 or 150 g/day of urea into the rumen (UR50 and UR150) or 150 g of urea in the abomasum (UA150) or 50 g in the rumen and 100 g in the abomasum (URA150). Fibre digestion was improved by 4% (p = .02) when the same dose of urea was infused into the abomasum compared with the rumen, while estimated microbial protein production and N efficiency were not different between a low rumen dose and high post-ruminal dose of urea. Collectively, these studies provide insight into the viability of post-ruminal NPN supplementation as a strategy to improve fibre digestion and NPN inclusion in the ruminant diet., (© 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the possible use of nutraceuticals to improve and optimize dyslipidemia control and therapy. Based on the data from available studies, nutraceuticals might help patients obtain theraputic lipid goals and reduce cardiovascular residual risk. Some nutraceuticals have essential lipidlowering properties confirmed in studies; some might also have possible positive effects on nonlipid cardiovascular risk factors and have been shown to improve early markers of vascular health such as endothelial function and pulse wave velocity. However, the clinical evidence supporting the use of a single lipid-lowering nutraceutical or a combination of them is largely variable and, for many of the nutraceuticals, the evidence is very limited and, therefore, often debatable. The purpose of this position paper is to provide consensus-based recommendations for the optimal use of lipid-lowering nutraceuticals to manage dyslipidemia in patients who are still not on statin therapy, patients who are on statin or combination therapy but have not achieved lipid goals, and patients with statin intolerance. This statement is intended for physicians and other healthcare professionals engaged in the diagnosis and management of patients with lipid disorders, especially in the primary care setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from Chinese cabbage to make a novel edible paper. The structural, physical, and chemical properties and crystallinity of the IDF were first analyzed. The characteristics and fracture surfaces of the handsheets made by the IDF were then studied. The paper performance was finally measured. We found four types of fiber morphology in IDF after the original Chinese cabbage fiber was treated with 8 wt% alkali solution. The IDF-based paper showed a smooth surface, soft and transparent texture, and good strength. The IDF effectively enhanced the paper-packaging performances when it was mixed with wood fiber, although the performance of the IDF-based paper was lower than that of the wood pulp-based paper. The IDF is edible and suitable for direct contact with foods or drugs. Therefore, the IDF-based edible paper has significant development potential for food and pharmaceutical packaging in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulses provide economic and health benefits to people in many countries around the world; however, their adoption in western diets, particularly in processed and formulated foods, is limited. One strategy to increase the level of pulses in western diets is to improve pulse accessibility to the ready-to-eat (RTE) food market sector. Pulses have compositional and structural differences when compared to cereals and behave differently during processing. While there have been numerous studies on pulses processed using traditional processing methods, there are limited studies describing processing of pulses as a major ingredient in RTE forms such as flakes. To understand the full processing potential of pulses, systematic studies are required using commercial-scale RTE pilot processing equipment coupled with fundamental property determination techniques to evaluate the effects of processing and pulse material on pulse flake attributes. In-depth studies of pulse properties and their processability are likely to result in the production of high-quality pulse-based foods with superior health benefits. This review explores the current and potential opportunities for processing pulses with a focus on flake products. The roles of pulse type and major structure-forming components such as fiber, carbohydrates, and proteins on end-product quality of processed pulses are discussed., (© 2022 The Authors. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Institute of Food Technologists.)

Objectives: Natural organic fibers are used in large quantities in the production of paper products and textiles. They are also constituents of food and added to food to promote health. The objective of this review is to evaluate the health effects of natural organic fibers. The health effects of dietary fibers are excluded from the review. Methods: This is a literature review. Results: Exposure to these fibers in industry is usually not characterized as fibers but as dust. Rather dusty conditions have been reported in both paper and textile industries with concentrations up to and above 30 mg/m3. Both in the paper and textile industry inorganic fibers may occur making it hard to evaluate health effects of natural organic fibers from studies of workers in the paper and textile industry. There seems to be no increased risk of mesothelioma, lung cancer or lung fibrosis in workers exposed to natural organic fibers in contrast to workers exposed to inorganic crystalline fibers as asbestos. However, workers with a heavy exposure to paper dust or textile dust seem to have an increased risk of obstructive lung disease and bronchitis. These effects have not been causally linked to the fibrous shape of the particles but rather to the dust, chemicals absorbed on the dust or microorganisms occurring together with the dust. There is some indication that work in the textile industry may increase the risk of sinonasal cancer, but the etiological agents are unknown. Conclusion: Natural organic fibers are not causally linked with the well-known effects of some inorganic fibers, i.e. mesothelioma, lung cancer, lung fibrosis or some pleural diseases. The health effects of natural organic fibers, e.g. irritative effects, seem not to be linked to their fibrous shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hindgut of wild ruminants harbours diversified anaerobic bacteria with promising fiber degrading ability. Fibrolytic enzyme activity is strongly influenced by diet and host species which till date remains unexplored for harnessing their optimum benefits. The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize fiber degrading anaerobic bacteria from faeces of wild blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) inhabiting in semiarid regions. A total of 167 isolates were obtained from 85 faecal samples using M-10 medium, on the basis of clear zones formed on Congo red plates 20 isolates were selected and designated as NLG1-20 for microscopic and biochemical characterization. Further, molecular confirmation was done by PCR analysis with universal 16S rDNA primers. All isolates were obligatory anaerobes except, NLG4, NLG19 and NLG20. Majority of the sugars tested were utilized by most of the isolates except arabinose. Fibrolytic enzyme activities revealed that NLG1 had highest endoglucanase activity, NLG13 had highest exoglucanase activity while NLG8 showed maximum xylanase activity. In case of FPase assay, highest and lowest values were observed in isolate NLG11 (8.96 U/mL) and NLG8 (5.58 U/mL), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates revealed a highly diverse group of microbes mainly belonging to the family Paenibacillaceae which have not been previously characterized in ruminants for fiber degradation. Therefore, results obtained in the present study indicated that the screened isolates showed promising fiber degrading potential in terms of filter paper assay and fibrolytic enzyme activity which can be explored further for improving lignocellulose digestibility in ruminants as an additive., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The aim of this study is to review recent data on dietary fiber (DF) and the glycemic index (GI), with special focus on studies from the Nordic countries regarding cardiometabolic risk factors, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and total mortality. In this study, recent guidelines and scientific background papers or updates on older reports on DF and GI published between 2000 and 2011 from the US, EU, WHO, and the World Cancer Research Fund were reviewed, as well as prospective cohort and intervention studies carried out in the Nordic countries. All of the reports support the role for fiber-rich foods and DF as an important part of a healthy diet. All of the five identified Nordic papers found protective associations between high intake of DF and health outcomes; lower risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, colorectal and breast cancer. None of the reports and few of the Nordic papers found clear evidence for the GI in prevention of risk factors or diseases in healthy populations, although association was found in subgroups, e.g. overweight and obese individuals and suggestive for prevention of type 2 diabetes. It was concluded that DF is associated with decreased risk of different chronic diseases and metabolic conditions. There is not enough evidence that choosing foods with low GI will decrease the risk of chronic diseases in the population overall. However, there is suggestive evidence that ranking food based on their GI might be of use for overweight and obese individuals. Issues regarding methodology, validity and practicality of the GI remain to be clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used ultrasound-microwave comodification and enzyme modification (cellulase and hemicellulase) methods to extract soluble dietary fibers (SDFs) from black soybean hulls. Moreover, the structure, physical, and chemical properties, as well as the cholesterol-binding capacity of SDFs before and after modification were analyzed. The average molecular weight of SDFs extracted from raw black soybean hulls was 2.815 × 10 5  Da. By comparison, the average molecular weight of SDFs from ultrasound-microwave comodified hulls and enzyme-modified hulls decreased by 33.21% and 45.29%, respectively. The water-holding capacity (WHC), water-swelling capacity (WSC), and oil-holding capacity (OHC) of the extracted SDFs modified by the ultrasound-microwave method were 3.79 g/g, 1.39 mL/g, and 1.14 g/g, respectively, a 9.54%, 23.01%, and 17.53% increase from the values of raw SDF. The WHC, WSC, and OHC of SDFs modified via the enzyme method were 3.59 g/g, 1.25 mL/g, and 1.03 g/g, respectively, with a 3.76%, 10.62%, and 6.19% increase when compared to raw SDFs. The cholesterol-binding capacity of SDFs modified via the ultrasound-microwave and enzyme methods was 13.82 and 12.34 mg/g, respectively, with an increase of 47.98% and 32.20% when compared to raw SDFs. The changes in structure and physical and chemical properties were shown to be closely related to the significantly improved cholesterol-binding capacity of the SDFs from modified black soybean hulls. This provides a theoretical basis for subsequent research and development of black soybean hulls products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: At present, the black soybean hull, a byproduct of general grains, is usually abandoned, but black soybean hull is rich in dietary fiber. Enzymatic modification and ultrasound-microwave comodification were used to treat black soybean hull to prepare small molecular weight, highly active soluble dietary fiber. This research is of great significance to the deep processing of black soybean hull and improvement of the economic benefits of black soybean byproducts., (© 2020 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

Jute fibre is the second most important fibre next to cotton. It is obtained from the bark of plant through microbial retting process. Here we report optimized microbial retting protocol that can lower retting period and produce high fibre quality. A total of 451 bacterial colonies have been isolated from five jute retting water samples in Bangladesh. Higher pectinolytic bacterial isolates were predominant in the later stage of jute retting. Out of these, 168 isolates have been screened by both semi-quantitative and quantitative pectinase, xylanase and cellulase enzyme assay. Among them, 144 isolates have been selected on the basis of extra cellular enzyme activity of these three enzymes. 16 s ribosomal gene sequencing analysis identified 2 phyla- Firmicutis (80.55%) and Proteobacteria (19.45%). To check the synergistic and antagonistic effect 10 selected isolates were tested in 167 different combinations. Three best combinations were identified that lowered retting period from 18-21 days to 10 days producing high quality fibre in both laboratory and field trial. This improved retting technology can be adopted in industrial scale for the production of quality jute fibre in a controlled condition in reduced water quantity without polluting the environment.

The objective of this study was to develop a prediction equation for methane-related traits in beef cattle and evaluate this equation using datasets with different cattle breeds and roughage rates. Enteric methane emission (CH 4 , l/day) was measured using open-circuit respiration chambers. Dry matter intake (DMI, kg/day), body weight (BW, kg), daily gain (DG, kg), total digestible nutrients (TDN, %DMI), and roughage rate (Rrate, %) were used as independent variables, and methane-related traits-CH 4 , CH 4 per DMI (CH 4 /DMI, l/kg), and methane conversion factor (MCF, %)-were used as dependent variables. The best-fit equations to predict methane-related traits using a total of 76 records were CH 4  = -676.7 + 0.04194 × BW + 29.88 × DMI + 7.883 × TDN + 4.367 × Rrate, CH 4 /DMI = -52.24 - 1.193 × 10 -3  × BW - 5.905 × DG + 1.077 × TDN + 0.5008 × Rrate, and MCF = -11.43 - 5.308 × 10 -4  × BW - 1.223 × DG + 0.2336 × TDN + 0.1157 × Rrate. The predictive ability of the developed equations differed between roughage rates but not between breeds. For CH 4 , the predictive ability of the developed equations was better compared with previously reported equations in the low roughage rate dataset, but not in the high roughage rate dataset. Our results suggest that the developed equations of methane-related traits can be applied in beef cattle fed with low roughage diets., (© 2020 Japanese Society of Animal Science.)

BACKGROUND: The strawberry (Fragaria × annanasa Duch.) is one of the most significant cash horticultural crops in the world. Fresh strawberry fruits contain dietary fiber, vitamin C, 30-08-2021-carotene, folic acid and other nutrients required for human health and nutrition, and they have an appetizing aroma and flavour, as well as various phytonutrients that may be potentially beneficial to human health and could be used against chronic diseases including cancer and cardiovascular disorders. OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to identify and analyze the 2,640 article and review type papers of strawberry research from horticulture category based on the Web of Science. METHODS: The Web of Science database was searched to extract data. Bibliometric data, including citation count, were analyzed together with the words by bibliometric science mapping and visualization tools. RESULTS: Papers mainly written in English (2,426, 91.894 %), were from 6,807 authors, 77 countries/territories, 1,504 organizations and published in 57 Journals and book series. Top 5 core journals ranked as Hortscience (360, 13.636 %), Scientia Horticulturae (322, 12.197 %), Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science (248, 9.394 %), Postharvest Biology and Technology (236, 8.939 %) and Journal of Horticultural Science Biotechnology (134, 5.076 %), that these journals each published more than 134 papers. Top 5 countries and regions were USA, Peoples R China, Japan, South Korea and Brazil. Top 5 organizations were Univ Florida, Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, ARS and Michigan State Univ. Top 5 authors are Hancock James F. (Hancock JF), Shaw DV, Chandler Craig K. (Chandler CK), Whitaker Vance M, Choi Jong Myung, each published more than 28 papers. All keywords of the strawberry research from horticulture Category were separated eight clusters for different research topics. CONCLUSIONS: Visualizations offer exploratory information on the current state in a scientific field or discipline as well as indicate possible developments in the future. The review could provide a valuable guide for designing future studies. This work is useful for student identifying graduate schools and researchers selecting journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: Gluten-free diet is the lifelong therapy for patients with coeliac disease. A wide range of gluten-free products (GFP) is available, which mimics the characteristics of their gluten-containing counterparts (GCC). The aim of this study was to compare the macronutrient and dietary fibre composition of GFP and GCC currently available in Spain., Subjects/methods: A cross-sectional study analysing the nutritional differences between 621 GFP and 600 GCC based on labelling information was conducted. Food items were categorized in one of 14 food groups. The first six ingredients were noted for each food item. A linear regression model was used to explain differences in nutritional composition between GFP and GCC and three independent models were created for bread, pasta and biscuits., Results: Results showed that GCC had higher protein content than GFP, especially in flour, bread, pasta and pizza. Bread had higher total and saturated fat contents in the GFP in which palm oil was the main fat used. Flours and starchy ingredients used in GFP formulation were mainly rice and corn flours and corn starch, and palm oil was the most commonly used fat., Conclusions: In conclusion, GFP cannot currently be considered as equivalent substitutes for their GCC. The reformulation of the GFP with more healthy ingredients and ingredients is encouraged, using a healthy oil, pseudocereals and whole flour.

Globally, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major threat to the public's health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by the gut microbiota has been reported to have the potential to reduce the prevalence of T2DM, particularly in LMICs where the disease is becoming more common. Dietary fibers are the primary source of SCFAs; they can be categorized as soluble (such as pectin and inulin) or insoluble (such as resistant starches). Increased consumption of processed carbohydrates, in conjunction with insufficient consumption of dietary fiber, has been identified as a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, there are still controversies over the therapeutic advantages of SCFAs on human glucose homeostasis, due to a lack of studies in this area. Hence, a few questions need to be addressed to gain a better understanding of the beneficial link between SCFAs and glucose metabolism. These include the following: What are the biochemistry and biosynthesis of SCFAs? What role do SCFAs play in the pathology of T2DM? What is the most cost-effective strategy that can be employed by LMICs with limited laboratory resources to enhance their understanding of the beneficial function of SCFAs in patients with T2DM? To address the aforementioned questions, this paper aims to review the existing literature on the protective roles that SCFAs have in patients with T2DM. This paper further discusses possible cost-effective and accurate strategies to quantify SCFAs, which may be recommended for implementation by LMICs as preventive measures to lower the risk of T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of Food Science has released a Special Issue on sorghum, emphasizing its potential as a versatile and resilient grain that can contribute to global food security. The issue includes two papers that examine the health benefits of sorghum, discussing its effects on cancer, cardiovascular health, and diabetes. Both papers emphasize the need for further research to fully comprehend the health effects of sorghum and develop innovative sorghum food products. The issue also covers various other topics, such as reducing capsaicin oral burn, browning inhibitors for fresh-cut apples, and the safety assessment of chicken bile as a novel food. Additionally, the issue explores the use of in-package cold atmospheric plasma processing for fresh fish, reliable identification of morels, the kinetics of chemical and color changes in wheat during cooking, glycosylation modification of soy protein isolate, ozone treatment of harvested cantaloupes, and mitigating the food safety concerns of cultured meat production. The article also discusses a responsible innovation framework that surpasses traditional risk assessment methods and can be applied to different contexts, including the production of cultured meat. The author's email address is provided for further inquiries. [Extracted from the article]

Chronic constipation, which is common and often difficult to treat, has numerous origins, including neurological and other conditions, and adverse reactions to drugs, especially opioids. Chronic functional constipation lacks a clear underlying cause. Increasing evidence suggests that transanal irrigation (TAI) aids faecal evacuation and is well tolerated in many people with bowel dysfunction who do not adequately respond to first-line treatments. Recent papers offer insights that help nurses and other healthcare professionals implement best practice in the community, including discussing any need for assistance before starting TAI, agreeing the most appropriate device with patients and optimising the irrigation protocol. Training, careful follow-up and ongoing supervision improve adherence and success. Further studies are needed, however, and patients who do not respond adequately or are unable to tolerate TAI should be referred to a specialist service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain bran dietary fiber (DF) has the effect of promoting intestinal health and is worth being studied. In the present study, the physicochemical properties and prevention effect of DF on ulcerative colitis (UC) were investigated. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were determined as α-amylase (350 U/g, 70 °C, pH 7.0, 2.5 h) and papain (100 U/g, 60 °C, pH 7.0, 1.5 h), resulting in a yield of 83.81% for DF. Moreover, DF exhibited unique physicochemical properties contributing to its preventive effects, as evidenced by its ability to mitigate symptoms such as hematochezia, immune inflammation, and impaired intestinal barrier in UC mice. The underlying mechanism can be attributed to the regulation of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway and maintenance of intestinal microbial homeostasis. Therefore, our study suggests that grain bran DF holds potential for the prevention of UC, providing a basis for the development and utilization of grain bran., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The presence of lead as an environmental pollutant is widespread. However, safe and effective treatments for the resulting intestinal and liver damage from high levels of lead exposure remain limited. The study aimed to investigate the protective effects of dietary fiber and polyphenols in whole grain wheat flour on lead-induced mice. The results indicated that the daily intake of 12 mg of polyphenols, 0.5 g of dietary fiber, and their combination effectively reduced blood and liver lead accumulation by approximately 50 % in mice exposed to lead, while also mitigating lead-induced oxidative stress though a reduction in malondialdehyde levels and an enhancement in antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, all three treatments enhanced cytokine secretion with the combined treatment exhibiting the highest efficacy. Specifically, the combination treatment decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1β by 56.78 %, 47.86 % in intestinal tissue while increasing increased interleukin 4 and interleukin 10 by 81.84 %, 145.14 %. Additionally, it promoted the expression of tight junction proteins like Zonula occludens-1, Occludin and Claudin-1. The study presented a potential strategy for alleviating liver and intestinal tract damage from high-dose lead exposure., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Rice bran is abundant in dietary fiber and is often referred to as the seventh nutrient, recognized for its numerous health benefits. The objective of the current study is to investigate the extraction of both soluble and insoluble dietary fiber from defatted rice bran (DRB) using an alkali-enzymatic treatment through response surface methodology. The independent variables like substrate percentage (5-30 %), enzyme concentration (1-50 µL/g), and treatment time (2-12 h) and dependent variables were the yield of soluble and insoluble DF. The highest extraction yield was observed with alkali enzyme concentration (50 µL/g) treatment, resulting in 2 % SDF and 59.5 % IDF at 24 h of extraction. The results indicate that cellulase-AC enzyme aids in the hydrolysis of higher polysaccharides, leading to structural alterations in DRB and an increase in DF yield. Furthermore, the disruption of intra-molecular hydrogen bonding between oligosaccharides and the starch matrix helps to increase in DF yield, was also confirmed through FTIR and SEM. The extracted DF soluble and insoluble was then used to develop rice porridge. Sensory evaluation using fuzzy logic analysis reported the highest scores for samples containing 0.5 % insoluble DF and 1.25 % soluble DF., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Edible fungi are emerging as a valuable dietary fiber source with health benefits, where their bioactivity hinges on their structure. This study targets the structure-activity relationship of soluble dietary fibers from Lentinus edodes (LESDF), Agaricus bisporus (ABSDF), and Hericium erinaceus (HESDF), focusing on their impact on gut microbiota and health. We explored the properties and structures of edible fungi, finding their soluble fibers affect metabolites and gut microbiota by increasing gas and lowering pH. Among these, HESDF demonstrated superior effects (pH: △1.4 ± 0.07; Gas production: △24.5 ± 0.4 mL). Furthermore, different types of edible fungi dietary fiber exhibited distinct capabilities in promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids by gut microorganisms. For instance, ABSDF exceled in acetic acid production (26.12 ± 0.35 mM) and propionic acid production (9.50 ± 0.13 mM), while HESDF stood out in butyric acid production (17.86 ± 0.09 mM). LESDF showed higher levels of Phascolarctobacterium, ABSDF had elevated levels of Ruminococcus, and HESDF displayed increased levels of Faecalibacterium. These results contribute to our understanding of how soluble dietary fiber from different edible fungi impacts gut microbiota and offers insights for the development and utilization of these fibers as functional food., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Exploring nutritional therapies that manipulate tryptophan metabolism to activate AhR signaling represents a promising approach for mitigating chronic colitis. Arabinoxylan is a bioactive constituent abundant in wheat bran. Here, we comprehensively investigated anti-colitis potentials of wheat bran arabinoxylan (WBAX), its synbiotic and postbiotic derived from WBAX and Limosilactobacillus reuteri WX-94 (i.e., a probiotic strain exhibiting tryptophan metabolic activity). WBAX fueled L. reuteri and promoted microbial conversion of tryptophan to AhR ligands during in vitro fermentation in the culture medium and in the fecal microbiota from type 2 diabetes. The WBAX postbiotic outperformed WBAX and its synbiotic in augmenting efficacy of tryptophan in restoring DSS-disturbed serum immune markers, colonic tight junction proteins and gene profiles involved in amino acid metabolism and FoxO signaling. The WBAX postbiotic remodeled gut microbiota and superiorly enhanced AhR ligands (i.e., indole metabolites and bile acids), alongside with elevation in colonic AhR and IL-22. Associations between genera and metabolites modified by the postbiotic and colitis in human were verified and strong binding capacities between metabolites and colitis-related targets were demonstrated by molecular docking. Our study advances the novel perspective of WBAX in manipulating tryptophan metabolism and anti-colitis potentials of WBAX postbiotic via promoting gut microbiota-dependent AhR signaling., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)